9/30/2019 Nuqta - Wikipedia

◌़
Nuqta
Nuqtā (Hindi-Urdu नु ा, , from Arabic nuqta "dot," or "period."),
also spelled Nuktā, is a term for a diacritic mark that was introduced in
Devanāgari and some other Indian scripts to represent sounds not present
in the original scripts. It takes the form of a dot placed below a character.
Also, in another sense deriving from the Arabic script itself, there "are some
letters in Urdu that share the same basic shape but differ in the placement
of dots(s) or nuqta(s)" in the Urdu script: the letter ‫ ع‬ain, with the addition
of a nuqta, becomes the letter ‫ غ‬ghain.[1]

Examples from Devanāgari, the script used to write Hindi, are: क़ qa, ख़ ḵẖa,
ग़ ġa, ज़ za, ड़ ṛa, ढ़ ṛha, फ़ fa, zha, modifying क ka, ख kha, ग ga, ज ja, ड ḍa, Nuqta
ढ ḍha, फ pha, झ jha, respectively. The term nuqtā नु ा itself is an example;
Diacritics in Latin & Greek
other examples include क़ला ( ) qilā "fortress", and आग़ा ख़ान Āgā Khān
accent
(‫ن‬ ‫آ‬, combination of a Perso-Arabic (aga) and a Turko-Mongolic (khan)
honorific, now the title of the leader of the Nizari Ismaili sect. Examples of
acute (´)
more common words are बड़ा "big", पढ़ना "read", पेड़ "tree", अं ेज़ी "english", or double acute (˝)
करोड़ "crore". grave (`)
double grave (  ̏)
The nuqtā, and the phonological distinction it represents, is sometimes circumflex (ˆ)
ignored in practice, i.e. क़ला qilā can simply be spelled as कला kilā.
caron, háček (ˇ)
Manisha Kulshreshtha and Ramkumar Mathur write in the text Dialect
breve (˘)
Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity that "A few sounds,
inverted breve (  ̑  )
borrowed from the other languages like Persian and Arabic, are written
with a dot (bindu or nuktā). Many people who speak Hindi as a second
cedilla (¸)
language, especially those who come from rural backgrounds and do not diaeresis, umlaut (¨)
speak conventional Hindi (also called Khariboli), or speak in one of its dot (·)
dialects , pronounce these sounds as their nearest equivalents." For palatal hook ( ̡)
example, these rural speakers will assimilate the sound ɣ (ग़ ‫ )غ‬as ɡ (ग ‫)گ‬.[2] retroflex hook ( ̢)
hook above, dấu hỏi (   ̉)
In work where transliteration between Hindi and Urdu occurs, it is usually
important that typers retain the nuqtas when printing words.[3] In some
horn (   ̛)
cases, for the ease of typing quickly, some people do not use the nuqta as
iota subscript (   ͅ )
individuals familiar with the language understand that the nuqtas are macron (ˉ)
implied and will pronounce the words properly regardless of their ogonek, nosinė (˛)
presence.[3] perispomene (   ͂ )
overring (˚)
With a renewed Hindi-Urdu language contact, many Urdu writers now
underring (˳)
publish their works in Devanagari editions. Since the Perso-Arabic
orthography is preserved in Nastaʿlīq script Urdu orthography, these
rough breathing (῾)
writers use the nuqtā in Devanāgari when transcribing these consonants. smooth breathing (᾿)
Marks sometimes used as
diacritics
(’)
Contents apostrophe
bar ( ̸ )
See also colon (:)
References comma (,)
Works cited
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuqta 1/2
9/30/2019 Nuqta - Wikipedia

Bibliography period (.)

External links hyphen (˗)
prime (′)
tilde (~)
See also Diacritical marks in other scripts
Hindustani phonology Arabic diacritics
Hunterian transliteration Early Cyrillic diacritics
kamora ( ) ҄
References pokrytie (  ҇ )
titlo ( ) ҃
Gurmukhī diacritics
Works cited Hebrew diacritics
Indic diacritics
1. Govindaraju, Venu; Setlur, Srirangaraj (Ranga) (25 September 2009).
Guide to OCR for Indic Scripts: Document Recognition and Retrieval (h
anusvara (◌ं  ◌ং ം )
ttps://books.google.com/books?id=WdSR9OJ0kxYC&pg=PA165). chandrabindu ( ◌ँ  ◌ఁ )
Springer Science & Business Media. p. 165. ISBN 9781848003309. nukta ( ◌़ )
( ◌्    ◌్   ್ )
Retrieved 20 November 2014.
virama
( ◌ः ◌ঃ )
2. Kulshreshtha, Manisha; Mathur, Ramkumar (24 March 2012). Dialect
visarga
Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity: A Case Study (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=xHmARyhRoNYC&pg=PA19). IPA diacritics
Japanese diacritics
ﾞ
Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 19–. ISBN 9781461411376.
Retrieved 20 November 2014. dakuten ( )
3. Baig, Bushra; Kumar, M.; Das, Sujoy (8 August 2012). "Rule Based
Hindi to Urdu Transliteration System". Journal of Emerging Trends in
handakuten ( ﾟ )
Khmer diacritics
Computing and Information Sciences. 3 (8): 1201. ISSN 2079-8407 (htt
ps://www.worldcat.org/issn/2079-8407).
Syriac diacritics
Thai diacritics
Related
Bibliography Dotted circle ◌
Vajpeyi, K. D. (Kishorī Dās Vājpayī; कशोरीदास वाजपेयी), Hindī Punctuation marks
shabdanushāsan ह ी श नुशासन (1957, 1958, 1973, 1976, 1988). Logic symbols

External links
Nuqte ka funda | नु े का फ़ं डा | ‫ا‬ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fb8fZ6zzAW4) (in Hindi/Urdu)
An Introduction to Indic scripts (http://people.w3.org/rishida/scripts/indic-overview/)
SCRIPT GRAMMAR FOR HINDI LANGUAGE (http://tdil-dc.in/tdildcMain/articles/737061Hindi%20Script%20Gram
mar%20ver%201.4-2.pdf)

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