A Field Guide To The Birds of Brazil PDF

A FIELD GUIDE TO THE BIRDS OF BRAZIL
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A FIELD GUIDE TO THE Birds
of Brazil
BER VAN PERLO
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recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of
Oxford University Press.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Perlo, Ber van.
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A field guide to the birds of Brazil / Ber van Perlo.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-19-530154-0; 978-0-19-530155-7 (pbk.)
1. Birds—Brazil—Identification. I. Title.
QL689.B8P44 2009
598.0981—dc22 2008018823
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in China
on acid-free paper
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Contents
LIST OF PLATES
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PARTS OF A BIRD
INTRODUCTION
1 Brazil: The Area Covered
1.1 Country Profile
1.2 Biogeography
1.2.1 Climate
1.2.2 Geomorphology
1.2.3 Natural Vegetation
2 Brazil: The Birds
2.1 Classification and Names
2.2 Field Identification
2.2.1 Plates
2.2.2 Captions
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2.2.3 Distribution Maps
2.3 Endemism
2.4 Short Introduction to Selected Bird Groups and Families
2.4.1 Worldwide Families and Groups
2.4.2 Typical American Families and Groups
SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND GLOSSARY
SPECIES ACCOUNTS, PLATES, AND DISTRIBUTION MAPS
PROTECTED AREAS OF BRAZIL
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND FURTHER REFERENCES
APPENDIX 1: THE ENDEMICS OF BRAZIL
APPENDIX 2: ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE DICTIONARY
INDEX
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List of Plates
1. Diomedeidae (Albatrosses)
2. Diomedeidae (Albatrosses) & Procellariidae (Giant-petrels)
3. Procellariidae (Prions and Petrels) & Pelecanoididae

(Diving-petrel)
4. Procellariidae (Shearwaters and Petrels)
5. Procellariidae (Shearwaters and Petrels)
6. Hydrobatidae (Storm-petrels) & Phaethontidae

(Tropicbirds)
7. Sulidae (Boobies) & Fregatidae (Frigatebirds)
8. Spheniscidae (Penguins) & Podicipedidae (Grebes)
9. Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants), Anhingidae (Darter) &

Threskiornithidae (Ibises)
10. Ardeidae (Herons)
11. Ardeidae (Herons)
12. Ardeidae (Herons), Ciconiidae (Storks) &

Threskiornithidae (Spoonbills)
13. Anhimidae (Screamers), Pelecanidae (Pelicans),

Phoenicopteridae (Flamingos) & Anatidae (Swans)
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14. Anatidae (Whistling-ducks, Goose, Ducks, Pochards, and
Merganser)
15. Anatidae (Teals, Wigeon, Shoveler, Pintails, and Duck)
16. Cathartidae (New World Vultures and Condor)
17. Pandionidae (Osprey) & Accipitridae (Kites and Harriers)
18. Accipitridae (Kites)
19. Accipitridae (Kites and Hawks)
20. Accipitridae (Hawks)
23. Accipitridae (Eagles)
24. Falconidae (Kestrels, Falcons, and Caracaras)
25. Falconidae (Forest-falcons and Caracaras)
26. Rheidae (Rheas) & Tinamidae (Tinamous)
27. Tinamidae (Tinamous)
28. Tinamidae (Tinamous), Psophiidae (Trumpeters),

Aramidae (Limpkin) & Opisthocomidae (Hoatzin)
29. Cracidae (Guans)
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30. Cracidae (Chachalacas), Odontophoridae (New World
Quails), Cariamidae (Seriema) & Chionidae (Sheathbill)
31. Cracidae (Curassows), Phasianidae (Junglefowl) &

Numididae (Guineafowl)
32. Rallidae (Crakes and Rails) & Jacanidae (Jacana)
33. Rallidae (Crakes and Rails)
34. Rallidae (Wood-Rails, Gallinules, and Moorhens)
35. Rallidae (Coots), Eurypygidae (Sunbittern),

Heliornithidae (Sungrebe), Haematopodidae (Oystercatcher),
Recurvirostridae (Stilt), Burhinidae (Thick-knee), Glareolidae
(Pratincole) & Thinocoridae (Seedsnipe)
36. Scolopacidae (Dowitchers, Godwits, Curlews,

Yellowlegs, and Willet)
37. Scolopacidae (Turnstone, Sandpipers, and Redshank) &

Charadriidae (Plovers)
38. Charadriidae (Plovers) & Scolopacidae (Phala-ropes)
39. Charadriidae (Knot, Sanderling, and Sandpipers) &

Scolopacidae (Ruff)
40. Rostratulidae (Painted-snipe), Scolopacidae (Snipes),

Sternidae (Terns) & Rynchopidae (Skimmer)
41. Sternidae (Terns)
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42. Sternidae (Tern) & Laridae (Gulls)
43. Stercorariidae (Jaegers and Skuas)
44. Columbidae (Ground-doves and Quail-doves)
45. Columbidae (Doves and Pigeons)
46. Psittacidae (Pigeons and Macaws)
47. Psittacidae (Macaws and Parakeets)
48. Psittacidae (Parakeets)
49. Psittacidae (Parakeets)
50. Psittacidae (Parakeets and Parrots)
51. Psittacidae (Parrotlets)
52. Psittacidae (Parakeets and Parrots)
53. Psittacidae (Parrots)
54. Psittacidae (Parrots)
55. Cuculidae (Anis, Cuckoos, and Ground-cuckoos)
56. Cuculidae (Cuckoos)
57. Strigidae (Screech-owls and Pygmy-owls)
58. Strigidae (Owls)
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59. Strigidae (Owls), Tytonidae (Barn Owl), Nyctibiidae
(Potoos) & Steatornithidae (Oil-bird)
60. Caprimulgidae (Nightjars and Nighthawks)
61. Caprimulgidae (Nighthawks, Pauraque, Poorwill, and

Nightjars)
62. Caprimulgidae (Nightjars) & Apodidae (Swifts)
63. Apodidae (Swifts)
64. Trochilidae (Hermits)
65. Trochilidae (Hermits and Barbthroats)
66. Trochilidae (Hermit, Lancebill, Sabrewings, Violet-ears,

and Mangos)
67. Trochilidae (Jacobins, Woodnymphs, Sapphires, and

Emeralds)
68. Trochilidae (Awlbill, Plovercrest, Hummingbird,

Coquettes, and Thorntail)
69. Trochilidae (Emeralds, Hummingbirds, Sapphire, and

Goldenthroats)
70. Trochilidae (Topazes, Emeralds, Brilliants, Jewelfronts,

Ruby, and Hummingbirds)
71. Trochilidae (Hummingbirds, Visorbearers, Fairy,

Sungem, Starthroats, and Woodstar)
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72. Trogonidae (Quetzals, Trogons)
73. Momotidae (Motmots) & Alcedinidae (King-fishers)
74. Galbulidae (Jacamars)
75. Galbulidae (Jacamars) & Bucconidae (Nunlets)
76. Capitonidae (Barbets) & Bucconidae (Puffbirds and

Monklet)
77. Bucconidae (Nunbirds and Puffbirds)
78. Bucconidae (Puffbirds)
79. Ramphastidae (Aracaris and Toucanet)
80. Ramphastidae (Toucanets and Toucans)
81. Picidae (Piculets)
82. Picidae (Piculets and Woodpeckers)
83. Picidae (Woodpeckers and Flicker)
84. Picidae (Woodpeckers)
85. Picidae (Woodpeckers)
86. Furnariidae (Woodcreepers)
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89. Furnariidae (Woodcreepers and Scythebills)
90. Furnariidae (Tit-spinetails, Canasteros, and Spinetail)
91. Furnariidae (Miners, Cinclodes, and Horneros)
92. Furnariidae (Spinetails)
95. Furnariidae (Spinetail, Softtails, Thornbirds,

Groundcreeper, and Wren-spinetail)
96. Furnariidae (Rushbird, Reedhaunters, Firewood-gatherer,

Brushrunner, Plushcrown, Barbtail, Graveteiro, Palmcreeper,
and Foliage-gleaner)
97. Furnariidae (Cacholotes, Foliage-gleaners, Recurvebill,

Hookbill, Woodhaunter, and Tree-hunter)
98. Furnariidae (Foliage-gleaners and Stream-creeper)
99. Furnariidae (Foliage-gleaners and Treehunter)
100. Furnariidae (Leaftossers and Xenops)
101. Thamnophilidae (Antshrikes)
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105. Thamnophilidae (Bushbirds, Antvireos, and Antwrens)
106. Thamnophilidae (Antwrens)
108. Thamnophilidae (Antwrens and Antbirds)
111. Thamnophilidae (Antbirds and Fire-eyes)
112. Thamnophilidae (Antbirds)
116. Thamnophilidae (Antbirds and Bare-eyes)
117. Thamnophilidae (Antbirds) & Formicariidae

(Antthrushes)
118. Formicariidae (Antthrushes), Conopophagidae

(Gnateaters) & Rhinocryptidae (Bamboowren)
119. Grallariidae (Antpittas)
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120. Rhinocryptidae (Tapaculos) & Melanopareiidae
(Crescent-chest, and Bristlefronts)
121. Cotingidae (Cotingas and Cock-of-the-rock)
122. Cotingidae (Cotingas, Fruiteater, Umbrellabird,

Capuchinbird, and Bellbirds)
123. Cotingidae (Fruitcrows) & Pipridae (Manakins)
124. Cotingidae (Plantcutter, Pihas, Calyptura, Cotinga and

Berryeaters) & Oxyruncidae (Sharpbill)
125. Pipridae (Manakins)
126. Pipridae (Manakins)
127. Pipridae (Manakins, Tyrant-manakins, and Neopipo)
128. Pipridae (Piprites), Tyrannidae (Antpipits) &

Motacillidae (Pipits)
129. Tityridae (Schiffornises, Mourner, Purpletufts, and

Tityras)
130. Tityridae (Mourner, Xenopsaris, and Becards)
131. Tyrannidae (Tyrannulets and Elaenias)
132. Tyrannidae (Elaenias)
133. Tyrannidae (Elaenias, Flycatchers, Tyrannulet,

Tachurises, and Pygmy-tyrants)
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134. Tyrannidae (Tyrannulets)
135. Tyrannidae (Doraditos, Wagtail-tyrants, Tyrannulets,

and Bristle-tyrants)
136. Tyrannidae (Tyrannulets)
137. Tyrannidae (Flycatchers, Tyrannulets and Rush-tyrant)
138. Tyrannidae (Flycatchers, Tyrants, Tody-Tyrants, and

Pygmy-tyrants)
139. Tyrannidae (Tody-tyrants and Pygmy-tyrant)
140. Tyrannidae (Pygmy-tyrants, Tyrant, and Twist-wings)
141. Tyrannidae (Tody-tyrant, Tody-flycatchers, and

Flycatchers)
142. Tyrannidae (Tody-flycatchers and Flycatchers)
143. Tyrannidae (Flatbills and Spadebills)
144. Tyrannidae (Flycatchers, Pewees, and Negrito)
145. Tyrannidae (Tyrants and Black-tyrants)
146. Tyrannidae (Tyrants and Monjitas)
147. Tyrannidae (Tyrants)
148. Tyrannidae (Flycatchers and Kiskadees)
149. Tyrannidae (Flycatchers and Kingbirds)
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150. Tyrannidae (Mourners, Sirystes, Casiornises, and
Flycatchers)
151. Tyrannidae (Flatbills, Flycatcher, and Attilas)
152. Parulidae (Parula, Chat, Redstart, Whitestarts, and

Warblers)
153. Parulidae (Warblers and Waterthrush)
154. Parulidae (Warblers and Yellowthroat) & Vireonidae

(Peppershrike and Vireos)
155. Vireonidae (Greenlets)
156. Hirundinidae (Swallows)
157. Hirundinidae (Martins and Swallows)
158. Donacobiidae (Donacobius) & Troglodytidae (Wrens)
159. Troglodytidae (Wrens) & Polioptilidae (Gnat-wrens)
160. Turdidae (Solitaire, Veery, and Thrushes)
161. Turdidae (Thrushes) & Mimidae (Mockingbirds)
162. Icteridae (Oropendolas and Caciques)
163. Icteridae (Blackbirds, Grackles, and Cowbirds)
164. Icteridae (Cowbird, Baywing, Blackbirds, Bobolink, and

Meadowlarks)
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165. Icteridae (Orioles, Troupial, Blackbirds, and Marshbirds)
166. Thraupidae (Tanagers)
167. Thraupidae (Tanagers and Shrike-tanagers)
172. Thraupidae (Tanagers and Cardinals)
173. Thraupidae (Bananquit, Grassquits, Tanagers, and

Ant-tanager)
174. Cardinalidae (Grosbeaks)
175. Cardinalidae (Saltators), Fringillidae (Goldfinch, and

Greenfinch), Passeridae Old World Sparrow) & Estrildidae
(Waxbill)
176. Thraupidae (Dacnises and Honeycreepers) Emberizidae

(Bunting)
177. Thraupidae (Euphonias)
178. Thraupidae (Euphonias, Chlorophonia, Flower-piercers,

and Conebills)
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179. Polioptilidae (Gnatcatchers) & Thraupidae
(Yellow-finches and Saffron-finch)
180. Corvidae (Jays)
181. Thraupidae (Seedeaters)
182. Thraupidae (Seedeaters)
183. Thraupidae (Seedeaters and Seed-finch)
184. Thraupidae (Seedeaters, Seed-Finches, Grassquit, and

Finches)
185. Emberizidae (Finches, Grass-finches, and New World

Sparrow), Thraupidae (Finches, Pampa-finches) &
Cardinalidae (Finch)
186. Thraupidae (Warbling-finches) & Emberizidae (New

World Sparrows and Dicksissel)
187. Emberizidae (Sparrows, Brush-finch, and Reed-finch) &

Fringillidae (Siskins)
Note: the plates in this book are mainly aimed at showing

together similar-looking species or species from the same area
or habitat, but are not based on an accepted sequence of
species or a systematic classification in families. Yet it might
be worthwile to mention that recently, based on DNA
research, several genera were transported, for instance, from
the familiy of Thraupidae to Cardinalidae, and from
Emberizidae to Thraupidae. This is not yet reflected in the
English names; therefore it might be possible that in the
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future, for example, the name of finches now placed in the
family of the tanagers might be changed to “tanager-finches.”
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Preface and Acknowledgments
This book should be treated as a field guide in which the
information needed to identify a bird at the moment you
observe it is given in a condensed form. The book’s low
weight and compact size make it easy to carry around and
consult in the field. Help in identifying difficult species can
be found in more detailed regional bird books, which can be
consulted at home or on the road. Sound recordings from
commercial CDs and DVDs transferred to your iPod or other
MP3 player can be an important supplementary aid in the
field.
To compose a work like this single-handedly, you need the

support and help of dedicated friends. I was very lucky to find
people willing to coach me through the process of composing
the book, comment on its structure, supply basic and
additional information about the avifauna and geography of
Brazil, send hundreds of reference photos, both of living birds
and museum specimens, point out important websites, and
suggest improvements, corrections, and additions to plates,
maps, and draft text. It is, however, not their responsibility
but mine if the book contains errors.
My heartfelt thanks go to Rasmus Bøgh in Denmark, my

indefatigable supporter in every respect, who solved
taxonomic puzzles, found difficult-to-trace articles, provided
many photos, and supplied numerous contributions especially
to the sections on identification features and habitats.
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I am also extremely thankful to my Brazilian friends: to Fabio
Olmos, who helped revise this guide with the support of the
Wetlands Trust/UK and the Museu de Zoologia da
Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), for his prompt,
authoritative comments on draft text and plates and for the
many photos of museum specimens and Brazilian landscapes;
and to Fernando C. Straube and Alberto Urben-Filho, who
sorted out systematic riddles and gave extensive suggestions
for improvement of text and plates.
I thank Doug Stotz for his comments on my draft text and

plates; Andy Foster, bird guide and owner of the Serra dos
Tucanos lodge, who introduced me to the wonderful Brazilian
bird world; Nicholas Locke, President of R.E.G.U.A.
(Reserva Ecologica de Guapi Assu, which protects one of the
last stands of tropical rainforest left in the severely depleted
Atlantic Rainforest), whose help is greatly appreciated; and
Bernard Geling, owner of the site www.birdsounds.nl, for his
contributions.
Research was done at the British Museum of Natural History

in Tring, where the support and assistance of the staff,
especially of Robert Prys-Jones and Katrina Cook, was very
helpful. In going through the collection in Tring, Krys
Kazmierczak, my old friend from A Fieldguide to the Birds of
the Indian Subcontinent, lent me a hand; his help and his
other contributions to this work are very much appreciated.
I am also grateful to Peter J. Prescott, senior editor at Oxford

University Press, who made the achievement of this work
possible, and to Kaity Cheng, Alycia Somers, Tisse Takagi,
editorial assistants, and to all the other people at Oxford
28
University Press that I came into contact with for all their
help and their patience with me.
Eu sou muito grato a Sra. Sonia Silva Maia de Cachoeiras de

Macacu pela ajuda com as traduções para o português.
Last, but first in my heart, I thank Riet Nelen, my wife, who

thought that—(now we have both retired) I would start
working less, but who sees me doing more and yet endures
with patience, support, and encouragement.
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Parts of a Bird
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A FIELD GUIDE TO THE BIRDS OF BRAZIL
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Introduction
1.1 Country Profile
Brazil is a very large country—the world’s fifth in surface

area (3.3 million square miles or 8.5 million square
km)—with a population of probably greater than 190 million
(sixth largest in the world). Most people live in the eastern
parts of the country, especially in the states of São Paulo and
Rio de Janeiro. The federative republic of Brazil can be
divided into five major regions (Sul, Centro-Oueste, Sudeste,
Nordeste, and Norte) comprising 26 states and the Distrito
Federal of Brasilia (figure 1).
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FIGURE 1 Overview of Brazil
1.2 Biogeography
This paragraph gives a short overview of the factors that

determine the presence and distribution of bird species in
Brazil.
1.2.1 CLIMATE
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Based on temperature and rainfall (figure 2), it is possible to
distinguish several regions in Brazil with different climatic
conditions.
Equatorial zone. In the equatorial zone in the north the annual

average temperature lies between 24° and 27 ° C with little
seasonal variation, while the annual average rainfall is high (>
3000 mm). In the eastern subregion (where the equator enters
the country near Belém), the rainfall in the wet season
(January–May) is 10 times higher (± 500 mm per month) than
in the dry season (± 50 mm per month in
September–November). In the western subregion (where the
equator crosses the border with Columbia), the average
rainfall per month is 275 mm throughout the year.
Tropical zone. The parts of the Amazon basin south and north
of the equatorial zone have a tropical climate with a similar
annual average temperature as the equatorial zone, but a
somewhat lower average annual rainfall of 1500–2500 mm.
This rainfall is not evenly distributed over the year: south of
the equatorial zone there is a dry season (May–October)
during which the large rivers return to their beds, to rise again
in the wet season (December–May) to about 10 m above the
dry-season level, flooding the surrounding forests. In the
tropical climate zone north
of the equatorial zone at the border of Venezuela, the
situation is different in that September–November is the dry
season and April–June is the wet season.
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FIGURE 2 Climate in Brazil
Pantanal. In Pantanal the annual rainfall is 1500–2000 mm,

with a pronounced dry season from May to October.
Central plateau. The central plateau can be subdivided in two

parts: (a) the northeast, which is the driest area of the country,
with annual rainfall less than 500 mm and temperatures that
can rise above 40° C, (b) the grassy central area between the
Pantanal and the dry northeast that has a dry “winter” from
May to November with temperatures that are lower than those
in the tropical zone and a wet, warm “summer” from
November to March.
Coastal belt. The coastal belt along the Atlantic Ocean has
the same average annual rainfall as the Pantanal, but the rain
is evenly spread over the year, and there is also less variation
in the average annual temperature, which is about 22–23° C.
Temperate zone. The Tropic of Capricorn crosses Brazil near

São Paulo. The area south of this tropic lies in the temperate
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zone, with a distinct summer–winter rhythm. In the winter
(June–July) the temperature can drop below 0° C at night, and
in the mountains it might even snow; in the summer
(January–March) the temperature can rise to above 35° C.
The average annual rainfall of about 2000 mm is more or less
evenly dispersed over the year.
1.2.2 GEOMORPHOLOGY
The topography of Brazil (figure 3) can be subdivided in two

great plateaus and three plains.
Plateau of Guyana. The plateau of Guyana, north of the

Amazon basin, embraces a loose array of table mountains,
also known as tepuis. They include the Pico da Neblina,
which with an altitude of 3014 m forms the highest peak in
Brazil. The tepuis, survivors of erosion, form the watershed
between the Orinoco and the Amazon.
Brazilian plateau. The Brazilian plateau, a tableland varying

in altitude from 300 to 1500 m, is broken by low mountain
ranges and cut by deep valleys. The edge of the plateau in the
east rises steeply, forming an escarpment with several peaks
of up to 2500 m or more.
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FIGURE 3 Topography of Brazil
Amazon lowlands. The Amazon lowlands lie between the

Guyanan and Brazilian plateaus. This is a landscape of gently
undulating hills, rarely rising to more than 150 m above sea
level, crossed by many water courses that converge in the
Amazon. Some of these, like the Amazon itself, are
white-water rivers, thus called because of the suspended
pale-colored mud particles from the Andes and other
mountainous areas, from where they originate. Others, like
the Rio Negro, are known as black-water rivers after their
color of weak tea, brought about by decaying organic matter
from lowland forests. Parts of the Amazon lowlands along the
rivers are called várzea (figure 4); they are annually flooded
north of the Amazon from April onward and south of the river
from December. The higher parts above flood level are called
terra firme (“solid ground”). Other small habitat subtypes in
the lowlands are oxbow lakes (cut off river meanders) and
wetlands.
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FIGURE 4 Várzea and Terra Firme
Pantanal. The Pantanal, is a very large, gently sloping

wetland area (150,000 km2) that floods in the wet season,
when eventually up to 80% is covered with water. After the
wet season the Pantanal dries out, and only a few small
puddles in the lowest lying areas remain.
Coastal plain. The coastal plain, a belt along the Atlantic

Ocean of up to 80 km wide in the south, widens to 200 km in
the north and has a variety of habitat types such as lagoons
with mangrove banks, protected from the ocean by sandstone
and coral reefs, sand dunes, white-sand beaches, swamps, and
restinga. This is however also the main area of settlement,
containing Brazil’s two largest cities, São Paulo and Rio de
Janeiro.
41
FIGURE 5 Natural Vegetation in Brazil
1.2.3 NATURAL VEGETATION
The natural vegetation of Brazil (figure 5) can be classified

into 14 different types:
1. Amazon rainforest (figure 7C): various forest types

united by high humidity and limited temperature
variations. Exact timing of dry season varies. Large
expanses remain but are being cleared rapidly.
2. Atlantic tropical rainforest: like the Amazon
rainforest, but in a rather narrow belt along the
Atlantic coast.
3. Atlantic tropical seasonal forest: occurs generally at
elevations above 600 m. Seasonal forests are
characterized by the loss of leaves by 10–60% of the
tree species in the dry season. For both types of
Atlantic forest, only 6% of the original range
42
remains, mainly in national parks and other protected
areas.
4. Former araucaria forest (figure 6B): almost wiped
out and replaced by high-altitude crops and farms.
5. Cerrado (figure 8B): savanna; mosaic of grassland
and woodland. Due to large-scale cutting of
woodland, only parts of true cerrado remain.
6. Caatinga (figure 8A): dry woodland with numerous
succulents (e.g., cacti).
7. Southern campos: grassy plains (often marshy) and
hills with scattered bushes and trees.
8. Campinaranas: forest (often thorny) and savanna
mosaics growing on poor soils. The large Rio Negro
and Rio Branco campinaranas are shown on the map.
Smaller areas of campinaranas exist elsewhere in the
Amazon but are not shown on the map.
9. Savanna–rainforest mosaic.
10. Savanna–rainforest–seasonal forest mosaic.
11. Alpine campos: shrubby areas with low trees or
bushes at high altitude above 1900 m.
12. Vegetation types of sea coast and river borders: (a)
Mangrove— main areas indicated on the map, but
locally as far south as Santa Catarina and along
various rivers in the Amazon. (b) Restinga (not
shown on the map)—woodland and scrub found
locally in a narrow strip along the entire Brazilian
coast.
13. Pantanal (figure 8C): Seasonal wetland (high-water
season December–April).
14. Tepuis (figure 6A): table mountains with slopes
covered in humid cloud forest, while the higher parts
mainly have low, shrubby vegetation.
43
Some Notes Terra firme (figure 7D) is used to describe
forests (mainly in the Amazon) that are never flooded. The
trees are typically very high, forming a dense
canopy 30–50 m up. Relatively little light penetrates the
canopy, resulting in relatively less life at lower levels. This
situation changes dramatically when an old tree falls, leaving
a light gap that is rapidly utilized by new plants. Species
diversity is generally very high, but the majority of birds are
only infrequently found below the subcanopy, except at the
forest edge. Terra firme is very diverse (both locally and
regionally), and exact borders between this and várzea can
rarely be drawn. An important subhabitat that is common in
terra firme are bamboo thickets (figure 7C) of species such as
Guadua. These thickets are of great importance for a wide
range of birds such as the Peruvian Recurvebill,
Dusky-cheeked Foliage-gleaner, Bamboo Antshrike, and
Manu Antbird. Bamboo thickets are typically found near
clearings, forest edges, or light gaps, but they can also be seen
in the interior. Bamboo thickets are generally not found in
extensively flooded várzea, but some can survive low
flooding. Bamboo thickets are also found in a wide range of
non-Amazonian habitats, where species such as the
Purple-winged Ground-Dove, Blackish-blue Seedeater, and
Buffy-fronted Seedeater are associated with them. Large
patches of bamboo often flower simultaneously, leading to
the sudden appearance of relatively rare bamboo-associated
birds (especially certain seedeaters), but this is a mixed
blessing as the bamboo typically dies shortly after flowering.
FIGURE 6
(A) Tepui
44
(B) Araucaria angustifolia
(C) Atlantic Forest
45
FIGURE 7
(A) Cecropia
(B) Heliconia
46
(C) Bamboo Thicket
(D) Terra Firme
47
(E) Varzea (flooded)
FIGURE 8
TOP (A) Caatinga
MIDDLE (B) Cerrado
48
(C) Pantanal from the air
(D) Mauritia
49
Várzea (figure 7E) is forest that is periodically flooded,
typically by white water. “White water” is used to refer to
water that contains a high level of sediments and nutrients,
resulting in it being rather muddy and murky. Depending on
the type of sediments, it may appear almost whitish in color
(as suggested by its name). For comparison, forest that is
flooded throughout the year by stationary black water is
called igapó. Black water contains relatively few sediments,
is relatively poor in nutrients, and therefore often appears
clearer. However, as suggested by its name, it is often stained
dark, almost tea-colored, by leaves. In addition to stationary
water that lacks the movements to pick up sediments, black
water can be found in rivers that flow through white-sands
regions. An example of this is the Rio Negro (as also
suggested by its name). The water in this river originates in
far northwestern Brazil and adjacent parts of Colombia and
Venezuela. The soils in these regions are often dominated by
white sands where nutrients rapidly are washed out by the
rain, leaving relatively few sediments a river could pick up.
The extensive areas of nutrient-poor white sands is also one
of the explanations behind the large Rio Negro and Rio
50
Branco campinaranas, as “typical” Amazonian trees are
unable to grow on these soils. Várzea and igapó are generally
not as species rich as terra firme, but a number of species are
strictly found in these habitats. To minimize the risk of
confusion, the term “várzea” in this book refers to any type of
forest that is flooded.
Mauritia spp. (Moriche palm trees, figure 8D) are commonly

seen in várzea. They can also be seen in a wide range of other
habitats (e.g., the cerrado). They are very important for many
birds such as the Point-tailed Palmcreeper, Moriche Oriole,
Sulphury Flycatcher, and Red-bellied Macaw. Numerous
other genera of
palms exist in Brazil, of which one species, Copernicia alba,
is among the commonest trees in the Pantanal.
Cecropia spp. (figure 7A) are distinctive trees with very large
leaves. They are common along rivers and lakes in the
Amazon (and in the Atlantic forest). They grow fast and are
therefore also one of the first tall trees to emerge in the river
island cycle (the first plants to dominate new river islands are
dense grasses and bushes). Their large fruits are favored by
many birds.
Many Heliconia spp. (figure 7B) exist, and the vast majority
have striking red, orange, or yellow leafy flowers. Many
hermit hummingbirds are associated with Heliconia ssp.
Several commonly grow together in stands near forest edge,
with hermits buzzing by regularly. Most other hummingbirds
with relatively long bills will also feed on heliconias, but they
are not as strongly associated with them as some of the
hermits are.
51
2.1 Classification and Names
Scientific and Portuguese names follow the first, second, and

third list of the Lista das Aves do Brasil published by the
Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos. Species on the
second list (occurrence probable, but not yet sufficiently
substantiated) are indicated in the text by placing their names
in brackets, while species on the third list (occurrence
suggested by various sources, but improbable) are preceded
by a question mark. With a few exceptions (see, e.g., 126.9,
152.4, and 152.5), English names follow A Classification of
the Bird Species of South America published by the SACC
(South American Checklist Committee, list created by Sjoerd
Mayer). Alternative English names are often mentioned.
Sequence of families and species is more or less traditional,
but adapted to include about 10 similar-looking species
(sometimes from different families) in one plate.
2.2 Field Identification
2.2.1 PLATES
The 187 plates, each with up to 10 (rarely 11 or 12) species,

show the birds in a more or less standardized stance. If the
birds had been painted in more varied stances, the artistic
value of the plates might have been greater, but standardizing
the stance makes it easier to compare similar species. In
general, the birds on any given plate are painted to the same
scale, except flight silhouettes, which are normally shown
smaller. If males and females have different visual features
such as coloring or dimensions of body parts (e.g., tail
length), both are illustrated, unless
52
the differences are small (e.g., a slightly duller color in the
female). Juveniles, immatures, and/or first-winter plumages
are shown when the birds are often seen in these plumages.
Nonbreeding plumages are shown if the birds may be seen as
such in Brazil; migrants such as waders and wood warblers,
which are normally seen in nonbreeding plumage, are shown
in this plumage on the foreground of the plates. If several
subspecies of a species occur in Brazil that differ by
distinctive features, these are in many (but not in all) cases
illustrated.
An effort has been made to show the birds in their typical

“jizz”; what birders call jizz is a difficult-to-define
combination of size, relative proportions, and body carriage
of a bird. Part of a bird’s jizz can be, for example, its stance
(the angle of its body to a horizontal line).
2.2.2 CAPTIONS
The information for each species is given in this order:
1. The English name in bold capitals

2. The Portuguese name in parentheses
3. The scientific name in italics
4. Length in inches and centimeters, measured from tip
of bill to tip of tail (L) or between the tips of spread
wings (W)
5. Identification notes with emphasis on the main
features, or those that are not visible in the plates
(e.g., the color pattern of opened wings) or those that
are most important for distinguishing it from similar
53
species. Notes on behavior are sometimes added
when important for identification.
6. Habitat (the preferred surroundings of a bird species)
preceded by the symbol ♣; only simple terms are
used, such as forest, woodland, marsh, plantations,
savanna. There are, however, several habitats that are
so specific that their identifying term could not been
avoided; these are várzea, terra firme, caatinga, and
cerrado (see section 1.2.3, “Natural Vegetation”). The
habitat type “second growth” indicates a habitat that
is developing at places where the original natural
forest has disappeared. A “riverine belt” in this book
is any growth along a river or stream that is richer in
trees, bush, or other vegetation than its surroundings.
The most lush form is tropical gallery forest, which
resembles rainforest.
7. Voice, preceded by the symbol ; when possible, a
distinction has been made between “call” and “song”
as being the basic vocalizations of birds. “Call” is any
short, probably unrestrainable sound given by a bird
to indicate its presence to himself or other animals,
and “song” is the modus in which a male (sometimes
also a female) advertises its possession of a territory
or its mood (anger, nervousness, contentment,
togetherness). Only in a few cases is a further
distinction, such as “flight call,” “loud song,”
or “dawn song” given (many species sing only or
mainly at or just before dawn, singly or in groups).
The basic unit of a bird call or song in this book is
called a “note” (so the transcription “wir-wir-wheer”
has 3 notes). Attention is further paid to
54
• Pitch, using a subjective scale (very low, low,
mid-high, high, very high, very/extremely high,
extremely high), wherein “very low” and “extremely
high” indicate vocalizations that are just or partially
audible and “mid-high” indicates the normal pitch of
an average man’s voice if he uses his voice to try to
imitate the vocalization
• Loudness, described as soft, weak, loud, ringing, and
so on. Parts of transcriptions written in capitals are
(much) louder
• Structure, described by terms such as accelerated,
lowered, gliding, crescendo, and staccato
• Quality, described in terms of harsh, shrieking,
mewing, and so on
• Length of a vocalization, which is given in seconds
• Speed, expressed in the number of notes per time unit
(that which can be measured by a speedometer) and
described as very slow, slow, calm, rapid, hurried,
fast, very fast
• Tempo, which is defined by the “length” between the
notes (i.e., what can be measured with a metronome)
and indicated by terms such as almost-rattle,
almost-trill, rattle, and trill and by the use of spaces
(e.g., “peep peep peep” in which the notes are well
separated), hyphens (e.g., “peep-peep-peep” in which
the notes are almost connected, like when saying
“red-billed”), or absence of spaces (e.g.,
“peeppeeppeep” in which the notes are uttered in one
flow). An apostrope (as in the transcription “t’wooh”
or “k’reeh”) is used to indicate a small but just
audible separation between the foregoing and
following consonant. Note that hyphens in nonword
55
descriptors are mainly used to aid readability (e.g.,
“rih-tjew-tjew-tjuh”).
• Transcriptions. Though transcriptions are kept as
simple as possible, it should be borne in mind that
different people will transcribe bird vocalizations
using different vowels and consonants (compare, for
example, the way that different bird guides transcribe
the chirping of a house sparrow). It is also true that
differences exist between written and spoken text in
different languages (Portuguese speakers will
transcribe a sound differently from Dutch or English
speakers).
To keep transcriptions short, use is made of the indication “-”
(as in “tjee tjee tjee -”) when the foregoing note or group of
notes is repeated 1–3 times. The indication “- -” within a
transcription (as in
“tjee tjee- - ronc-ronc”) or at the end (as in “vrivri - -”) means
that the foregoing note or group of notes is repeated > 3
times; the indication “---” (without spaces, as in “tritritri---”)
indicates repetitions that are given in a high tempo.
The diacritic grave like in “rèh-rèh rèh” is used to indicate

that the “e” sounds as the “e” in “red” and the “ò” sounds as
the “o” in “pot”; an acute on a vowel like in “póor” indicates
that that part of the vocalization is accented; capitalized parts
are uttered (much) louder.
Note: You cannot expect to identify a bird solely on the basis

of the description of voice in this or any book, but your
identification based on other features (visual, behavior,
habitat) can be supported by the description of voice.
56
For the description of voice in this book mainly use is made
of tapes, CDs, DVDs, and of the voice recordings on the Web
site http://www.xeno-canto.org/perc_map.php. For certain
species voice is not described in the accounts if these sources
did not provide sufficient information. For other species (such
as migrants) it might contribute to identification to know that
they are silent in Brazil; this is mentioned in the species
accounts.
2.2.3 DISTRIBUTION MAPS
Information about range, seasonality, and occurrence can be

an important aid to identification. In the distribution maps
attention is paid to these factors, expressed in the following
key:
Map sources:
• Handbook of the Birds of the World (del Hoyo et al.,

1992–2007)
57
• The Birds of South America (Ridgely and Tudor,
1989, 1994), volumes 1 and 2
• The web site (http://www.xeno-canto.org/
perc_map.php)
• The periodicals and journals Revista Brasileira de
Ornitologia (formerly Nattereria), Atualidades
Ornithológicas, The Auk, the Bulletin of the British
Ornothological Club, and Cotinga
• Data supplied by Rasmus Bøgh and found in various
site reports.
2.3 Endemism
An endemic is an organism that occurs only in an area with

well-defined boundaries, such as a habitat, island, or country.
So it is possible to distinguish the endemics of the Atlantic
rainforest (a habitat type found in western Brazil, Northern
Paraguay, and North Argentina) and the endemics of Brazil (a
political unity). Among the bird species of Brazil there are
218 endemics in 30 families. These are listed in appendix 1,
“The Endemics of Brazil,” and indicated in the plate captions
by their names being set in a blue font and the addition “En.”
2.4 Short Introduction to Selected Bird Groups and

Families
Section 2.4.1 describes some bird families and groups that

occur in most or all continents of the world, and section 2.4.2
presents families and groups that are totally or largely
restricted to the American continents. Numbers in BOLDFACE
refer to plate numbers.
2.4.1 Worldwide Families and Groups
58
PETRELS, 1–6. Truly marine birds that only come to land to
breed. Size between wingspans of > 3 m to < 40 cm. Most are
soberly colored black, white, gray, and/or brown. Many but
not all species follow ships. Often found at beach wrecks.
TROPICBIRDS, 6. Graceful birds from tropical waters.

