NATURE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION 5.

Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded

message of the speaker by the receiver (interpreting symbols
into thoughts).
Communication
6. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or someone who
(a). From the Latin word “communicre” which means to share or
to participate. decodes the message.
7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information
(b). Communication is giving, receiving or exchanging ideas,
provided by the receiver.
information, signal or messages that enable individuals or
8. Context – the environment where communication takes
groups to persuade, to seek information, to give information or
place.
to express emotions.
9. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of communication
Types of Communication
1. Verbal Communication
Verbal is anything that is associated with, relating to or
pertaining to words.
1.1. Written Communication (reading/writing)
1.2. Oral Communication (listening/speaking)
a. Formal
b. Informal
2. Non-Verbal Communication
Pertaining to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and
paralanguage such as tone, intonation, volume, pitch, and rate.

I. Communication is a human activity.

1. It’s an active and essential human engagement since
that all of us have an innate ability to communicate
(verbally and non-verbally).
2. Since that we all have the ability to listen and to speak,
we spend most of our time communicating.
3. It happens all the time and it happens everywhere;
Intrapersonal (talking to oneself), Interpersonal (talking
to one or two persons), Group, and Public.
II. Communication is Symbolic.
• Communication can be expressed verbally and non-
verbally.
• Words are examples of symbols, but not all symbols are
words, some can be expressed non-verbally.
• Specific movements, gestures can be a symbol if it is
communicating an idea like the word does.
• Examples: Holding up a hand pump forward to mean stop
or shrugging your shoulders to mean you don’t know.
• Everything that is being communicated beyond the use of
words or language is classified as non-verbal
communication.
1. Visual: Pictures, signs, symbols, actions or
movements.
2. Auditory: Sounds in the surroundings, school bell or
church bell which commonly mean the mass is about
to begin.
3. Gustatory: taste.
4. Olfactory: smell
5. Tactile: touch.
3. Communication is Systematic.
• Occurs within systems of interrelated and interacting parts.
• It involves a group of interrelated parts that affect one
another.
• Systemic process in which individuals interact with and
through symbols to create and interpret meanings.
• Communication must contain verbal and non-verbal signals
for a complete understanding because if one of the
important elements of communication is missing,
understanding in communication would be hard to grasp.
4. Communication is a Process
• It contains a series of dynamic activities – a cycle of actions;
it is always ongoing and changing.
• Communication is a process of giving and receiving
information between a source and a receiver using words,
symbols, or actions.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Speaker – the source of information or message.
2. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by
the speaker in words or in actions
3. Encoding – the process of converting the message into
words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands
(codifying thoughts into symbols).
4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal or
non-personal, in which the encoded message is conveyed.
TYPES OF NOISE
Physical Noise
Physical noise is any external or environmental stimulus that
distracts us from receiving the intended message sent by a
communicator. Examples of physical noise include: others
talking in the background, background music, a startling noise
and acknowledging someone outside of the conversation.
Psychological Noise
Mental or emotional interference in the speaker or listener.
Examples of psychological noise are wandering thoughts,
preconceived ideas, personal problems, anxiety, depression,
stress.
Physiological Noise
Any distraction due to a physiological function that interferes
with communication. Examples of physiological noise include
hunger, fatigue, headaches, pain, and physiological effects from
medicine that affect the way you think or feel.
Semantic Noise
Semantic noise refers to when a speaker and a listener have
different interpretations of the meanings of certain words. For
example, the word “weed” can be interpreted as an undesirable
plant in a yard or as a euphemism for marijuana.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
(a). A model is an abstract representation of reality.
(b). Communication can be a linear (one way process) or
interactive (cyclical or two way process).
I. Aristotle’s Model of Communication
1. A communication model for public speaking which mainly
focused on speaker and speech.
2. The Aristotle's communication model is a speaker centered
model as the speaker has the most important role in it and is the
only one active. It is the speaker's role to deliver a speech to the
audience. The role of the audience is passive, influenced by the
speech. This makes the communication process one way, from
speaker to receiver.
3. No rapport – no relationship is being built – it is one sided.
*Rapport: total responsiveness -- created by a feeling of
commonality.
II. Laswell’s Model of Communication
1. It was developed by Harold Dwight Lasswell, a political
scientist and communication theorist who chose to be a
multidisciplinary academic.
2. His communication model is regarded by many scholars as
one of the earliest and most influential communication model for
mass communication.
3. He drafted his model of communication using the following
questions: Who?, Says what?, In which channel?, To whom?,
With what effect?
4. A model used to analyze propagandas and different
advertisements.
III. Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication
1. Proposed by Claude Elwood Shannon, a mathematician and
Electronic Engineer, together with Warren Weaver, an American
scientist.
2. Originally designed for electronic communication.
3. In this model, “noise” was introduced.
Source (producer of message)
Transmitter (encoder of message into signals)
Channel (signals adapted for transmission)
Receiver (decoder of message from the signal)
Destination
Noise in Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication
1. Technical problem–How a channel causes a problem.
Example: problem with phone signal.
2. Semantic problem –Is the meaning of message sent and
received very different.
Example:
A businessman sends a message via phone text to his
worker about a meeting happening about their brand promotion.
The worker does not receive the full message because of noise.
It goes like this:
Businessman: We have a meeting at the office ("at 8 am" goes
missing due to phone network disruption or noise)
Sender: Businessman
Encoder: Telephone network company
Channel: Mobile network
Noise: Missing text due to disruption (technical noise)
Decoder: Mobile phone
Receiver: Worker
IV. Schramm’s Model of Communication
1. Made by Wilbur Schramm, who is considered the Father of
Mass Communication.
2. Schramm asserts that communication can take place if and
only if there is an overlap between the Field of Experience of the
Speaker and the Field of Experience of the Listener.
3. If the sender and the receiver of the message have the same
field of experience they will better understand each other –
sharing the same experience or topic, background knowledge
(schema), interests, beliefs, values, philosophy, principles.
V. David Berlo’s Model of Communication
1. Was a student of Wilbur Schramm.
2. He founded the Department of Communications at Michigan
State University.
3. In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo's Sender-Message-
Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model of communication
from Shannon Weaver's Model of Communication (1949). He
described factors affecting the individual components in the
communication making the communication more efficient.
Components of Berlo's Model of Communication
S -Sender
Sender is the source of the message or the person who
originates the message. The person or source sends the
message to the receiver. The following are the factor related to
sender and is also the same in the case of receiver.
Communication Skills
Communication skills of a person is a factor that affects the
communication process. If the sender has good communication
skills, the message will be communicated better than if the
sender's communication skills are not good. Similarly, if the
receiver can not grasp the message, then the communication
will not be effective. Communication skills include the skills to
speak, present, read, write, listening, etc.
Attitude
The attitude of the sender and the receiver creates the effect of
the message. The person's attitude towards self, the receiver
and the environment changes the meaning and effect of the
message.
Knowledge
Familiarity with the subject of the message makes the
communicated message have its effect more. Knowledge on the
subject matter makes the communicator send the message
effectively.
Social Systems
Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many other social
factors affect the sender's way of communicating the message.
It creates difference in the generation of message. Place and
situation also fall under social systems.
Culture
Cultural differences make messages different. A person from
one culture might find something offensive which is very much
accepted in another culture.
M-Message
A message is the substance that is being sent by the sender to
the receiver. It might be in the form of voice, audio, text, video
or other media. The key factors affecting the message are
Content • I want to be alone.
Content is the thing that is in the message. The whole message • You need to hurry.
from beginning to end is the content. • That’s not the right thing to do.

