FLUID MACHINES:

TURBINES
Marcelino N. Lunag Jr.
 Topic Level Outcomes (TLO’s)
• TLO 14: Study of hydraulic turbines and hydro-electric power plants.
Minimum essential requirements of a water power system. Calculation of
head, power and efficiency
• TLO 15: Performance of reaction turbines with emphasis on Francis
wheels. Specific speed of reaction turbines
• TLO 16: Kinds of draft tubes and tube settings. Prevention of cavitation and
pitting on turbine runners with proper setting
• TLO 17: Performance of impulse wheels. Effects if nozzle diameter/number.
Effective head, water horsepower, brake horsepower, overall turbine
efficiency, head developed by jets
• TLO 18: Generator specifications coupled to turbines
 Objective of this Topic

• After learning the TLO’s:

The students should be able to…
 Lecture Proper

Spare runner for the

Henry Borden power
plant in Brazil.
(Courtesy of Voith Hydro
Inc.)
 INTRODUCTION

• A turbine is defined as a machine that extracts

energy from a moving fluid and convert it to a
useful mechanical work.
• Much of the basic theory and most similarity
parameters used for pumps also apply to
turbines. (Crowe,clayton et.al, 2009) –
Engineering Fluid Mechanics 9th edition.
• Turbines have been used for centuries to
convert freely available mechanical energy from
rivers and wind into useful mechanical work,
usually through a rotating shaft. Whereas the
rotating part of a pump is called the impeller,
the rotating part of a hydroturbine is called the
runner. (cengel,2014).
Types of turbine (based on Cengel)

• 1. Hydraulic Turbine/hydroturbine- used when

the working fluid is water and energy is
extracted from water.
• 2. Wind turbine(windmill)- when the working
fluid is air and energy is extracted from the
wind.
• 3. Steam Turbines- the turbomachines that
convertenergy from the steam into mechanical
energy of a rotating shaft
• 4. Gas turbine- A more generic name for
turbines that employ a compressible gas
as the working fluid.
• 5. what else?
 Applications

• 1. To pump water
• 2. To grind grains
• 3. To generate electricity (Power Generation)
 HYDRAULIC TURBINES

• Hydraulic turbines may be considered as

hydraulic motors or prime movers of a
water-power development, which convert
water energy (hydropower) into mechanical
energy (shaft power).
• The shaft power developed is used in running
electricity generators directly coupled to the
shaft of the turbine, thus producing electrical
power.
• The hydraulic turbine is a rotary machine
actuated by the impulse and/or reaction of a
water current attacking the rotor (called the
runner), which consists of a series of buckets or
curved vanes or blades.
 Application of H.T

• Hydroelectric Power
REPUBLIC ACT No. 7156 SEC. 4
• (1) “Hydroelectric power” shall refer to electric
power produced by utilizing the kinetic energy
of falling or running water to turn a turbine
generator.
 World Electricity Generation,
2010

Other** includes geothermal, solar, wind, biofuels and waste, and heat
Philippine Power Generation by
Source, 2010
Operating Principles of H.T
 Classification of H.T

1. positive-displacement turbine-fluid pushes

into a closed volume, it turns a shaft or displaces
a reciprocating rod
➢generally not used for power production, but rather for
flow rate or flow volume measurement
2. Dynamic Turbines -rotating blades supply or
extract energy to or from the fluid.
Dynamic Turbine
 Dynamic Turbines

1. Impulse Turbine
-available potential energy (head) of the water is
converted into kinetic energy with the help of a
contracting nozzle provided at the delivery end of the
pipeline (penstock)
-water discharges freely (at atmospheric pressure)
into the downstream channel (called the tail race)
-Pelton wheel
-large units may have two or more jets impinging at
different locations around the wheel
The Impulse Turbine (Pelton
Wheel)
The Impulse Turbine
 Dynamic Turbines
2. Reaction Turbine
-only a part of the available energy of the water is converted
into kinetic energy at the entrance to the runner, and a
substantial part remains in the form of pressure energy
-runner casing (called the scroll case) has to be completely
airtight and filled with water throughout the operation of the
turbine.
-water enters the scroll case and moves into the runner
through a series of guide vanes, called wicket gates
-the water enters a draft tube which delivers the flow to the tail
race.
-the Francis and the propeller (also known as Kaplan)
turbine
The Reaction Turbine
 The Reaction Turbine
Propeller type turbine
Francis turbine (Kaplan)