Normally fly at heights of 10 m above sea surface from where
they plungedive for food.
BOOBIES AND GANNETS, 7. Seabirds with long pointed

wings, tail, and bill. Perform spectacular plunge-dives.
FRIGATEBIRDS, 7. Skilful flyers with very large wings and a

relatively small body. They take food from other seabirds or
catch flying fish.
GREBES, 8. Waterbirds that only come to land to clamber to

their nests.
CORMORANTS, 9. Eat fish, which are caught under water.

Often seen drying their outstretched wings.
LARGE WADING BIRDS. Ibises, 9, have a long decurved bill,

used for probing in soft, wet ground for insects and
crustaceans. Spoonbills, 12, have straight, spatulated bills that
are swept to and fro through the water surface to catch small
prey. Herons, 10–12, are long-necked and long-legged birds
that fly with retracted neck. Storks, 12, are large birds that fly
and soar with extended necks. Flamingos, 13, are
characterized by their pink color and long, curved necks.
PELICANS, 13. Very large birds, best known for their pouch,
which is used for catching fish.
59
DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS, 13–15. A varied group of birds,
all with a broad bill and webbed feet.
OSPREY, 17. A rather large, white and blackish bird that

hovers and plunges to catch fish.
RAPTORS. A very diverse group of diurnal predators, all with

a hooked bill and claws. Two families exist: hawklike raptors
(Accaipitridae, 17–23, including, e.g., kites, harriers,
buzzards, hawks, and eagles) and falcons and caracaras
(Falconidae, 24–25, including falcons, forest falcons, and
caracaras).
RAILS AND COOTS, 32–35. Rails are secretive birds mainly of

marsh and damp grass. Bodies are narrow and toes are long.
Coots, 35, forage on the water surface or graze openly.
60
GULLS AND TERNS. Gulls, 42, are more robust and heavier
billed than the more elegant, relatively longer-winged terns,
40–42.
JAEGERS, 43. Strong seabirds, which predate other birds.

Most species are characterized by a white flash in the wings.
WADERS. Include oystercatchers, 35 (noisy; long, heavy bills

and legs), jacanas, 32 (extremely long toe nails), pratincoles,
35 (ploverlike on ground, ternlike in flight), godwits, curlews,
and allies, 36 (waders with long legs and bills), plovers,
61
37–38 (stop-and-run birds of mud and sand plains),
sandpipers, 39 (walk or run, probing “tic-tic-tic” for food),
phalaropes, 38 (found at the coast or out on the sea).
PIGEONS AND DOVES, 44–46. Heavy-bodied birds with small

bills; arboreal or terrestrial; all with fast flight.
PARROTS, 46–54. Highly varied: from the large, splendid

macaws, 46–47, to the tiny, green parrotlets, 51. All have a
strong, hooked bill, fly fast, and are very social.
OWLS, 57–59. Birds of prey with forward-looking eyes.

Normally, but not always, hunt at dusk or night.
SWIFTS, 62. Aerial, generally somber-colored birds, with

sickle-formed wings and tiny feet (like hummingbirds). Not
related to swallows.
TROGONS, 72. Sluggish, but very beautiful birds with a long

tail and upright, hunched stance.
KINGFISHERS, 73. Characterized by a very long, heavy bill.
BARBETS, 76. Shortish birds, often in pairs, with beautiful

colored plumage and a heavy bill.
WOODPECKERS, 81–85. Highly varied in size and coloring,

but united by chisel-formed bill. Cling to bark, supporting
themselves by the tail, except the tiny piculets, 81–82.
PIPITS, 128. A group of very similar-looking species.

Slender-bodied, long-tailed, and many with long nail to hind
toe.
62
SWALLOWS AND MARTINS, 156–157. Aerial insect-catchers
with graceful, often buoyant flight; many with blue gloss
above.
THRUSHES, 160–161. Forage hopping on the ground, but sing

from a high perch.
JAYS, 180. Noisy, intelligent, lively, and social birds with

smart plumage, often with a crest.
SISKINS, 187. Small, striking yellow and black

representatives in the Neotropics of a very large, worldwide
group.
INTRODUCED SPECIES, 175. House Sparrow, from the Old

World, Goldfinch and Greenfinch, from Europe, Waxbill,
from Africa.
63
2.4.2 TYPICAL AMERICAN FAMILIES AND GROUPS
Only a handful of species that can be seen in the Neotropics

also occur elsewhere in the World, such as the Black-crowned
Night-Heron, 10, Great Egret, 11, Peregrine, 24, some coastal
waders, 35–39, a few ducks, 14–15, jaegers and skuas, 43,
gulls and terns, 40–42, Barn Owl, 59, Barn Swallow, 156,
Common Waxbill, 175, House Sparrow, 175, and a few other
introduced species. In addition, there are many bird groups
64
that do not occur north of Mexico, such as tinamous,
screamers, trumpeters, hoatzin, potoos, motmots, jacamars,
puffbirds, toucans, ovenbirds, wood-creepers, antbirds,
antthrushes, antpittas, tapaculos, cotingas, and manakins.
Following is a survey of these groups, which are restricted to
or have their main distribution in the Neotropics.
In the text column, the (BOLDFACED) numbers indicate the

plate numbers, the addition A indicates that the group or
family occurs solely in America, and TA indicates that it only
occurs in tropical America; the numbers in the thumbnail
column refer to the numbers of the species on the plates.
RHEA (26, TA) Large, gray bird resembling an ostrich.
TINAMOUS (26–28, TA) Shy, hunched, chickenlike, terrestrial

birds; compactly built, almost tail-less with a rather long neck
and small head. Vocal.
SCREAMERS (13, TA) Heavy-bodied birds with slightly

webbed, large feet, small, crested heads on rather long necks
and gray or blackish plumage.
NEW WORLD VULTURES (16, A) Large birds, mainly black or

black and white, eating carrion.
CARACARAS (24–25, 6, A) A group of long- and

broad-winged raptors, seen alone or in groups. As group
related to true falcons.
GUANS (29–31, TA) Long-tailed and long-necked birds with

relatively heavy legs. Mainly in forest and woodland.
Curassows, 31, are robust, mainly black or rufous forest birds
65
with a swollen or otherwise accentuated bill base. The
brownish to blackish guans, 29, have a vivid red, naked
throat. Piping-guans, 29, are black with colorful dewlaps and
white crests and wing-patches. The drab-brown chachalacas,
30, have rufous in the tail and are less susceptible to hunting
than the larger curassows and guans.
TRUMPETERS (28, TA) Beautiful, hunch-backed, terrestrial

birds, mainly velvety black with iridescent neck feathers. Eat
fallen fruits, large insects, small reptiles, and amphibians. Run
fast.
LIMPKIN (28, A) An ibislike bird with long legs and neck and
long, relatively heavy bill. Eats snails, which it seeks in
marshes.
SERIEMA (30, TA) A terrestrial bird with long legs, long

neck, and a frontal crest. Far-carrying call.
SHEATHBILL (30, TA) White, pigeonlike bird from southern

areas, where it scavenges in mammal and penguin colonies.
SUNBITTERN (35, TA) A slim, long-billed, long-necked, and

long-tailed bird that walks along forest streams. Unfolds a
striking wing and tail pattern in flight or in display.
SEEDSNIPE (35, TA) Gregarious, terrestrial bird with long,

pointed wings and relatively short tail. Mainly Andean in
distribution, with only a single record from Brazil.
66
NEW WORLD CUCKOOS (55–56). Medium to large birds with
long tails. Generally furtive, with a notable exception being
the Squirrel Cuckoo.
ANIS (55, A) Gregarious, long-tailed cuckoos, breeding and

raising young communally. Not shy.
GROUND-CUCKOOS (55, TA) Long-tailed, crested cuckoos.

The three ground-cukoos are terrestrial, but the Striped,
Pavonine, and Pheasant Cuckoo are mainly found in dense
growth. All are elusive and, except for Striped Cuckoo, are
rare. The Pavonine, Pheasant, and Striped Cuckoos are the
only parasitic cuckoos in the Americas.
67
HOATZIN (28, TA) Peculiar bird with long, broad tail, long
neck, and fierce, staring eyes. Lives in dense vegetation at
water courses. Eats mainly leaves and shoots of mangroves.
Noisy, rather tame; poor flyers.
OILBIRD (59, TA) Rufous-brown, nightjar-like bird, by day

roosting and nesting in caves, at night feeding on fruits,
sometimes very far from cave.
POTOOS (59, TA) Nocturnal and solitary birds that by day

perch upright at the end of a branch or stump and are
therefore very difficult to detect. Produce memorable, spooky
vocalizations at night.
NIGHTHAWKS (60–61, A) AND NIGHTJARS (60–62). There is

not a sharp division between nightjars and nighthawks.
Nighthawks tend to have longer, more pointed wings and
catch insects in active pursuit in the evening, whereas
nightjars have rounder wing tips, larger heads, and longer
tails and sally from a perch to catch passing insects at night.
Only the Common Nighthawk is a vagrant outside the
Americas.
HUMMINGBIRDS (64–71, A) No similar group of birds in the

world (the superficially similar sunbirds of the Old World are
not related and rarely hover). Two subfamilies: hermits,
64–66, which are rather dull and congregate at loose leks, and
typical hummingbirds, 66–71, most of which (but not all) are
tiny and have brilliant, iridescent colors. Highly accomplished
fliers with tiny feet. Solitary and often aggressive, but many
may gather at hummingbird feeders.
68
MOTMOTS (73, TA) Medium-sized, sluggish, bright-colored
birds with a strong bill and a long tail, that often ends in
raquets. May perch motionless for long periods in the forest
subcanopy.
JACAMARS (74–75, TA) Attractive, bee-eater–like birds with

long, pointed bills. They sally from perches to catch flying
insects.
PUFFBIRDS (75–78, TA) Medium to small birds with

relatively large heads and thick bills. Most are inactive,
thickset, and with brownish or black-and-white plumage, but
the more active and often gregarious nunbirds, 77, and
Swallow-wing, 76, are mainly blackish.
TOUCANS, TOUCANETS, AND ARACARIS (79–80, TA)

Medium to large bill with long tail. Not related to Old World
hornbills.
PICULETS (81–82) Small, compact, mainly neotropical

woodpeckers, which glean insects while clinging to and
hopping over bark, twigs, and vines without support of their
tail.
69
OVENBIRDS (TA) Three subfamilies: the terrestrial,
short-tailed, brownish leaftossers, 100, and miners, 91, the
typical ovenbirds, 90–100, with an highly variable nest
structure, as, for instance the distinctive, vaguely ovenlike,
mud nests made by the horneros, 91.9 (for which these birds,
and ultimately the family, are named) and the woodcreepers,
86–89, a group of brownish, vaguely woodpecker-like birds.
Bills of woodcreepers are often relatively long. Typically
70
seen climbing on vertical tree-trunks using their long,
pointed-tipped tails as support. Woodcreepers were
previously placed in a family of their own.
ANTBIRDS (101–117, TA) A large, diverse group of arboreal

to terrestrial species. Most are brownish, grayish, and
blackish with darkish wing-coverts often tipped pale. The
sexes of many species differ. No fixed rules exist, but the
groups are roughly divided based on size, with antshrikes,
101–104, typically being large and heavy-billed, antbirds,
111–117, being intermediate, and antwrens, 105–110, being
the smallest. Some species are closely associated with
swarming army ants. The two antpipits, 128, are in the family
Tyrannidae.
ANTTHRUSHES (117–118, TA) Inconspicuous but vocal birds

that walk (not hop) the forest floor. Short tails commonly held
cocked. Previously, the antpittas were included in this family.
ANTPITTAS (119, TA) Erect, short-tailed birds which run,

walk or hop the forest floor on long legs. As antthrushes
inconspicuous, more heard than seen.
GNATEATERS (118, TA) Small, roundish, long-legged birds,

which feed on small insects. Found on or near the ground in
densely vegetated areas in forest or woodland. Inconspicuous.
(“Gnats” are a group of tiny to small insects, some of which
with a painful bite.)
TAPACULOS (120, TA) Small, evasive, terrestrial birds, many

with tail commonly held cocked. More heard than seen.
Scytalopus- tapaculos, 120, run like mice through low, dense
vegetation and are very difficult to detect. Taxonomy very
71
complex with several recently described species. The
Bamboowren, 118, and bristle-fronts, 120, are tapaculos, but
the Crescent-chest, 120, is now placed in its own family.
TYRANT FLYCATCHERS (131–151, A) A huge, very diverse

family, occurring in every possible habitat, except on water
bodies. Dominating colors in most species are gray, brown,
yellow, olive, or blackish, and many have spots, bars, or
edging on wing-coverts. Most are fairly inconspicuous (with
exceptions; e.g., kiskadees and kingbirds, 148, monjitas, 146,
and Vermilion Flycatcher, 144), and identification using
visual features can be difficult (voice often useful). The two
antpipits (which are tyrants in the conventional sense of the
word) are shown in plate 128 next to the true pipits.
72
COTINGAS (121–124, TA) A very heterogenous group of
extremely beautiful and/or bizarre-looking birds, though most
females and in some cases both sexes are dull (e.g., the
Screaming Piha, 124.2). Some are essentially silent, but
others have remarkable voices. A few form leks. The
plantcutters, 124.1, with their strange, serrated bill, are among
the very few herbivorous birds.
73
MANAKINS (123–127, TA) Small, basically olive-green,
short-tailed birds; males of many species, however, are
brilliantly colored, and a few have elongated tail feathers. The
males of many species perform delightful, communal dances
at fixed places in the forest. Unlike the “typical manakins,”
the sexes are essentially identical in the tyrant-manakins, 127,
which are further characterized by quiet, upright perched
stance. Included are also the piprites, 128, thick-headed,
large-eyed birds, often seen in mixed flocks.
TITYRAS, BECARDS, AND ALLIES (129–130, TA) A group of

small- to medium-sized birds, previously spread over families
Tyrannidae, Cotingidae, and Pipridae. Most are rather
thickset. They are generally found at canopy level (Tityras,
129; Purpletufts, 129), the interior of forest (Schiffornis, 129;
Elegant Mourner, 130), or both, including more open habitats
(Becards, 130; Xenopsaris, 130).
VIREOS, GREENLET, PEPPERSHRIKE, SHRIKE-VIREO

(154–155, A) Medium to small birds ranging from the
warblerlike greenlets, 155, and vireos, 154, to the
heavier-billed, thickset Peppershrike, 154.4, and
Shrike-Vireo, 154.5. Except for the active greenlets, 155, the
members of this family are generally fairly sluggish. Mainly
from canopy to mid-level, although some species can be seen
lower.
DONACOBIUS (158, TA) A single highly distinctive species,

previously considered a wren or a mockingbird but now
placed in a family of its own. Found in marshy and wet grassy
areas. In pairs of small family groups. Very vocal.
74
MOCKINGBIRDS (161, A) Slender, long-tailed, thrushlike
birds with mainly grayish plumage. Behave boldly and are
good songsters.
WRENS (158–159, only one species in the Old World). A

rather diverse group of birds, most with barred tail, wings,
and /or under-parts, slender bills, and tail often held cocked.
Many have very beautiful songs.
GNATCATCHERS (179, A) Small, slender, long-tailed birds

with predominantly gray plumage and often with tail held
cocked. Active insect gleaners in middle and higher strata at
forest borders.
GNATWRENS (159, TA) Found in the undergrowth. Resemble

wrens without barring.
WOOD WARBLERS (152–154, A) Attractive, small, lively

birds of woodland or forest that forage in the canopy, lower
strata, or on the ground. About half of the species in Brazil
are migrants from North America.
75
TANAGERS (166–173, A) A large group consisting of small-
to medium-sized, colorful and/or strikingly patterned species.
Some are duller, being overall blackish, olive, or brown.
Almost all are poor songsters and feed on insects, fruits, and
nectar. The flowerpiercers, 178, in Brazil are restricted to
tepui highlands and have bills that are adapted to piercing
flower bases to get at nectar. The dacnises, 176, conebills,
178, and long-billed honeycreepers, 176, also belong in this
family, but the “tanagers” of the genera Piranga, 173, Habia,
76
173, and Mitrospingus, 173, were recently transferred to the
next group of grosbeaks and saltators. Additionally, the
Bananaquit (173, previously in monotypic family), Paroaria
cardinals, 172, and Tiaris grassquits (173, both previously in
emberizine finches) are now considered members of the
tanager family.
(A wide range of other more or less finchlike birds, which

traditionally are placed in the family of emberezine finches,
181–187, recently have been transferred to the tanager family.
Therefore. it is possible that the English name will be
changed to “Tanager-finches” in the future.)
CARDINAL (173, A). The only representative of this family is

the Yellow Cardinal, 173.10. Despite their names, the other
cardinals, 172.6–10, belong to the family of the tanagers.
SALTATORS (175, TA) Bills relatively thick. They are mainly

black, gray, brown, olive, or blue, but a few are primarily
yellow or red. Heads often distinctly patterned. Include the
“tanagers” of the genera Piranga, Habia, and Mitrospingus,
which have more normal bills and are primarily red,
yellowish, olive, or brown.
EUPHONIAS AND CHLOROPHONIA (177–178, TA) Small,

stubby-billed and thickset birds that previously were
considered tanagers. The euphonias are predominantly
blue-black and yellow (males) or yellow-olive (females).
Chloroponia, 178.4, is bright green, yellow, and blue.
Generally fairly conspicuous.
EMBERIZINE FINCHES (181–187, A) A large group, varying

in size and coloring. Most have conical bills, adapted to eat
77
seeds. Most live in grasslands, a few in the understory of
woodland and forest.
AMERICAN ORIOLES AND BLACKBIRDS (162–165, A) A

group of birds with pointed bills and colors ranging from
mainly black (often iridescent), over brown and olive, to pale
gray-brown; many with yellow, orange, or red plumage parts.
Some species are solitary, other colonial; many weave
hanging, pouchlike nests for breeding, and others (163.5–7)
are brood parasites. Many have distinctive voices.
78
79
2 BRAZIL: THE BIRDS
80
1 BRAZIL: THE AREA COVERED
81
82
Symbols, Abbreviations, and Glossary
♣ Habitat; a set of environmental factors that is

preferred by a bird species (um conjunto de fatores
ambientais, que é preferido por um pássaro)
Vocalization (canto)
Basic The plumage of a bird outside the breeding period

(plumage)(a plumagem usada por um pássaro fora do período
produzindo)
1st W First basic plumage; the plumage of a juvenile in

the 1st winter after hatching (primeiro plumagem
básica; a plumagem de um juvenil no primeiro
inverno após chocar)
2nd W Second basic plumage; the plumage of a species in

its 2nd winter (segunda plumage básica; a
plumagem de uma espécie em seu segundo
inverno)
1st S Plumage in 1st summer after hatching (a

plumagem no primeiro verão após chocar)
Br. Breeding (produzindo)
83
N-br. Nonbreeding (não-produzindo)
C Central
cf. Compare to (compare a)
En Endemic; not occurring outside Brazil (não

ocorrendo fora do Brasil)
esp. Especially (especialmente)
extr. Extreme, extremely (extremo, extremamente)
I Introduced (introduzido)
Ad. Adult (adulto)
Imm. Immature (imaturo)
Incl. Inclusive; including (inclusivo; incluir)
Juv. Juvenile (juvenil)
L Length in inches/centimeters (cumprimento no

polegadas/centímetros)
84
Male (macho)
Males (machos)
Female (fêmea)
Females (fêmeas)
N, E, S,North(ern), east(ern), south(ern), west(ern); also in

W combinations (norte/do norte, leste, sul, oeste;
também nas combinações)
Nom. Nominate; the race of a species that was the first

one described (a raça de uma espécie que foi a
primeira a ser descrita)
Pl. Plate (gravura)
R Rare (garo)
Ri. River (rio)
sec Seconds
SL Sea level
85
Ssp. Subspecies (singular)
Sspp Subspecies (plural)
V Vagrant (nômade)
W Wingspan in inches/centimeters (medida das asas

abertas cumprimento no polegadas/centímetros)
Araucaria Large umbrella-shaped coniferous tree
Caatinga Dry woodland with cacti and other succulents
Cerrado Mosaic of grassland and woodland
Escapees Cage and water birds that have escaped from

captivity and sometimes settle in the wild (os pássaros da
gaiola e de água que escaparam do captiveiro e
estabelecem-se às vezes no selvagem)
Forest A tall, multilayered habitat in which high trees

dominate; the canopy is continuous and closed (um habitat
multi-camadado em que árvores elevadas dominam e o dossel
é contínuo e fechado)
Jizz Typical silhouette and stance of a species (silhueta típica

e postura de uma espécie)
Lek Established place where males perform in ritual fights,

dances, or/and in song contests to attract the attention of a
female (lugar estabelecido onde os machos executam um
86
ritual de lutas ritual, danças ou/e em competições da cançãos
para atrair a atenção de uma fêmea)
Oxbow lake A cut-off meander of a river with stagnant water

(um meandro de um rio com água estangada)
Restinga Woodland and scrub patches at the coast
Riverine belt Any growth along a river or stream that is

higher and greener than the surroundings; a riverine belt that
is dominated by trees is often called a gallery forest.
(Qualquer crescimento ao longo de um rio ou córrego, que é
mais elevado e mais verde do que dos arredors mais distantes)
Rufescent Tinged with red or rufous color (ligeiramente

colorindo com cor vermelha ou vermelha marronzada)
Savanna In this book, any (large) area with a continuous

cover of (high) grasses, interrupted by shrub and with a tree
canopy of 5–30%. (qualquer área grande com uma cobertura
contínua das gramas, interrompidas pelo arbusto e com um
dossel da árvore pelo de 5–30%)
Second growth New natural forest developing in places

where the original forest has disappeared (nova floresta
natural desenvolvendo-se em lugares onde a floresta original
desapareceu)
Speculum Patch of color on the wing contrasting with that of

the rest of the wing (mancha na cor na asa que contrasta com
a do resto da asa)
87
Taxon/taxa Systematic group(s): families, genus, species,
subspecies (grupo sistemático, por exemplo família, gênero,
espécie, raça)
Tepuis Mountains with flat tops (table mountains) at the

border of Roraima with Venezuela
Terra firme Area above the highest flood level of Amazon

rivers
Várzea Forest that is flooded in the Amazon wet season
White-sands Infertile tropical soil composed mainly of

quartz sand and supporting a distinctive vegetation, varying
from open savanna to closed forest, and characterized by
many hard-leaved tree and other plant species, low diversity,
and high endemism (solos tropicais inférteis compostos
principalmente da areia de quartzo e suportam uma vegetação
peculiar que varia do savanna aberto à floresta fechada,
muitos caracterizado por árvores de folhagem dura e por outra
espécie da planta, pela diversidade baixa e pelo endemism
elevado)
Woodland A habitat in which trees dominate, but the canopy

is not closed (um habitat em que as árvores dominam, mas o
dossel não é fechado)
88
89
Species Accounts, Plates, and
Distribution Maps
Plate 1
1.1 WANDERING ALBATROSS (Albatroz-gigante)

Diomedea exulans W 130 in./330 cm. All albatross species
are difficult to identify for two reasons: they often closely
resemble each other (e.g., 1.1–1.4) and they go through
different color stages before attaining full Ad. plumage. 1.1
goes through at least 6 color stages, the last one often attained
only after 16 years. In Brazil probably mainly Imms. are seen.
Juv. is distinctively chocolate brown; in all other stages
differs from 1.3 and 1.4 by lack of thin black line along
cutting edge of bill. ♣ Offshore, accidentally at coast.
90
1.2 TRISTAN ALBATROSS (Albatroz-gigante) Diomedea
dabbenena (Albatroz-detrist o) W 130 in./330 cm. Can’t be
reliably separated from 1.1 in the “field,” although the bill of
some individuals can look positively shorter and stubbier
compared to 1.1. Ad. differs from Ad. by more solid
black upperwings and less blotched body plumage. Juv. as
Juv. 1.1 but grayer. Imm. shows blotchy body plumage. All
age stages differ (like 1.1) from 1.3 and 1.4 mainly by lack of
thin black line along cutting edge of bill. ♣ Offshore.
1.3 NORTHERN ROYAL ALBATROSS

(Albatroz-real-do-norte) Diomedea sanfordi W 130 in./330
cm. Not separable from 1.1 and 1.2 except by black line along
cutting edge of bill. Head and underparts of Ad. as Ad. 1.4,
but upperwings are mainly dark. There is no brown Juv.
plumage as for 1.1 and 1.2. Molts directly into full Ad.
plumage. Imm. plumage with some black on crown and with
91
almost solid-black upperwings. ♣ Off coast, but keeps to shelf
waters; follows ships. V.
1.4 SOUTHERN ROYAL ALBATROSS (Albatroz-real)

Diomedea epomophora W 130 in./330 cm. Ad. head and
underparts as 1.3, but upperwings extensive white. Head of
Imm. without black on crown. Note white flashes on
upperwings of Imm. ♣ Keeps to shelf waters; accidently at
coast. Follows ships.
1.5 SHY ALBATROSS (Albatroz-arisco) Thalassarche cauta

W 98 in./250 cm. Very similar to 1.6, but bill browner. Black
underwing lining very narrow. Note diagnostic black patch
where leading edge on underwing meets body. Imm. similar
to Ad, except dark bill mark and some mottling to underwing.
♣ Offshore. V.
92
1.6 BLACK-BROWED ALBATROSS
(Albatroz-de-sobrancelha) Thalassarche melanophris (or
melanophrys) W 90 in./225 cm. From 1.5 by broad
under-wing lining, esp. along leading edge. Juvs. (seen far
more than adults) have all-dark underwings. ♣ Fairly
abundant at southern coast.
Albatrosses
93
94
Plate 2
2.1 YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS

(Albatroz-de-nariz-amarelo) Thalassarche chlororhynchos W
79 in./200 cm. Less hooded than slightly larger 2.2; also
differing by narrower dark rims to underwing and lack of
yellow edge to lower mandible. Note slender wings. Imm.
shares all-black bill with Imm. 2.2 but always has white
underwing as shown by adult. ♣ Offshore, normally not seen
along the coast.
2.2 GRAY-HEADED ALBATROSS

(Albatroz-de-cabeça-cinza) Thalassarche chrysostoma W 87
in./220 cm. Cf. 2.1. Distinctive gray hood and broad black
margins to underwing diagnostic. Juv. shows more or less
uniform black underwings, which become in immature stages
progressively white, streaked with black. ♣ Offshore. V.
95
2.3 LIGHT-MANTLED ALBATROSS
(Piau-de-costas-claras) Phoebetria palpebrata W 85 in./215
cm. Unmistakable by elongated jizz, angled wings, and pale
mantle. Also cf. 2.4. Flies fast on bended, angular wings. Pale
stripe along lower mandible is pale bluish, but yellowish in
2.4 (only visible at very close range). ♣ Offshore. V.
2.4 SOOTY ALBATROSS (Piau-preto) Phoebetria fusca W

79 in./200 cm. Jizz as 2.3, but mantle always same color as
wings; in Juv. stage and in worn plumage neck can become
pale, but always distinctly separated from dark mantle. Juvs.
of 2.3 and 2.4 lack white stripe on lower mandible and don’t
have white primary shafts. ♣ Offshore. V.
2.5 SOUTHERN (or Antarctic) GIANT-PETREL

(Petrel-gigante) Macronectes giganteus W 77 in./195 cm.
Size of an albatross but with shorter, broader wings, massive
bill, and different, characteristic hump-backed jizz. In most
plumages resembles 2.6 and therefore often not safely
96
separable; only white-headed (a) and all-white (b) forms
safely identifiable as Southern Giant-Petrel. Note difference
in coloring of bill tip, greenish in this species and pinkish in
following species, but this feature not always distinctive.
Dark brown form exists. All-black Imm. (not separable from
Imm. 2.6) becomes progressively paler blotched. Color of
eyes varies, probably depending on age and on individual
and/or geographical variation. As 2.6 with heavy flight on
stiff wings in glides, interspersed with 4–5 flaps. ♣ Open sea,
seashore, harbors. Follows ships. R.
2.6 NORTHERN (or Hall’s) GIANT-PETREL

(Petrel-gigante-do-norte) Macronectes halli W 75 in./190 cm.
Brown form (a) and pale form (b) shown. No pure white form
known and normally not with distinctive white head as 2.5. ♣
As 2.5.
Albatrosses / Giant-Petrels
97
98
Plate 3
3.1 BROAD-BILLED PRION (Faig o-de-bico-largo)

Pachyptila vittata W 23.6 in./60 cm. Prions are very difficult
to separate; bill width is not a reliable field mark. From
3.2–3.4 by massive head, steep forehead, broad bill; slightly
darker than 3.2–3.4; flight slower and less erratic. ♣
Off-shore. V.
3.2 DOVE (or Antarctic) PRION (Faig o-rola) Pachyptila

desolata W 23.6 in./60 cm. Bill width midway between that
of 3.1 and 3.4. Flight fast, erratic, and high over water with
glides and bursts of wing beats. ♣ Open sea. R.
3.3 SLENDER-BILLED PRION (Faig o-de-bico-fino)

Pachyptila belcheri W 23.6 in./60 cm. Paler plumaged than
3.1, 3.2, and 4 with less distinct M-mark over wings (darkest
part round scapulars and across rump). Sides of slender bill
99
(when seen from above) bent inward. Gregarious. ♣ Open
sea; occasional wrecks along most of Brazilian coast; has
been found, for instance, on the beach at Marajó Island,
mouth of the Amazon.
3.4 ? FAIRY PRION (Faig o-de-bico-corto) Pachyptila

turtur W 22 in./55 cm. Note broad black tail band and
restricted gray at breast sides. Flight low over sea with
shallow wing beats. ♣ Open sea. (Probably not in Brazil.)
3.5 MAGELLANIC DIVING-PETREL

