Journal of

Advanced Civil and Environmental Engineering

Vol……No……year…..pp……
ISSN: 2599-3356

SHORELINE PROTECTION STUDY WITH GABION STRUCTURE FOR

SMALL ISLANDS (CASE STUDY IN PANJANG JEPARA ISLAND)

Achmad Subagyo1, M. Faiqun Ni’am2, Henny Pratiwi Adi2

1
Masters Degree in Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sultan Agung Islamic University,
Jl. Raya Kaligawe Km. 4 Semarang, 50112, Indonesia
2
Lecturer in Masters Degree in Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sultan Agung Islamic
University,
Jl. Raya Kaligawe Km. 4 Semarang, 50112, Indonesia
*Corresponding author:+6281325751489, email: a_subagyo@std.unissula.ac.id

(Received: Month Year ; Revised: Month Year ; Accepted: Month Year)

Abstract: Panjang Island is a small island in Jepara Regency very susceptible to coastal damage due to
wave overturning so that coastal protection is required. The construction of shoreline protective building
on Panjang Island has been carried out using a PVC coated steel wire structure in 2011. Gabion structure
was chosen because of some advantages: it doesn’t require any heavy equipment; it can be done by local
workforce; it is constructed using low-cost stones; the structure can be added at other times; and the
construction process is so quick. This study aimed to determine the stability, reliability and performance
of coastal safety with gabion structure.
Research data for analysis were obtained from the relevant agencies as well as building condition data by
carrying out observations at the study site. Data analysis included building stability analysis and analysis
of the level of damage to the shoreline buildings.
Results of the bolster stability analysis showed (sf) = 3.96, shear (sf) = 2.07, greater than allowable = 1.50
so that the buildings were safe against stability, soil tension under the structure σ max = 0.39 kg / cm2, σ
min = 0.16 kg / cm2 smaller than σ ult = 5.82 kg / cm2, which meant safe. The condition of the shoreline
protective building in section 1 was partially with a moderate level of damage. In section 2 damage
occured with a degree of minor damage. In section 3 there was some minor damage. The performance of
building functions provided a good function of coastal protection. Gabion damage was because it was
used for other functions by the local community.

Keywords: Gabion, coastal protection, Panjang Island

1. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is an archipelago consisting of 34 provinces located on five major islands and four
islands with a number of large and small islands of 17,504 [1]. Shoreline damage due to wave
damage is one of the causes of shoreline damage resulting in a reduced land area, especially on
small islands. This can result in the loss of an island.
Panjang Island is one of small islands in the administrative area of Jepara Regency. The location
of Panjang Island is adjacent to the district capital so that it is very strategic. Panjang Island is
an area of Javanese marine waters geographically located approximately 1 mile from the coast
of Jepara. Its position in the earth's coordinate is between 6°34'30 "LS and 110°37'45" BT [2].
Because this position, it makes it very susceptible to shoreline damage, especially by ocean
waves both in the west and east wind seasons, especially at the height of the western season
(January) [3]. Panjang Island by the local government and community has been used for various
purposes, including as a tourist destination, both as a sea tourism and religious tourism because
 Achmad Subagyo

of the presence of the grave of Shaykh Abu Bakar bin Yahya Ba'alawy and of cruise navigation
lights, in the middle of the island conservation forest area.
The handling efforts have been carried out by the regency government, among others, by
constructing a shoreline protective building using a PVC coated steel wire mesh structure filled
with split stone in 2011[4].
The shoreline protective building is very diverse in types and materials. Development continues
to be carried out to get a design that matches the characteristics of the beach itself and the wave
pattern that occurs. The selection of a shoreline protective building must be through careful
considerations so that the costs that have been spent very largely can optimally achieve the
objectives. The use of Gabion as a shoreline protective building can be chosen because
compared to other structures Gabion has several advantages, namely [4] :
- No heavy equipment or machinery is needed. In areas with cheap labor,
construction can be made without any heavy equipment. This can reduce costs and
implementation especially for construction in remote areas or where equipment is
difficult to obtain.
- Local workers can be quickly trained to build high-quality structures, with
procedures and the use of simple tools.
- Construction using low cost stones are available at work locations or can be
imported easily from the nearest location.
- Structure can be added later.
From this, it is necessary to conduct a research aimed at the following:
1. To find out the stability of shoreline protective building with gabion structure on
Panjang Island.
2. To find out the condition of the shoreline after being built for 7 years.
3. To find out the performance of the function of building a shoreline protective
buiding against environmental influences.
The study location was on Panjang Island, administratively included in the area of Jepara
Regency. Its position in the earth’s coordinate is between 6 ° 34'30 "LS and 110 ° 37'45" BT
[2]. The following is a map of the research location (Figure 1).

