Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(COAL-FIRED)
GABRIEL C APOLONIO
BSME 5B
POWERPLANT
Coal is a hard rock which can be burned as a solid fossil fuel. It is mostly
carbon but also contains hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. It is a
sedimentary rock formed from peat, by the pressure of rocks laid down
later on top.
FACTS ON COAL
Whether you realize it or not, coal is a big part of your daily life. In the
past, coal has been used to heat homes, to cook with, and even to draw
with. But what is coal?
Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel found on the planet. Fossil fuels are
energy sources that formed millions of years ago and are considered
nonrenewable resources. They also include oil and natural gas. Coal is a
fossil fuel that was formed from once-living plants of various types.
Coal and humankind have a long, intertwined history. The fossil fuel was
even being used by cavemen, though its first extensive use was by the
Roman Empire. Today, coal accounts for 94% of the United States' fossil
fuel energy reserve. It's found in 38 U.S. states and it's the number one
energy resource used to generate electricity globally.
Generating Electricity
Production of Steel
Industries
Gasification and Liquefaction
Domestic Use
Generating Electricity
Coal is generally used in thermal power generation which further helps to
produce electricity. Powdered coal is burnt at high temperature which
further turns water into steam. This steam is used to turn turbines at high
speed in a strong magnetic field. After this, electricity is finally generated.
Production of Steel
In the steel industry coal is used indirectly to make steel. What happens
here is that coal is baked in furnaces to form coal coke. Once this is
formed, manufacturers use coal coke to smelt iron ore into iron and make
steel. Meanwhile, ammonia gas is usually recovered from coke ovens and
this is used to manufacture nitric acid, ammonia salts and fertilizers.
Industries
Many industries use coal to manufacture certain products. Some of the
popular industries which make use of coal are the cement industry, paper
and aluminium industry, chemical and pharma industry amongst others.
Coal provides numerous raw materials like benozle, coal tar, sulphate of
ammonia, creosote, etc. to chemical industries. Coal is mostly used as a
source of energy is most of the industries
However, these chemicals produced from coal are used primarily to make
other products. Besides, most of the products out there in the market have
coal or coal by-products as components. Some of them include aspirins,
solvents, soap, dyes, plastics and fibres which include nylon and rayon.
Specialist Products
Coal is also an essential ingredient in the production of specialist products
such as activated carbons, carbon fibre and silicon metals.
Domestic Use
In cold regions and in developing or underdeveloped countries coal is still
used as fuel for cooking and a source of heat.
CONVERTING COAL INTO ELECTRICITY
Nine out of every 10 tons of coal mined in the United States today are
used to make electricity, and nearly half of the electricity used in this
country is coal-generated electricity. Electricity from coal is the electric
power made from the energy stored in coal. Carbon, made from ancient
plant material, gives coal most of its energy.
This energy is released when coal is burned.
heating,
cooling,
cooking,
lighting,
transportation,
communication,
farming,
industry,
healthcare,
and much more!
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Coal Energy
Coal is abundant
Coal mining ruins the environment and puts the lives of people
specially the coal miners in danger.
COAL-FIRED STEAM POWER PLANT
o The function of the coal fired thermal power plant is to convert the energy
available in the coal to Electricity.
o Coal is burnt in to a boiler which converts water into steam. The expansion
of steam in turbine produces mechanical power which drives the
alternator coupled to the turbine.
o Coal power plants work by using several steps to convert stored energy in
coal to usable electricity that we find in our home that powers our lights,
computers, and sometimes, back into heat for our homes.
COAL STORAGE
o Cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the
atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.
Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process
heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in
the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the
working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature.
DUST COLLECTOR
o Dust collector is a system used to
enhance the quality of air released
from industrial and commercial
processes by collecting dust and other
impurities from air or gas. Designed to
handle high-volume dust loads, a dust
collector system consists of a blower,
dust filter, a filter-cleaning system,
and a dust receptacle or dust removal
system. It is distinguished from air
purifiers, which use disposable filters
to remove dust.