(Petrel-mergul-hador-de-magalh es) Pelecanoides magellani
W 13.8 in./35 cm. Vibrant flight low over sea, but normally
seen swimming and diving, resembling small penguin. ♣
Offshore. V.
100
3.6 CAPE (or Pintado) PETREL (Pomba-do-cabo) Daption
capense W 33.5 in./85 cm. Unmistakable by pattern on
upper-parts. ♣ Offshore. Follows ships.
3.7 KERGUELEN PETREL (Grazina-de-bico-curto) Lugensa

(or Aphrodroma) brevirostris W 31.5 in./80 cm. Flies fast on
narrow wings, may arch to great heights. Note silvery
reflections on under-wing. Characteristically thick necked. ♣
Offshore. R.
101
3.8 BLUE PETREL (Petrel-azul) Halobaena caerulea W 23.6
in./60 cm. From 3.1–3.4 by conspicuous white tip of tail and
black marks on face. ♣ Offshore.
Prions / Petrels / Diving-Petrel
102
103
Plate 4
4.1 GREATER SHEARWATER

(Bobo-grande-de-sobre-branco) Puffinus gravis W 43 in./110
cm. Puffinus species (4.1–4.6) have long, thin, black bills.
This species is distinctively marked by dark cap, pale
horseshoe rim to uppertail coverts, and darkish belly patch.
From 5.1 by more distinct underwing pattern and black bill.
Strong flight with powerful slow wing beats and long glides,
occasionally banking close to surface. ♣ May occur in large
flocks along coast in spring and autumn; occasionally wrecks
on coast from NE Brazil south to Paraná.
4.2 SOOTY SHEARWATER (Bobo-escuro) Puffinus griseus

W 39 in./100 cm. Note slim posture and distinctive
underwing pattern. Agile, fast flight; alternating long glides
with strong wing beats. ♣ Occasionally in loose flocks during
southern winter. R.
104
4.3 SHORT-TAILED SHEARWATER
(Bobo-de-cauda-curta) Puffinus tenuirostris W 37 in./95 cm.
Very similar to 4.2, but bill generally shorter, forehead
steeper, and head slightly more hooded. Underwing grayer,
but much overlap with 4.2. ♣ In 2007 a beach-washed
specimen was found in Bahia. (No map.) V.
4.4 MANX (or Common) SHEARWATER (Bobo-pequeno)

Puffinus puffinus W 31.5 in./80 cm. From smaller 4.5 by more
pointed wings, less narrow borders to underwing, uniform
black upper-wings. Flies with stiff wing beats, alternating
with long glides. ♣ Offshore in N winter.
4.5 [LITTLE SHEARWATER (Pardela-pequena) Puffinus

assimilis] W 23.6 in./60 cm. May concern ssp. elegans from
Tristan da Cunha group, accounting for some records off SE
and S Brazil. This ssp. is quite distinctive and is considered as
a full species in some taxonomic arrangements. It has silvery
gray upperparts, white lower parts, cap reaching the eye. and
white-edged upperwing coverts. Flight is characterized by
more wing flapping in longer series than 4.4.
105
4.6 AUDUBON’S SHEARWATER (Pardela-de-asa-larga)
Puffinus lherminieri W 27.5 in./70 cm. Flight is with more
glides than 4.4. Difficult to distinguish from larger 4.4, which
has more pointed wings. Most (but not all) birds have dark
vent and the cap reaches to the eye. Note also incomplete
breast band. ♣ Nests on Fernando de Noronha; at sea there are
records S to São Paulo and N Paraná. Nervous twittering
and croaking at colony.
4.7 [BULWER’S PETREL (Alma-negra) Bulweria bulwerii] W

25.5 in./65 cm. Note characteristic jizz with long wings held
well forward. Striking wing bars. Buoyant flight, normally
not higher than 2–3 m above sea surface. ♣ Off coast;
generally does not follow ships.
106
4.8 GRAY PETREL (Pardela-cinza) Procellaria cinerea W
47 in./120 cm. Procellaria-petrels (4.8–4.10) have mid-long,
distinctively “fragmented” bills. Note uniform pale brown
upper- and underwings and bulky jizz with relatively short
wings. Flies with long, effortless glides, interspersed by a few
shallow wing beats. ♣ Off coast. Follows ships. V.
4.9 WHITE-CHINNED PETREL (Pardela-preta) Procellaria

aequinoctialis W 55 in./140 cm. White chin difficult to see.
Large and bulky with long wings, uniform black with silvery
reflections to underwings. Powerful flight, slowwing beats,
alternating with long glides. ♣ Offshore, but might be seen
closer to coast. Follows ships.
107
4.10 SPECTACLED PETREL (Pardela-de-óculos)
Procellaria conspicillata W 57 in./145 cm. From 4.9 by facial
markings. Powerful flight interspersed with slow wing beats
and glides. ♣ In flocks offshore, often over deeper and
warmer waters than 4.9. Follows ships.
Shearwaters / Petrels
108
109
Plate 5
5.1 CORY’S SHEARWATER (Bobo-grande) Calonectris

diomedea W 45 in./115 cm. Probably concerns ssp. edwardsii
Cape Verde Shearwater. Large, grayish brown jizz; long bill
yellow-ochraceous with dark tip. Note scalloped pattern of
upperparts, esp. of scapulars. Often soars rather high; also
long glides close to water surface. ♣ Open sea, but
occasionally near coast.
5.2 SOUTHERN FULMAR (Pardel o-prateado) Fulmarus

glacialoides W 45 in./115 cm. From gulls by compact build,
wing pattern (lacking black at wing tips), flight behavior
(long glides on stiff, straight wings, interspersed by short
series of rapid wing beats). ♣ Open sea. Follows trawlers.
5.3 HERALD PETREL (Grazina-de-trindade) Pterodroma

arminjoniana W 37 in./95 cm. Underparts vary from dark (a)
to pale (b). Note typical black bill, shared with 5.4–5.9.
110
Rather uniform brown above. Underwings with large white
patch at base of primaries, normally extending to base of
secondaries. Unlike most other sea-birds diurnal, hence easily
observed near breeding grounds. Long glides interspersed
with some calm, deep wing beats. Rarely follows ships. ♣
Breeds on Ilha Trindade. R.
5.4 GREAT-WINGED PETREL (Fura-bucho-de-cara-cinza)

Pterodroma macroptera W 37 in./95 cm. Uniform brown
with paler patch at base of primaries. From other all-dark
petrels (except 5.3) by lack of white primary shafts on
upperwings. ♣ Offshore. R.
5.5 WHITE-HEADED (or -hooded) PETREL

(Grazina-de-cabeça-branca) Pterodroma lessonii W 43 in./
110 cm. Unmistakable by size, white head and tail, M-mark
across upperwings. Very strong flight. May inspect ships. ♣
Offshore. R.
111
5.6 SOFT-PLUMAGED PETREL (Grazina-mole)
Pterodroma mollis W 35.5 in./90 cm. Pale (a) and dark (b,
even rarer than a) forms shown. Resembles 5.5 and prions
(3.1–3.4), but with different tail coloring and paler M-mark
across wings. Rather compact, with bulging forehead. ♣ Open
sea. R.
5.7 [BLACK-CAPPED PETREL (Grazina-de-coroa-preta)

Pterodroma hasitata] W 37 in./95 cm. Unmistakable by white
collar and rump. Note underwing pattern. ♣ Offshore.
112
5.8 KERMADEC PETREL (Petrel-de-kermadec) Pterodroma
neglecta W 35.5 in./90 cm. Dark (a) and pale (b) forms
shown, both characterized by white flash on upperwing
formed by primary shafts. Head paler than mantle, often
almost white. ♣ Offshore.
5.9 ATLANTIC (or Hooded) PETREL

(Grazina-de-barriga-branca) Pterodroma incerta W 41 in./105
cm. Striking white belly, sharply demarcated from dark
brown plumage parts. Wings uniform blackish brown. Strong
and fast flight, often with 1–2 beats at peaks of glides. May
follow ships ♣ Open sea. R.
Shearwaters / Petrels
113
114
Plate 6
6.1 WILSON’S STORM-PETREL (Alma-de-mestre)

Oceanites oceanicus L 6.7 in./17 cm. From similar
dark-bellied 6.3 and 6.6 by less angled, more straightly held
wings, more distinctive wing bars, and slightly protruding
feet. Is capable of long, sustained glides on stiff, flat wings. ♣
Open sea, occasionally in flocks.
6.2 WHITE-FACED STORM-PETREL

(Painho-de-ventre-branco) Pelagodroma marina L 7.9 in./20
cm. Unmistakable by facial pattern, rather pale plumage,
rounded wings, and long dangling legs. Sails low over sea on
stiff, flatwings. ♣ Offshore. R.
6.3 [BAND-RUMPED STORM-PETREL

(Paínho-dailha-da-Madeira) Oceanodroma castro] L 7.9 in./
20 cm. Most similar to 6.6, but tail less forked and shape of
115
rump-patch different. Flies with sharp twists and short glides.
♣ Offshore.
6.4 BLACK-BELLIED STORM-PETREL

(Painho-de-barriga-preta) Fregetta tropica L 7.9 in./20 cm.
Normally with broad black band from breast over belly to
vent (as shown); there is, however, much variation in
underparts, which may vary between almost completely dark
to almost all-white; ssp. melanoleuca (from island Cough in
southern Atlantic; not shown) is all-white below. ♣ Offshore.
V.
6.5 WHITE-BELLIED STORM-PETREL

(Painho-de-barriga-branca) Fregetta grallaria L 7.9 in./20
cm. Not safely separable from ssp. melanoleuca of 6.4, but
differing by nonprotruding feet and paler upperparts. Note
absence of distinctive paler wing bar in 6.4 and 6.5. ♣ Open
sea. Follows ships. R.
116
6.6 LEACH’S STORM-PETREL (Painho-de-cauda-furcada)
Oceanodroma leucorhoa L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note rather large
size and long, arched wings. Strong flyer; powerful wing
beats interspersed with short glides. ♣ Offshore, occasionally
inshore.
6.7 RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD

(Rabo-de-palha-de-bico-vermelho) Phaethon aethereus W 41
in./105 cm. Adults (6.7–6.9) unmistakable, Imms. differ in
bill color and pattern of outerwings. ♣ Offshore over warm
seas. Nests only on Fernando de Noronha and Abrolhos islets
(Bahia); likely to be seen only near those islands.
117
6.8 RED-TAILED TROPICBIRD Phaethon rubricauda W 41
in./105 cm. Cf. 6.7. ♣ Warm seas. Only one record from
Abrolhos islets (southern Bahia). V.
6.9 WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD

(Rabo-de-palha-de-bico-amarelo) Phaethon lepturus W 35.5
in./90 cm. Cf. 6.7. ♣ Offshore over warm seas. Nests mostly
on Fernando de Noronha, only a few birds in Abrolhos.
Storm-Petrels / Tropicbirds
118
119
Plate 7
7.1 AUSTRALASIAN GANNET (Atobá-australiano) Morus

serrator W 67 in./170 cm. Very difficult to separate from 7.2,
but Ad. and Imms. always show some white tail feathers,
while black throat stripe is half as long as shown for 7.2. Juv.
paler, esp. its head. ♣ Normally at open sea. V.
7.2 CAPE GANNET (Atobá-do-cabo) Morus capensis W 65

in./165 cm. Ad. and Imms. normally with black tail feathers.
Throat stripe (see b) much longer than that of 7.1. Normally
at open sea. V.
7.3 MASKED BOOBY (Atobá-grande) Sula dactylatra W 59

in./150 cm. From larger 7.1 and 7.2 by different wing pattern
(black running from wing tip to body). Imm. with white neck
collar. ♣ Open sea; approaches some capes and other coastal
points.
120
7.4 BROWN BOOBY (Atobá-pardo) Sula leucogaster W 55
in./140 cm. Ad. unmistakable by all-dark head and neck. Note
in Imm. absence of white rump and uppertail coverts. ♣ Near
islands, beaches, and rocks.
7.5 RED-FOOTED BOOBY (Atobá-de-pé-vermelho) Sula

sula W 59 in./150 cm. White-tailed white form (a,
uncommon) and white-tailed brown form (b, most common)
shown. All-brown form and white-headed, white-tailed brown
form (rare in Brazil) not shown. The dark-tailed, white form
does not occur in Brazil. ♣ Offshore. Nests only on Fernando
de Noronha.
121
7.6 MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD (Tesour o) Fregata
magnificens W 90 in./230 cm. Frigatebirds are difficult to
identify. Most common (7.6) is largest species; shows
all-dark upperwings; often with white freckling in armpit;
Juv. normally without white running up into armpit. ♣ All
along coast, but best seen near breeding colonies on Fernando
de Noronha, Abrolhos, and several islands off Rio, São Paulo,
and Paraná. Largest South Atlantic colony in Alcatrazes (São
Paulo), with > 6.000 birds. Nasal cackling at colony.
7.7 ? ASCENSION FRIGATEBIRD (Tesour o-de-ascens o)

Fregata aquila W 79 in./200 cm. in all-dark (a) and in
partly white (b) forms. and (b) not safely separable from
7.6. Young, normally with collar closed over breast, are quite
variable and may have more rufous than pictured in the plate.
Adults of both sexes have horn-colored bills, which are
however very rosy on the sides. ♣ Rarely seen more than 150
km from Ascension. (Improbable record.)
122
7.8 GREAT FRIGATEBIRD (Tesour o-grande) Fregata
minor W 85 in./215 cm. Note pale wing bar of ; no white to
underparts. Note white chin of ; Juv. not safely separable
from other frigate-birds. ♣ Now restricted to Ilha da Trindade,
where extr. R.
7.9 LESSER FRIGATEBIRD (Teours o-pequeno) Fregata

ariel W 73 in./185 cm. with characteristic white bars in
armpits. not safely separable from 7.6 and 7.7; Juv.
not separable from Juv. 7.8. ♣ Now restricted to Ilha da
Trindade, where extr. R.
123
Boobies / Frigatebirds
124
125
Plate 8
8.1 KING PENGUIN (Pingüim-rei) Aptenodytes patagonicus

L 37.5 in./95 cm. Unmistakable by size, bill shape, and head
pattern. ♣ Found once on the beach. V.
8.2 MAGELLANIC PENGUIN (Pingüim-de-magalh es)

Spheniscus magellanicus L 27.5 in./70 cm. Unmistakable by
black and white bands across chest and upper breast. ♣
Incidentally found in flocks near coastline, even invading
bays. R.
8.3 MACARONI PENGUIN (Pingüim-de-testa-amarela)

Eudyptes chrysolophus L 27.5 in./70 cm. Plumes connected
across forehead. Note white tail base. ♣ Occasional wanderer
to coast. V.
126
8.4 ROCKHOPPER PENGUIN
(Pingüim-de-penacho-amarelo) Eudyptes chrysocome L 23.6
in./60 cm. Note yellow line over eyes and plumes sprouting
from behind eyes. No white tail base. ♣ Occasionally found
dead on the coast. V.
8.5 LEAST GREBE (Mergulh o-pequeno) Tachybaptus

dominicus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Small and compact. Yellow eyes
diagnostic. ♣ Any water body with floating vegetation,
sheltered ponds, quiet rivers; often together with 8.7. Call:
nasal gabbling in chorus; also occasionally a very or extr.
high “fih.”
127
8.6 WHITE-TUFTED GREBE (Mergulh
o-de-orelha-branca) Rollandia rolland L 11.8 in./30 cm. Note
white sides of face contrasting with black crown, throat, and
neck, visible from long distance. Underparts and flanks
rufous. ♣ Lakes, streams, marshes, ponds.
8.7 SILVERY GREBE (Mergulh o-de-orelha-amarela)

Podiceps occipitalis L 9.8 in./25 cm. Small, red-eyed, and
with silvery gray plumage. Black stripe through middle of
nape visible from long distance. ♣ Open water, even at the sea
coast. V.
128
8.8 PIED-BILLED GREBE (Mergulh o-caçador)
Podilymbus podiceps L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable by
heavy bill. Note absence of bill ring in N-br plumage. ♣
Sheltered ponds of any size, lake margins with floating
vegetation, quiet rivers. Usually silent; occasional nasal
cackling in hurried series of low “weh” and “cah” notes.
8.9 GREAT GREBE (Mergulh o-grande) Podiceps major L

23.6 in./60 cm. Unmistakable by jizz with long thin neck. ♣
Any larger water body, in winter even in sea (surf line).
Call: high “keh kah” in series.
Penguins / Grebes
129
Plate 9
130
9.1 ANHINGA (Biguatinga) Anhinga anhinga L 33.5 in./85
cm. Unmistakable by size, jizz, wing pattern, and plumes
hanging from scapulars and back. ♣ Any calm water in
woodland. Call: varied; e.g., series of low, froglike grunts.
9.2 NEOTROPIC CORMORANT (Biguá) Phalacrocorax

brasilianus L 25.6 in./65 cm. Unmistakable by jizz and
overall blackish coloring. Note white line, accentuating beak
corner. ♣ Any fresh or saline water. Generally silent; low
grunts at nest.
9.3 ANTARCTIC SHAG (Biguá-das-shetland)

Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis L 29.5 in./75 cm. Marine.
Unmistakable by color pattern. Larger than 9.2. ♣ Remains
found once in Bahia. V.
131
9.4 SCARLET IBIS (Guará) Eudocimus ruber L 23.6 in./60
cm. Unmistakable. Imm. also shown in flight. ♣ Mangroves
and nearby mud flats. Usually silent; occasionally very
low, nasal “orgh” or “ac-ac.”
9.5 BARE-FACED (or Whispering) IBIS

(Tapicuru-de-cara-pelada) Phimosus infuscatus L 21.5 in./55
cm. Very slender jizz. From 9.6 in flight by legs not
projecting beyond tail. ♣ Shallow water, marshes with nearby
open habitats, incl. newly plowed fields. Call: high
“wuh-wurup” in irregular series.
132
9.6 WHITE-FACED IBIS (Caraúna-de-cara-branca) Plegadis
chihi L 21.5 in./55 cm. Wings with green reflections
diagnostic. Legs project beyond tail in flight. White facial
outline is not present outside Br season. ♣ Marshes and other
habitats with shallow water such as ricefields. Call: low,
nasal, croaking “rèh-rèh rèh.”
9.7 SHARP-TAILED IBIS (Trombeteiro) Cercibis oxycerca

L 27.5 in./70 cm. No other ibis with such long tail. ♣ Open
grassy areas near rivers, marshes, lakes. Call: mid-high “tut
tuterup tut tot tuterup” (as from toy trumpet) or, in flight,
repeated, drawn-out “tuuut - -”
9.8 PLUMBEOUS IBIS (Maçarico-real) Theristicus

caerulescens L 29.5 in./75 cm. Note large size, pale eyes, and
shaggy neck feathers. ♣ Marshes. Call: often in duet; high,
rapid, nasal “tututututut---”
133
9.9 BUFF-NECKED IBIS (Curicaca) Theristicus caudatus L
27.5 in./70 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Dry open areas, including
burnt ground and air fields. Very common in campos in
Pantanal and southern Brazil. Call: falsetto “cree cree-cru”
in flight; high, rapid, nasal/hoarse “crucrucru- -” in chorus at
roost.
9.10 GREEN IBIS (Coró-coró) Mesembrinibis cayennensis L

21.5 in./55 cm. No other similar large black bird with
down-curved bill in Brazil. Note striking manes and
iridescent green neck feathers. ♣ Lagoons, forest streams,
marshes, and muddy pools in and at woodland. Call: low,
hollow roaring as if starting a moped.
134
Cormorants / Darter / Ibises
135
136
Plate 10
10.1 LEAST BITTERN (Socoí-vermelho) Ixobrychus exilis L

11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable by small size and plumage
pattern. From 10.2 by pattern of back and more extensive
blackish crown. ♣ Freshwater marshes. Call: low, soft
“róar” or “póor.”
10.2 STRIPE-BACKED BITTERN (Socoí-amarelo)

Ixobrychus involucris L 13.8 in./35 cm. Striping of back
diagnostic. ♣ Reed beds, sedges, long grass. Call:
mid-high, nasal “who” and low “wow.”
10.3 PINNATED BITTERN (Socó-boi-baio) Botaurus

pinnatus L 25.6 in./65 cm. Note rufous-streaked foreside of
neck (not barred as Imm. 10.9 and 10.10) and contrasting
dark flight feathers when flying. ♣ In tall vegetation in and at
freshwater and brackish marshes, lagoons, inundated
137
grassland, rice fields, ditches. Call /song: low “woo woo
woo woo - -” in slightly irregular series (about 3 ×/2 sec).
10.4 ZIGZAG HERON (Socoí-zigue-zague) Zebrilus

undulatus L 11.8 in./30 cm. From 10.9 and 10.10 by very
small size and compact build. ♣ Dense vegetation under tree
cover at streams, lagoons, and other water bodies. Call
/song: high, forcefully exhaled “ooh” at 3- to 4-sec intervals.
10.5 BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON (Savacu)

Nycticorax nycticorax L 23.6 in./60 cm. Ad. unmistakable;
Imm. differs from Imm. 10.6 by shorter legs and yellower
bill. ♣ Wooded edges of fresh waters, but also in mangrove.
Call: high, rather barking “wuc-wur worc - -” in flight.
138
10.6 YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON
(Savacu-de-coroa) Nyctanassa violacea L 23.6 in./60 cm.
Unmistakable. Note long legs of Imm. ♣ Mainly at coastal
waters, in mangrove, occasionally at fresh waters. Call:
hoarse, throaty “wur wur - -.”
10.7 BOAT-BILLED HERON (Arapapá) Cochlearius

cochlearius L 19.7 in./50 cm. Unmistakable. Note large, dark
eyes. ♣ Same habitat as 10.6. Call: accelerating and
decelerating series of mid-high, froglike “rac-rac-rac---”
notes.
139
10.8 STRIATED HERON (Socozinho) Butorides striata L
15.7 in./40 cm. Unmistakable; mostly seen with retracted
neck. Note streaking below of Imm. ♣ Near any water body
with some fringing vegetation, but can also been seen on the
open sea shore. Generally silent, but when flushed might
utter, sharp, slightly hoarse “tjuw.”
10.9 FASCIATED TIGER-HERON (Socó-boi-escuro)

Tigrisoma fasciatum L 25.6 in./65 cm. From 10.10 by
distinctive barring of upperparts and rufous lower belly and
vent. Imm. not safely separable from Imm. 10.10. ♣ Fishes
from rocks in or at fast-running mountain streams.
10.10 RUFESCENT TIGER-HERON (Socó-boi) Tigrisoma

lineatum L 27.5 in./70 cm. Ad. with no or little barring. ♣ In
forest near streams, ponds, swamps. Call: low, barking
“wrof-wrof- -.” or “wuf.”
140
Herons
141
142
Plate 11
11.1 WHISTLING HERON (Maria-faceira) Syrigma

sibilatrix L 21.5 in./55 cm. Unmistakable; note red,
black-tipped bill and golden finely streaked wing coverts. ♣
Grasslands, fields, rice plantations. Call: series of joined,
high, reedy/fluted “tueeeh” notes.
11.2 TRICOLORED HERON (Garça-tricolor) Egretta

tricolor L 25.6 in./65 cm. Unmistakable by very slender jizz
and striking white underparts. ♣ Mangrove and other wet
habitats near coast. Generally silent, but might utter low,
nasal, complaining “uuuh” notes in series.
11.3 LITTLE BLUE HERON (Garça-azul) Egretta caerulea

L 25.6 in./65 cm. Ad. all darkish blue; white Imm. differs
from other white herons by greenish legs and pinkish bill. ♣
143
Any fresh and saline water with some fringing vegetation;
also on tidal mud flats. Generally silent.
11.4 SNOWY EGRET (Garça-branca-pequena) Egretta thula

L 23.6 in./60 cm. Note full bushy crest and very yellow lores.
Yellow of feet often runs up the backside of legs. ♣ Fresh and
brackish waters, shores, coast, mud flats. Generally silent,
but might utter low “gwa-gwa.”
11.5 GREAT EGRET (Garça-branca-grande) Ardea alba L

37.5 in./95 cm. Note size. Black feet diagnostic. ♣ At
marshes, lake edges, river margins, estuaries, mud flats.
Call: may utter very low, belching “burr.”
144
11.6 LITTLE EGRET Egretta garzetta
(Garça-branca-pequena-européia) L 23.6 in./60 cm. Note
bluish lore in N-br plumage. In Br plumage differs from
slightly smaller 11.4 by thin plume (only two feathers).
Forehead less steep than that of 11.4. ♣ Normally in swamps
and marshes with some open water. V.
11.7 WESTERN REEF HERON Egretta gularis L 23.6 in./60

cm. Dark form (a) and head of white form (b) shown. White
chin of dark form diagnostic. Note in white form heavy bill
with yellowish lower mandible Rocky shores and reefs.
All-white birds have been recorded in Fernando de Noronha.
Generally silent. V.
145
11.8 CATTLE EGRET (Garça-vaqueira) Bubulcus ibis L 19.7
in./50 cm. Br plumage unmistakable. Compacter build than
other white herons. Feeds very characteristically at feet of
cattle, catching the flushed insects. ♣ Normally associated
with cattle. Generally silent.
11.9 SQUACCO HERON (Garça-caranguejeira) Ardeola

ralloides L 17.7 in./45 cm. Striking difference between white
silhouette in flight and cryptic coloring when perched. ♣
Vagrant from Eurasia, where it occurs in reedy vegetation
near water. Several records (including a number of birds
together from Fernando de Noronha). V.
146
11.10 CAPPED HERON (Garça-real) Pilherodius pileatus L
21.7 in./55 cm. Unmistakable by black cap. ♣ Near wood
patches at shallow waters, marshes, river edges. Generally
silent.
Herons
147
Plate 12
148
12.1 GREAT BLUE HERON (Garça-azul-grande) Ardea
herodias L 47 in./120 cm. Dark (a) and white (b) forms
shown. Intermediate forms (e.g., with only white head and
neck) are possible. ♣ May be found at any type of fresh or
saline water. In Brazil so far only seen in the Anavilhanas
Archipelago. Call: low, raucous “fraaah.” V.
12.2 GRAY HERON (Garça-real-européia) Ardea cinerea L

39 in./100 cm. From larger 12.1 by white, not rufous thighs.
From 12.3 by purple-gray, not white, neck and white forehead
and streak through crown. ♣ Vagrant from Europe, where
seen in grasslands near water, in marshes, and in other open
country. Call: sudden, high “wrah.” V.
12.3 COCOI (or White-necked) HERON (Garça-moura) Ardea

cocoi L 43 in./110 cm. White neck of Ad. diagnostic. Imm.
shows striking resemblance with Ad. 12.2 but note white
crown of Ad. 12.2. From Imm. 12.2 by blacker crown (but
149
probably not safely separable). ♣ Marsh, river edges. Call:
deep “vrah” in flight.
12.4 PURPLE HERON (Garça-roxa) Ardea purpurea L 35

in./90 cm. Unmistakable by coloring, slender jizz, and
secretive behavior. Note brownish-gray plumage of Imm. ♣
Vagrant from Europe, where occurs in large marshes. V.
12.5 AGAMI (or Chestnut-bellied) HERON (Garça-da-mata)

Agamia agami L 29.5 in./75 cm. Ad. unmistakable by dark
colors except striking white stripe down throat, broadening to
breast. Note rufous stripe down throat of Imm. ♣ Forest
streams and swamps. Call: very low “wuh wuh -” and
“wudrdrdr.”
150
12.6 WOOD STORK (Cabeça-seca) Mycteria americana L
37.5 in./95 cm. Unmistakable by white plumage, bare gray
head and neck, and heavy bill. Note black primaries and
secondaries in flight. Gregarious. Perches in trees. ♣ Wooded
marsh, mangrove. Normally silent.
12.7 MAGUARI STORK (Maguari) Mycteria americana L

47 in./120 cm. Unmistakable by size, yellow eyes, and
black-and-white plumage. ♣ Wet areas with tall vegetation.
151
12.8 JABIRU (Tuiuiú) Jabiru mycteria L 51 in./130 cm.
Unmistakable by red collar and large size. ♣ Open woodland
at edges of rivers and lakes. Normally silent.
12.9 ROSEATE SPOONBILL (Colhereiro) Platalea ajaja L

31.5 in./80 cm. Unmistakable by pink plumage and bill shape.
♣ Mangrove, wet woodland, muddy beaches. Call: low,
barking grunts.
12.10 EURASIAN SPOONBILL (Colhereiro-europeu)

Platalea leucorodia L 33.5 in./85 cm. Unmistakable by shape
and coloring of bill. ♣ Vagrant from Europe to Ilha Fernando
de Noronha. V.
152
Herons / Storks / Spoonbills
153
Plate 13
154
13.1 ? AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN (Pelicano-branco)
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos L 55 in./140 cm, W 270 cm.
Unmistakable by white plumage with black flight feathers.
Very large. ♣ Normally found at open, rather shallow water.
(Improbable record.)
13.2 BROWN PELICAN (Pelicano-pardo) Pelecanus

occidentalis L 49 in./125 cm, W 79 in./200 cm. Unmistakable
by coloring and bill shape. ♣ River mouths. V.
13.3 GREATER FLAMINGO (Flamingo) Phoenicopterus

ruber L 51 in./130 cm. Largest of the four flamingo species,
differing from 13.4 by uniform pink legs and from 13.6 by
larger, differently patterned bill. ♣ Wide, brackish shallow
lakes and lagoons. Low gabbling in groups when feeding;
gaggling in flight.
155
13.4 CHILEAN FLAMINGO (Flamingo-chileno)
Phoenicopterus chilensis L 39 in./100 cm. Note the
contrasting pink leg joints. ♣ Prefers brackish shallow lakes
and lagoons. Can be found almost year-round in Lagoa do
Peixe (Ri. Grande do Sul). Call: very low “goorc.” R.
13.5 ANDEAN FLAMINGO (Flamingo-grande-dos-andes)

Phoenicopterus andinus L 43 in./110 cm. Characterized by
yellow legs and large black area, visible in folded wings. ♣
Rare winter visitor in brackish shallow waters. V.
156
13.6 PUNA FLAMINGO Phoenicoparrus jamesi
(flamingo-da-puna) L 35 in./90 cm. Note small size, black
eyes, small bill, dark, uniform pink legs. ♣ High montane
areas. There is only one record of this flamingo in Brazil,
coming from Acre. Either an escapee or a very lost bird. V.
13.7 SOUTHERN SCREAMER (Tach ) Chauna torquata L

31.5 in./80 cm. Corpulent, large legs, fluffy plumage.
Gregarious. Note white-and-black collar. As 13.8 with white
underwing coverts. ♣ Grassland, wet savanna, marsh. Perches
in trees. Call: very high or falsetto “we-weeér” (2nd part
steeply upslurred); song: often in duet; loud, resounding,
falsetto, drawn-up shrieks.
13.8 HORNED SCREAMER (Anhuma) Anhima cornuta L

31.5 in./80 cm. Unmistakable by general jizz and color
pattern. Note thin quill. White underwing coverts. ♣ Marsh,
wet savanna, swamps, and ponds in forest. Call: low
157
“ong!”; song: series of excited, hurried, muffled yet
far-carrying “UH-who” vocalizations in excited duets.
13.9 COSCOROBA SWAN (Capororoca) Coscoroba

coscoroba L 39 in./100 cm. Unmistakable by large size, white
plumage, and pink bill. ♣ Lakes and lagoons. Call; high,
nasal “wút wr-hawa”; may also be transcribed as
“cósco-roba.”
13.10 BLACK-NECKED SWAN (Cisne-de-pescoço-preto)

Cygnus melanocoryphus L 47 in./120 cm. Unmistakable. ♣
Shallow fresh and brackish marshes. Generally silent.
158
Screamers / Pelicans / Flamingos / Swans
159
160
Plate 14
14.1 BLACK-BELLIED WHISTLING-DUCK (Asa-branca)

Dendrocygna autumnalis L 19.7 in./50 cm. Whistling-ducks
(14.1–14.3) are characterized by their upright stance. Sp. 14.1
unmistakable by pink bill and legs and by white in wings.
Crepuscular. ♣ Open, shallow water, large marshes. Call:
very high, fluted, mellow or sharp “tuweé” (2nd part
stressed).
14.2 WHITE-FACED WHISTLING-DUCK (Irer )

Dendrocygna viduata L 17.7 in./45 cm. Unmistakable by
head pattern. ♣ Marsh, flood plains. Call: very high, thin,
whistled “swée-wee-lee.”
14.3 FULVOUS WHISTLING- (or Tree-) DUCK

(Marreca-caneleira) Dendrocygna bicolor L 19.7 in./50 cm.
Distinctive by sickle-shaped flank feathers, barred back,
161
white uppertail coverts, and black collar. ♣ Wet, low
grassland, flood plains. Call: very high, sharp, whistled
“feee-ih” and very high, musical, wheezy, twittering, like
“pitpit-weeÉH-pitpit.”
14.4 ORINOCO GOOSE (Pato-corredor) Neochen jubata L