P.Panjang

Jepara

Fig. 1. Panjang Island Map (Google Earth, 2018)

2. RESEARCH METHOD

2
 Achmad Subagyo

The method used in this study was a quantitative method, a process of finding knowledge using
data in the form of numbers as a tool to analyze information about what was to be known.
Secondary data were wind data, tidal data, bathymetry and topographic maps, soil mechanical
data and other data obtained from the relevant agencies, including data on gabion building
conditions and the impact on the environment with field surveys.
The analysis was carried out on the shoreline protective building by analyzing bolster stability,
shear and bearing capacity of the soil on the shoreline due to the wave force. To find out the
condition of the shoreline, survey method was chosen in order to assess the damage to the
shoreline using index so that the level of damage is obtained. To find out the impact on the
environment, a survey of the condition of the beach behind the building and around the building
was conducted.
The assessment of damage to the shoreline protective building used the following parameters
[5]:
Light : Buildings can still function well above 75%, score-5.
Medium : Buildings can still function well above 50% to 75%, score-4.
Heavy : Buildings can still function, 25% to 50%, but do not cause damage to
the environment, score-3.
Very heavy : The building functions to live 25% to 50% and strive for the
environment, score-2.
Extremely heavy : Buildings are severe and endanger the environment, score-1.
From the assessment results, the damage level analysis was carried out with the following
criteria (Table 1).
Table 1. Elevation of Tidal References [6]
Score Damage Level
4,01 – 5 Light
3,01 – 4 Medium
2,01 – 3 Heavy
1,01 – 2 Very heavy
≤1 Extremely heavy

Assessment of the performance of shoreline protective building functions was conducted by

surveys based on observing the environmental conditions around the shoreline building.
Observation was aimed at finding out the condition of the beach, the buildings on the beach, and
the tourist area. From the results of observations it could be known whether the building had
good or bad performance [7].

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Tidal Elevation
Tide in the waters of the research location was required for building height analysis. By
knowing the water elevation during low tide and high tide, it would be known the building
elevation to the lowest sea water level (Lowest Low Water Level / LLWL) with an elevation of
± 0.00. Tides in the waters of Jepara had a tide of 1.13 m with important elevations as follows
(Table 2).

3
 Achmad Subagyo

Table 2. Elevation of Tidal References [6]

Important Elevation values Elevation (cm)
Highest High Water Level (HHWL) 112.56
Mean High Water Spring (MHWS) 97.52
Mean High Water Level (MHWL) 72.48
Mean Sea Level (MSL) 51.33
Mean Low Water Level (MLWL) 28.26
Mean Low Water Spring (MLWS) 11.38
Lowest Low Water Level (LLWL) 0.00

3.2. Design Water Level

The water level height design was calculated from the highest tide elevation (HHWL) coupled
with the increase in sea water due to wind and sea water rise due to global warming, as in
equation (1) below:
Design Water Level (DWL) = HHWL + Wind Set up + SRL (1)
Highest water level (HHWL) = +1.13 m
The increase in sea water due to wind (set up) was calculated by the following equation (2) [6]:

V2 (2)
H  F .c  0.19m
2 gd
SRL for 20 years [8] obtained = 0.10 meters. So that DWL = +1.40 m was obtained.

3.3. Wave Probability

Wind is the main factor in wave generation. Thus, to find out the wave that occured wind data
analysis was conducted. The wind data used were data for 13 years, from 2004-2016 from the
Tanjung Mas Maritime Meteorological Station Semarang. The magnitude and incidence of
waves can be seen in (Figure 2). Results of the wave analysis obtained significant wave height
(HS) = 1.23 m with a period of (TS) = 4.63 seconds.

Fig. 2.Waverose of Panjang Island Sea [6]

4
 Achmad Subagyo

3.4. Design Wave

Beach security building with the gabion structure was a flexible building so that in determining
the design wave based on Rayleigh distribution using H5 = 1.37 HS waves [8], it was found that
the design wave was H5= 1.685 m. The waves that occur at the building site Hb are calculated
with dS/gT2 = 0.007 from the graph obtained Hb/dS = 0.75 [6] so that Hb/dS = 1.05 m is obtained.