FLUE GAS STACK
The working of a coal power plant start with the arrival of coal from the
coal mines through trains. This coal is then taken to the pulverizing plant
for converting it into powder form. The main reason behind converting it
into powder is to increase its efficiency of burning, by increasing its
exposed surface area that would come in contact with fire in burner,
compared to solid coal.
This coal dust is then feed to the boiler through a blower fan; thermal
energy released from this fuel is used to boil the water up to 1000 degree
Fahrenheit, thus converting it into a high pressure steam which is
transferred to the turbines. To take full advantage of pressure energy
steam is made to expand one by one in 3 consecutive turbines. These
turbines thus turn at really high rpm converting the pressure energy into
mechanical energy. This energy is used to make electricity through
generator. Due to such a high rpm the voltage output of the generator is
about 24000 volts which is further stepped up to 40,000volts to be
transferred to the nearer power grid through transmission cables.
Furthermore to extract heat from this steam, cool water from reservoir or
river is pumped to the condenser and after heat exchange it is pumped
back to water body. The temperature of this water is kept under safe limit
so that it would not harm the aquatic life of the water body.
How Coal Power Plants Produce Electricity
The conversion from coal to electricity takes place in three stages.
Stage 1
The first conversion of energy takes place in the boiler. Coal is burnt in
the boiler furnace to produce heat. Carbon in the coal and Oxygen in the
air combine to produce Carbon Dioxide and heat.
Stage 2
The second stage is the thermodynamic process.
The heat from combustion of the coal boils water in the boiler to
produce steam. In modern power plant, boilers produce steam at a
high pressure and temperature.
The steam is then piped to a turbine.
The high pressure steam impinges and expands across a number of
sets of blades in the turbine.
The impulse and the thrust created rotates the turbine.
The steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler to
repeat the cycle.
Stage 3
In the third stage, rotation of the turbine rotates the generator rotor to
produce electricity based of Faraday’s Principle of electromagnetic
induction.
Pollution Control
o The biggest drawback of the
coal power plant is its fly ash
content and release of sulphur-
dioxide during burning of coal.
All the plants producing
electricity from coal are always
under a check of the agencies
concerned with the environment
pollution. Also there is always a
pressure on developing
countries that they should keep
their pollution level under
control.
o The fly ash in the smoke is removed by a mechanical process where as
the sulphur-dioxide is removed by reaction with lime thus converting it
into gypsum, which can be used in agricultural fields and has many other
applications. The whole process takes place in a scrubber which is located
between the boiler and chimney. Lime and water mixture is sprayed on
the smoke coming from boiler thus minimizing the fly ash content going
in air up-to one percent and reducing sulphur-dioxide content upto 93%.
Precipitated fly ash can also be used in making concrete and other anti-
skid road materials.
o In some coal power plant nitrogen dioxide is also removed from the
smoke. To remove nitrogen-dioxide it is passed through a catalytic
convertor as in cars. Catalytic convertor consists of layers of ammonia.
When nitrogen-dioxide is passed through these layers it reacts with
ammonia and gets converted into nitrogen and water. Nitrogen is released
into atmosphere, as the air we breathe contains 71% of nitrogen content,
so it’s quite safe.
WHAT IS THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF
THERMAL POWER PLANT?
1. Pressure
A huge amount of heat is lost in the condenser due to various stages of the
plant. Heat energy cannot be converted into mechanical energy without
temperature difference and according to the thermodynamics law we
know, greater the temperature difference, greater the heat energy is
converted into mechanical energy. So, thermal efficiency increases with
the increase in temperature and the pressure of steam are entering the
turbine. The thermal efficiency is also effectively increased by decreasing
the pressure in the condenser but if the pressure of the condenser is too
low (nearly 0.04kg/cm2), the plant will run at low efficiency according to
the thermodynamics law.
Advantages
It is one of the most reliable sources of energy, considering other
power plants which depends upon weather conditions like wind
power plant and hydro power plant.
It is available in abundance, so there will not be any halt in the
production in the coming years.