21.5 in./55 cm. Unmistakable by dark wings and whitish head
and neck. ♣ Rocky beaches. Call: typical, gooselike
gaggling “wukwuk-OOOR-OOOR-wuk wuk - -.” R.
14.5 MASKED DUCK (Marreca-de-bico-roxo) Nomonyx

dominicus L 13.8 in./35 cm. This and 14.6 unmistakable by
compact jizz, strong bill, and often—when swimming—by
cocked tail. From 14.6 by back streaks, rufous hind-crown,
and white wing speculum. ♣ Marsh, flood plains, secluded
ponds.
162
14.6 LAKE DUCK (Marreca-pé-na-bunda) Oxyura vittata L
15.7 in./40 cm. Cf. 14.5. ♣ Lakes; open water in marshes.
Generally silent.
14.7 MUSCOVY DUCK (Pato-do-mato) Cairina moschata L

31.5 in./80 cm ( ), 25.5 in./65 cm ( ). Unmistakable.
Escapees are “fatter,” heavier, have white at other places
(head, neck, and/or underparts) than only at upper- and
underwing and normally have more warts. Amount of white
on wings of wild birds varies ( sometimes have no white,
and Imms. never do). ♣ Any water (including marsh) in
woodland or forest. Generally silent.
163
14.8 AMERICAN COMB DUCK (Pato-de-crista)
Sarkidiornis sylvicola L 27.5 in./70 cm ( ), 24 in./60 cm ( ).
Unmistakable, esp. ; as in 14.7 the is significant smaller
than . ♣ Marshes in open or wooded country. Generally
silent. Note: by SACC treated as ssp. of Comb Duck S.
melanotos.
14.9 ROSY-BILLED POCHARD (Marrec o) Netta peposaca

L 21.5 in./55 cm. unmistakable; note in peaked crown,
dark cheeks, whitish vent. ♣ Well-vegetated lakes and
marshes in open country. Generally silent.
164
14.10 SOUTHERN POCHARD (Paturi-preta) Netta
erythrophthalma L 17.7 in./45 cm. Dark normally
unmistakable, esp. if chestnut flanks and red eyes can be seen;
note facial pattern of . ♣ Rather deep fresh and saline
waters. Generally silent.
14.11 BRAZILIAN MERGANSER (Pato-mergulh o)

Mergus octosetaceus L 21.5 in./55 cm. Unmistakable; differs
from cormorants by white in wings. ♣ High-country rivers
with rapids. Call: low (or mid-high), barking “wrah” in
slow series. R.
165
Whistling-Ducks / Goose / Ducks / Pochards / Merganser
166
167
Plate 15
15.1 RINGED TEAL (Marreca-de-coleira) Callonetta

leucophrys L 11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable by general color
pattern and small size. Note pattern of face sides. ♣
Marshes, ponds, lagoons in woodland, flooded forest.
Generally silent.
15.2 BRAZILIAN TEAL (Pé-vermelho) Amazonetta

brasiliensis L 15.7 in./40 cm. Unmistakable by red bill of
and facial pattern. Note triangular white speculum at rear of
wing in flight and characteristic spots on breast sides. ♣
Among vegetation in lakes, ponds, pools. Call: in flight,
very high, sweet, fluted “fweé-tje” or “wu-wít” (stressed 2nd
part much higher).
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15.3 CHILOE (or Southern) WIGEON (Marreca-oveira) Anas
sibilatrix L 19.7 in./50 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern,
size, white rump, and white forewing. ♣ Prefers open country
with scattered lakes; also along streams and ponds in
woodland. Call: very high, rather sharp babbling, like
“wuut-wuut-wuutwut - -.”
15.4 BLUE-WINGED TEAL (Marreca-de-asa-azul) Anas

discors L 15.7 in./40 cm. is unmistakable by white crescent
in front of eyes; very similar to 15.5, but shows more
distinct eye stripe and has less spatulated bill. ♣ Ponds,
marshes, flood plains. Generally silent, but might utter very
high, thin “fjit fjit - -” in flight. V.
15.5 CINNAMON TEAL (Marreca-colorada) Anas

cyanoptera L 15.7 in./40 cm. unmistakable; for cf. 15.4;
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both have rather spatulated bill (similar to 15.6). ♣ Shallow
water with emergent vegetation. As 15.4. V.
15.6 RED SHOVELER (Marreca-colhereira) Anas platalea L

19.7 in./50 cm. Unmistakable by shape of bill. Note pale eye
of . ♣ Lakes and marshes in open country. Generally
silent.
15.7 SPECKLED TEAL (Marreca-pardinha) Anas flavirostris

L 15.7 in./40 cm. Like larger 15.10, but flanks hardly
speckled. Wing pattern different, showing one buff and one
white stripe. ♣ Marshes, lakes, ponds, streams, rivers. Call:
very high, clear, whistled “preep.”
170
15.8 WHITE-CHEEKED PINTAIL (Marreca-toicinho) Anas
bahamensis L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable by bicolored
head and pointed white tail. ♣ Fresh and saline waters.
Generally silent.
15.9 NORTHERN PINTAIL (Arrabio) Anas acuta L 23.6 in./

60 cm ( ), 21.7 in./55 cm ( ). Note elegant, slender jizz. Br
unmistakable, N-br from by gray, black-bordered bill.
Note unmarked head of . ♣ Ponds, lakes, marshes, estuaries.
Call: mid-high, nasal “uhh uh-uh-uh - -,” given by . V.
171
15.10 YELLOW-BILLED PINTAIL (Marreca-parda) Anas
georgica L 23.6 in./60 cm. From smaller 15.7 by pointed, not
rounded, tail feathers. ♣ Lakes, rivers, marshes, estuaries,
coastal waters. Call: sudden, very high “tjew!”
15.11 SILVER TEAL (Marreca-cricri) Anas versicolor L 15.7

in./40 cm. From smaller 15.7 by flank barring and bill color.
♣ Shallow pools and ponds in open country. Call: high,
mellow, hurried, fluted “wit t’weérwih.”
15.12 BLACK-HEADED DUCK (Marreca-de-cabeça-preta)

Heteronetta atricapilla L 13.8 in./35 cm. Rather featureless,
but with distinctive jizz (long body, thick neck); note pink
spot at bill base of Br . ♣ Lakes, marshes, pools with
fringing vegetation in open country. Generally silent.
172
Teals / Wigeon / Shoveler / Pintails / Duck
173
Plate 16
174
16.1 BLACK VULTURE (Urubu-de-cabeça-preta) Coragyps
atratus W 57 in./145 cm. Characterized by gray, naked head
and upright stance; 6 outer primaries mainly white. Flight on
flat wings, steady, without rocking, in glides, interspersed by
a few wing flaps. ♣ Any type of country (including towns and
refuse dumps) except true forest. Usually silent.
16.2 TURKEY VULTURE (Urubu-de-cabeça-vermelha)

Cathartes aura W 75 in./190 cm. Stance more horizontal than
16.1; flight mainly gliding, rocking from side to side, the
wings held in a shallow V shape. Coloring brown-black,
naked skin of head red (this obscured in Imm.). ♣ More or
less wooded country, rarely in forests. Usually silent.
16.3 LESSER YELLOW-HEADED VULTURE

(Urubu-de-cabeça-amarela) Cathartes burrovianus W 23.6
in./60 cm. Very similar to larger 16.2, but blacker with head
mainly yellow, black stripe through eye, and in flight with
175
more distinct white shafts of primaries. Note that wings tips
normally exceed tail length. Soars and glides on wings held in
V shape. ♣ Wooded grassland, marsh, river margins.
Usually silent.
16.4 GREATER YELLOW-HEADED VULTURE

(Uru-bu-da-mata) Cathartes melambrotus W 83 in./210 cm.
Very similar to distinctive smaller 16.3 with wing tips
reaching tail tip. Soars on flat wings (unlike 16.3). Note the
long tail and the diagnostic dark primaries, contrasting with
paler secondaries in flight. Bluer face than 16.3 . ♣ Lowland
forest with adjacent grassland. Usually silent.
16.5 KING VULTURE (Urubu-rei) Sarcoramphus papa W

75 in./190 cm. Unmistakable by colorful head and
black-and-white plumage. Note the short tail (of Ad. and
Imm.), giving triangular flight silhouette. ♣ Prefers forest
176
away from settlements, but may wander to more open areas.
Usually silent.
16.6 [ANDEAN CONDOR (Condor-dos-andes) Vultur gryphus]

W 118 in./300 cm. Unmistakable by large size. Upperwing
pattern of Ad. diagnostic. Juv. is brown, not black, with buff
ruff; if Juv. is seen flying at a distance, it can be distinguished
from 16.2, 16.3, and 16.4 by paler upperwing coverts and
spread, shorter tail. Imms. are intermediate between Ad. and
Juv., after each molt showing more white on upperwing,
before reaching adulthood after 4–6 years. ♣ Hilly, wooded
country with cliffs. Usually silent. V.
New World Vultures / Condor
177
178
Plate 17
17.1 OSPREY (Águia-pescadora) Pandion haliaetus W 61

in./155 cm. Unmistakable by crisp black-and-white plumage
and by habitat. In flight has characteristically kinked wings.
Imm. differs from Ad. by narrow streaks on hindcrown and
neck. ♣ Any type of clear, quiet, open water. Rather silent,
but might give a rapid series of staccato “tjuw” notes and
slower, faster, clear or squeaky variations thereof.
17.2 SWALLOW-TAILED KITE (Gavi o-tesoura)

Elanoides forficatus W 47 in./120 cm. Unmistakable.
Gregarious. ♣ Over forest. Call: occasionally a rapid,
fluted series of “tuweét” notes and very high “see-see,” often
together as “see-see-tuweet-tuweet-tuweet- -.”
17.3 WHITE-TAILED KITE (Gavi o-peneira) Elanus

leucurus W 35.5 in./90 cm. Unmistakable by black shoulders
179
and underwing pattern. ♣ Open areas, fields, savanna, marsh.
Generally silent, but might give a thin, hissing, rising
“sweeeeeé.”
17.4 PEARL KITE (Gavi ozinho) Gampsonyx swainsonii W

22 in./55 cm. Unmistakable by size (hardly larger than a
thrush) and by black stripe (or patch) to breast sides. N
rufous-flanked ssp. leonae (a) shown and C and S Nom. (b,
paler). ♣ Open woodland, palm groves, savanna. Rather
silent, but in flight might give a very high, sharp, staccato
“chip-chip - -.”
17.5 CINEREOUS HARRIER (Gavi o-cinza) Circus

cinereus W 43 in./110 cm. Harriers (17.5 and 17.6) are
identifiable by jizz (long and slender), flight (long, slender
wings, bent at wrist, held in V shape) and by owl-like face
mask. and differ from 17.6 by smaller size, shorter
wings, and finely barred breast and belly; Imm. differs from
180
Imm. 17.6 mainly by different, shorter-winged jizz. ♣ Reed
beds, marsh, pastures. Usually silent.
17.6 LONG-WINGED HARRIER (Gavi o-do-banhado)

Circus buffoni W 47 in./120 cm. Pale form (a, perched and
Imm.) shown and dark form (b, Ad. and Imm. in flight).
Pale and unmistakable by white breast and belly; dark
form by sooty black ( ) or dark brown ( ) underparts and
underwings. Long-winged jizz of Imm. diagnostic. All Ad.
forms have umber, seemingly dark eyes. In all plumages (incl.
Imm.), base of bill has little or no visible yellow. Perches
mainly on ground. ♣ Over marsh, wet savanna. Generally
silent.
Osprey / Kites / Harriers
181
182
Plate 18
18.1 SNAIL KITE (Gavi o-caramujeiro) Rostrhamus

sociabilis W 43 in./110 cm. As 18.2 with very distinctive
slender bill, but differing by red eyes, longer wings, and by
tail pattern. and have different plumages as shown
(unlike 18.2). Imm. as but feathers of upperparts edged
paler. ♣ Marsh, wetlands. Call: series of 4–7 low, rapid,
raspy notes, like “kurre-kurre-ki-ki.”
18.2 SLENDER-BILLED KITE (Gavi o-do-igapó)

Helicolestes (or Rostrhamus) hamatus W 43 in./110 cm. Note
yellow eyes and short tail and wings. Imm. shows narrow
white tail bars. and have similar plumages. ♣ At shallow
waters in forest. Call: high, mewing “WÍ-eèuw” or
“wirr-WÍ-èw-wirr-WÍ-èw.”
183
18.3 DOUBLE-TOOTHED KITE (Gavi o-ripina) Harpagus
bidentatus W 27.5 in./70 cm. Rufous restricted to breast and
belly. Note the diagnostic median throat stripe of 18.3 and
18.4 (though this feature not always very evident); both
species may be mistaken for an accipiter-hawk, but these are
more slender, with longer legs, more fierce expression, shy
behavior, and different hunting technique. Forages (catching
insects and lizards) clambering and hopping at mid-levels and
in canopy. ♣ Forest, tall second growth. Call: very high,
inhaled, swiftlike “sueeé-eh” or very high, whistled
“fju-oweé” (as if produced by someone wolf-whistling
through his fingers).
18.4 RUFOUS-THIGHED KITE (Gavi o-bombachinha)

Harpagus diodon W 29.5 in./75 cm. Rufous restricted to
underwings and thighs. Resembles 19.7, which shows the
typical accipiter-hawk features. ♣ Open forest, woodland.
Call: reported to be a very high trisyllabic whistle.
184
18.5 MISSISSIPPI KITE (Sauveiro-do-norte) Ictinia
mississippiensis W 35.5 in./90 cm. As 18.6 with very long,
narrow wings (widest at wrists). May show some rufous in
primaries, but always far less than 18.6. Note white
secondaries. Imm. differs from Imm. 18.6 by rufous-brown
markings below. ♣ Migrates (normally in groups) over
woodland. Call: very high, thin, steeply lowered
“séee-juw” whistle. R.
18.6 PLUMBEOUS KITE (Sovi) Ictinia plumbea W 35.5 in./

90 cm. Rufous in wings and barred tail diagnostic. ♣ All types
of woodland (including mangrove), esp. near rivers, but may
hunt over open country. Up to 2600 m. Call: generally
silent, but might give a mid-high, drawn-out, mournful
whistle.
Kites
185
186
Plate 19
19.1 GRAY-HEADED KITE (Gavi o-de-cabeça-cinza)

Leptodon cayanensis W 39 in./100 cm. Ad. distinctively
patterned black and white with gray head. Note black
underwing coverts in flight. Imm. variable with underparts
white (a) or densely streaked (b); intermediates possible.
Imm. a differs from larger Ad. 23.6 by unfeathered legs,
yellow, not black, lores, and brown upperparts. ♣ Forest and
adjacent areas, mangrove. Song: low, excited, hurried,
level or ascending series of nasal “u-wic” notes (2–4 sec).
19.2 WHITE-COLLARED KITE (Gavi

o-de-pescoço-branco) Leptodon forbesi W 39 in./100 cm.
From Ad. 19.1 by white neck and chin and, in flight, by white
underwing coverts; differs from pale Imm. 19.1 by different
underwing and undertail pattern. ♣ Atlantic rainforest. E, R.
187
19.3 HOOK-BILLED KITE (Caracoleiro) Chondrohierax
uncinatus W 35.5 in./90 cm. Normal form (a) and uncommon
blackish form (b) shown. Note heavy, conspicuously hooked
bill, facial pattern, and pale, staring eyes. From 18.1 by
yellow, not red, bare parts. ♣ Forest and woodland with
marsh, ponds, streams. Song: high, sharp, shivering, rapid
series of slightly lowered “wic” notes.
19.4 GRAY-BELLIED HAWK (Tauató-pintado) Accipiter

poliogaster W 31.5 in./80 cm. Distinctively bicolored with
extensively yellow, bare face parts. Cheeks black or gray,
eyes yellow or orange; cf. forms a and b. Imm. differs from
much larger Ad. 23.7 by unfeathered legs and lack of crest. ♣
Lowland forest, dense woodland, riverine belts.
19.5 TINY HAWK (Gavi o-miudinho) Accipiter (or

Hieraspiza) superciliosus W 19.7 in./50 cm. Red eyes and
fine barring below diagnostic. Imms. (finely barred below as
188
adults) in several color forms, brown or rufous (b, shown).
Catches even hummingbirds. ♣ Forest, tall second growth.
Call: very high, rapid, sharp, and piercing series of whinnying
“weet” notes.
19.6 SHARP-SHINNED HAWK (Gavi o-miúdo) Accipiter

striatus W 19.7/60 cm. In SE Brazil ssp. erythronemius
RUFOUS-THIGHED HAWK (a, with solid rufous flanks)
and in W ssp. ventralis PLAIN-BREASTED HAWK, latter in
different color forms; rare dark form (b) and rufous (c, in
flight) form shown. Not shown is form with almost uniform
creamy underparts. Extent of rufous on flanks is quite
variable in same geographical area, but thighs always rufous,
showing darker streaking. Imms. of this and 19.7C are only
accipiter species in Brazil with streaked underparts. ♣
Woodland, second growth, plantations. Call of : very
high, rapid series of staccato “tjew” notes, as
“weéh-tjewtjew---tjuw”; calls slightly higher “tictic---tic.”
189
19.7 BICOLORED HAWK (Gavi o-bombachinha-grande)
Accipiter bicolor W 27.5 in./70 cm. Cf. 18.4. Underparts
unmarked or faintly barred, neck almost concolor with face
sides. Shown are S ssp guttifer (a, with pale brown, faintly
barred underparts and pale underwing coverts) and C ssp
pileatus (b, gray below with rufous underwing coverts). Not
shown is Nom., resembling b, but with white underwings.
Imm. variable, from almost white and streaked below (c) to
uniform buff (d). Note mottled crown of Imm.; thighs of
Imm’s and adults variable from streaked to solid rufous. ♣
Edges and clearings of forest and tall second growth.
Normally silent.
Kites / Hawks
190
191
Plate 20
20.1 CRANE HAWK (Gavi o-pernilongo) Geranospiza

caerulescens W 39 in./100 cm. Shown are widespread
gracilis group (perched) and Amazonian Nom. (flying).
Unmistakable by slender jizz, distinctive tail pattern and
single (adult) or double (Imm.) wing band across underside of
wings. Versatile in its hunting techniques; most spectacular
might be the use of its double-jointed legs, with which it can
feel around in tree hollows, hanging nests, or large
bromeliads. ♣ Forest edge, swampy woodland, mangrove.
Call: explosive, lowered “Wéeeuw.” Note: Almost certainly 2
species are involved, differing in saturation of gray body
plumage and in color of pale tail bands (white in one,
orange-rufous in other species).
20.2 SLATE-COLORED HAWK (Gavi o-azul) Leucopternis

schistaceus W 39 in./100 cm. Ad. distinctive by all-gray
feathering and white band across tail. Very similar to Snail
Kite (18.1), but with shorter wings and less slender bill. ♣
Forested edges of rivers and lakes. Call: high, level,
drawn-out whistle, like “tjuuuuw.”
192
20.3 BLACK-FACED HAWK (Gavi o-de-cara-preta)
Leucopternis melanops W 39 in./100 cm. From 20.6 in same
range by black mask, yellow cere, shorter wings, absence of
white on rim of wings, and different tail pattern. Probably not
in range of 20.4. ♣ Forest edge and clearings, mangrove.
Call: very high, rather sharp, steeply descending “piuuuh.”
20.4 WHITE-BROWED HAWK (Gavi o-vaqueiro)

Leucopternis kuhli W 39 in./100 cm. From 20.3 by dark
crown and distinctive white eyebrow. ♣ Wet forest. Call:
very high, mournful “piuuuh.”
193
20.5 WHITE-NECKED HAWK (Gavi o-pombo-pequeno)
Leucopternis lacernulatus W 45 in./115 cm. Not in range of
20.6. From larger 20.7 by black subterminal band across tail
and by less spotting and barring to mantle and scapulars.
Usually seen in the understory; may come to the ground at
army-ant swarms. ♣ Atlantic forest, woodland. En, R.
20.6 WHITE HAWK (Gavi o-branco) Leucopternis

albicollis W 49 in./125 cm. No similar raptor in range, except
20.3 and Black-and-white Hawk Eagle (23.6), which differs
by slender, long-tailed jizz, yellow cere, and black hindcrown.
♣ Forest and adjacent swamps. Call: very high, level,
squeaky, slightly hoarse “wees wees wees.”
20.7 MANTLED HAWK (Gavi o-pombo-grande)

Leucopternis polionotus W 49 in./125 cm. Note distinctive
tail pattern (lacking black on underside and barred broadly
white on upperside). Commonly seen fully exposed in the
194
canopy. ♣ Atlantic forest, less in plantations. Call: long,
very high, upslurred whistle, like “wueeeeeeh.” R.
Hawks
195
196
Plate 21
21.1 GRAY (or Gray-lined) HAWK (Gavi o-pedr s) Buteo

nitidus W 35.5 in./90 cm. Compact build and combination of
gray plumage and distinctive tail pattern diagnostic. South
American forms have yellow eyes as shown. Note white face
sides of Imm. with distinctive moustache and chin stripe, and
pearl-shaped dark spots on clean buff underparts. Perches
well exposed in canopy. ♣ Normally near water (e.g., in
riverine belts), but also in open woodland. Call: typical
buteolike “Wéee-uh” whistle; song: “wéeuh-wéeuh-wéeuh -
-.”
21.2 BROAD-WINGED HAWK (Gavi o-de-asa-larga)

Buteo platypterus W 33.5 in./85 cm. Compact buzzard with
dark upper-parts, rufous-barred underparts (running together
in more or less solid breast collar), and distinctive tail pattern.
Perches in canopy as well as well-exposed. ♣ Forest edge,
open woodland, plantations; often near water. Call: very
high, thin, piercing “t’weeeéh.”
197
21.3 WHITE-RUMPED HAWK (Gavi o-de-sobre-branco)
Percnohierax (or Buteo) leucorrhous W 33.5 in./85 cm.
Rather narrow white band across rump diagnostic (both in
Ad. and Imm.). Ad. unmistakable by color pattern, esp. of
underparts, and by yellow eyes. Note tail pattern of Imm. if
seen from below. ♣ Montane forest. Call: very/ extr. high,
thin, nasal “p’tuuuh” or downslurred “féeeeuh.”
21.4 SHORT-TAILED HAWK (Gavi o-de-cauda-curta)

Buteo brachyurus W 35.5 in./90 cm. Pale form unmistakable
by blackish upperparts and all-white underparts. All-black
form (a) difficult to distinguish from other all-dark buzzards
if white forehead cannot be seen. Imm. as Ad. but head
narrowly streaked and wing feathers scaled paler. All-dark
Imm. densely streaked and blotched below. Most seen when
soaring because normally concealed in foliage when perched.
♣ Forest, woodland, mangrove. Call: very high,
downslurred, slightly sharp/nasal “niuuuuuh.”
198
21.5 SWAINSON’S HAWK (Gavi o-papa-gafanhoto) Buteo
swainsoni W 49 in./125 cm. Gregarious, N migrant, more
Imms. than adults seen in Brazil. Note straight back, giving
the species its characteristic jizz. Imms. of normal form (a)
often have distinctive pale throat bordered by dark markings.
Variable; some forms (b and c) shown. All forms long
winged as 21.6, but with different tail pattern. ♣ Open
country. Call: probably mid-high, descending, nasal
“tithjoouw.”
21.6 WHITE-TAILED HAWK (Gavi o-de-rabo-branco)

Buteo albicaudatus W 51 in./130 cm. Pale form (a)
unmistakable by rufous scapulars; dark form (b) differs from
dark 21.7 by darker plumage. Sub-Ad. (c, plumage in 2nd
year before molting in full Ad. plumage) has black, not white,
throat and blacker head and mantle. Note dark field on
underwing, formed by darker inner primaries. ♣ Open and
lightly wooded areas. Call: high, squeaky “vree tuwee
199
tuee” (each note “pushed out” and slightly upslurred); song:
slightly ascending, rapid series, like “tuuh
tuweh-tuweh-tuweh - -.”
21.7 [RED-BACKED HAWK (Aquilucho Común)

Buteopolyosoma] W 45 in./115 cm. Highly variable (a, b, c,
d). Birds with gray upperparts (a) or all-dark plumage (c) are
normally , forms with rufous mantle (b) or dark brown
mantle and underparts (d) are often . Note rounded wings
(not attenuated to tip as 21.5 and 21.6, unless gliding; cf.
flying c). Note lack of black patches at wrists, distinguishing
this species from pale 21.5 and 21.6. ♣ From S and W South
America. Prefers open, scarcely wooded country, but might
be seen near river belts and forest edges. Normally silent,
but might give a high, strong, rapid series of 4–9 ringing
“keek” notes. (Records in coastal Rio de Janeiro [Cabo Frio]
and possibly Mato Grosso do Sul.)
200
Hawks
201
202
Plate 22
22.1 ZONE-TAILED HAWK (Gavi o-de-rabo-barrado)

Buteo albonotatus W 51 in./130 cm. In flight very similar to
16.2, but differing by black-and-white tail pattern and fine
barring at underside of flight feathers. Note white spots in
plumage of Imm. and its different tail pattern. ♣ Open areas,
but also in a great variety of other habitats, such as humid
forest and overgrown marshes. Call: drawn-out “keeer”;
song: very high, “sawing” series of slightly undulating, sharp
“wee” notes (10 sec).
22.2 ROADSIDE HAWK (Gavi o-carijó) Rupornis (or

Buteo) magnirostris W 29.5 in./75 cm. Several sspp.; N Nom.
(a; gray with gray to rufescent barring below), SE
magniplumis (b; brown-gray with rufescent barring below),
saturatus (c; Pantanal region; with dark head and cinnamon
barring below), and Juv. shown. Adults with yellow eyes,
plain/ faintly streaked chest and rufous wing-patch. Juv. with
brown eyes, streaked chest, barred/scaled underparts and
reduced wing-patch. Note short wings with rufous panels,
best seen in upperwings. Aptly named. ♣ Open forest,
woodland, ranchland, fields, riverine belts. Normally seen
perched on fence poles or power pylons. Call: high,
descending, mewing, peevish-sounding “wée-yur.”
203
22.3 SAVANNA HAWK (Gavi o-caboclo) Heterospizias (or
Buteogallus) meridionalis W 37 in./95 cm. Resembles 22.2 in
its rufous tinges and habitat. Ad. unmistakable by rufous
plumage and tail and, in flight, dark blotches on sides of chest
and dark thighs. Imm. differs from Imm. of 22.6 by some
rufescent coloring to wings and by wing tip reaching tail tip.
♣ Wooded savanna, marsh, mangrove. Often hunts walking
on the ground. Call: buteolike, very high, down-gliding
“mièèèh.”
22.4 [COMMON BLACK-HAWK (Gavi

o-carangue-jeiro-preto) Buteogallus anthracinus] W 45 in./
115 cm. Very similar to Great Black Hawk (22.6), but
smaller, relatively shorter legged, and with longer primary
projection when perched. White flashes at base of outer
primaries, seen from below in flight, diagnostic. Imm. differs
from Imm. 22.6 by beard stripes and fewer tail bars. ♣ At
large (sometimes smaller) water bodies near forest, woodland,
204
wooded swamps, mangrove. Call: series, starting very
high, then slowing down and descending
“wuwuwée-wéek-week week wuh.”
22.5 RUFOUS CRAB-HAWK (Caranguejeiro) Buteogallus

aequinoctialis W 35.5 in./90 cm. Ad. is darker above than
22.3 and has short tail. Imm. has large black patches on breast
sides and is otherwise distinctively marked by black spots and
streaks. Species strictly restricted to coast. ♣ All low-lying
habitats at sea coast, such as mangrove. Hunts crabs on mud
flats. Call: very high, pinched, nasal, 3-noted
“wee-chí-chee”; middle note highest.
22.6 GREAT BLACK-HAWK (Gavi o-preto) Buteogallus

urubitinga W 49 in./125 cm. Large, thickset, all black except
distinctively banded tail. Note wing pattern of perched Imm.
♣ Forest edge at water. Call: long, very high, sharp, fluted
“ueeeeeeeeeeee.”
205
22.7 HARRIS’S (or Bay-winged) HAWK (Gavi
o-asa-de-telha) Parabuteo unicinctus W 43 in./110 cm. Pale
rufous wing-shoulder diagnostic. Note slender, long-tailed
jizz and white tail base. ♣ Normally in dry but also in wet
open areas with thorn scrub and scattered trees. Call:
prolonged, low, raucous “fraaaaah.”
22.8 BLACK-COLLARED HAWK (Gavi o-belo) Busarellus

nigricollis W 49 in./125 cm. Unmistakable by white head and
black patch to upper breast. ♣ Wetlands, mangrove. Call:
very high, hoarse, fluted, falsetto, gull-like “w’reeeeee
w’reeeeeeh-wrih.”
206
Hawks
207
208
Plate 23
23.1 BLACK-CHESTED BUZZARD-EAGLE

(Águia-chilena) Buteo (or Geranoaetus) melanoleucus W 73
in./185 cm. S Nom. (a) and E ssp. australis (b, with thin
barred underparts) shown. Bulky, small-headed jizz with
long-pointed wings. Note distinctive upperwing pattern of
Ad. and pale breast/upper belly of Imm. (see flight
silhouette). Imm. longer-tailed than Ad. and therefore
confusingly similar to some Imm. hawks on Pl. 22. ♣ Open,
montane areas. Call: slow series of 3 well-separated, rising
“weet weet weet” notes or high, rapid “kiu-kiu-kiu- -.”
23.2 CROWNED (Solitary-) EAGLE (Águia-cinzenta)

Harpyhaliaetus coronatus W 75 in./190 cm. Ad. all gray with
short, distinctively patterned tail. Note absence (or very
indistinct) barring of flight feathers, both in Ad. and Imm. ♣
Open woodland, dry wooded grassland. Call: very high,
drawn-out, nasal, double-fluted “fwuuuuh” or gull-like,
almost falsetto “t’weeeeeeuh” (starting with “t’w” stepping
up to very high “-euh”). R.
209
23.3 CRESTED EAGLE (Uiraçu-falso) Morphnus guianensis
W 73 in./185 cm. Pale (a) and dark (b) forms shown. Smaller
than 23.4 with more slender bill and unmarked underwing
coverts. ♣ Forest, riverine belts. Call: very high, loud,
resounding “Wew-Wew-Wew - -.” R.
23.4 HARPY EAGLE (Gavi o-real) Harpia harpyja W 80

in./205 cm. Very large with huge talons. Note diagnostic
black breast band. In flight, note black marks and patches on
underwings. Imm. very pale, each year becoming darker,
starting by acquiring black flight feathers after 1st molt,
reaching full Ad. plumage in 4th year. ♣ Tall forest. Call:
sharply fluted “tí-juww,” starting very high and gliding down.
R.
210
23.5 BLACK HAWK-EAGLE (Gavi o-pega-macaco)
Spizaetus tyrannus W 55 in./140 cm. Unmistakable in its
habitat. Note indistinct demarcation between black breast and
white-speckled belly and the black streak through eyes of
Imm. ♣ Fragmented habitat, forest edge and clearings,
riverine belts, semiopen woodland. Call: high, loud,
resounding “WEEuw.”
23.6 BLACK-AND-WHITE HAWK-EAGLE (Gavi o-pato)

Spizaetus (or Spizastur) melanoleucus W 51 in./130 cm.
Unmistakable by plumage pattern and bright yellow eyes,
cere, and feet. Indistinct crest, but black streak through
crown. Imm. as Ad. but slightly browner and with more dark
tail bars. ♣ Forest edge and clearings, esp. near rivers. Also in
riverine belts.
211
23.7 ORNATE HAWK-EAGLE (Gavi o-de-penacho)
Spizaetus ornatus W 51 in./130 cm. Ad. unmistakable by
color pattern. Imm. mostly whitish below with striped thighs
and some mottling on underwing coverts. ♣ Prefers
continuous forest. Call: high, ringing “Wéew”; song: high
“wu-wúutwu-wu-wu- -” in unstructured series.
Eagles
212
213
Plate 24
24.1 AMERICAN KESTREL (Quiriquiri) Falco sparverius L

9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by small size, distinctive head
pattern, and general coloring. ♣ Open landscape, savanna.
Perches on poles and wires, but also hovers if breeze is strong
enough. Not very vocal, but might give a rapid series of
5–10 “kli” notes as “kliklikliklikli---”
24.2 EURASIAN KESTREL Falco tinnunculus