3.5. Wave Modeling

To find out the wave patterns that occurred on Panjang Island, wave modeling was carried out.
Wave modeling using Mike-21 software. Mike 21 can be applied to hydraulic summulation and
related phenomena in rivers, lakes, estuaries, bays, beaches and seas. It can also be used for
wave prediction and analysis on a regional and local scale [9]. Results of the wave modeling
with dominant wind direction were as follows (figures 3, 4, and 5):

Research location

Fig. 3. Modeling of Waves in Panjang Island Sea

(waves from the West) [6]

With waves from the west, the wave height at the building site was between 0.70 m and 1.10 m.

Research location

Fig. 4. Modeling of Waves in Panjang Island Sea

(waves from the northwest) [6]

5
 Achmad Subagyo

With waves from the northwest, the wave height at the building site was between 0.60 m and
0.90 m.

Research location

Fig. 5. Modeling of Waves in Panjang Island Sea

(waves from the North) [6]

Whereas waves from the north wave height at the building site were between 0.30 m
and 0.60 m.

3.6. Building Stability Analysis

The shoreline protective building on Panjang Island with gabion structure consisted of three
0.50 meter-high layers. Layer 1 was 3.00 meter-wide; layer 2 was 2.00 meter-wide; and layer 3
was 1.00 meter-wide. Gabion mes size was 2.00 meter-long, 1.00 meter-wide and 0.50 meter-
high.

Fig. 6. Research on Gabion Building Prototype on Panjang Island [6]

6
 Achmad Subagyo

Gabion x1 =
1,00 1,00 1,00

1,50 Elv.Top
y 3 = 1,00
V1 1,40 DWL
y 1= 2,40 H1 H= 1,50 V2
0,58 MSL
y2= 1,40 V3 0,00 El.Seabed
Point A
s min
s max
x2 = 2,00
x3 = 3,00

Fig. 7. Dimention dan Forces [6]

From the figure (Figure 7), the respective forces were calculated as follows (table 3).
Table 3. Force and Moment Calculation [6]
Segment Description V H Arm MV MH
(ton) (ton) x (m) y (m) (ton.m) (ton.m)
1. Structure Weight
V1 x1 . h1 . gabion 0.77 - 1.50 - 1.15 -
V2 x2 . h2 . gabion 1.53 - 1.50 - 2.30 -
V3 x3 . h3 . gabion 2.30 - 1.50 - 3.44 -
2. Hydrostatic Pressure under Normal Conditions
H1 y12 . 0,5 . air laut - 2.95 - 1.20 - 3.54
3. Uplift Forces
Un 0,5 . Pu . X3 3.58 - 2.00 - 7.15 -
V & M 8.17 2.95 MV & MH 14.04 3.54

Rollover (Sf) = Mv/Mh = 3,96 > 1,50  ok (3)

Sliding (Sf) = (V.0,75/H) = 2,07 > 1,50  ok (4)

The soil at the base of the building was a bit of clay with data as follows:
f = 39.43 degree Nc = 91.38

g = 1.53 ton/m3 Nq = 76.75

c = 0.24 ton/m2 Ng = 93.79

Safe Factor (sf) = 1.50

Q tanah = (1.3 x c x Nc) + (g x Df x Nq) + (0.4 x g x B x Ng)= 8,72 kg/cm2 (5)

Q safe = 5,82 kg/cm2

Ground tension below the structure:

σ maks = 3.89 t/m2 = 0.39 kg/cm2<5.82 Kg/cm2  ok

7
 Achmad Subagyo

σ min = 1.55 t/m2 = 0.16 kg/cm2<5.82 Kg/cm2  ok

3.7. Gabion Damage Assessment

The assessment by conducting a survey of the coastal protection divided every distance of 50
meters was obtained as follows:

Table 3. Assessment of Building Conditions Section-1 [6]

No. Point Level of Score Damage Level

assessment Building Assessment
Functions
1 2 3 4 5
A. Section 1
1 P.1
25%-50% 1 Extremely heavy
2 P.2
25%-50% 1 Extremely heavy
3 P.3
50%-75% 4 Medium
4 p.4
>75% 5 Light
5 p.5
>75% 5 Light
6 P.6
>75% 5 Light
7 P.7