Cheaper in production cost in comparison with that of diesel power
stations.
It is the cheapest source of energy available to produce electricity
for good economical growth of country.
Its end products like gypsum and precipitated ash could be used in
many applications.
Disadvantages
It pollutes the environment by releasing the harmful gases like
sulphur-dioxide and nitrogen-dioxide.
These gases have harmful greenhouse effects, which is the most
dangerous thing, considering current environmental conditions.
The carbon content coming out of chimney in the form of fly ash
pollutes the environment in the most adverse way.
Coal mines make people leave their homes, as it’s not safe to live
over an area having mines underneath.
Maintenance and operating costs are high.
CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM POWER
PLANTS
The steam power plants may be classified as follows:
Central stations
these stations is meant for general sale to the customers who wish to
purchase it.
More recently, 227GW has closed due to a wave of retirements across the
EU and US. Combined with a rapid slowdown in the number of new plants
being built, this means the number of coal units operating around the
world fell for the first time in 2018, Carbon Brief analysis suggests.
The way coal’s next chapter unfolds is key to tackling climate change. All
unabated coal must close within a few decades if warming is to be limited
to less than 2C above pre-industrial temperatures, according to the
International Energy Agency (IEA).
To shed light on this story, Carbon Brief has mapped the past, present and
future of all the world’s coal-fired power stations. The interactive timeline
map, above, shows the plants operating in each year between 2000 and
2018, as well as the location of planned new capacity.
Rising coal capacity
Global coal capacity grew in every year between 2000 and 2018, nearly
doubling from 1,066GW to 2,024GW. As far back as 1950, coal capacity
has only ever risen – though this older data is less reliable. The rate of
growth is slowing dramatically, however, with the 20GW net increase in
2018 the smallest in several decades.
The promise of cheap electricity to fuel economic growth has driven this
expansion. Coal generates nearly 40% of the world’s electricity, close to
its highest share in decades. And there are now 78 countries using coal
power, up from 66 in 2000. Another 16 plan to join the club, notably
Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.
CO2 emissions from existing plants are enough to breach the carbon
budget for 1.5 or 2C. These limits would mean no new coal plants and
closing 20% of the fleet early, according to one recent study.
All unabated coal would have to close by 2040 to stay “well below” 2C,
according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). This would mean
closing 100GW of coal capacity every year for 20 years, or roughly one
coal unit every day until 2040. (Some pathways have slightly slower
phaseouts.)
Yet newspaper headlines and energy projections suggest coal growth will
not stop.
This bleak outlook for the climate is tempered by signs of rapid change.
The pipeline of plants under construction (pink) or proposed (purple) has
shrunk by three-fifths since 2015, as the chart below shows. Retirements
(grey) are also accelerating, reaching a cumulative 227GW between 2010
and 2018.
IWPP? Yes
Power generation
Units operational 14
Shoaiba oil-fired power facility located on the Red Sea coast, around
100km south of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia, is currently the second biggest
thermal power plant in the world. The 5,600MW power station is also the
biggest in the Middle East.
The Shoaiba power facility is owned and operated by Saudi Electricity
Company (SEC). The power station has 14 generating units of 400MW
capacity each and was developed in three phases. Construction began in
1998 and the first phase with three generating units was commissioned in
2003. The second and third phases were completed in 2007 and 2012
respectively.
A consortium led by ABB executed phase one, and an Alstom-led
consortium executed the next two phases on a turnkey basis. The oil for
the power plant is supplied by state-owned oil company Saudi Aramco,
while water required for the operations is supplied from a nearby water
desalination facility.
Kashima Power Station, Japan
Country Japan
Status Operational
Commission date 1971
Owner(s) Tepco
Thermal power station
Primary fuel Fuel oil
city gas
Turbine technology Steam turbine (Units 1-
6)
Advanced combined cycle gas turbine (Units 7a-
c)
Power generation
Units operational 4 × 600 MW (suspended)
2 × 1,000 MW
3 × 420 MW
Nameplate capacity 5,660 MW
The Kashima Power Station located on Japanese coast, about 50
miles north-east of Tokyo, is an oil and gas-fired thermal power
station with 5,204MW of installed capacity, making it the sixth
biggest thermal power plant in the world. The power station,
owned and operated by Taiwan Electric Power Company
(TEPCO), was built between 1971 and 1975.