(Penei-reiro-de-dorso-malhado) L 13.8 in./35 cm. From
smaller 24.1 by all-rufous wings of and less distinctive
head pattern of and . ♣ Open or lightly wooded country.
Might give a rapid series of 5–10 very high, loud, sharp
“kli” notes as “kliklikliklikli---” (louder and sharper than
24.1). V.
214
24.3 APLOMADO FALCON (Falc o-de-coleira) Falco
femoralis L 15.7 in./40 cm. Very distinctive by pale eyebrow
and long tail. Underwings not so black as in 24.4 and 24.5.
May hover. ♣ Savanna, open areas in forest–grassland
mosaics. Generally silent, but might give a sudden high,
sharp “wic!” V.
24.4 ORANGE-BREASTED FALCON (Falc

o-depeito-laranja) Falco deiroleucus L 13.8 in./35 cm. From
smaller 24.5 by less compact, longer-tailed jizz. Rufous rim to
black at neck sides and upper breast diagnostic. ♣ Open
forest, esp. at water. Call: long string of very high “kip”
notes.
24.5 BAT FALCON (Cauré) Falco rufigularis L 9.8 in./25

cm. Small and compact. Normally with white breast and neck
sides, but some birds do have rufous on chest, causing
confusion with larger, less compactly built 24.4. ♣ Forest,
215
woodland, riverine belts, wooded savanna, town parks.
Call: long string of very high, weak, slightly shrill “wee”
notes.
24.6 MERLIN (Esmerilh o) Falco columbarius L 9.8 in./25

cm. Small and compact. Hunts flying birds in fast flight. ♣
Vagrant from the N hemisphere, where found in open
woodland. Usually silent. V.
24.7 PEREGRINE FALCON (Falc o-peregrino) Falco

peregrinus L 15.7 in./40 cm. Occurrence of at least 2 sspp. in
Brazil possible: anatum (a, shown perched and in flight) and
tundrius (b, with narrower stripe down eyes). ♣ Often near
cliffs and outcrops in open woodland, savanna, rocky coasts,
high buildings. Generally silent, though “kek” (single or in
series) might be given.
216
24.8 SPOT-WINGED FALCONET (Falc o-de-asa-pintada)
Spiziapteryx circumcincta L 11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable by
head pattern and, in flight, white rump. Note yellow eyes. ♣
Open, dry areas. Probably rather silent away from breeding
grounds in Argentina and Bolivia. V. to São Pedro and São
Paulo Archipelago.
24.9 LAUGHING FALCON (Acau ) Herpetotheres

cachinnans L 19.7 in./50 cm. Unmistakable by large size,
black mask, big-headed jizz, and buff-rufous in spread wings.
♣ Forest edge, riverine belts, large trees in savanna. Call:
slow series of mid-high, nasal “wow” notes (1 ×/2–3 sec);
song: very long, slow series of high, nasal “wah” notes, as
“wah wah wah - -,” or strings of joined “who” notes (neither
particularly laughing).
217
24.10 BLACK CARACARA (Gavi o-de-anta) Daptrius ater
W 35.5 in./90 cm. Forest dweller, living and foraging in
groups in canopy, understory, and on ground. Not shy. Noisy.
From larger 24.11 by lack of white in plumage. Note yellow
bare skin at head of Imm. (shown in flight). ♣ Forest edge and
clearings near rivers, riverine belts, mangrove. Call: high,
drawn-out, raucous, downslurred shriek.
24.11 RED-THROATED CARACARA (Gralh o) Ibycter

americanus W 41 in./105 cm. White belly and vent
diagnostic. ♣ Forest edge and adjacent areas. Call/ song:
raucous, unnerving, loud, far-carrying “è’è’aaohw” in chorus.
218
Kestrels / Falcons / Caracaras
219
220
Plate 25
FOREST-FALCONS: Infrequently seen, but often heard. Differ

from Accipiter hawks by graduated tail with white bands (not
squarish with pale gray bands), more extensive bare skin
around the eyes, and, often, by eye color.
25.1 BARRED FOREST-FALCON (Falc o-caburé)

Micrastur ruficollis L 13.8 in./35 cm. The Amazonian ssp.
concentricus only occurs in a gray form (a), while the SE
Nom. (b) only occurs as brown form; a separable from 25.2
and 25.3 by brown, yellow, or ochre eyes, three white tail
bars, and denser barring below, extending to vent. Imm. not
safely separable from Imm. 25.2 (which may have white spots
on uppertail coverts). ♣ Understory and middle levels of
forest and second growth. Call/song: varies per region;
may be a slow series of mid-high “tjew---” or “tjow---” notes
(2 ×/3 sec).
25.2 LINED FOREST-FALCON (Falc o-mateiro) Micrastur

gilvicollis L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note white eyes of adult, double
tail bar and—in most cases—lack of barring to vent. Imm.
may show white spots to uppertail coverts. No rufous form. ♣
Understorey of wet forest. Call/song: generally similar to
25.1; also series as “tooh tuh tuh.”
221
25.3 CRYPTIC FOREST-FALCON (Falc o-críptico)
Micraster mintoni L 13.8 in./35 cm. From 25.1–2 by single
broad tail bar and restricted barring to underparts. Extent of
barring below variable from almost absent to extending from
chin to belly. Legs of 25.2 and 25.3 are pale yellow, not
yellow or pink as shown. ♣ Forest. Call/song: mid-high,
nasal “tjow,” single-noted or in series.
25.4 COLLARED FOREST-FALCON (Falc o-relógio)

Micrastur semitorquatus L 19.7 in./50 cm. Variable; three
color forms (a, b, c) shown. Form a is very similar to 25.5
(which is smaller and has shorter legs). Scaling and barring of
underparts of Imm. extend over belly to vent. ♣ Forest, dry
woodland, riverine belts, mangrove. Call: peacock-like
“owl.”
222
25.5 BUCKLEY’S (or Traylor’s) FOREST-FALCON (Falc
o-de-buckley) Micraster buckleyi L 17.7 in./45 cm. Cf. 25.4.
Ad. may have some white spots on secondaries; Imm. without
markings on lower belly and vent. ♣ Forest and second
growth. Call/song: high, slightly nasal, pitiful
“au-auw-auw.”
25.6 SLATY-BACKED FOREST-FALCON (Tanatau)

Micrastur mirandollei L 15.7 in./40 cm. Note dark eyes. Ad.
without barring of underparts; Imm. scaled, not barred below.
♣ Forest and secondary growth near rivers, normally in
understory. Call: high, nasal, mourning “aah-aa-haah- -
oh’aah.”
223
25.7 CRESTED (Northern) CARACARA (Caracará-do-norte)
Caracara (or Polyborus) cheriway W 51 in./130 cm. Imm. is
browner than Ad. and lacks barring on chest. ♣ Ranchland,
fields, savanna, plantations, marsh, fragmented forest.
Generally silent.
25.8 SOUTHERN CARACARA (Caracará) Caracara (or

Polyborus) plancus W 51 in./130 cm. From 25.7 by mainly
brownish, often lightly barred scapulars and densely
pale-barred lower back. ♣ Wooded open country, fields,
pasture land, marsh. Generally silent.
224
25.9 YELLOW-HEADED CARACARA (Carrapateiro)
Milvago chimachima W 37 in./95 cm. Unmistakable by
creamy body and characteristic black line starting behind eye.
In flight, notice conspicuous white panels in wings. Imm.
differs from rather similar 25.10 by distinctive streaking,
while 25.10 appears more or less uniform gray-brown. ♣
Savanna, fields, ranchland. Call; screechy, steeply
downslurred shriek that starts very high, like “shréeeeeeah.”
25.10 CHIMANGO CARACARA (Chimango) Milvago

chimango W 35.5 in./90 cm. Rather featureless when perched
or walking but with white panel in wings when flying. From
Imm. 25.9 by more uniform gray-brown underparts and
nearly unbarred tail. ♣ Open areas, agricultural land,
wetlands, beaches, developed areas. Call: screechy, rather
thin, steeply downslurred shriek, that starts very high, like
“kéeeeeeah.”
225
Forest-Falcons / Caracaras
226
227
Plate 26
26.1 GREATER RHEA (Ema) Rhea americana H 43 in./110

cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Savanna, dry scrubland. Silent. R.
26.2 DWARF TINAMOU (Inhambu-carape) Taoniscus nanus

L 5.9 in./15 cm. Coloring variable, whitish below, as shown,
or deep buff. Very small, recalling small dove or Old World
quail. ♣ Thorn-scrub, savanna, secondary forest. Call/song:
extr. high “tírri-tih - -” in irregular series. R.
26.3 GRAY TINAMOU (Azulona) Tinamus tao L 17.7 in./45

cm. Note large size, grayish plumage. and freckled-white
stripes to sides of neck. ♣ Forest, second growth, riverine
belts in scrubland. Song: often in duet; high, clear, level
“whuuu” (at long intervals).
228
26.4 GREAT TINAMOU (Inhambu-de-cabeça-vermelha)
Tinamus major L 17.7 in./45 cm. Note large size and
rufescent head ♣ Seasonally flooded forest. Song: varied,
often a series of beautiful, clear, long, whistled notes that
slightly rise and follow each other closely or with short
intervals.
26.5 SOLITARY TINAMOU (Macuco) Tinamus solitarius L

17.7 in./45 cm. As 26.3 but brownish, not gray, and in
different range. ♣ Forest, preferable without undergrowth.
Song: series of about 4 long, clear, calmly descending,
whistled notes, with a longer interval after the 1st note “whu
whu-whu-whu” (3 sec). R.
229
26.6 WHITE-THROATED TINAMOU (Inhambu-galinha)
Tinamus guttatus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note distinct spotting to
wings, back, and rump. ♣ Terra firme. Song: a few slow,
eerie, slightly descending, fluted notes at up to 2-sec intervals.
26.7 RED-WINGED TINAMOU (Perdiz) Rhynchotus

rufescens L 15.7 in./40 cm. Unmistakable by general color
pattern. Note long, curved bill. ♣ Humid habitats such as wet
grassland; also in savanna woodland. Song: short, slightly
descending series of high, fluted “wJWRjuh wir-ju-ju”
(“JWR” transposed one octave higher).
230
26.8 SPOTTED NOTHURA (Codorna-amarela) Nothura
maculosa L 9.8 in./25 cm. Color highly variable between
much darker than shown and much paler. Legs dull. Only
nothura with both webs of flight feathers barred (inner webs
uniformly dark in 26.9 and 26.10). ♣ Ranchland, savanna,
scrubland. Song: high, crescendoing “wirrrrrrur” trill (4
sec), that might be followed by sharp, double-fluted “wíh wíh
wíh - - tjutjutju tjuh.”
26.9 LESSER NOTHURA (Codorna-mineira) Nothura minor

L 7.5 in./19 cm. Very similar to 26.8, but smaller and
generally more rufescent coloring. ♣ Grassland and shrub at
700–1000 m. Generally avoids areas with short grasses
(unlike 26.8). En, R.
26.10 WHITE-BELLIED NOTHURA (Codorna-do-nordeste)

Nothura boraquira L 9.8 in./25 cm. Often with conspicuous
whitish belly and dark crown. Bright yellow legs diagnostic.
231
♣ Dry grassland, sparsely wooded savanna. Song: high,
fluted “fuuu-wíh” (2nd part short and slightly higher).
Rheas / Tinamous
232
233
Plate 27
27.1 CINEREOUS TINAMOU (Inhambu-preto) Crypturellus

cinereus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Characterized by unmarked dark
gray plumage with pinkish legs. May show some white
speckling to throat. ♣ Forest, wooded savanna, plantations.
Song: very calm series of single, high, very pure, fluted notes
(2 birds may sing together at different pitches).
27.2 BLACK-CAPPED TINAMOU

(Inhambu-de-coroa-preta) Crypturellus atrocapillus L 11.8
in./30 cm. No other tinamou with combination of densely
barred plumage and pink-red legs in (restricted) range. ♣
Forest, flood plains in forest. Song: rather low, fluted, fast
“wu’oh’wo” (“oh” higher, 1 ×/sec).
27.3 BROWN TINAMOU (Inhambuguaçu) Crypturellus

obsoletus L 11.8 in./30 cm. From smaller 27.7 by grayish
234
throat and barred vent (often not easily seen). Belly pale
buff-gray in ssp. griseiventris (Santarém region) ♣ Humid
forest, second growth. Up to 1800 m in SE, but in lowlands in
Amazon. Where overlaps with 27.7 in E, restricted to
highlands. Song: series of high, loud, vehement, fluted
notes “TJUR-Tjur-WUtWUtWUtWUT” (last long phrase
may be continued and upslurred).
27.4 UNDULATED TINAMOU (Jaó) Crypturellus undulatus

L 11.8 in./30 cm. Several sspp.; W yapura (a) and undulatus
(b; Pantanal region) shown; remaining sspp. most like a. Note
whitish throat, faintly scaled vent, rather plain back (finely
vermiculated if seen well), and lack of bright/contrasting head
in a; b is only Crypturellus in range with conspicuously
barred upperparts. ♣ Forest, riverine belts, dry scrub, forest
remains. Song: sequence of three high, pure, fluted notes;
last one slightly higher, like “fjuu fjuu-fjuu?”
235
27.5 VARIEGATED TINAMOU (Inhambu-anhangá)
Crypturellus variegatus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Characterized by
blackish crown and face sides and by heavy, dark barring of
upperparts. From 28.2 mainly by darker cap. ♣ Forest edge
and clearings. Song: calm, slightly rising series of about
5–7 high, fluted notes, 1st one longest, the others rising or
lilting up.
27.6 RED-LEGGED TINAMOU

(Inhambu-de-perna-vermelha) Crypturellus erythropus L 11.8
in./30 cm. Overall dark rufous plumage with pale and dark
barred upperparts, mouse-gray breast, and crimson legs. ♣
Open forest, open woodland, thorn scrub, slightly wooded
grassland with some bush. Song: calm series of 3 low,
slightly rising, fluted notes, last one shortest or missing.
27.7 LITTLE TINAMOU (Tururim) Crypturellus soui L 9.8

in./25 cm. Strength of colors variable; of Amazon sspp.
236
generally duller than typical (as shown); both sexes of
Atlantic ssp. intermediate. Note small size, gray head
(dark-capped in N), whitish throat, and plain upper-parts. ♣
Forest, dense woodland. Mainly in humid regions, but locally
extending into nearby drier areas. Song: high, fluted
“fjuuu-wirrr” or “fjuuuwi-wurrrr”; last part always as
tremolo.
27.8 YELLOW-LEGGED TINAMOU (Jaó-do-sul)

Crypturellus noctivagus L 11.8 in./30 cm. No similar barred
tinamou in range. Note distinctive pale eyebrow. ♣ Forest,
wooded savanna, riverine belts, thorn scrub. Song: series of
4 low, mournful “wooh wuwúwu” notes. En, R.
27.9 GRAY-LEGGED TINAMOU (Inhambu-de-pe-cinza)

Crypturellus duidae L 11.8 in./30 cm. Very restricted range
and not in range of other pale-barred tinamous. ♣ Dense
237
forest, woodland with bush. Song: mid-high, drawn-out
and slightly rising, fluted “fuuuuuúh?”
27.10 BRAZILIAN TINAMOU (Inhambu-relogio)

Crypturellus strigulosus L 11.8 in./30 cm. shows distinct
barring of tail and tail coverts. Pattern of barring more
“wavy” than other tinamous. ♣ Dense humid forest. Song:
3 high, fluted notes, merging into each other, the 1st very
long, 2nd long and higher, 3rd short (almost like the sound of
a wet finger over the rim of a glass).
Tinamous
238
239
Plate 28
28.1 RUSTY TINAMOU (Inhambu-carijo) Crypturellus

brevirostris L 9.8 in./25 cm. Barring of wings coarser than on
rest of body. ♣ Flood plains in dense forest.
28.2 BARTLETT’S TINAMOU (Inhambu-anhangai)

Crypturellus bartletti L 9.8 in./25 cm. Overall browner
plumage and fainter barring than other barred tinamous in
range. ♣ Dense forest. Song: series of high, beautiful,
short, fluted notes, which might rise 1 note after the 1st few.
28.3 SMALL-BILLED TINAMOU (Inhambu-chororo)

Crypturellus parvirostris L 9 in./23 cm. Difficult to
distinguish from slightly larger 28.4, but is overall browner
with dark red, not purplish, legs and has different (softer)
voice. No other tinamou with red bill but 28.4. ♣ Forest,
scrubby grassland, riverine belts, open woodland. Song:
240
odd series, that starts with one or more high, sharp, stressed,
well-separated, staccato “TRIH” notes, then rapidly
accelerates in a descending almost-trill, to end in a few low
“tjuuh” notes.
28.4 TATAUPA TINAMOU (Inhambu-chint ) Crypturellus

tataupa L 9.8 in./25 cm. Cf. 28.3. ♣ Wet places at forest edge.
Song: a very short version of 28.3 like “frrúh
frrúhfruhfruhfru.”
28.5 ? BARRED TINAMOU Crypturellus casiquiare L 9.8

in./25 cm. Unmistakable by bright orange-rufous head and
barred upperparts. ♣ Dense forest. Song: very long, slightly
rising, then lowering and decelerating series of high, short,
fluted notes, at the end again and again another note, long
after you think the series has stopped. (Occurs just outside
Brazil in Columbia and Venezuela.)
241
28.6 GRAY-WINGED TRUMPETER
(Jacamim-de-costas-cinzentas) Psophia crepitans L 19.7 in./
50 cm. Jizz of trumpeters is unmistakable. Each species has
its own range. This species differs from 28.7 and 28.8 by
orange band across mantle. ♣ Dense, moist forest away from
settlements. Alarm call: loud, harsh “GRAH” notes; song:
very low humming, like “wuh-wuh-wuh wuh wuh - -.”
28.7 PALE-WINGED TRUMPETER

(Jacamim-de-costas-brancas) Psophia leucoptera L 19.7 in./
50 cm. CW Nom. (a, with white lower back) and NW ssp.
ochroptera (b, with orange-buff lower back) shown. ♣ Dense,
moist forest away from settlements. Alarm call: loud, harsh
“KRETCH” notes; song: very low “wuh wuh wuh - -,” as
from a dog giving warning growls.
242
28.8 DARK-WINGED TRUMPETER
(Jacamim-de-costas-verdes) Psophia viridis L 19.7 in./50 cm.
The three sspp. C Nom. (a, with dusky back), green-backed C
viridis (b), and all-black NE obscura (c) are to be split in
separate species. ♣ Dense, moist forest away from
settlements. Call: high “Tsets” notes.
28.9 LIMPKIN (Car o) Aramus guarauna L 27.5 in./70 cm.

From ibises by straight bill. ♣ Wooded, scrubby marsh, thick
vegetation at edges of lakes in woodland. Call: high,
wailing, cranelike “wreeer wreeer wreeer.”
243
28.10 HOATZIN (Cigana) Opisthocomus hoazin L 23.5 in./
60 cm. Unmistakable by general jizz and color pattern.
Clambers among branches near or over water, the Juvs. aided
to do so by “prehistoric” claws at wing bend. ♣ Prefers tall
vegetation (esp. the calla-lily–like Montrichardia
arborescens) at the edge of lakes and rivers. Call: hoarse
grunts, like “vruuh” or, in series, “w’vruh vrih wi-vruh.”
Tinamous / Trumpeters / Limpkin / Hoatzin
244
Plate 29
245
29.1 WHITE-CRESTED GUAN (Jacupiranga) Penelope
pileata L 31.5 in./80 cm. Contrasting rich rufous below and
dark brown above. Note that rufous extends to neck and
crown. Not in range of 29.2–29.7. ♣ Dense forest. Call:
low, raucous yelping “EhUh” or “u’u’u’u’u.” En, R.
29.2 CHESTNUT-BELLIED GUAN

(Jacu-de-barriga-castanha) Penelope ochrogaster L 27.5 in./
70 cm. Less contrasting colors than 29.1, with neck brown,
same as color of rest of upperparts. Not in range of 29.1 and
29.3–29.7. ♣ Wet spots in woodland, woodland at water and
swamps, riverine belts. En, R.
29.3 WHITE-BROWED GUAN (Jacucaca) Penelope

jacucaca L 25.6 in./65 cm. Overall dark with distinctive white
eyebrow. Not in range of other guans. ♣ Dry woodland and
forest patches. Call: low, harsh cackling; song: low,
raucous, barking “wrah-wrah- -.” En, R.
246
29.4 MARAIL GUAN (Jacumirim) Penelope marail L 25.6
in./65 cm. From 29.5A by different range. ♣ High dense
forest, esp. near water. Call: low, barked “wrah” at 1-sec
intervals.
29.5 RUSTY-MARGINED GUAN (Jacupemba) Penelope

superciliaris L 25.6 in./65 cm. Typically with narrow white
eyebrow (b), but this greatly reduced in S (a), or rufous in NE
(not shown). Diagnostic rusty edging of tertials sometimes
worn off, but only Penelope guan without whitish edging to
mantle or wing coverts. ♣ Often at edges of lakes and rivers
in forest, woodland, riverine belts. Call: low, barked
“wruh-wruh- -.”
247
29.6 SPIX’S GUAN (Jacu-de-spix) Penelope jacquacu L 27.5
in./70 cm. Resembles 29.2 but with less contrasting face
sides. No other guan in range. ♣ Humid forest, forest edges,
clearings, riverine belts. Call: very low, forcefully exhaled
“orc orc - -.”
29.7 DUSKY-LEGGED GUAN (Jacuaçu) Penelope obscura

L 27.5 in./70 cm. Legs dusky. Typically with broad white
forehead (shown), but this is reduced in S. Only Penelope
guan in range with whitish edging to wing coverts and
mantle. ♣ Tall forest, woodland and forest patches in
grassland. Call: very high, fluted/yelping
“wuut-wuut-wuut- -”; song: high, rapid, nasal “wee-wu
wee-wu - -.”
248
29.8 RED-THROATED PIPING-GUAN (Cujubi) Aburria (or
Pipile) cujubi L 29.5 in./75 cm. NC Nom. (a) and S and W
ssp. nattereri (b, with smaller dewlap and not uniform white
crest) shown. Not in range of 29.10. Some hybridization with
29.9 where their ranges meet. (The evidence for the split is
weak, and 29.8 and 29.9 are perhaps better treated as
conspecific). ♣ Forest, riverine belts.
29.9 BLUE-THROATED PIPING-GUAN

(Jacutinga-de-garganta-azul) Aburria (or Pipile) cumanensis
L 25.5 in./65 cm. NW Nom. (a) and SW ssp. grayi (b, with
mainly white dewlap) shown. ♣ Forest in steep, hilly country
away from settlement; also in riverine belts. Song: calm
series of up to 10 rising, clear, piped/whistled
“peeé-peeé--peeé” notes.
249
29.10 BLACK-FRONTED PIPING-GUAN (Jacutinga)
Aburria (or Pipile) jacutinga L 27.5 in./70 cm. White eyering
in black face sides diagnostic. ♣ Near streams and rivers in
Atlantic forest. R.
Guans
250
251
Plate 30
30.1 SPECKLED CHACHALACA (Aracu ) Ortalis guttata

L 19.7 in./50 cm. W Nom. (a) and E ssp. araucuan (b,
whitish below, head chestnut, dark legs) and heads of sspp.
squamata (c, darkest), remota (d, only one specimen known)
and subaffinis (e, as a, but with brown face sides) shown. Not
in range of 30.2–30.4. ♣ Low woodland, palm groves, second
growth, sometimes at forest edge. Dawn song: cacophony
of communal cackling, based on “wírre-wò.”
30.2 VARIABLE CHACHALACA (Aracu -pequeno) Ortalis

motmot L 19.7 in./50 cm. Note rufous color of head. Not in
ranges of 30.1, 30.3, and 30.4. ♣ In dense undergrowth at
edges of open spaces in forest and woodland. Voice as
30.1, but more vehement and more based on “wUrre-wò.”
May also cackle like a frightened chicken or utter harsh “whut
whut wruh-Wrah-WRAAH-WRAAh - -.”
252
30.3 BUFF-BROWED CHACHALACA (Aracu
-de-sobrancelhas) Ortalis superciliaris L 17.7 in./45 cm. Buff
brow diagnostic. There is some N–S variation in this species:
birds near the coast look lighter, esp. on the chest, which can
be quite brownish gray. Not in range of 30.1, 30.2, and 30.4.
♣ Thickets. Dawn song: harsh, cackled, repeated
“TJURRE-wruh.” En.
30.4 CHACO CHACHALACA (Aracu -do-pantanal) Ortalis

canicollis L 21.5 in./55 cm. Head and neck slightly darker,
but otherwise same color as rest of upperparts. Not in range of
30.1– 30.3. ♣ Swampy forest, riverine belts, dry, open
woodland, second growth. Dawn song: hoarse, harsh
cackling “fruh frudder’t’ Truh.”
253
30.5 CRESTED BOBWHITE (Uru-do-campo) Colinus
cristatus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Unmistakable by crest, rufous cheek
spots, spotted underparts and (unlike 30.6–30.8) in open
habitat. ♣ Savanna, agricultural land, roadsides, woodland
edges. Song: 3 very high, rising, well-separated, nasal
notes “uh uh u’Wéet,” (middle note often omitted, so that the
remainder may sound as “bob White”).
30.6 MARBLED WOOD-QUAIL (Uru-corcovado)

Odontophorus gujanensis L 9.8 in./25 cm. As other
wood-quails a forest dweller, differing from tinamous by
compact build and short legs. Note overall fine barring
between rufous blotches. Normally with distinct, off-white
patch behind eye (not shown). ♣ Tall forest floor, second
growth. Song: sustained, fast, high, rolling, piped
“toot-oh-wi-toot-oh-wi - - -” in duet (“wi” given by partner),
after some time slightly losing in speed and pitch as if the
birds get tired.
254
30.7 SPOT-WINGED WOOD-QUAIL (Uru) Odontophorus
capueira L 11.8 in./30 cm. Characterized by uniform gray
underparts. ♣ Atlantic forest, second growth. Song: high,
piped, clear “wéer-wrur wéer-wrur - -.”
30.8 STARRED WOOD-QUAIL (Uru-de-topete)

Odontophorus stellatus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Mainly rufous below.
Pale rump accentuated by dark mantle and wings. Bare facial
skin yellowish. ♣ Forest floor. Song: high, piped, hurried
“coo-currucoo” of pair.
255
30.9 RED-LEGGED SERIEMA (Seriema) Cariama cristata
L 35 in./90 cm. Unmistakable by size, jizz, and voice. Shy. ♣
More or less dry areas; open woodland, scrub, savanna.
Song: calm series of nasal, well-separated, and accentuated
“hah-hah” notes, lilting up and then down again.
30.10 SNOWY (or Pale-faced) SHEATHBILL

(Pomba-antártica) Chionis albus L 15.7 in./40 cm.
Unmistakable by white color and pigeonlike proportions. ♣
Patrols rocky and sandy shores, esp. near seabird colonies. V.
Chachalacas / New World Quails / Seriema / Sheathbill
256
257
Plate 31
31.1 NOCTURNAL (or Rufous) CURASSOW (Urumutum)

Nothocrax urumutum L 21.5 in./55 cm. No similar bird in
range. Note black crest and pale tips of outer tail feathers.
Sings at night. ♣ Moist or partially flooded forest. Song:
very low, humming series of short “mum” notes, sustained for
hours at night “mum mum-mum-mum mum-mum mum - -.”
31.2 ALAGOAS CURASSOW (Mutum-do-nordeste) Mitu

mitu L 33.5 in./85 cm. Virtually extinct in the wild; remaining
birds are in two private collections as part of a
captive-breeding project under supervision of the Brazilian
wildlife agency (IBAMA). Breeding has been successful and
birds are to be spread among other collections soon (2007).
Note bare skin around ear and pale brown tips of tail feathers.
♣ Forest. En.
258
31.3 RAZOR-BILLED CURASSOW (Mutum-cavalo) Mitu
tuberosum L 33.5 in./85 cm. Only curassow with all tail
feathers tipped white. Note large bill. ♣ Forest, usually in
lowlands. Song: very low, almost inaudible growled
“wur-wur-wúr-wuhr-wuhr.”
31.4 CRESTLESS (or Lesser Razor-billed) CURASSOW

(Mutum-do-norte) Mitu tomentosum L 31.5 in./80 cm. From
other curassows by combination of chestnut belly and tail
tips. ♣ Thick undergrowth in forest. Song: very low, almost
inaudible, growled “wur-wur-wúr-wuhr-wuhr.”
31.5 BLACK CURASSOW (Mutum-poranga) Crax alector L

35 in./90 cm. In Brazil 2 sspp., yellow-billed NE Nom. (a)
and orange-red-billed NW erythrognatha (b). From 31.8 by
different range and all-black tail. ♣ Thick under-growth at
forest edge, riverine belts. Song: very low, almost
inaudible, hollow “wuuh wut-wut-wut.”
259
31.6 WATTLED CURASSOW (Mutum-de-fava) Crax
globulosa L 33.5 in./85 cm. From other curly-crested
curassows by different range and larger wattles at bill base (
) or red and black bill ( ). ♣ Forest (often at wet places),
riverine belts, forest patches in flood plains. Song: modest,
descending whistle, starting very high “weeeeiuw” (1 sec).
No low booming by this species known. R.
31.7 RED-BILLED CURASSOW

(Mutum-de-bico-vermelho) Crax blumenbachii L 33.5 in./85
cm. Cf. 31.6. ♣ Undergrowth of tall forest near water and at
edges and clearings. Call: low “oop” notes. En, R.
260
31.8 BARE-FACED CURASSOW (Mutum-de-penacho)
Crax fasciolata L 31.5 in./80 cm. Cf. 31.5 and 31.6. Note
small white tips of outer tail feathers ( ). Two sspp.,
differing in , heavily barred Nom. (a) and thinly waved,
critically endangered pinima (b, restricted to Pará and
Maranhão east of the Tocantins R.). ♣ Forest, woodland,
riverine belts. Song: low, hoarse “e-ur” notes of pair, like
grunting of domestic pigs.
31.9 RED JUNGLEFOWL (Galinha-doméstica) Gallus gallus

L 27.5 in./70 cm ( ), 17.7 in./45 cm ( ). Shown is original
wild Junglefowl from Asia; birds seen walking about in rural
areas are very variable, usually long-legged and long-necked.
No established feral population in Brazil. ♣ Prefers edge of
moist forest and second growth. (No map). I.
31.10 HELMETED GUINEAFOWL (Fraca-da-guiné)

Numida meleagris L 21.5 in./55 cm. Ssp. galeata.
261
Unmistakable by jizz and spotting. ♣ Prefers dry natural and
cultivated areas with tree and shrub cover. (No map.) I.
Curassows / Junglefowl / Guineafowl
262
263
Plate 32
32.1 SPECKLED RAIL (Pinto-d”água-carijó) Coturnicops

notatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Very dark overall, narrow pale area
from chin to vent (32.8 and 33.3 are dark gray to black below,
narrowly barred white). In flight, shows white wing patch
formed by secondaries. ♣ Wet grassland, marsh, swamps, rice
fields. Soft calls and song, barely audible from some
distance.
32.2 OCELLATED CRAKE (Maxalalagá) Micropygia

schomburgkii L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable by orange
plumage with rows of black-margined white drop-shaped
spots. ♣ More or less muddy areas in dense grassland with
some scrub and tree cover. Call: high, wailing “uVéeeer”
shriek. as from a crying baby.
264
32.3 CHESTNUT-HEADED CRAKE (San
-de-cabeça-castanha) Anurolimnas castaneiceps L 7.9 in./20
cm. From 32.4 and 32.5 by greenish yellow bill and legs. ♣
Forest, tall second growth, dense thickets. Song: in duet:
one bird gives high, clear, two-syllable “ú-weet” note, the
other cuts in with low “tée tr’rutter.” R.
32.4 RUSSET-CROWNED CRAKE (San -castanha)

Anurolimnas (or Laterallus) viridis L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note
black bill, red legs, buff streak through eyes, unmarked
flanks. ♣ Dense vegetation at woodland, roadsides,
cultivation; normally not in marsh. Song: beautiful yet
strange, dry rattling like the sound of a seashell wind chime or
someone going through a bead curtain.
32.5 BLACK-BANDED CRAKE (San -zebrada)

Anurolimnas (or Laterallus) fasciatus L 7.5 in./19 cm.
Black-barred, buff posterior underparts diagnostic. ♣ Tall
265
vegetation in wet places. Song: in duet; two parallel
running, long, very high, whinnying series of sharp, shivering
notes, which gradually change to a descending trill.
32.6 RUFOUS-SIDED CRAKE (San -parda) Laterallus

melanophaius L 6.3 in./16 cm. From 33.1 by dark olive
crown, darker greenish bill, buff vent, and olive-brown legs
and from 33.2 (with very restricted range) by uniform olive
wings. ♣ Dense vegetation at marshes, tall wet grassland.
Very varied vocalizations. Call: may be a very high “trrriuh”;
song: 3–5 sec long, thin, gradually lowered, shivering series
“sriririr--- riri” or series of low, toneless rasps
“grrra-grrra-grrra- -.”
32.7 GRAY-BREASTED CRAKE (San -do-capim)

Laterallus exilis L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable by head-neck
color pattern. ♣ Tall to short grass at water edge, rice fields.
266
Call: very high, angry “ti-tju-tju”; song: seemingly long,
dry, downslurred rattle (2–4 sec).
32.8 BLACK RAIL (Açan -preta) Laterallus jamaicensis L

5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable by very dark color pattern. Not
in range of 33.3. ♣ Fresh and saline marshes and grassland
with scattered small pools. Probably silent in South
America. V.
32.9 UNIFORM CRAKE (Saracura-lisa) Amaurolimnas

concolor L 7.9 in./20 cm. From 32.3 by brown forecrown,
more extensive rufous underparts and by generally different
range, from 32.4 by longer, green, not black, bill. ♣ Flooded
forest, wooded swamps, edges of mangrove, dense thickets.
Song: series of about 5–10, high, fluted, upslurred “tu-eeh”
notes (last few slightly lower).
267
32.10 WATTLED JACANA (Jaçan ) Jacana jacana L 9.8
in./25 cm. Unmistakable by very long toes and nails and by
color pattern. ♣ Wetland with floating vegetation and adjacent
grassland. Call: high, nasal chattering
“wit-wit-wit-wee-wee-wit- -”; song: as call, but slower.
Crakes / Rails / Jacana
268
269
Plate 33
33.1 RED-AND-WHITE CRAKE (San -vermelha)

Laterallus leucopyrrhus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Cf. 33.2. ♣ Marshy
areas, tussocky grassland with puddles.
33.2 RUFOUS-FACED CRAKE (San -de-cara-ruiva)