Score rate 3,50 Medium

From the results of the assessment in section-1, it was found out that the average score was 3.50
so that the shoreline protective building with gabion got a moderate level of damage. At
location points of P1 to P3, the damage was so heavy because it was a tourist area. Such
activities have caused some damages on the gabion.
Table 4. Assessment of Building Conditions Section-2 [6]
No. Point Level of Score Damage Level
assessment Building Assessment
Functions
1 2 3 4 5
B. Section 2
1 P.8
>75% 5 Light
2 P.9

Score rate 5,00 Light

8
 Achmad Subagyo

From the results of the assessment in section-2, the average score of 5.00 was obtained so that
the gabion shoreline building had a mild level of damage. At this location there was no any
people’s activity.
Table 5. Assessment of Building Conditions Section-3 [6]
No. Point Level of Score Damage Level
assessment Building Assessment
Functions
1 2 3 4 5
C. Section 3
1 P.10
50%-75% 4 Medium
2 P.11
50%-75% 5 Light
3 P.12
50%-75% 5 Light
4 P.13
50%-75% 5 Light
5 P.14

Score rate 4,75 Light

From the results of the assessment in section-3 the average score of 4.75 was obtained so that
the building of gabion shoreline had a mild level of damage.
One of the gabion conditions that has severe and mild damage can be seen in the following
figure 8.

(a) (b)
Fig. 8. (a) Gabion conditions that are damaged are Extremely heavy;
(b) Gabion conditions that are damaged are Light [6]

3.8. Assessment of Gabion Function Performance

The assessment of the function of the shoreline protective building by observing the
environmental condition around the building showed that dealing with the coastline’s condition,
the coastine behind the building was not eroded, and also trees stood still not disturbed by
waves. Building facilities in form of public facilities around the shoreline protective building
were safe from the threats of waves. The tourist area in form of white sand beach is not
protected by the shoreline protective building.

9
 Achmad Subagyo

4. CONCLUSION
Panjang Island is susceptible to damage due to the wave threat. The construction of shoreline
protective building with gabion structure matches with she shoreline condition on Panjang
Island. The condition of the building is still good and provides good function performance for
coastal protection, while for other functions it is not reliable enough.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank the supervisors, lecturers and staff in the Masters Degree in Civil
Engineering, Sultan Agung Islamic University (Unissula) who have helped completing the
scientific article.
.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Badan Statistik Pusat, Statistik Indonesia 2015. 2015.
[2] R. Ardiannanto, P. W. Purnomo, P. Studi, M. Sumberdaya, J. Perikanan, and U.
Diponegoro, “Studi Kelimpahan Teripang (Holothuriidae) Pada Ekosistem Lamun Dan
Ekosistem Karang Pulau Panjang Jepara,” vol. 3, pp. 66–73, 2014.
[3] S. Wicaksana, I. Sofian, and W. Pranowo, “Karakteristik Gelombang Signifikan Di Selat
Karimata Dan Laut Jawa Berdasarkan Rerata Angin 9 Tahunan (2005-2013),” Omni
Akuatika, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 33–40, 2015.
[4] J. Oosthoek, “The Stability of Synthetic Gabions in Waves,” Thesis degree Master Sci.
Delft Univ. Technol., no. June, 2008.
[5] Kementrian Pekerjaan Umum, Surat Edaran Menteri Pekerjaan Umum No.
08/se/m/2010, Tentang : Pemberlakuan Pedoman Penilaian Kerusakan pantai dan
Prioritas Penanganan. 2010.
[6] A. Subagyo, Analisis Kehandalan Penggunaan Gabion Sebagai Struktur Pengaman
Pantai (Studi Kasus di Pulau Panjang Jepara). Semarang: Tesis Magister Teknik Sipil
Unissula, 2019.
[7] Menteri Pekerjaan Umum RI, Surat Edaran Menteri Pekerjaan Umum No.
01/SE/M/2011, Perihal : Pedoman Operasi Bangunan dan Pemeliharaan Bangunan
Pengaman Pantai. 2011.
[8] B. Triatmodjo, Teknik Pantai. Yogyakarta, 2008.
[9] R. M. Azhar, A. Wurjanto, and N. Yuanita, “Studi pengamanan pantai tipe pemecah
gelombang tenggelam di pantai tanjung kait,” no. 10, pp. 1–24, 2011.

10