The power station originally consisted of two 1,000MW turbines
and four 600MW turbines supplied by Hitachi, Mitsubishi,
Toshiba and GE. The 2011 tsunami disabled four generators at
the plant; but the affected units were brought back to operation
within two months. Three 268MW gas turbines were installed
subsequently at the plant that commenced operations in 2012.
Kashima Power Station was earlier a back-up power plant for
TEPCO and has been operating stably even after the Tsunami that
destroyed the Fukushima Nuclear power plant. The newly
installed combined cycle gas turbine units at the Kashima plant
are scheduled to begin operations in 2014.
Guodian Beilun Power Station, China
Country China
Location Zhejiang
Stat Commission date November 1994 (1,200
MW Phase 1)
September 2000 (1,800 MW Phase 2)
June 2009 (2,000 MW Phase 3)
Owner(s) China Guodian Corporation
Thermal power station
Primary fuel Coal
Power generation
Units operational 5 × 600 MW
2 × 1,000 MW
Nameplate capacity 5,000 MWus
Operational
Status:
Unit 3: Construction
Country: Philippines
Location: Sual, Pangasinan
Coordinates: 16°07′30″N 120°06′02″
Status: Operational
Owner(s): TeaM Energy
Operator(s): San Miguel Energy
Corporation
Thermal power station
Primary fuel:Coal
Power generation
Nameplate capacity 1,218 MW
In the early 1990s, an energy crisis afflicted the nation and paved the way
for the construction of a coal-fired thermal power plant to address the
country’s growing power demand and to spark hope for a struggling
Philippine economy.
Through the Energy Conversion Agreement with the NPC, the 1,200 MW
Sual Power Station (SPS) began construction in 1996. It became
commercially operational after 3 years.
Installation Outdoor
TURBINE
No. of Heaters 8
GENERATOR
KEPCO-
SPC 200 2011 Naga, Cebu OPERATIONAL
POWER
PLANT
KEPCO-
Kauswagan ,Lanao
SPC 552 2017 OPERATIONAL
Del Norte
POWER
PLANT
MARIVE
LES
COAL- 651.6 2013 Mariveles Bataan UNDER
FIRED CONSTRUCTION
POWER
PLANT
STATION CAPACITY COMMISSIONED COMMUNITY STATUS
PAGBILAO
ENERGY
420 2018 Pagbilao, Quezon OPERATIONAL
CORPORAT
ION PEC
PEDC COAL
FIRED
167.4 2016 Lapaz,Iloilo City, OPERATIONAL
POWER
PLANT
SAN
BUENAVEN
TURA
POWER
UNDER
LTD. CO. 500 2018 Mauban, Quezon
CONSTRUCTION
SUPERCRIT
ICAL COAL
POWER
PLANT
SMC
CONSOLIDA
TED 600 2016 Limay, Bataan OPERATIONAL
POWER
CORP
SMI POWER
CORP. Malag, Davao Del
500 2016 OPERATIONAL
Sur
STEAG
GMBH Villanueva, Misam
232 2006 OPERATIONAL
is Oriental
SUAL
POWER UNDER
STATION 1294 1999 Sual, Pangasinan
CONSTRUCTION
STATION CAPACITY COMMISSIONED COMMUNITY STATUS
(MW)
SULTAN ENERGY
200 2012 OPERATIONAL
PHILIPPINES
THERMA SOUTH
300 2015 OPERATIONAL
INC.
TOKYO ELECTRIC
728 1996 OPERATIONAL
POWER MARUBENI
TOLEDO POWER
246 1993 OPERATIONAL
CORP(METROBANK)
TOTAL: 7432 MW
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