Laterallus xenopterus L 5.5 in./14 cm. From 32.6 and 33.1 by
extensive wing barring. ♣ Flooded, tussocky marsh areas. R.
33.3 DOT-WINGED CRAKE (San -cinza) Porzana

spiloptera L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable in its range by very
dark coloring. ♣ Fresh and salt marshes, wet to dry grassland.
R.
270
33.4 ASH-THROATED CRAKE (San -carijó) Porzana
albicollis L 7.9 in./20 cm. From 33.6 by scalloped patterning
of upper-parts and uniform greenish bill ♣ Drier parts of
marshy areas, grassland, roadsides, second growth. Song:
varied; e.g., series of mid-high, slightly descending
“prrraauw.”
33.5 YELLOW-BREASTED CRAKE (San -amarela)

Porzana flaviventer L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note very small size and
distinctive head pattern. ♣ Marsh, lake edges, flood plains,
rice fields.
271
33.6 PAINT-BILLED CRAKE (Turu-turu) Neocrex erythrops
L 7.5 in./19 cm. Red ring at base of pale green bill diagnostic.
♣ Tall vegetation in more or less wet places such as reed
beds, marsh, pastures. Call: very low, muttered series of
joined or disconnected “toc” notes, like “toctoctoc---toc.”
Song: varied; e.g., series of repeated, high, fluted “tjúh
tjuppetjup” notes; also very low “toc” notes that are gradually
transformed into high, loud, sharp “KITS” notes.
33.7 CLAPPER RAIL (Saracura-matraca) Rallus longirostris

L 13.8 in./35 cm. No other rail with similar barred rear parts
with such a long, decurved, red bill. ♣ Prefers mangrove.
Song: rapid series of scratchy, almost toneless “kreh” notes.
33.8 PLUMBEOUS RAIL (Saracura-do-banhado)

Pardirallus sanguinolentus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Very similar to
smaller 33.9 but differing by more pronounced dark feather
centers of upperparts and by orange spot at base of bill. ♣ Wet
272
places, ponds, ditches, often in agricultural surroundings.
Song: not rail-like; slightly hoarse, almost thrushlike
“tju-wéer” in a descending series of about 4–7 notes.
33.9 BLACKISH RAIL (Saracura-san ) Pardirallus

nigricans L 11.8 in./30 cm. Cf. 33.8. ♣ Wet areas with dense
vegetation. Song: series of steeply upslurred “rruweét”
notes, often in duets, with added bouncing down
“tit-titter-ur-ur-wu.”
33.10 SPOTTED RAIL (Saracura-carijó) Pardirallus

maculatus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Ad. easily recognizable by overall
striping, barring, and spotting in combination with long,
orange-based bill. Imms. occur in pale and dark (shown) color
form, the latter differs from larger adults (33.8 and 33.9)
mainly by paler legs and by some sparse white spotting. ♣
Swamps, marsh, rice fields, wet grassland.
273
Crakes / Rails
274
Plate 34
275
34.1 LITTLE WOOD-RAIL (Saracura-do-mangue) Aramides
mangle L 11.8 in./30 cm. From other wood-rails by all-gray
head and neck, from larger 34.3 also by rufous breast and
orange spot at base of bill. ♣ Mangrove, coastal and inland
marsh. En.
34.2 RED-WINGED WOOD-RAIL

(Saracura-de-asa-vermelha) Aramides calopterus L 11.8 in./
30 cm. Note gray belly and reddish wing patch. From 34.4 by
different range. ♣ Periodically inundated forest.
34.3 GRAY-NECKED WOOD-RAIL (Saracura-tr spotes)

Aramides cajanea L 13.8 in./35 cm. Head and neck all gray
except rufous hindcrown. ♣ At swamps, streams, and other
wet places in forest, second growth, woodland, mangrove,
rice fields. Song: laborious, nasal “áhák oh” in descending
series, in duet or chorus, becoming a cacophony (some low
notes sound like a baby sobbing).
276
34.4 SLATY-BREASTED WOOD-RAIL (Saracura-do-mato)
Aramides saracura L 13.8 in./35 cm. Only gray-bellied
wood-rail in range. ♣ Prefers wet places at or near forest and
woodland. Song: cacophonic chorus based on high, loud,
fluted “WéehWéeh woh.”
34.5 GIANT WOOD-RAIL (Saracuruçu) Aramides ypecaha

L 17.7 in./45 cm. From similar rufous-necked 34.2 (different
range) and from 34.4 by rufous, not gray, belly. ♣ Wet,
slightly wooded areas near water, such as swamps and
riverine belts. Song: unstructured shrieking, based on
“WRAAh-terrah” or “WRAAh-Tratah” in chorus.
277
34.6 SPOT-FLANKED GALLINULE (Frango-d”água-carijó)
Gallinula melanops L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by green
bill, black foreface, and by white flank spots. Differing from
crakes, for example, by frequenting open areas (normally seen
swimming at edge of water). ♣ Any water with floating
vegetation, wet savanna, reed beds. Call: soft, low “wut
wut - -.”
34.7 LESSER MOORHEN Gallinula angulata

(Frangod”água-menor) L 9.8 in./25 cm. From larger 34.8 by
color pattern of bill and lack of reddish leg garters. ♣ Swamps
and inundations with fringing and floating vegetation. V.
278
34.8 COMMON (Moorhen or) GALLINULE
(Frangod”água-comum) Gallinula chloropus L 13.8 in./35
cm. Unmistakable by white line along flanks and
yellow-tipped red bill. ♣ At edges of any type of water with
fringing vegetation. Call: low, snappy, nasal “wuh wuh -
-.”
34.9 AZURE GALLINULE (Frango-d”água-pequeno)

Porphyrio flavirostris L 9.8 in./25 cm. Azure-blue wings and
pale blue neck and head diagnostic. Imm. differs from Imm.
34.10 by white underparts and blue in wings. ♣
Well-vegetated marsh, rice fields, wet savanna, ponds with
floating vegetation. Rather silent, occasionally uttering
mid-high, nasal “u’wúr” notes in descending, slow series.
279
34.10 PURPLE GALLINULE (Frango-d”água-azul)
Porphyrio martinica L 11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable; no
similar shining blue bird in Brazil. ♣ Well-vegetated
wetlands, grassy swamps, water with floating and emergent
plants. Call: nasal chattering.
Wood-Rails / Gallinules / Moorhens
280
Plate 35
281
35.1 RED-GARTERED COOT (Carqueja-de-bico-manchado)
Fulica armillata L 17.7 in./45 cm. Bill pattern diagnostic. ♣
Waters with submerged and floating vegetation along edges.
Call: high, quick “whit”; song: mid-high, nasal
“wurt’t’wurt’t’wurt’t’wurt’the.”
35.2 RED-FRONTED COOT (Carqueja-de-escudo-vermelho)

Fulica rufifrons L 15.7 in./40 cm. Bill pattern diagnostic. ♣
Among vegetation in lakes and marshes. Call: typical
cootlike “kruh”; song: nasal, descending “pútput---pat-pat
pa.”
35.3 WHITE-WINGED COOT (Carqueja-de-bico-amarelo)

Fulica leucoptera L 15.7 in./40 cm. Lack of red in bill
diagnostic. In flight, white seam to secondaries. ♣ Waters
with submerged plants and short-grassed shores. Song:
unstructured barks as from a small dog: “wit wu wu wit-wut
wu - -.”
282
35.4 SUNBITTERN (Pav ozinho-do-pará) Eurypyga helias
L 17.7 in./45 cm. Unmistakable in its habitat. ♣ At forest
rivers and streams. Song: high, level or lowered, whistled
“fj’wooooh” or “fjuuuuu’wíh.”
35.5 SUNGREBE (Picaparra) Heliornis fulica L 11.8 in./30

cm. Unmistakable. Pumps head as it swims. ♣ Near and under
overhanging vegetation at edges of forest rivers, streams, and
lakes. Call: raucous, barking, and snapping
“wuhwuh-wroo-Wàh”; song: short, rapid series of
“oohke-oohke- -” (5–6×).
283
35.6 AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER (Piru-piru)
Hae-matopus palliatus L 17.7 in./45 cm. Unmistakable by
general color pattern and long, red bill. ♣ Sandy and pebbled
beaches, mud flats, salt marsh. Noisy. Call: very high,
sharp, staccato “peet peet pit peet - -” or, in flight,
“peet-peet-peereweet-peet- -.”
35.7 BLACK-NECKED STILT (Pernilongo-de-costasnegras)

Himantopus mexicanus L 15.7 in./40 cm. Nom. (a) and
white-crowned ssp. melanurus (b, White-backed Stilt
[Pernilongo-de-costas-brancas]) shown. have brown
upperparts, which are shiny blue in . ♣ Shallow water.
Can be noisy. Call: high, mewing
“wew-wew-wew-witwit-wew- -.”
35.8 DOUBLE-STRIPED THICK-KNEE

(Téu-téu-da-savana) Burhinus bistriatus L 17.7 in./45 cm.
Distinctive by high stance, yellow, staring eyes, and long tail
284
and wings. Note color pattern of wings in flight. Crepuscular.
♣ Open to sparsely wooded dry grassland. Call: quiet at
day, noisy at night; loud, high, yelping “rrr rr
wer-wer-were-wer-wer-wer- -,” cacophonic if in chorus.
35.9 COLLARED PRATINCOLE (Perdiz-do-mar) Glareola

pratincola L 9.8 in./25 cm. Sternlike, but brown and with
distinctive face pattern. Wings very dark underneath. ♣ Open
fields and savanna, normally near water. Call: high, sharp,
rather nasal “kerreu.” Recorded on Atol das Rocas. V.
35.10 [LEAST SEEDSNIPE (Agachadeira-mirim) Thinocorus

rumicivorus] L 7 in./18 cm. Not unlike a quail or
ground-dove. Note “waistcoat” as if buttoned over breast.
Underwing coverts black. ( same size as , but is painted
larger to show details). ♣ Open, dry, sparsely vegetated, stony
areas. Call: soft, high “wic-wic-wic.”
285
Coots / Sunbittern / Sungrebe / Oystercatcher / Stilt /
Thick-Knee / Pratincole / Seedsnipe
286
287
Plate 36
36.1 ? LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER

(Maçarico-de-bico-comprido) Limnodromus scol-opaceus L
11.8 in./30 cm. Not safely separable from 36.2 except by
flight call. Bill length of both dowitchers variable (bill length
of 36.1 might even be shorter than that of 36.2). Note color of
legs, striping of flanks, and rather heavy bill. ♣ Mainly at
freshwater sites, but also at salt marshes and mud flats.
Call: in flight, very high, whinnying, rapid “wi-wi-wi” (1–5×
“wi”). Erroneous record.
36.2 SHORT-BILLED (or Common) DOWITCHER

(Maçarico-de-costas-brancas) Limnodromus griseus L 9.8 in./
25 cm. Cf. 36.1. ♣ Mud flats near mangrove; also at pools in
brackish marsh. Call (in flight or when flushed): high,
rather sharp, rapid “tu-tu-tu” (2–3× “tu”).
288
36.3 HUDSONIAN GODWIT (Maçarico-de-bico-virado)
Limosa haemastica L 15.7 in./40 cm. Under- and upperwing
pattern diagnostic. From 36.10 by pink-based bill. ♣ Shallow
saline lakes and estuaries. Call: very high, nasal, thin
“wut-wéet-wit” (last “wit” may be missing).
36.4 BAR-TAILED GODWIT (Fuselo) Limosa lapponica L

15.7 in./40 cm. From 36.3 and 36.5 in N-br plumage by
patterned upperparts. Note tail barring and lack of wing bar. ♣
Normal winter habitat is wetlands close to sea coast. Call:
mid-high, loud, nasal “wut-wut wut-wut-wut.” V.
36.5 [MARBLED GODWIT (Maçarico-marmóreo) Limosa

fedoa] L 17.7 in./45 cm. Cinnamon coloring of wings, esp. of
unmarked underwing, diagnostic. Note upturned bill. ♣
Mainly coastal. Call: high, gull-like “weuh-weuh-weuh
querre-querre-querre.”
289
36.6 ESKIMO CURLEW (Maçarico-esquimó) Numenius
borealis L 11.8 in./30 cm. Smaller than 36.7, with relatively
thinner and shorter bill, buffier plumage, and less pronounced
stripes on sides of crown. ♣ Pampa. R (probably extinct;
worldwide no confirmed records since 1963).
36.7 WHIMBREL (Maçarico-galego) Numenius phaeopus L

17.7 in./45 cm. American ssp. haemastica (a) HUDSONIAN
CURLEW (Maçarico-do-bico-torto) without white to rump
and Eurasian Nom. (b), with white rump wedge, shown. ♣
Coastal beaches, mud flats, mangrove swamp. Call: high,
level, rapid, liquid-sounding “bibibibi” (up to 7× “bi”).
290
36.8 GREATER YELLOWLEGS
(Maçarico-grande-de-perna-amarela) Tringa melanoleuca L
11.8 in./30 cm. Note yellow legs and thin bill, which is longer
than head. Neck sides in N-br plumage more conspicuously
streaked and head proportionally larger than 36.9. ♣ Coastal
flats and lagoons, also in inland pastures and at streams and
pools. Call: high, loud, nasal “tjeew-tjeew-tjeew - - -” or,
in flight, high, nasal, falsetto “fjeet-fjee-wuh.”
36.9 LESSER YELLOWLEGS (Maçarico-de-perna-amarela)

Tringa flavipes L 9.8 in./25 cm. From 36.8 by shorter bill
(about length of head). Looks more elegant than 36.8. ♣
Normally on mud flats and lagoons, but may be seen inland.
Call: high, staccato “tjew-tjew-tjew- -” or, in flight, high,
slightly nasal “tiwtiwtiw.”
291
36.10 WILLET (Maçarico-de-asa-branca) Tringa (or
Catoptrophorus) semipalmata L 15.7 in./40 cm. From 36.3 by
shorter, straight, heavier bill, rather plump jizz, and, in flight,
by less black in tail pattern. ♣ Salt marshes, mud flats near
mangrove. Call: very high, excited shrieks and screams,
like “klee-li” or “willet,” often running together to very high,
sharp, often falsetto “weer-wee-wee” or musical, ascending
and descending “weedl-weedl-willet.”
Dowitchers / Godwits / Curlews / Yellowlegs / Willet
292
Plate 37
293
37.1 RUDDY TURNSTONE (Vira-pedras) Arenaria
interpres L 9.8 in./25 cm. Dark crescents on breast sides
diagnostic. Note drawn-in head and short legs. ♣ At sea coast
on rocky shores, sandy beaches with seaweed heaps, exposed
reefs. Flight call: high, rapid, staccato “djidjidji” or
“tju-tjutjutju.”
37.2 UPLAND SANDPIPER (Maçarico-do-campo)

Bartramia longicauda L 11.8 in./30 cm. Thin neck and long
tail diagnostic. Resembles other buff-brown waders but
differs by relatively short, pink-yellow bill and yellow legs.
Note pale central part of wing. ♣ Open grassland, bare fields,
burned areas. Call: high, rattling trill “wirrrrrrrrrr” or, in
flight, high, fast, fluted “weetweet.”
37.3 SPOTTED SANDPIPER (Maçarico-pintado) Actitis (or

Tringa) macularius L 7.5 in./19 cm. Tail protruding beyond
tail. Note white indent before wing (when perched). ♣
294
Vegetation at muddy or stony river edges, mangrove. Call:
hurried, clear “weét weét-weét-weét.”
37.4 SOLITARY SANDPIPER (Maçarico-solitário) Tringa

solitaria L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note squarish head, distinct eyering,
and greenish legs. Dark underwing diagnostic. ♣ Near
streams and other small bodies of waters in savanna. Rare at
coast. Call: very high, thin, soft “peet peet - -”; song: very
high, sharp, slightly descending “Pit-pee-wee.”
37.5 TEREK SANDPIPER Xenus cinereus L 9.8 in./25 cm.

Note characteristic upturned bill, dark V-mark on back
(which is fainter in N-br plumage), and, in flight, white
trailing edge to inner wings. ♣ Seashore, muddy lakes, creeks,
and river edges. V.
295
37.6 COMMON REDSHANK (Maçarico-de-perna-vermelha)
Tringa totanus L 19.7 in./50 cm. Broad white trailing edge to
wings in flight diagnostic. Note red legs and bill base, which
are also shown by some ruffs, but these have normally pale
base to shorter bill. ♣ Short grass at edge of water bodies.
Call: high, clear “teúhuuh” or “túwee.”
37.7 PIED LAPWING (Batuíra-de-espor o) Vanellus

cayanus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note conspicuous black and white V
on mantle and striking wing pattern. ♣ Open places at
savanna ponds, forest rivers, sea coast. Call; mid-high,
piped “wurt” (1–3×) together as angry-sounding, nasal, rapid
“wurtwurtwurt.”
296
37.8 SOUTHERN LAPWING (Quero-quero) Vanellus
chilensis L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable. Note long, thin
crest. ♣ Short-grazed ranchland, fields, wetlands, tidal flats.
Flight call: high, nasal “éuw-éuw-éuw- -.”
37.9 AMERICAN GOLDEN-PLOVER (Batuiruçu) Plu-vialis

dominica L 9.8 in./25 cm. From N-br 37.10 by smaller size,
slimmer build, some golden speckling on upperparts, less
distinct wing bar, more distinct white eyebrow, and unmarked
armpits. ♣ Short-grazed ranchland, fields, wetlands, tidal
flats. Call: very high, sharp, rising, fluted “t’tlueeét”
(higher-pitched than 37.10).
297
37.10 BLACK-BELLIED (or Gray) PLOVER
(Batuiruçu-de-axila-preta) Pluvialis squatarola L 11.8 in./30
cm. Black armpits in N-br plumage diagnostic. Note white
vent of Br plumage. ♣ Coastal mud flats and sandy beaches,
also at inland waters. Call: very high, clear, rising
“plueeét.”
Turnstone / Sandpipers / Redshank / Plovers
298
299
Plate 38
38.1 SEMIPALMATED PLOVER (Batuíra-de-bando)

Charadrius semipalmatus L 7 in./18 cm. Note thin eyering,
indistinct white eyebrow, starting behind eye, and rather
narrow collar without bulges at breast sides. Differs little
from slightly larger 38.2; best to distinguish by voice.
Webbed (semipalmated) feet not visible in the field. ♣
Beaches and shores free from vegetation, sandbanks, mud
flats. Call: high, nasal “tuwée.”
38.2 ? COMMON RINGED PLOVER

(Borrelho-grande-de-coleiro) Charadrius hiaticula L 6.3 in./
16 cm. Cf. 38.1. ♣ Seashore, lake edges, river banks. Call:
high “peep peep peep - -.” (Rare vagrant from Eurafrica to the
Americas, not yet seen in Brazil.)
300
38.3 PIPING PLOVER (Batuíra-melodiosa) Charadrius
melodus L 7 in./18 cm. From 38.1 by much paler plumage
and stockier build. ♣ Normally on sandy beaches. Call:
high “pip pip - -.” V.
38.4 WILSON’S (or Thick-billed) PLOVER (Batuíra-bicuda)

Charadrius wilsonia L 7 in./18 cm. Note heavy bill and rosy
legs. ♣ Barren sandy beaches of islands and lagoons. Breeds
in Brazil; status of migrant population in country, if any,
remains to be established. Call: very high “kwit” or
“kwirrit.”
38.5 COLLARED PLOVER (Batuíra-de-coleira) Charadrius

collaris L 5.9 in./15 cm. Characterized by lack of hind collar,
small size, and pink legs. ♣ Sandy beaches, estuaries, open,
sandy savanna. Call: high, musical “pirrt pirrit kwit-kwit -
-.”
301
38.6 TWO-BANDED PLOVER (Batuíra-de-coleira-dupla)
Charadrius falklandicus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Rather large with
black legs; normally with two breast bands as shown, but
upper one sometimes not closed over breast. ♣ Sandy and
stony seashores, wet savanna, gravel near streams and ponds.
Flight call: “prit.”
38.7 RUFOUS-CHESTED DOTTEREL (or Plover)

(Batuíra-de-peito-tijolo) Charadrius modestus L 7.5 in./19
cm. From other plovers by lack of any white to chin and
throat in Br and N-br plumage. Note plain wings in flight. ♣
Flooded and eroded grassland, marsh, mud flats, rocky
shores. Call: slightly lowered “puwee.”
302
38.8 TAWNY-THROATED DOTTEREL
(Batuíra-de-papo-ferrugíneo) Oreopholus ruficollis L 9.8 in./
25 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern and upright stance. ♣
Fields, grassland. Usually silent.
38.9 WILSON’S PHALAROPE (Pisa-n’água) Phalaropus

tricolor L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note long, thin bill, white rump
without central stripe, and, in flight, uniform wings. Yellow
legs (blackish in Br plumage) often visible because species
forages more often on land than 38.10, which is normally
seen swimming offshore. ♣ Coastal waters. Call: mid-high,
muffled “wuh-wuh-wuh-wuh -” and low, muffled cackling.
303
38.10 RED PHALAROPE (Falaropo-de-bico-grosso)
Phalaropus fulicarius L 7.9 in./20 cm. Habitat and blackish
ear streak (N-br plumage) diagnostic. ♣ Offshore,
occasionally inshore. Call: low, nasal, and slightly scratchy
“éuw éuw éuw - -.” V.
Plovers / Phalaropes
304
305
Plate 39
39.1 RED KNOT (Maçarico-de-papo-vermelho) Calidris

canutus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Rather large, short-legged, plump. In
N-br plumage almost uniform gray with greenish legs. Note
grayish (actually finely barred) rump and thin white wing
stripe. Incomplete Br plumage shown (full Br plumage has
more extensive rufous on sides of face). ♣ Beaches, mud flats.
Usually silent.
39.2 SANDERLING (Maçarico-branco) Calidris alba L 7.9

in./20 cm. In N-br plumage distinctive pale gray (almost
white) with dark wing shoulder. Striking white wing bar in
flight. Runs along the water’s edge, being chased by each
advancing wave. ♣ Sandy beach at the water line. Call;
very high, thin, hurried “tjuwtjuwtjuw---.”
306
39.3 SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER (Maçarico-rasteirinho)
Calidris pusilla L 5.5 in./14 cm. In N-br plumage more
uniform gray than other small sandpipers. Note rather deep
bill base. ♣ Mud flats, sandy beaches, occasionally in salt
marsh. Call: high “trí” and short twitters.
39.4 LEAST SANDPIPER (Maçariquinho) Calidris minutilla

L 5.5 in./14 cm. From 39.3 and 39.5 by yellowish legs. Full
breast band normally well defined. Thin bill slightly curved.
♣ Mainly freshwater mud flats with some low vegetation.
Call: very high, thin “sree sree -sreesree - -.”
39.5 WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER

(Maçarico-de-sobre-branco) Calidris fuscicollis L 6.7 in./17
cm. Note long wing projection, extending beyond tail at rest,
and flesh-colored bill base. White rump in flight diagnostic. ♣
Open mud flats at inland and coastal waters.
307
39.6 BAIRD’S SANDPIPER (Maçarico-de-bico-fino)
Calidris bairdii L 6.3 in./16 cm. Wings project beyond tail.
Legs blackish. Note the rather flattened body if seen from
behind. Avoids wading. ♣ Dry mud flats, grassland, marsh.
Call: very high, lonely-sounding “tueeh teeeh-teeeh?”
39.7 PECTORAL SANDPIPER (Maçarico-de-colete)

Calidris melanotos L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note slender jizz, slightly
decurved, flesh-colored base of bill, and pale yellowish legs.
Striped breast and white belly sharply demarcated. ♣ Mainly
at edges of freshwater lakes, flood plains, marsh. Call:
mid-high “churr churr -.”
308
39.8 STILT SANDPIPER (Maçarico-pernilongo) Calidris
himantopus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note distinctive long, dull
yellow legs, white rump and thin wing bar in flight. ♣ Fresh-
and saltwater mud flats. Usually silent.
39.9 BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER (Maçarico-acanelado)

Tryngites subruficollis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Prefers dry terrain.
Rather plump with thin, black bill, fine spotting on breast
sides, sandy-buff plumage. ♣ Short grassland, flood plains.
Usually silent. R.
309
39.10 [RUFF (Combatente) Philomachus pugnax] L 11.8 in./
30 cm ( ), 9.8 in./25 cm ( ). Normally seen in flocks with
distinctly larger than . Note plump body with rather
small head. esp. variable, even in N-br plumage (some
variants of Br plumage shown). Often has pale ring at base of
bill, as if smoking a black cigarette. ♣ Shallow water, wet
grassland, marsh, flood plains. Usually silent.
Knot / Sanderling / Sandpipers / Ruff
310
311
Plate 40
40.1 SOUTH AMERICAN (or Magellan) SNIPE

(Narceja-sul-americana) Gallinago paraguaiae L 11.8 in./30
cm. From 40.2 by yellowish legs and higher forehead.
Variable; darker specimens than shown possible. In flight
shows rufous in tail. ♣ Wet savanna. Call: low, rapid
“tsjac-tsjac-tsjac”; song: produced in aerial dive by outer
feathers of spread tail, sounds like “wh’wh’wh-wh-wh-wuh
wuh wih-wih” (1st half as vibrating, toneless rattle).
40.2 GIANT SNIPE (Narcej o) Gallinago undulata L 17.7

in./45 cm. Note large size, gray legs, and broad base to bill ♣
Tall grass, marsh, flood plains. Call (display call in flight):
as 40.1, but even lower-pitched, shorter, and without
vibrations.
312
40.3 SOUTH AMERICAN PAINTED-SNIPE
(Narceja-de-bico-torto) Nycticryphes semicollaris L 7.9 in./20
cm. Unmistakable by dark plumage, contrasting with white
“brazes,” wing spots, and belly. Note pale yellow,
down-curved bill. ♣ Open marsh, rice fields, short grassland.
40.4 SOOTY TERN (Trinta-réis-das-rocas) Onychoprion

fuscatus (or Sterna fuscata) L 15.7 in./40 cm. Unmistakable
by pied pattern of Ad. and spotted plumage of Imm. ♣
Offshore islands.
40.5 BLACK TERN (Trinta-réis-negro) Chlidonias niger L

9.8 in./25 cm. Note in N-br and in Imm. plumages short,
shallowly forked tail, compact, short-billed jizz, and dark
smudge in front of folded wing. ♣ In winter mainly over
coastal waters. Call: very high, sharp “sreét.” V.
313
40.6 LARGE-BILLED TERN (Trinta-réis-grande) Phaetusa
simplex L 15.7 in./40 cm. Unmistakable by large size, heavy,
yellow bill, and wing pattern. ♣ Beaches, mangrove,
estuaries. Call: mid-high, loud “mew.”
40.7 BROWN NODDY (Trinta-réis-escuro) Anous stolidus L

15.7 in./40 cm. From smaller 40.8 by less distinct division
between white crown and dark neck, also by paler underwing
and by contrasting bar over upperwing. ♣ Off-shore islands.
314
40.8 BLACK (or Lesser) NODDY (Trinta-réis-preto) Anous
minutus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Cf. 40.7. ♣ Offshore islands.
40.9 WHITE (or Fairy) TERN (Grazina) Gygis alba L 11.8

in./30 cm. Unmistakable by pure white plumage, seemingly
large eyes, and short, pointed bill. ♣ Coral islands.
40.10 BLACK SKIMMER (Talha-mar) Rynchops niger L

17.7 in./45 cm. Unmistakable by bill shape and fishing
method (ploughs, in fast flight, with lower mandible through
surface of water, until it touches fish, upon which bill
immediately snaps shut). ♣ Open coastal waters and rivers.
Call: nasal cackling.
315
Painted-Snipe / Snipes / Terns / Skimmer
316
317
Plate 41
41.1 ROYAL TERN (Trinta-réis-real) Thalasseus maximus

(or Sterna maxima) L 19.7 in./50 cm. Large size and orange
bill diagnostic. ♣ Coastal waters, estuaries. Call: very high
“trrreér” or “kree-ur.”
41.2 SANDWICH TERN (Trinta-réis-de-bando) Thalasseus

(or Sterna) sandvicensis L 15.7 in./40 cm. Sspp. acutiflavida
(b, N migrant with black, yellow-tipped bill) and eurygnatha
Cayenne Tern (a, South American breeder with all-yellow
bill). Bill color diagnostic but cf. 40.6. Cayenne Tern may
have yellow (c) or black legs. ♣ Beaches, coral flats,
estuaries. Call: very high “kreejik.”
41.3 ROSEATE TERN (Trinta-réis-róseo) Sterna dougallii L

15.7 in./40 cm. Note pale color of upperparts. Bill color partly
red (a) at start of breeding season, changing to black within a
few weeks (b). The long tail with white outer rectrices is
318
diagnostic; 41.5 has the outer rectrices with gray edges. ♣
Coastal waters, estuaries. Call: very high “kreee-er.” R.
41.4 SOUTH AMERICAN TERN

(Trinta-réis-de-bicovermelho) Sterna hirundinacea L 15.7 in./
40 cm. In all Ad. plumages has all-red bill (occasionally with
small dark tip). From 41.5, by tail reaching beyond wingtips
when perched; differs from 41.6 and 41.7 by more uniform
gray upperwing, larger size, heavier bill, longer tail, and less
pelagic habitat. ♣ Coastal waters, estuaries, harbors.
41.5 COMMON TERN (Trinta-réis-boreal) Sterna hirundo L

13.8 in./35 cm. Characteristic black tip to red bill in Br
plumage. Tail not projecting. Strong dark accent to wing bend
in N-br and Imm. plumage. Note wing pattern in 1st W with
rather dark secondaries. ♣ Coastal and inland along large
rivers. Call; very high “kreeeeejur” (“jur” lower in pitch).
319
41.6 ARCTIC TERN (Trinta-réis-ártico) Sterna paradisaea L
13.8 in./35 cm. From 41.5 by shorter legs, rounder head,
shorter bill, and large translucent-looking areas at rear wing.
S plumages of 41.6 and 41.7 (gray overall with narrow white
cheek) unlikely to be seen in Brazil. W plumages of 41.6
(acquired in N winter) and 41.7 (in austral winter) not safely
separable from each other, but fore-wing of 41.6 darker and
bill slightly shorter. ♣ Offshore; rare near coast. Call: as
41.5, but even higher pitched.
41.7 ANTARCTIC TERN (Trinta-réis-antártico) Sterna

vittata L 13.8 in./35 cm. Cf. 41.6. Bill color variable, but all
red (as shown) only for a short period, at beginning of Br
season (May–June). Note differences in patterning of
upperwing in Imms. 41.6 and 41.7. ♣ Mainly pelagic. Call:
high “bic-bic beec - -.” V.
320
41.8 SNOWY-CROWNED (or Trudeau’s) TERN
(Trintaréis-de-coroa-branca) Sterna trudeaui L 13.8 in./35
cm. Rather large, stocky, and with heavy bill. Very pale gray
with white head. Never shows a full cap, only a smear
through eye. ♣ Fresh- and saltwater wetlands. May feed over
fields.
41.9 LEAST TERN (Trinta-réis-miúdo) Sternula (or Sterna)

antillarum L 9.8 in./25 cm. From similar small-sized 41.10 by
smaller bill, which is black with yellow tip in Br plumage and
all black in N-br plumage. Imm. differs from Imm. 41.10 by
darker band across forewing and all-black bill. ♣ Water
bodies close to the sea. Call: very high, nasal
“kreeh-kreeh-krih - -.”
321
41.10 YELLOW-BILLED TERN (Trinta-réis-an o) Sternula
(or Sterna) superciliaris L 9.8 in./25 cm. Bill all yellow in all
plumages. 1st 5 primaries are black, whereas 41.9 has only 1
or 2 primaries black. ♣ Coastal waters. Call: very high,
mewing “tsip - -. “
Terns
322
323
Plate 42
42.1 GULL-BILLED TERN (Trinta-réis-de-bico-preto)

Gelochelidon (or Sterna) nilotica L 15.7 in./40 cm. Very pale.
Short, thick bill and long legs diagnostic. N-br and Imm. birds
have little black behind eyes. Does not plungedive, but picks
small insects and such from ground or water surface; often
seen picking crabs from mud flats while in flight. ♣ Coastal
waters (incl. nearby lakes/ marshes), estuaries. Call:
mewing, nasal “w’Wèt” or bleating “meh-eh-heh.”
42.2 OLROG’S GULL (Gaivota-de-Olorg) Larus atlanticus L

21.5 in./55 cm. In W with white, brown-freckled head;
smaller than 42.3, with differently patterned bill. Head is
darker in 1st W than head of 42.3 in 1st W. ♣ Sea coast,
estuaries, river banks. R.
324
42.3 KELP GULL (Gaivot o) Larus dominicanus L 23.6 in./
60 cm. Black mantle and wings with characteristic pattern at
wing tip diagnostic. Note barring of mantle in 1st W. 2nd W
(perched) has extensive gray in mantle and wings and
blackish subterminal tail band and white uppertail coverts. ♣
Coastal waters. Call: hoarse, slightly downslurred
“wru’uh” or high, staccato, resounding, nasal
“wic-wic-wir-wir- -.”
42.4 LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL

(Gaivota-deasa-escura) Larus fuscus L 19.7 in./ 50 cm. Three
sspp. could wander to Brazil: Nom. (a, upperparts as black as
those of 42.3 but with smaller white tips to primaries, thinner
bill, yellow-orange legs, and more slender jizz), intermedius
(b, with outer wing deeper black than inner wing), and
graelsii (not shown, with gray upperparts). 2nd W differs
from that of 42.3 (not shown in flight) by darker secondary
coverts and little or no contrast between inner and outer
primaries. ♣ Sea coast and estuaries. Call: very high, loud,
raucous, descending “eeer-tjouw-tjouw- -.” V.
325
42.5 GRAY-HOODED (or -headed) GULL
(Gaivotade-cabeça-cinza) Chroicocephalus (or Larus)
cirrocephalus L 15.7 in./40 cm. Note pale eyes. Br head as
gray as mantle. Perched W birds generally not unlike 42.6,
but with completely different and diagnostic upper- and
underwing pattern. ♣ Coastal and inland waters. Call:
mid-high, nasal shrieks, like “sruw” or “wreer.”
42.6 BROWN-HOODED GULL (Gaivota-maria-velha)

Chroicocephalus (or Larus) maculipennis L 17.7 in./45 cm.
White wedge on outerwing diagnostic. 1st W, like Ad.
plumage, shows much white in outer area of upperwing. ♣
Coastal and inland waters, harbors. Call: downslurred
“aoch aoch aoch.”
326
42.7 LAUGHING GULL (Gaivota-alegre) Leucophaeus (or
Larus) atricilla L 15.7 in./40 cm. Small white primary tips.
Note black at wing tips merging gradually in dark gray
upperwing and mantle. W plumage with gray wash from neck
to flanks. 1st W differs from other Imm. gulls by grayish
neck. ♣ Strictly coastal. Call/song: high, nasal “ka-weck”
and “kakaka-kaka-ka-kèèf.”
42.8 FRANKLIN’S GULL (Gaivota-de-franklin)

Leucophaeus (or Larus) pipixcan L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. White
wing tip diagnostic. Note black and gray separated by white
in wings; extensive dark hood in N-br and 1st W plumage. ♣
Coastal and inland waters, marshes, fields, grassland,
refuse dumps. Call: very high, sharp, nasal, descending
series of “naJaah Jaah - --.” V.
327
42.9 RING-BILLED GULL (Gaivota-de-bico-manchado)
Larus delawarensis L 19.7 in./50 cm. Bill pattern and pale
eyes diagnostic. Note upperwing pattern without white
between black wing tip and gray rest of wing. Imms. have
pink, not yellow-green, bills; 1st W with gray mantle, 2nd W
with row of black spots at end of tail. ♣ Coastal and inland
waters, fields, grassland, refuse dumps. Call: very high,
desperate-sounding “pieeew” (single or in descending series)
or “puweeé.” V.
Tern / Gulls
328
329
Plate 43
43.1 PARASITIC (or Arctic) JAEGER (Mandri oparasítico)

Stercorarius parasiticus L 15.7 in./40 cm (excl. tail
streamers). Pale (a) and dark (b) forms shown. Note pale spot
between lore and bill base. Pointed tail feathers (shorter than
43.2) diagnostic. Neck sides solid gray (extending around
upperbreast like a paler-colored collar), not speckled as in
43.3. Imm. rather rufous overall. ♣ Off-shore and coastal.
Accidental inland along large rivers.
43.2 LONG-TAILED JAEGER (Mandri

o-de-caudacomprida) Stercorarius longicaudus L 15.7 in./40
cm (excl. tail streamers). Ad. without white flash in wings;
chest band weak or missing. Imm. cold gray and white wing
flash small or missing. ♣ Offshore. Accidental near the coast.
R.
330
43.3 POMARINE JAEGER (Mandri o-pomarino)
Stercorarius pomarinus L 17.7 in./45 cm (excl. tail
streamers). Normal (a) and dark (b) forms shown.
Lengthened, twisted, blunt tail feathers diagnostic, but these
often missing in worn plumage. Neck sides speckled. Bill
pinkish. Note pattern of double white patch on outer
underwing of Imm. ♣ Offshore. Accidental near the coast and
inland along large rivers.
43.4 GREAT SKUA (Mandri o-grande) Stercorarius (or

Catharacta) skua L 21.5 in./55 cm. Ad. distinctively striped
overall with dark eye patches. Upperwing in flight (not
shown) two-toned with blackish secondaries and primaries
and much paler coverts. Overall warmer toned than 43.5.
Pattern of darker eye patches retained in dark form, which has
all-dark wings. Imm. rather rufous, with darker head (not with
only dark cap as 43.6 Imm.). ♣ Offshore. Rarer near the coast.
R.
331
43.5 SOUTH POLAR SKUA (Mandri o-do-sul) Stercorarius
(or Catharacta) maccormicki L 21.5 in./55 cm. Pale (a) and
dark (b) forms shown. Less warm toned than 43.4 and not
striped below. Imm. dark steel-gray. ♣ Offshore. Rarer near
coast.
43.6 CHILEAN SKUA (Mandri o-chileno) Stercorarius (or

Catharacta) chilensis L 21.5 in./ 55 cm. Distinctively
patterned and colored with dark cap and rufous cheeks. Note
bicolored bill of adult. Imm. (not shown) as Ad. but mantle
and wings barred, not striped. ♣ Offshore. Rarer near the
coast.
43.7 BROWN (Southern or Falkland) SKUA (Mandri

oantártico) Stercorarius (or Catharacta) antarcticus L 23.5
in./60 cm. Ssp. hamiltoni Tristan Skua (a, from Tristan da
Cunha) and paler Nom. Falkland Skua (b, from Falkland
Islands) shown. Not shown ssp. lonnbergi Subantarctic Skua
(largest skua, dark brown, with irregular, pale blotching on
332
mantle and often some scattered white spots on forehead and
crown). May resemble 43.4, but with less contrast in wings
and without dark eye patches. ♣ Offshore. Rarer near the
coast. Note: The variation in plumage, esp. among Imms. is
much greater than can be shown or described.
Jaegers / Skuas
333
334
Plate 44
44.1 COMMON GROUND-DOVE (Rolinha-cinzenta)

Columbina passerina L 6.7 in./17 cm. From other
Ground-Doves by scaling of chest and head. ♣ Virtually any
open to semiopen habitat (even in towns). Song: mid-high,
hollow, pushed-out “oowhò” in long series.
44.2 PLAIN-BREASTED GROUND-DOVE

(Rolinhade-asa-canela) Columbina minuta L 5.9 in./15 cm.
with pink flush to chest and gray cap and rump. resembles
44.3 . ♣ Arid areas with scrub, some trees, and bare
patches; savanna, fields. Song: long, monotonous series of
mid-high, hollow “whoop” notes.
44.3 RUDDY GROUND-DOVE (Rolinha-roxa) Columbina

talpacoti L 6.3 in./16 cm. unmistakable by gray crown
335
contrasting with vinaceous-rufous body. differs from
smaller 44.2 by longer tail, browner plumage, rufescent
rump, black underwing coverts (rufous in 44.1 and 44.2), and
black wing spots (no violet iridescence). ♣ Semiopen habitats,
incl. lightly wooded country, forest edge, savanna, riverine
growth, scrubby areas, fields, towns. Prefers humid areas.
Song: long, monotonous series of mid-high, hollow “whuc”
notes or “t’t’wooh.”
44.4 PICUI GROUND-DOVE (Rolinha-picui) Columbina

picui L 7 in./18 cm. Unmistakable by wing and tail pattern. ♣
Savanna, grassland, forest edge, towns. Mainly in arid areas.
Song: series of about 5 “u’Loh” notes.
44.5 BLUE-EYED GROUND-DOVE (Rolinha-doplanalto)

Columbina cyanopis L 6.3 in./16 cm. Sexes similar. From
336
44.3 by whitish vent and no gray on crown. ♣ Grassland
within cerrado. Very rare, possibly extinct. En, R.
44.6 BLUE GROUND-DOVE (Pararu-azul) Claravis

pretiosa L 7.9 in./20 cm. with black outer rectrices and
wing spots (latter often forming bands). with chestnut
wing-spots and rufous rump and central rectrices. ♣ In or near
forest, woodland, scrubby areas. Song: slow series of 5–7
deep “oop” notes at 1-sec intervals.
44.7 PURPLE-WINGED GROUND-DOVE (Pararu-espelho)

Claravis godefrida L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. differs from 44.6 by
broader, blackish purple wing bars and white outer rectrices.
differs from 44.6 by broader, darker wing bars and less
rufescent central rectrices and rump. ♣ Humid forest, mainly
in hilly areas. Associated with flowering bamboo. R.
337
44.8 [SAPPHIRE QUAIL-DOVE (Juriti-safira) Geotrygon
saphirina] L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by contrasting head
pattern and bluish rump. ♣ Terra firme. Song: long series
of 2-noted “u-croó” (“u” hard to hear). Note: Not confirmed
in Brazil, but likely to occur.
44.9 VIOLACEOUS QUAIL-DOVE (Juriti-vermelha)

Geotrygon violacea L 9.8 in./25 cm. Bill red. Face whitish
(no contrasting dark moustache). Creamy whitish underwing
coverts diagnostic. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second
growth/plantations. Rather arboreal. Song: slow series of
high, deep “pooo” notes.
338
44.10 RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE (Pariri) Geotrygon montana L
9.8 in./25 cm. From 44.9 by more distinct face pattern. Note
violaceus wash to nape and neck. ♣ Humid forest and nearby
second growth/plantations. Song: slow, very low
monotonous series of deep, hollow “cooo” notes.
Ground-Doves / Quail-Doves
339
Plate 45
340
45.1 SCALED DOVE (Fogo-apagou) Columbina squammata
L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by scaling (reduced in Imm.),
rufous flash in wings, and long, pointed tail. ♣ Dry savanna
with scrub and some tree cover, cultivation, settlements,
cities. Call/song: very high, piped “whu papá” in long
series.
45.2 LONG-TAILED GROUND-DOVE (Rolinha-vaqueira)

Uropelia campestris L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. Unmistakable by black
and white wing bars, yellow eyering, and long tail. ♣
Grassland, savanna, woodland edge. Mainly in drier regions.
45.3 EARED DOVE (Pomba-de-bando) Zenaida auriculata L

9.8 in./25 cm. Note wedge-shaped tail, black spots on wings,
and two streaks on ear coverts. No rufous in wings. ♣ Wide
range of open to semiopen habitats, incl. towns. Spreading
due to deforestation. Song: low, gloomy-sounding “whoo
coocoo coo.”
341
45.4 WHITE-TIPPED DOVE (Juriti-pupu) Leptotila
verreauxi L 9.8 in./25 cm. Bill black. Crown to upper mantle
tinged gray. Note broad white tips to tail (mainly visible from
below) and extensive rufous in underwing. Cf. 45.5. ♣
Woodland, second growth, forest edge (avoids interior of
humid forest), plantations. Prefers drier habitats than 45.5.
Song: varies by region; e.g., mid-high, mournful, single
“oooh” note, slightly gaining in strength, level or slightly
lowered and rising.
45.5 GRAY-FRONTED DOVE (Juriti-gemedeira) Leptotila

rufaxilla L 11.8 in./30 cm. Resembles 45.4, but with narrower
white tips to tail, purplish tinge to upper mantle, and bluish
gray central crown that contrasts clearly with hindcrown/
nape. ♣ Forest and nearby second growth. Generally avoids
arid areas. Song: varies by region; e.g., mid-high,
mournful, single “oooh” note, slightly gaining in strength at
4- to 5-sec intervals.
342
45.6 ? EURASIAN TURTLE-DOVE (Rola-turca)
Streptopelia decaocto L 11.8 in./30 cm. No other dove with
black bar across neck. Long, slender, rather pale. ♣
Completely dependent on human surroundings. Call: nasal,
high, querelous “kruuur”; song: high “coocoo cu” repeated at
0.5-sec intervals.
45.7 ROCK (Dove or) PIGEON (Pombo-doméstico) Columba

livia L 13.8 in./35 cm. Ancestor from the Old World of all
feral pigeons; in most of these the basic ancestral features
such as bars across wings, white rump, terminal tail bar, and
neck coloring retained. ♣ Towns, occasionally at cliffs. I.
45.8 PALE-VENTED PIGEON (Pomba-galega) Patagioenas

cayennensis L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note vinaceous shoulder,
grayish white belly, and gray rump. ♣ Edge of humid forest,
woodland, tree stands in savanna. Often near rivers. Song:
343
high, soft, cooing “óot-ke-toóh,” repeated 6–7 ×
withoutintervals.
45.9 PLUMBEOUS PIGEON (Pomba-amargosa)

Patagioenas plumbea L 13.8 in./35 cm. From smaller 45.10
by grayer (less vinaceous) color, slightly longer bill and, in
area of overlap, whitish eyes (Juv. and SE sspp. with reddish
eyes). ♣ Canopy and borders of forest; also nearby second
growth. Song: varies per region; might be a high, piped,
slightly irregular “oot oot Oót coo-coór.”
45.10 RUDDY PIGEON (Pomba-botafogo) Patagioenas

subvinacea L 11.8 in./30 cm. Iris reddish to pale yellowish,
but from a distance eyes appear dark due to red eyering. Cf.
45.9. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest. Song: high,
mellow “oot wuoo-coocoo.”
344
Doves / Pigeons
345
346
Plate 46
46.1 SCALED PIGEON (Pomba-trocal) Patagioenas

speciosa L 11.8 in./30 cm. Scaling diagnostic. Note
yellow-tipped red bill and white vent contrasting with dark
tail. ♣ Canopy and edge of forest, woodland. Will fly over
open areas to reach suitable habitats. Song: very low
“ooloúah ooh ooh” (only “lou” higher pitched).
46.2 PICAZURO PIGEON (Pomb o) Patagioenas picazuro

L 13.8 in./35 cm. Scaly neck diagnostic, but this featutre is
not always well developed. Note white rim along upperwing
coverts and black terminal tail bar. ♣ Woodland, riverine
belts, savanna, towns. Song: typical pigeonlike, high “oo
Oó koo-kwoo,” repeated up to 6 × without intervals.
46.3 SPOT-WINGED PIGEON (Pomba-do-orvalho)

Patagioenas maculosa L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Extensive spotting
347
on wings diagnostic. Tail as 46.2. ♣ Dry open woodland,
cultivation. Song: very low, hoarse, laborious “ucch
uch-uch-uch-ucch uch-uch-uch ucch,” repeated 2–4 ×.
46.4 BAND-TAILED PIGEON (Pomba-de-coleirabranca)

Patagioenas fasciata L 15.7 in./ 40 cm. Note neck pattern,
pale gray terminal half of tail, and yellow legs and bill. ♣
Humid forest and shrubbery from 800 to 2000 m. Song:
low, regular, deep, “pumped out” or sawing “ooh ooh - -,” up
to 10 ×.
46.5 CHESTNUT-FRONTED MACAW (Maracan guaçu)

Ara severus L 19.7 in./50 cm. Note white face, maroon
frontlet, and lack of red on belly. Red under-wing diagnostic.
♣ Edge of humid forest (mainly várzea; infrequently flying
over terra firme), riverine belts, second growth with scattered
trees. Call: high, hoarse “WRAA-WRAAWRAA” or
chattering “chew-chew-chiw-chew - -.”
348
46.6 RED-BELLIED MACAW (Maracanã-do-buriti)
Orthopsittaca manilata L 19.7 in./ 50 cm. Note yellowish
face, red on belly, and lack of red/maroon on forehead.
Underwing yellowish as in 46.8 and 46.9. ♣ Clearings and
borders of humid forest (will fly over dense forest), riverine
belts, savanna, plantations. Associated with Mauritia palms.
Call: high, muttering “wreh” and very high, shrieking
“weer-eh-weer-wir.”
46.7 BLUE-HEADED MACAW (Maracan -de-cabeçaazul)

Primolius (or Propyrrhura) couloni L 15.7 in./40 cm. Note
gray facial skin and bicolored bill, but be aware of Imm. with
white face and all-dark bill. No red/maroon on forehead or
belly. ♣ Forest edge and clearings, esp. at rivers and streams.
Call: nasal, clenched “tjèhtjèr,” “wrrrèh” or
“wrèh-wrèh-wrèh.” R.
349
46.8 BLUE-WINGED MACAW (Maracan -verdadeira)
Primolius (or Propyrrhura) maracana L 15.7 in./40 cm.
Resembles 46.6, but with red forehead and patch on lower
back. Face yellowish or white. ♣ Forest edge, plam groves,
and riverine belts in caatinga. Call: e.g., high, shrieking
“WÈH-WÈH-WÈH- -.” R.
46.9 YELLOW- (or Golden-) COLLARED MACAW

(Maracan -de-colar) Primolius (or Propyrrhura) auricollis L
15.7 in./ 40 cm. Yellow collar diagnostic. Yellowish
underwing as 46.6 and 46.8, but note lack of red on belly. ♣
More or less wooded savanna, cerrado. Loud, rasping
“WRUH-WRUH-WRUH- -.”
350
46.10 RED-SHOULDERED MACAW (Maracan -pequena)
Diopsittaca nobilis L 11.8 in./30 cm. Three sspp.:
cumanensis/longipennis (a, widespread S of Ri. Amazon;
with pale upper mandible) and Nom. (b, N of Ri. Amazon;
all-dark bill). Note red underwing coverts, white face, and
lack of red on belly. Smallest macaw, easily mistaken for 48.1
or 48.2. ♣ Savanna and marsh with palm stands, riverine
belts, woodland. Call: loud, rasping “Urc” or
“WRUH-WRUH-WRUH.”
Pigeons / Macaws
351
Plate 47
352
47.1 HYACINTH MACAW (Arara-azul-grande)
Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus L 39 in./100 cm. Largest
macaw. Note narrow yellow lappet which stretches when bill
is open. Not in range of 47.2 and 47.3. ♣ Near palm stands at
forest edge, savanna, and open woodland. Call: rather low,
rattling “AARRah- AARRah- -” in long series. R.
47.2 INDIGO (or Lear’s) MACAW (Arara-azul-de-lear)

Anodorhynchus leari L 29.5 in./ 75 cm. Not in range of 47.1
and *47.3. Note large, roundish, yellow lappets at bill base. ♣
Caatinga with palms. Roosts and breeds on cliffs. Call:
rather low, raucous, slightly crowlike “wraah.” En, R.
47.3 GLAUCOUS MACAW (Arara-azul-pequena)

Anodorhynchus glaucus L 27.5 in./70 cm. Not in range of
bluer 47.1 and 47.2. ♣ Presumably open to semiopen areas
with palms. Probably extinct. R.
353
47.4 SPIX’S (or Little Blue) MACAW (Ararinha-azul)
Cyanopsitta spixii L 21.5 in./55 cm. Note pale head
contrasting with bluish body. Facial skin gray; white in Imm.
♣ Gallery woodland in caatinga. Extinct in the wild; a captive
population exists. En, R.
47.5 BLUE-AND-YELLOW MACAW (Arara-canindé) Ara

ararauna L 33.5 in./85 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern. ♣
Várzea, riverine belts, woodland, savanna with scattered
trees, cerrado. Call: mid-high, scraping
“wrraah-wrraah-wrraah” and nasal “WREH-WRAH-Wreh
wreh - -.”
354
47.6 SCARLET MACAW (Araracanga) Ara macao L 33.5
in./85 cm. From larger 47.7 by yellow bar across upperwing
and less distinct red lines in white face. ♣ In or near humid
forest, mainly terra firme. Locally also humid wooded
savanna. Call: nasal “E’Eèh,” “sraAAh,” or “wrEH.”
47.7 RED-AND-GREEN (or Green-winged) MACAW

(Arara-vermelha-grande) Ara chloropterus L 37.5 in./95 cm.
No yellow in wing. Virtually all red from below (as 47.6, but
darker). ♣ Forest (mainly humid, but locally even caatinga),
riverine belts, wooded savanna. Call: mid-high, groaning
“ih-urre-urre,” “wireh,” “kraaAH” or “WRAAAH,” often
changing to falsetto.
355
47.8 GOLDEN PARAKEET (Ararajuba) Guarouba
guarouba L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note pale bill. ♣ Terra firme and
clearings with scattered trees. Call: high, slightly hoarse,
upslurred “kree-krree-kree-kree” or “krueh.” En, R.
47.9 SUN PARAKEET (Jandaia-amarela) Aratinga

solstitialis L 11.8 in./30 cm. From 47.10 (note range) by more
yellow and orange. Imm. with greenish head and mantle. ♣
Foothill forest. Will cross more open habitat (e.g., savanna) to
reach other forested areas. Call: very high, loud, gull-like
shrieking, “zeet-zeet-zeet- -.” (Introduced to Fernando de
Noronha.) R.
356
47.10 SULFUR-BREASTED PARAKEET (Cacaué)
Aratinga pintoi L 11.8 in./30 cm. Resembles 47.9, but
suffused with green and with less orange; Imms. of the two
spp. alike. A recently described species. ♣ Open to semi-open
areas, gallery forest. Call: sharp, very high shrieking, like
“eeuwt-uht-uht.”
Macaws / Parakeets
357
358
Plate 48
48.1 BLUE-CROWNED PARAKEET

(Aratinga-detesta-azul) Aratinga acuticaudata L 13.8 in./35
cm. Two sspp.; Nom. (a, in far SW; lower mandible black,
crown and cheeks bluish) and widespread haemorrhous (b;
all-pale bill and bluish crown). Note lack of red in plumage,
except at base of undertail. ♣ Woodland, cerrado, open areas
with scattered trees, cultivated areas. Call: magpie-like,
shrieking “wrah” or “sreehsreeh” In flight more nasal
“tjaw-tjaw” or gull-like “weeh-wéehweéh.”
48.2 WHITE-EYED PARAKEET (Periquit o-maracan )

Aratinga leucophthalma L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Bill pale.
Underwing primary coverts and random speckling on neck/
head red (lacking in Juv.). Note absence of blue. Cf. also
48.1, 46.10, and 49.2. ♣ Woodland, savannalike habitats,
riverine belts, forest edge, várzea, mangrove. Will fly over
terra firme to reach suitable habitats. Song/call: very high,
nasal shrieking “r’teet-r’teet-tiw- -” or “sreet-sreet- -.”
359
48.3 JANDAYA PARAKEET (Jandaia-verdadeira) Aratinga
jandaya L 11.8 in./30 cm. Note orange-yellow head (lightly
suffused green in Imm.) unlike 48.4; hybrids occur in the
limited area of overlap. No overlap with 47.9 and 47.10.
Typical upperwing pattern (a) rather similar in 47.9 and
48.4–48.9. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, and pastures and fields
with tree stands. Call: very high, shrieking “uht-uht-uht- -.”
En.
48.4 GOLDEN-CAPPED PARAKEET

(Jandaia-detesta-vermelha) Aratinga auricapillus L 11.8 in./
30 cm. Note orange/red belly (extend varies) and reddish
ocular region and underwing coverts. May have yellow-tinged
cheeks. Cf. 48.3 and 48.6. ♣ Mainly semideciduous forest.
Also edge of humid forest and nearby secondary growth and
agriculture. Call: loud, shrieking “uht-uht tuw.” En, R.
360
48.5 DUSKY-HEADED PARAKEET
(Periquito-decabeça-suja) Aratinga weddellii L 11.8 in./30
cm. Head gray. Chest green (not brownish olive as in
48.6–48.8). ♣ Borders and clearings of humid forest, incl.
forest remnants surrounded by open habitats; also plantations.
Call: high, shrieking “weet-weet wit-wit -,” less loud and
piercing than other Aratinga parakeets.
48.6 PEACH-FRONTED PARAKEET (Periquito-rei)

Aratinga aurea L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note yellow-orange forehead
(smaller in Imm.) and lime-green belly. ♣ Semiopen to open
habitats with trees (locally even in towns). Avoids dense
humid forest. Call: rolling “vreet vreet-vreet-vreet-vreet,”
irregularly breaking from low to very high pitched.
361
48.7 BROWN-THROATED PARAKEET
(Periquito-debochecha-parda) Aratinga pertinax L 9.8 in./25
cm. Three ssps: NW chrysogenys (a, crown greenish,
sometimes tinged blue), chrysophrys (b, N Roraima; paler
than a, and forehead yellowish-brown), and paraensis (c, S
Pará; resembles b, but forehead bluish). Note brownish chest.
Orange to mid-belly and yellow to ocular region often
lacking. No overlap with 48.8. ♣ Dry and arid savanna with
tree stands and woodland remains or mangrove, forest edge,
cultivation. Call: shrill, very high “vrreeh vreevreeh vrivri -
-.”
48.8 CACTUS (or Caatinga) PARAKEET

(Periquito-da-caatinga) Aratinga cactorum L 9.8 in./25 cm.
From 48.6 by wing pattern, yellow/orange belly, and lack of
orange in head. No overlap with 48.5 and 48.7. ♣ Caatinga,
cerrado, and degraded pastures. Call: very high, hurried
“vreevree---” or shrill “tu-tjeew-tjeew.” En.
362
48.9 NANDAY (or Black-hooded) PARAKEET
(Peri-quito-de-cabeça-preta) Nandayus nenday L 13.8 in./35
cm. Unmistakable by contrasting black hood and blue-black
flight feathers. Chest tinged blue. ♣ Gallery forest, woodland,
savanna. Call: Very high, shrieking “wri-uuh,”
“srree-srree-srree- -,” or “rruh rruh ruh.”
Parakeets
363
364
Plate 49
PYRRHURA PARAKEETS: Long-tailed with upperside of

primaries bluish. Chest scaly (except in 49.1 and 49.8) and
belly maroon (reduced/lacking in Ad. 49.4 and 50.5–50.7 and
in Juv. of all). Red rump in 49.1, 49.7–49.10, and 50.1–50.4.
Noisy in flight, where typically close to the canopy or, when
crossing open space, the ground. Generally silent and difficult
to see when perched. Little or no overlap between most, but
cf. Aratinga parakeets (Pl. 48).
49.1 BLUE-THROATED (or Ochre-marked) PARAKEET

(Tiriba-grande)Pyrrhura cruentata L 11.8 in./30 cm. Note
distinctive facial pattern and blue chest. ♣ Canopy and edge
of humid forest. Locally in shaded plantations and selectively
logged forest. Up to 950 m. Call: nasal twittering “tr tr
tjer-tjer-tjer- -” or “tjeh-tjeh- -.” En, R.
49.2 BLAZE-WINGED PARAKEET (Tiriba-fogo) Pyrrhura

devillei L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note yellowish green uppertail and
grayish brown crown. Red and yellow underwing coverts
(reduced in Juv.), unlike other Pyrrhura parakeets in range
(cf. 48.2). ♣ Riverine belts in Pantanal and adjacent areas.
Call: very high, rather shrill “wreet-je,” or
“sree-eh-sree-sree”-type notes.
365
49.3 MAROON-BELLIED (or Reddish-bellied) PARAKEET
(Tiriba-de-testa-vermelha) Pyrrhura frontalis L 9.8 in./25 cm.
Forecrown greenish; usually with maroon frontlet. Two ssps.:
N Nom. (a; uppertail green with maroon tip) and S chiripepe
(b; uppertail yellowish green). ♣ Forest (incl. Araucaria),
gallery woodland, city parks. Up to 2000 m. Call: very
high, sharp, nasal “wuut-tjeet-tjeet,” “tirr,” or
“terrre-terre-tjurk-tjurk.”
49.4 PEARLY PARAKEET (Tiriba-pérola) Pyrrhura lepida

L 9.8 in./25 cm. Nom ssp. lepida (a, with red underwing
coverts and blue tinge to cheeks, chest, and thighs) and
anerythra (b, W part of range; with less blue and no red in
wing). Little or no red on belly. Cf. 50.1 (only other Pyrrhura
in range) and Aratinga parakeets (Pl. 48). ♣ Canopy and edge
of terra firme, second growth. Call: very high, nasal,
“wih-chew” or chattering “wic-wic-wic- -.” En, R.
366
49.5 CRIMSON-BELLIED PARAKEET
(Tiriba-de-barriga-vermelha) Pyrrhura perlata; L 9.8 in./25
cm. Unmistakable by red underparts (reduced in Juv.). ♣
Canopy and edge of humid forest (locally in drier areas),
second growth. Call: high, rapid “wrr’wur-wir-wir-wir.”
Also a strange, slightly toy-trumpet–like “peeéh” at 1- to
3-sec intervals.
49.6 GREEN-CHEEKED PARAKEET (Tiriba-de-carasuja)

Pyrrhura molinae L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Uppertail maroon. Crown
brownish-gray. A rare yellow form (a) exists. Cf. 48.2, 48.3,
and 50.7. ♣ Woodland, forest (mainly deciduous), riverine
belts. Call: very high, shrieking “sit-sit-sit- -,” “peer-wit”
or “puhr-weet,” often with quality of a squeaky wheel.
367
49.7 WHITE-EARED (or Maroon-faced) PARAKEET
(Tiriba-de-orelha-branca) Pyrrhura leucotis L 9.8 in./25 cm.
Note dark cheeks. Often includes 49.8–49.10 and 50.1–50.4
as sspp., but no overlap with 50.1–50.7. ♣ Humid forest and
adjacent areas with tree stands. Sometimes in cocoa
plantations. Up to 500 m. Call: very high, rather thin, rapid
“wee-wee-wee- -” or “tic-tic-tic- -.” En, R.
49.8 MADEIRA PARAKEET Pyrrhura snethlageae

(Tiriba-do-madeira) L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Note pale chest with
diagnostic narrow markings. Note: Should probably be
considered a ssp. of 50.1 (intermediates are known). ♣ Humid
forest and adjacent clearings, mainly in lowlands.
368
49.9 GRAY-BREASTED PARAKEET Pyrrhura anaca (or
griseipectus) (Tiriba-de-peitocinza) L 7.9 in./20 cm. Only
Pyrrhura parakeet in its limited range. Often considered a
ssp. of 49.7, but chest and neck-sides grayer (without green),
and never shows blue in crown. ♣ Humid to semihumid forest
and nearby clearings. Generally above 500 m. Call:
piercing, fast, chattering “t’kreet-kreet-wih-kreet-krit.” En, R.
49.10 RED-CROWNED PARAKEET Pyrrhura roseifrons

(Tiriba-de-cabeça-vermelha) L 7.9 in./20 cm. Facial color
pattern distinctive. ♣ Humid forest and adjacent clearings,
mainly in lowlands.
369
Parakeets
370
371
Plate 50
50.1 SANTAREM (or Hellmayr’s) PARAKEET

(Tiriba-de-hellmayr) Pyrrhura amazonum L 7.9 in./20 cm.
Resembles 50.3 (limited area of contact), but blue in
fore-crown narrower and little or no red in wing. Also cf.
49.8. ♣ Humid forest and adjacent clearings, mainly in
lowlands. Call: very high, slightly rising, irregular
“pic-pic-pic picpic - -.” En.
50.2 DEVILLE’S PARAKEET (Tiriba-de-deville) Pyrrhura

lucianii L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note absence of pure red in head and
wings. Not in range of 49.7, 49.9, 50.1, or 50.3–50.4. ♣
Humid forest and nearby clearings, mainly in lowlands. En.
50.3 PAINTED PARAKEET (Tiriba-de-testa-azul) Pyrrhura

picta L 7.9 in./20 cm. Often includes 49.8, 49.10, and 50.1–
50.2 as sspp. (of these, limited contact with 50.1 only), but
372
with extensive blue in forecrown and red in shoulder. ♣
Humid forest and nearby clearings with scattered trees.
Mainly lowlands; rarely to 1800 m. Call: rapid, nasal
twittering.
50.4 PFRIMER’S PARAKEET (Tiriba-de-pfrimer) Pyrrhura

pfrimeri L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note dark head. Only Pyrrhura
parakeet in limited range and habitat. ♣ Exclusively in dry,
deciduous forest. Call: high, nasal, sharp
“turreweét-weétweét.” En, R.
50.5 FIERY-SHOULDERED PARAKEET

(Tiriba-de-cauda-roxa) Pyrrhura egregia L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. In
limited range/habitat only parakeet with red and yellow
under-wing coverts and leading edge of wing, but cf. 48.2. ♣
Humid forest on the tepuis at 700–1800 m.
373
50.6 MAROON- (or Black-) TAILED PARAKEET
(Tiriba-fura-mata) Pyrrhura melanura L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note
dark maroon uppertail (base green) and red/yellow in primary
coverts (often hard to see when perched). May have red in
loral region. Cf. 50.5 and 50.7. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid
forest, second growth. Mainly in lowlands. Call: very high,
rather strident “tjuw wITwIT - -,” “ee-eh-uw,” “wut-wut,” or
“kreEh-krEeh.”
50.7 BLACK-CAPPED (or Rock) PARAKEET

(Tiribarupestre) Pyrrhura rupicola L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Note red
in wing (often difficult to see when perched), blackish gray
crown, and green uppertail. ♣ Terra firme and várzea. Call:
falsetto “weeh,” “wuh,” or “wureet-wureet”-type notes.
374
50.8 MONK PARAKEET (Caturrita) Myiopsitta monachus L
11.8 in./30 cm. Note gray forehead, throat, and chest. ♣
Savanna, woodland, riverine belts, ranchland, towns. Large
colonial stick nest placed in tree or on pylon. Call: very
high, rasping “krrih krrih-krrih-krruh- -.”
50.9 RED-FAN (or Hawk-headed) PARROT (Anac )