Elements II. SOCIAL INTERACTION

Elements are the non verbal things that tag along with the 1. Communication can be used to produce social interaction.
content like gestures, signs, language, etc. 2. In their daily course of their living, human beings develop and
maintain bonds, intimacy, relations, and associations.
Treatment – the way one treats his message and is conveys to • Pick-up lines
the listener. • Invitations
Treatment is the way in which the message is conveyed to the • Greetings
receiver. Treatment also effects the feedback of the receiver. • Appreciation
• Encouragement
Structure • Marriage proposals
The structure of the message or the way it has been structured • Game plans
or arranged, affects the effectiveness of the message. Examples:
• “Let us be friends.”
Code • “Will you marry me?”
Code is the form in which the message is sent. It might be in the • “Be my group partner.”
form of language, text, video, etc. • “I like you.”
Language, body movements, expressions, your gestures are • “I love you.”
actually the codes of the message and have to be accurate. • “You mean so much to me.”

C-Channel III. MOTIVATION

Channel is the medium used to send the message. In mass
communication and other forms of communication, technical
machines might be used as a channel like telephone, internet,
etc.
But in general communication, the five senses of a human being
is the channel for the communication flow and it affects the
effectiveness of the channel.
Hearing - We receive the message through hearing.
Seeing - We perceive through seeing. We also get non-verbal
messages by seeing.
Touching - Many of the non-verbal communication happens
from touching like holding hands.
Smelling - We collect information from smelling.
Tasting - Taste also provides the information to be sent as a
message.
R- Receiver
Receiver is the person who gets the message sent in the
process. This model believes that the thinking pattern and all
other factors mentioned above must be in sync to that of the
sender for the communication to be effective. The message
might not have the same effect as intended if the receiver and
sender are not similar. The receiver must also have a very good
listening skill. Other factors are similar to that of the sender.
Communication skills
Attitudes
Knowledge
Social Systems
Cultures
1. It refers to a person using language to express desires, needs,
wants, likes, dislikes, inclinations, choices, and aspirations.
• Expressing one’s ambitions.
• Talking about preferences.
• Having a motivational speech.
IV. INFORMATION
1. Communication can be used for giving and getting
information.
2. Giving information usually comes in the form of statements of
facts (declaratives) and sometimes it can come in the form of
questions intended for getting information (interrogatives),
commands (imperatives) and even through statements.
“Philippine Normal University was established in 1901.”
“For every action, there is a reaction.”
V. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
1. It is an expression of love, fear, anger, joy, hope, or any other
emotions, humans need to let them out otherwise they harm our
well-being.
“I think…”
“I believe that…”
“In my opinion…”
“The way I see it…”

• Both persons must be similar according to all the factors

mentioned above.

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
I. CONTROL/REGULATION
1. Communication can be used to control the behaviour of
human beings.
2. It can be used to regulate the nature and amount of activities
humans engage in.
Examples:
• Doctors’ prescriptions
• Parents’ instructions to their children
• Friends giving advice on what course of action to take
• Scolding
• Employers’ orders to their employees
• Customers making orders/requests.

Language Forms for Regulation or Control

1. Commands (imperatives)
• Please come in.
• Get a chair.
• Run.
2. Rhetorical Questions
• Can you pass the salt?
• Do you have a pen?
• Why don’t we go to the dining room.
3. Statements (declaratives)