CHAPTER 8 (ANAPHY)
cell body. Usually receive information
Central nervous system-consist of the
brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system-consist of all
the nervous tissue outside the CNS
Sensory division (afferent division)-
conducts action potentials from sensory
receptors to CNS
Sensory neurons-neurons that transmit
action potentials from the periphery to
the CNS
Motor division (efferent division)-
conducts action potential from the CNS
to effector organs
Motor Neurons-neurons that transmit
action potentials from CNS toward the
periphery
Somatic nervous system-transmit action
potentials from the CNS to skeletal
muscles
Autonomic nervous system-transmit
action potentials from the CNS to
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and
glands
Enteric nervous system-The ENS has
both sensory and motor neurons
contained wholly within the digestive
tract
Two type of cell that make up your
nervous system: Neurons and Glial cells
Neurons: receive stimuli, conduct action
potential, and transmit signal to other
neurons or effector organs
Cell body-contains single nucleus; the
nucleus of the neuron is the source of
information for gene expression
Dendrites- are extensions of the neuron
from other neurons or from sensory
receptors and transmit the info. Toward
the neuron cell body. But dendrites like
structures also project from the
peripheral ends of some sensory axon.
Axon- a single long cell process
extending from the neuron cell body.
Surrounded by a highly specialized
insulating layer of cells called the myelin
sheath.
Axons of sensory neurons- conduct
action potentials toward the CNS
Axon of motor Neurons- conduct action
potential away from the CNS
Axon hillock-area where the axon leaves
the neuron cell body
Multipolar neurons-have many dendrites
and single axon. Most neurons within
the CNS and nearly all motor neurons
are multipolar
Bipolar neurons-have two processes:
one dendrite, one axon located in some
sensory organs, such as retina of the
eye and in the nasal cavity
Pseudo-unipolar neurons-have a single
process extending from the cell body.
This process divides into two process a
short distance from the cell body. One
process extends the periphery and the
other on extend the CNS
Glial cells or Neuroglia-are the
supportive cells of the CNS and PNS,
meaning these cells do not conduct
action potentials. Instead it enhances
neuron function and maintain normal
conditions within the nerve tissues
Astrocytes-major supporting cells in the Nuclei-clusters of gray matter located
CNS, can stimulate or inhibit the deeper within the brain
signaling activity of nearby neurons,
Ganglion-cluster of neuron cell bodies in
participate with the blood vessel
the PNS
endothelium to form a permeability
barrier called blood-brain barrier White matter-consist of bundles of
parallel axons with their myelin sheaths
Ependymal cells-line the fluid cavities
within the CNS, produce cerebrospinal Nerve tract or conduction pathways-
fluid propagate action potentials from one are
of the CNS to another
Microglia-act as immune cells of the
CNS. Help protect the brain by removing White matter of the PNS consist bundle
bacteria and cell debris of axons and associated connective
tissue the form nerves
Oligodendrocytes-provide an insulating
material that surrounds the axons or
enclose unmyelinated axons in the CNS
Schwann cells (neurilemma cells)- In the
PNS, the glial cells known as Schwann
cells produce the myelin sheath or
provide insulating material around axons
Myelin sheaths- are specialized layer
that warp around the axons of some
neurons, formed by the cell processes
of glial cells, specifically myelin sheaths
are formed by oligodendrocytes
Myelinated axon-is an excellent
insulator that prevents almost all ion
movement across the cell membrane
Nodes of Ranvier-are gaps in the myelin
sheath
Unmyelinated axon-absence of myelin
sheath
Gray matter-consist of groups of neuron
cell bodies and their dendrites, where
there is very little myelin
Cortex-gray matter on the surface of the
brain in the CNS