STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES

• The most common shapes of structural steel used in buildings are the American
Standard Steel Shapes such as:
1.Square Bars
2.Round Bars
3.Plate Bars
4.Angle Bars
5.Channels–The standard channel has the shape of unsymmetrical balance consisting
of two flanges on one side. It requires lateral support to prevent its tendency to
buckle. Channels are generally used as parts of built-up sections for columns and are
also suitable for framing around floor openings, spandrels and lintels attributed to the
absence of flanges on the other side. The channel section is identified as C 15 x 20
which means that the channel has a depth of 20 cm and weights 15 kg per meter
length.
6.I-Beams–The use of a standard I-beam as a column is uneconomical because the
whirl or revolving action of the member about an axis through the centroid of the
web is comparatively small.
STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING

 Structural steel girders, beams, and columns are used to construct a skeleton frame for structures
ranging in size from one-story to skyscrapers.

 Because structural steel is difficult to work with on site, it is normally cut, shaped, and drilled in a
fabrication shop according to design specifications;

 this can result in relatively fast, precise construction of a structural frame.

 Structural steel may be left exposed in unprotected non-combustible construction, but because steel
can lose strength rapidyin a fire, fire-rated assemblies or coatings are required to qualify as fire-
resistive construction.
The three major types of framing systems
are the following:

 One-Way Beam System–each pair of external columns

supports a long-spanning beam or girders.

 This form of construction is suitable for long, narrow

buildings, especially when a column-free space is
desired.

 The absence of columns in the interior is an advantage

in structures such as car parks, as freedom from
obstruction makes for greater and safer
maneuverability, besides allowing the layout of the
parking spaces to be altered at any time.
• Two-Way Beam System–a two-layer
system, where beams frame into girders,
increases floor depth considerably and
provides more space for mechanical
systems.
• Steel girders span the short axis of a
building bay thus contributing to the lateral
stability of the structure.
• Three-Way Beam System–is used
when a large column-free space is
required, where long-spanning
plate girders or trusses can be used
to carry the primary beam, which in
turn support a layer of secondary
beams.
 STEEL COLUMNS AND CONNECTIONS
STEEL COLUMNS
• Steel columns are of the following types:
• a. Struts of one or two angles. These are
used for compression members in roof
trusses, light towers, and lattice girders.
The two angles of a double struts are
riveted together by rivets driven through
washers placed between the two angles at
intervals of 4 to 6 ft.

• b. Starred anglesof two or four connected

by batten plate spaced at intervals of 3 to
4ft. These are used to support the light
loads.
c. Latticed Columnsmade up of
channels or angles connected by
lattice bars are often used where
light loads are to be supported on
long columns.

d. Rolled H-columns. These are

obtainable with depths ranging from
6” to 16” and are now commonly
used instead of built-up columns in
steel skeleton construction.
• e. Built-up Columns. These
are usually of H-shaped
section formed by a
combination of plates and
angles although box
columnswith two or more
webs are not uncommonly
used in heavy building
frames.
MODERN TECHNIQUES IN STEEL
FRAME CONSTRUCTION
Buildability of Steelwork Construction
One of the main considerations in planning a building
project is:
• To have the building ready and occupied as early
as possible;
• In order to reduce the time over which the investment is tied up in
construction and maximize the return of investment through the
use of the building; and
• The design needs to consider the buildability aspects of
theconstruction.