Deroptyus accipitrinus L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. S ssp. fuscifrons (a)
and N Nom. (b) shown. Note erect stance with long tail,
giving rather Accipiter hawk–like jizz. Neck feathers can be
raised to spectacular fan. ♣ Terra firme, also in forest patches
in savanna. Call: high, slurred, nasal “tu-rút túwut tureét -.”
375
50.10 BLUE- (or Purple-) BELLIED PARROT (Sabiácica)
Triclaria malachitacea L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. All green with
bluish belly . Note pale bill and long tail. ♣ Atlantic forest.
Rarely plantations and parks. Up to 1000 m. Song:
unparrotlike, almost thrushlike, very high, fluted “fiuw fi-fi
fjew - -” (“fi-fi” staccato; “fjew” gliding down). R.
Parakeets / Parrots
376
377
Plate 51
PARROTLETS: Small, with short, slightly wedge-shaped

tails (51.5 and 51.6), or clearly wedge-shaped tails
(51.1–51.3); some illustrated with fanned tails to show
patterns. Forpus parrotlets (51.7–51.9) have an undulating
flight somewhat similar to certain Brotogeris parakeets (see
52.4–52.6), but unlike straighter flight of other parrotlets.
51.1 GREEN-RUMPED PARROTLET (Tuim-santo) Forpus

passerinus L 5.1 in./13 cm. only parrotlet with blue in
wings and a bright emerald rump (rump never pure blue as in
51.2 and 51.3 ). All-green very similar to 51.2a (no
overlap with 51.2b), but with head yellower (a) in limited
area of contact (head greener in Roraima). ♣ Various
semiopen wooded areas, even mangrove and parks. Avoids
interior of dense humid forest. Call: very/ extr. high, sharp,
finchlike, staccato “Twéet” in series.
51.2 BLUE-WINGED PARROTLET (Tuim) Forpus

xanthopterygius (or crassirostris) L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Three
ssp’s; of green-headed W crassirostris (a) and
yellow-headed NE flavissimus (b) shown; not shown S Nom.,
which is intermediate. Note blue rump and bar over wing in
378
. of all ssp’s lack blue. Cf. 51.1 and 51.3. ♣ Open to
semi-open areas, incl. savanna, Caatinga, forest borders,
riverine growth, parks. Avoids interior of dense humid forest.
♣ Riverine belts, forest edge and adjacent more open areas,
including pastures and settlement. Call: very high,
bickering “tsip-tsip-tsip- - -” and irregular chirping.
51.3 DUSKY-BILLED PARROTLET (Tuim-de-bicoescuro)

Forpus modestus (or sclateri). L 5.1 in./13 cm. Mainly dark
upper mandible diagnostic (bill all pale in 51.1 and 51.2). ♣
Várzea and other lowland forest, preferring edge and
clearings. Call: very/extr. high, staccato “dzip-dzip-dzip-
-.”
51.4 TEPUI PARROTLET (Periquito-dos-tepuis)

Nannopsittaca panychlora L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note small range.
Yellow markings near eyes diagnostic. No pure blue in
379
plumage. ♣ Humid forest up to 2200 m. Call: very/extr.
high, soft chirping.
51.5 AMAZONIAN PARROTLET (Periquito-daamazônia)

Nannopsittaca dachilleae L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note small range.
Overall green with pale blue fore-crown. ♣ Edge and
clearings of humid forest, wooded areas. Mainly near rivers.
Call: very high, sharp chirps. R.
51.6 SCARLET-SHOULDERED PARROTLET

(Apuim-de-asa-vermelha) Touit huetii L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note
blue to wing bend and red underwing coverts (the latter unlike
other parrotlets [51.1–51.5]). with black-tipped green
uppertail. ♣ Humid forest, mainly terra firme. Call: very
high “tjoot-tjoot-tjoot- -” mixed with “tjer tjer -.”
380
51.7 SAPPHIRE-RUMPED PARROTLET
(Apuim-de-costas-azuis) Touit purpuratus L 7 in./18 cm.
Widespread Nom. (a) and ssp. viridiceps (b, upper Ri. Negro
area; without or with reduced brown in crown). with
narrow green subterminal band in tail. Note brown scapulars.
No overlap with 51.8 and 51.9. ♣ Humid forest, locally to
1200 m. Call: mid-high or high, nasal “wec wec werrec
werrec werc-werc-werc- -.”
51.8 BROWN-BACKED (or Black-eared) PARROTLET

(Apuim-de-costas-pretas) Touit melanonotus L 5.9 in./15 cm.
Brown back and reddish outer rectrices diagnostic. ♣ Humid
forest. Mainly 500–1200 m, locally 0–1700 m. Call in
flight: very high, liquid-sounding “wicwicwic- -” or
chattering “bibibihihi---.” En, R.
381
51.9 GOLDEN-TAILED PARROTLET
(Apuim-de-cauda-amarela) Touit surdus L 6.3 in./16 cm.
Note brownish-olive scapulars and yellow ( ) or greenish (
) outer rectrices. Tail feathers of (a) yellowish with green
tips and margins. No overlap with 51.6 and 51.7. ♣ Humid
forest up to 1000 m. Call: falsetto “kree-kree-kree-kruh- -”
or shrieking “k’reeéh.” En, R.
Parrotlets
382
383
Plate 52
52.1 PLAIN PARAKEET (Periquito-rico) Brotogeris tirica L

9.8 in./25 cm. Rather uniform green with brown tinge to
shoulder. In flight note blue outer-wing from above. A rare
pale bluish mutation exists. ♣ Forest edge and canopy,
plantations, semiopen areas with scattered trees, incl. parks
and city plazas. Call very/extr. high, shrill “cricri.” En.
52.2 CANARY (or White) -WINGED PARAKEET

(Periquito-de-asa-branca) Brotogeris versicolurus L 7.9 in./20
cm. Unmistakable by striking wing pattern. Normally some
white visible in wing of perched birds. ♣ Várzea, river
islands, secondary forest. Call: very high, nasal/piped
“tjutju-tju-tju.”
52.3 YELLOW-CHEVRONED PARAKEET

(Periquito-de-encontro-amarelo) Brotogeris chiriri L 9.8 in./
384
25 cm. From 52.2 by range and lack of white in wing. ♣
Savannalike habitats (e.g., cerrado), riverine belts in open
country, woodland, caatinga, parks. Call: very high, shrill
“weeweet wee weewitwit -.”
NOTE: The following parakeets (52.4–52.6) have rather short,

wedge-shaped tails similar to smaller Forpus parrot-lets (Pl.
51.1–51.3).
52.4 COBALT-WINGED PARAKEET

(Periquito-de-asa-azul) Brotogeris cyanoptera L 7 in./ 18 cm.
Small orange chin spot. Frontlet (usually) tinged yellowish.
Also differs from 52.5 and 52.6 by more blue in wing and
bluish central tail. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest.
Call: high, sharp phrases, like “teeweet teeweert,” and
communal twittering.
385
52.5 GOLDEN-WINGED PARAKEET
(Periquito-de-asa-dourada) Brotogeris chrysoptera L 6.3 in./
16 cm. Several sspp.; N Nom. (a, with dark frontlet and
orange chin spot and wing band), tuipara (b, E part of range;
as a, but frontlet orange), and chrysosema (c, SW part;
resembles b, but only ssp. with yellow, not orange, wing
band) shown. Wing band difficult to see when perched, and
lacking in Juv. ♣ Humid forest, woodland, urban areas with
trees. Call: very high, excited twittering and hurried,
scratchy-sounding “vrit-vrit-vrit- -.”
52.6 TUI PARAKEET (Periquito-testinha) Brotogeris

sanctithomae L 6.7 in./17 cm. Nom. (a, widespread in W) and
takatsukae (b, E of Manaus). Note contrasting yellow
forehead (also postocular streak in b), rather dark bill and
lack of pure blue in upperwing (underwing primary coverts
blue). ♣ Second growth, trees and scrub along rivers, edges of
várzea. Call: very high, “tirwit tirwitwit - -”; also excited,
level chattering and a raspy, rattlelike vocalization.
386
NOTE: Amazona Parrots: Fly with distinctive shallow wing
strokes. Tails rather short and square (some illustrated with
fanned tails to show patterns). Most species, except 52.10,
53.1, and 53.5–53.7, show a similar upperwing pattern.
52.7 ORANGE-WINGED PARROT (or Amazon) (Curica)

Amazona amazonica L 11.8 in./30 cm. Distinguished by blue
line through eye between yellow crown and cheeks. Extent of
yellow on crown variable, sometimes fully replaced by pale
blue (a). ♣ Lowland areas, from terra firme to town parks,
wherever there are tall trees except in várzea. Call: very
high, piercing “tjee-tjee tjee -” or “treer-treer - -,” often
changing to falsetto.
52.8 KAWALL’S (or White-faced) PARROT (or Amazon)

(Papagaio-dos-garbes) Amazona kawalli L 13.8 in./35 cm.
From 52.9 by white at base of bill, gray eye ring, and no red
at leading edge of wing. ♣ Humid forest; mainly near rivers
387
and flooded areas. Call: high, mewing
“tjewtjew-tjew-tjuw” or high, dry “tjaw-raw-ruw-rèh- -.” En.
52.9 MEALY PARROT (or Amazon) (Papagaio-moleiro)

Amazona farinosa L 15.7 in./40 cm. Large with a distinctly
bicolored tail and broad white eyering. Diagnostic powdery
effect to nape/back can be difficult to see, as can the red on
leading edge of wing. Small yellow crown-patch often
missing. Cf. 52.8 and 53.9b. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid
forest. Locally in plantations and gallery woodland. Call:
extensive repertoire; very high, biting “tjee-tjee- -
jtjeewah-krr-krr-ronk-ronk.”
52.10 VINACEOUS (or - breasted) PARROT (or Amazon)

(Papagaio-de-peito-roxo) Amazona vinacea L 11.8 in./30 cm.
Note purple chest and red forehead, wing-speculum, and
pale-tipped bill. Cf. 53.1 and 54.10. ♣ Prefers forest with
Araucaria, but also other forest types (incl. secondary). Up to
388
2000 m. Call: loud, high “wout-wout- -” or “wi-rout
wi-rout.” R.
Parakeets / Parrots
389
Plate 53
390
53.1 RED-SPECTACLED PARROT (or Amazon)
(Papagaio-char o) Amazona pretrei L 11.8 in./30 cm. Note
red on face and leading edge of wing. No wing speculum. ♣
Araucaria and other types of forest; breeds in open woodland.
Call: mid-high and very high nasal communal cackling en
route to and at roosts. Single birds may call nasal “tjertjer.” R.
53.2 RED-LORED (or Yellow-cheeked) PARROT (or

Amazon) (Papagaio-diadema) Amazona autumnalis L 13.8
in./35 cm. Note red wing-speculum and large spot on lores.
Crown and nape edged blue. Cf. 53.6. ♣ Gallery woodland;
edge and clearings of humid forest. Locally also plantations.
Call: very/extr. high notes, like “tjirc tjirc -,” “ti ercerc”
(“ti” extr. high), “njec-njec- njec,” or “wrec-j’wreck.”
53.3 [BLUE-CHEEKED PARROT (or Amazon)

(Papagaio-de-bochecha-azul) Amazona dufresniana] L 13.8
in./35 cm. Cheeks blue. Lores and wing speculum
391
yellow-orange. ♣ Humid forest up to 1700 m. Call: salvos
of “wrecwrec---” or very high “fwic-fwic - -” notes (each
“fwic” upslurred).]
53.4 RED-BROWED PARROT (or Amazon) (Chauá)

Amazona rhodocorytha L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Cheeks blue. Lores
and wing speculum yellow-orange. ♣ Humid forest up to
1700 m. Call: very high, hurried, nasal series of “tjuw”
notes. En, R.
53.5 RED-TAILED PARROT (or Amazon)

(Papagaiode-cara-roxa) Amazona brasiliensis L 13.8 in./35
cm. Note red fore-crown, bluish ear coverts, purple throat,
and lack of wing speculum. More red in tail than 53.4 (best
visible when tail is spread or when viewing from below). ♣
Coastal forest, mangrove. Mainly below 300 m. Call: very
high, rather sharp, chattered “tièh-tjeh-tjeh-tjeh - -” and low
grunts. En, R.
392
53.6 FESTIVE PARROT (or Amazon) (Papagaio-davárzea)
Amazona festiva L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Note narrow maroon
frontal band, blue postocular patch, and lack of red in wings.
Red rump diagnostic, but difficult to see when perched and
reduced in Imm. Cf. 53.2 and 54.8. ♣ Forest and woodland at/
near water (rivers, flooded areas). Call: e.g., mid-high
“rèh-rèh-rèh- -” (as barking of small dog), often changing to
falsetto. Also, in flight, “wrah-wrah-wrah- -.”
53.7 YELLOW-FACED (Amazon or) PARROT

(Papagaio-galego) Alipiopsitta (or Amazona) xanthops L 9.8
in./25 cm. Extent of yellow in head, underparts, and wings
very variable (sometimes almost lacking). Note small size,
bone-yellow bill (culmen usually dark), orange flanks (often
only visible in flight), and lack of wing-speculum. ♣ Cerrado,
caatinga, riverine belts. Call: very high, slightly mewed,
sharp “pjee-peer-e’pjeer.” R.
393
53.8 BLUE- (or Turquoise-) FRONTED PARROT (or
Amazon) (Papagaio-verdadeiro) Amazona aestiva L 13.8 in./
35 cm. Head pattern variable (two variants, a and b, shown),
but with some yellow to ocular region and some blue to
forecrown. Shoulder is yellow or red (often difficult to see
when perched). Wing speculum red. ♣ Woodland,
savannalike habitats, gallery forest, caatinga. Locally in
wooded urban areas. Call: rather low “uw-uww- -,” higher
“euw-euw-euw- -,” or “reuh-reuh- -.”
53.9 YELLOW-CROWNED PARROT (or Amazon)

(Papagaio-campeiro) Amazona ochrocephala L 13.8 in./35
cm. Three sspp.: xantholaema (a, Ilha do Marajó; with
extensive yellow to head) and widespread Nom/nattereri (b;
with variable amount of yellow to crown); a is distinctive in
its range, b differs from 52.9 by size, narrower white eye ring,
red to the shoulder (often hard to see), and usually more
yellow to crown. Also cf. 53.8. ♣ Canopy and borders of
394
humid forest, wooded areas (even in towns), mangrove.
Call: low, high, or very high, slow, often drawn-out
“urr-urr-wurr” or “ur-re-wur.”
53.10 DUSKY PARROT (Maitaca-roxa) Pionus fuscus L 9.8

in./25 cm. Characterized by dark plumage with distinctive
facial pattern and red vent. ♣ Humid forest, mainly terra
firme. Call: high, shrieking, pushed-out “ERK” or
“we-ERK.” In flight, “wu-erk -wu-erk- -.”
Parrots
395
Plate 54
396
54.1 WHITE-BELLIED PARROT
(Marianinha-de-cabeça-amarela) Pionites leucogaster L 9.8
in./25 cm. C ssp. xanthurus (a) and green-thighed E Nom. (b)
shown; W xanthomeria (not shown) with green tail and
yellow thighs. Note pale bill and lack of black (Imm. with
black-tinged crown). ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest.
Locally in drier forest. Call: varied series of very high,
loud shrieks, like “tweet-tweet-sreet,” “vrrruh,” or piped
“pur-prur” or “weert-weert-pirr.”
54.2 BLACK-HEADED PARROT

(Marianinha-decabeça-preta) Pionites melanocephalus L 9.8
in./25 cm. Virtually unmistakable. No overlap with 54.1. ♣
Canopy and edge of várzea and terra firme. Song: varied,
mostly very high, repeated, shrill, squeaky, nasal (or even
melodious) shrieks, most of these single, some repeated.
397
54.3 RED-CAPPED (or Pileated) PARROT (Cuiú-cuiú)
Pionopsitta pileata L 7.9 in./20 cm. Rather small and
short-tailed, but larger and longer-tailed than Touit parrotlets.
Faint brownish ear patch of lacking in Imm. ♣ Humid
forest, incl. Araucaria and forest remnants. Up to 1500 m.
Call: very high, piercing shrieks, like “tjeéreweét.” In flight,
high “tjer-tjer’tjer- -.”
54.4 ORANGE-CHEEKED PARROT

(Curica-de-bochecha-laranja) Pyrilia barrabandi L 9.8 in./25
cm. Nom. (a, N of Ri. Amazon, with yellow cheek and
trousers) shown and ssp. aurantiigena (b, S of Ri. Amazon,
with more orange in plumage). Both sspp. with red underwing
coverts. ♣ Terra firme, less in várzea, also in woodland.
54.5 CAICA PARROT (Curica-caica) Pyrilia caica L 9.8 in./

25 cm. Unmistakable by complete absence of red in plumage
and by black head, bordered by golden, scalloped collar. ♣
398
Mainly terra firme. Call: e.g., loud, nasal “scet scet
scet-wetwet,” “pureét” or very high, sharp “wit.”
54.6 VULTURINE PARROT (Curica-urubu) Pyrilia

vulturina L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern of
head. Juv. with feathered green head ♣ Várzea and terra
firme. Call: calm, rather quiet, nasal or falsetto “u-weeét
tjuw,” “seep,” and other sounds at any pitch, some of these
gliding up or down. In flight, noisy “uh-ro-weét,” for
example. En.
54.7 BALD (or Orange-headed) PARROT

(Papagaio-de-cabeça-laranja) Pyrilia aurantiocephala L 9.8
in./25 cm. Unmistakable by bald, orange head. Juv. with
feathered green head. ♣ Várzea and terra firme. En.
399
54.8 SHORT-TAILED PARROT (Curica-verde)
Gray-didascalus brachyurus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Note very short
tail and large head. Lores dark and shoulder reddish-brown
(often difficult to see). ♣ Tree stands near rivers/lakes (esp.
river islands), várzea; locally also plantations and mangroves.
Call: might be loud, rasping, rapid “ki-krikris-kree- -.”
54.9 BLUE-HEADED PARROT (Maitaca-de-cabeça-azul)

Pionus menstruus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. NE Nom. (a, with
bicolored bill and green breast) shown and E. ssp. reichenowi
(b, with pale bill and bluish breast, merging in green lower
belly). Both unmistakable by blue head and red vent. ♣
Humid forest and woodland. Locally in plantations and drier
woodland (incl. cerrado). Up to 1500 m. Call: e.g., rising
“prrr-tjer-ti-TJEET.” In flight, “tjeet tjeet treet” or very high,
sharp, loud “tjerre-tjer tjer-tjerre - -.”
400
54.10 SCALY-HEADED PARROT (Maitaca-verde) Pionus
maximiliani L 9.8 in./25 cm. Three sspp.: SE
melanoblepharus (a, with dark cap) and NE Nom. (b, with
white eyering and paler cap). SW siy (not shown) resembles
a, but eyering white. Note bluish chest and red vent. ♣ Mainly
dry to semihumid woodland and forest; also more humid
forest in SE (incl. Araucaria). Up to 1600 m. Call:
cacophony of very high, shrill “teer-teer-teer- -.”
Parrots
401
Plate 55
402
55.1 GREATER ANI (Anu-coroca) Crotophaga major L 17.7
in./45 cm. Larger, longer-billed, and glossier than 55.2. Eyes
pale, but be aware of dark-eyed Imm. As 55.2 and 55.3,
usually in groups. ♣ At wet forest edge and clearings, riverine
belts, mangrove, tree stands, and thickets at marsh. Call:
low, hollow “OH” or “tjork”; song: high, rapid, descending,
gobbling “crocro-júww” in chorus, supported by growls,
rattles, and hisses from other group members.
55.2 SMOOTH-BILLED ANI (Anu-preto) Crotophaga ani L

13.8 in./35 cm. Eyes dark. Bill stubbier than 55.1 and with
less glossy plumage. ♣ Virtually any semiopen habitat with
trees or thickets, incl. small-scale cultivation, woodland,
mangrove, forest edge. Call: “jueeéh,” steeply ascending;
song: varied; e.g., high, resounding, slow series of about 20
“ou” notes, each note emphasized, second half of series
gradually descending, or slow series of very high, fluted trill
(police whistle), mewing “tueét” and low “tsec” notes.
403
55.3 GUIRA CUCKOO (Anu-branco) Guira guira L 13.8 in./
35 cm. Note crest, orange-yellow bill, and white rump. Often
in groups (unlike 55.4–55.6). ♣ Landscapes with tree stands,
hedges, scrub, woodland, clearings in forests, ranchland.
Call/song: slow series of 5–7 slightly piped double notes
(“gee-rah”), calmly descending and changing into an
indignant-sounding growl; also a long, very high, rather
sharp, chattering rattle “bibibi---,” that rises or lowers slightly
in pitch.
55.4 PAVONINE CUCKOO (Peixe-frito-pavonino)

Dromococcyx pavoninus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Peculiar tail
usually fanned as in 55.5, but note rufous-buff eyebrow and
unmarked rufous throat and chest. Very secretive. ♣ High-
and lowland forest with thick undergrowth. Song: high
series of 5 clear, beautiful, fluted notes “wu-wee-pe’wiwi”
(almost level, “wu” and “pe” slightly lower).
404
55.5 PHEASANT CUCKOO (Peixe-frito-verdadeiro)
Dromococcyx phasianellus L 13.8 in./35 cm. From 55.4 by
buff-white eyebrow and speckled chest. Very secretive. ♣
Undergrowth of forest and dense woodland. Song: 3-noted,
slightly rising, melancholy “wu wi trrrih.”
55.6 STRIPED CUCKOO (Saci) Tapera naevia L 9.8 in./ 25

cm. Note narrow malar stripe and bold dark streaking on back
and crest. ♣ Landscapes with tree stands, hedges, scrub,
woodland, pastures, ranchland. Call/song: high, clear,
fluted “wu wi” (2nd note higher).
NOTE: Ground-Cuckoos: Large, terrestrial cuckoos. Rare and

inconspicuous. Sometimes at ant swarms, where bill-snaps
are often loud. Limited area of overlap between species.
55.7 RUFOUS-VENTED GROUND-CUCKOO (Jacuestalo)

Neomorphus geoffroyi L 19.7 in./ 50 cm. Note gray brown
405
head and neck, distinctive black band across breast, and
rufous vent. Nom. shown (S Amazon). Not shown, E ssp.
maximiliani (as Nom., but tail purplish), SE dulcis (dark
bluish wings and tail) and australis (may occur in far SW;
resembles Nom.). ♣ Undisturbed humid forest. Song:
mid-high “wóuw.” Also castanetlike bill clapping.
55.8 SCALED GROUND-CUCKOO (Jacu-estaloescamoso)

Neomorphus squamiger L 19.7 in./50 cm. From 55.7 by
indistinct breast band. ♣ Undisturbed humid forest. En, R.
55.9 RUFOUS-WINGED GROUND-CUCKOO

(Jacuestalo-de-asa-vermelha) Neomorphus rufipennis L 19.7
in./50 cm. Unmistakable by rufous wings and bluish-black
head, chest and mantle. ♣ Undisturbed humid forest. Song:
rather low, not loud, yet far carrying, lonely “wóuh” given at
5-sec intervals; also loud bill snapping.
406
55.10 RED-BILLED GROUND-CUCKOO
(Jacu-estalo-de-bico-vermelho) Neomorphus pucheranii L
19.7 in./50 cm. Note mainly red bill and black cap. ♣
Undisturbed humid forest.
Anis / Cuckoos / Ground-Cuckoos
407
408
Plate 56
56.1 MANGROVE CUCKOO (Papa-lagarta-do-mangue)

Coccyzus minor L 13.8 in./35 cm. From smaller 56.7 by
heavier, bicolored bill. Note restricted range. ♣ Coastal
habitats, esp. in mangrove, but also in dry scrub. Song:
might be very low, rapid, didgeridoolike “è-è-è-è-è-o-o.”
56.2 YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO

(Papa-lagarta-de-asa-vermelha) Coccyzus americanus L 11.8
in./30 cm. Extensive rufous in wing diagnostic. Note gray or
yellow eyering, large white tips to tail, and black and yellow
bill. ♣ Various shrubby and wooded habitats. Silent in
South America.
56.3 [DWARF CUCKOO (Papa-lagarta-de-papo-ferrugem)

Coccycua pumila] L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Small and relatively short
tailed. Note contrasting rufous throat. ♣ Edge and clearings of
409
forest, second growth, woodland, pastures with trees. ♣ Call:
grating “trrr trrr trrr.”
56.4 ASH-COLORED CUCKOO (Papa-lagarta-cinzento)

Microcoocyx cinereus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note black bill, red
eye ring, and squarish tail with grayish underside and narrow
white spots at tip (be aware of new, still growing feathers). ♣
Woodland and scrubland, deciduous forest, riverine belts.
Song: slightly descending series of up to 20 plaintive “cow”
notes.
56.5 BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO

(Papa-lagarta-de-bico-preto) Coccyzus erythropthalmus L
11.8 in./30 cm. Bill black, usually with gray base to lower
mandible. Eyering red. Little or no rufous in wing. Graduated
tail with grayish underside and narrow white tips. Imm. with
yellow eye ring and browner throat. ♣ Varied habitats from
410
forest to scrubland up to 2000 m. Quiet in South America.
V.
56.6 PEARLY-BREASTED CUCKOO

(Papa-lagarta-de-euler) Coccyzus euleri L 11.8 in./ 30 cm.
Resembles slightly larger 56.2, but no rufous in wing. ♣
Varied habitats from forest to scrubland up to 2000 m.
Song: sustained, level series of downslurred, evenly spaced
“úwl” notes.
56.7 DARK-BILLED CUCKOO (Papa-lagarta-acanelado)

Coccyzus melacoryphus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Note deep buff
underparts, black mask, gray neck sides, and black bill. Cf.
56.1. ♣ Varied; from deciduous forest, edge of humid forest
and woodland to mangrove, ranchland and shrubbery.
Song: low, rather weak, slightly hurried, and descending
series of hollow “orl” or “cowl” notes.
411
56.8 LITTLE CUCKOO (Chinco -pequeno) Coccycua (or
Piaya) minuta L 9.8 in./25 cm. From larger 56.10 by shorter
tail and darker, less contrasting, underparts. ♣ Edge of humid
forest, woodland, shrubby growth. Mainly near water. Call:
high, dry “wic”; song: mid-high, dry, almost rattle or “uuuh
we-we-we-wih” (1st part drawn out and rising, 2nd part
“we-we-we” a slightly rising almost-rattle, “wih” trailing off).
56.9 BLACK-BELLIED CUCKOO (Chinco

-de-bicovermelho) Piaya melanogaster L 15.7 in./40 cm.
Note gray cap and red bill. ♣ Humid forest. Occasionally in
wooded savanna. ♣ Canopy of lowland forest, woodland,
shrubby growth. Dry, cackling “wih tit-trrWIT.” Also
might be a high, piped “puweéT-puw.”
412
56.10 SQUIRREL CUCKOO (Alma-de-gato) Piaya cayana L
17.7 in./45 cm. Large and long tailed with pale gray chest and
dull greenish yellow bill. ♣ Wide variety of wooded habitats
from forest and woodland to areas with scattered trees (even
in gardens and mangrove). Call: 2 well-separated “weét
wèè” notes, 1st note very high, short, and strident, 2nd much
lower and drawn out; song: slow series of up to 20 very high,
short, fluted “weep” notes, slowly rising at start and lowering
at end (15 sec).
Cuckoos
413
Plate 57
414
57.1 TROPICAL SCREECH-OWL (Corujinha-do-mato)
Megascops (or Otus) choliba L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Widespread.
Gray (a) and rufous form (b) shown; a brown form and
intermediates also occur. Nonreflective eyes yellow. Ear tufts
smaller than in 57.2 and 57.6, but these can be lowered in all
screech-owls. ♣ Wide variety of wooded habitats from
savanna and city parks to forest. Prefers more open habitats
than most other screech-owls. Up to 2500 m. Song: short,
level or slightly ascending almost-trill, followed by 1–3
slower, higher “drrrrrrwc-wec” notes.
57.2 BLACK-CAPPED (or Variable) SCREECH-OWL

(Corujinha-sapo) Megascops (or Otus) atricapilla L 9.8 in./25
cm. Gray (a) and rufous forms (b, most common) shown; a
brown form also occurs. Nonreflective eyes dark brown or
yellow. Crown more uniform dark than in 57.1 and 57.6.
From 57.6 by range and by voice. ♣ In or near humid forest.
Mainly below 600 m. Song: long, low, slow, level trill,
gradually gaining in strength (up to 18 sec). Note: population
found in higher elevation Atlantic forest in eastern
Pernambuco and Alagoas may be an undescribed species.
NOTE: The SACC maintains the combination of the following

two species (57.3 and 57.4) in one species, Tawny-bellied
Screech-Owl Megascops (or Otus) watsonii.
415
57.3 SOUTHERN TAWNY-BELLIED SCREECH-OWL
(Corujinha-relógio) Megascops (or Otus) usta L 7.9 in./20
cm. Black facial rim less contrasting than in 57.1 and
nonreflective eyes brownish to amber. From 57.4 by darker
crown, heavier streaks to breast, and esp. by song. ♣ In or
near humid forest up to 500 m. Song: long, slow, slightly
rising series of mid-high “oo” notes, gaining in strength, at
the end slightly lower (“ou” 3 ×/sec, total 16 sec).
57.4 NORTHERN TAWNY-BELLIED SCREECH-OWL

(Corujinha-orelhuda) Megascops (or Otus) watsonii L 7.9 in./
20 cm. Very similar to 57.3. Locally some overlap in ranges.
♣ Lower story of humid forest interior; also, but less so, at
edge. Song: as 57.3, but much faster and not lowered at the
end but somewhat undulating.
416
57.5 VERMICULATED (or Roraima) SCREECH-OWL
(Corujinha-de-roraima) Megascops (or Otus) guatemalae (or
roraimae) L 7.9 in./20 cm. Brown form shown; also occurs in
a rufous form. Very similar to 57.1, but with less distinct dark
facial rim and vertical black lines in underpart pattern fewer
and less distinct. No overlap with 57.2 and 57.6. ♣ Humid
forest. Mainly at 500–1800 m. Song: short to long, high,
fast, slightly lowered trill, like “rrrr---uw.”
57.6 LONG-TUFTED SCREECH-OWL (Corujinha-dosul)

Megascops (or Otus) sanctae-catarinae L 9.8 in./25 cm.
Brown form shown; also occurs in a rufous form.
Nonreflective eyes yellow; occasionally brown. Larger than
57.1. ♣ Wooded areas (incl. Araucaria), forest edge.
Generally avoids interior of dense forest. Mainly below 1000
m. Song: varied; e.g., a long series, which rises rather
steeply before it is lowered at the end and stops suddenly,
417
“rrrr---ruh!” (20 sec), or a very low, barking series of 3–5 sec,
which gradually is lowered in pitch.
NOTE: Pygmy-owls show a “pseudo-face” on back of head,

except in Imms. (and possibly Ad. 57.9). Active day or night.
Small birds often respond aggressively to their calls.
57.7 AMAZONIAN (or Hardy’s) PYGMY-OWL

(Caburé-da-amazônia) Glaucidium hardyi L 5.5 in./14 cm.
Grayish head contrasts with browner back and chest
markings. Note 3–4 visible white bars in tail (incl. tip) and
spotted crown (sometimes plain). Cf. 57.10. ♣ Upperstory of
humid forest. Song: high, lowered, shivering almost-trill (3
sec).
57.8 LEAST PYGMY-OWL (Caburé-miudinho) Glaucidium

minutissimum L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Resembles 57.7 (no overlap),
but head slightly browner. Cf. 57.10. ♣ Canopy and edge of
418
humid forest. Locally also in nearby brushy areas. Song:
mid-high, piped “tooh tooh.”
57.9 PERNAMBUCO PYGMY-OWL

(Caburé-de-pernambuco) Glaucidium mooreorum L 5.5 in./14
cm. From 57.8 mainly by range and voice. ♣ Canopy and
edge of humid forest. En, R.
57.10 FERRUGINOUS PYGMY-OWL (Caburé) Glaucidium

brasilianum L 6.7 in./17 cm. Widespread. From 57.7–57.9 by
streaked (not spotted) crown (occasionally plain) and longer
tail with at least 5 (rarely 4) visible white tail-bars (incl. tip)
in gray form (a) or no white in tail in rufous form (b). ♣
Cerrado, savanna, scrub, second growth, parks, woodland and
forest (avoids interior of terra firme). Prefers deciduous to
semihumid regions. Song: mid-high, hurried series of about
7–12 “hoot-hoot- -” notes.
419
Screech-Owls / Pygmy-Owls
420
421
Plate 58
58.1 BURROWING OWL (Coruja-buraqueira) Athene

cunicularia L 7.9 in./20 cm. Long-legged terrestrial owl with
barring below and spotting above. Juv. all white below. ♣ Dry
open areas, savanna, ranchland, pastures, grassy areas (even
in towns or airports). Rather social. Song: very high, rapid
series of about 15–20 sharp “tjíp” notes, preceded by inhaled
or sharp “tjuuch.”
58.2 BUFF-FRONTED OWL (Caburé-acanelado) Aegolius

harrisii L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable small owl with rich
buff underparts, cheeks, and forecrown. ♣ Humid forest and
woodland. Locally also in wooded caatinga and cerrado.
Song: low, often crescendoing, rolling “rrrrrrrur” (5–6 sec).
58.3 STRIPED OWL (Coruja-orelhuda) Rhinoptynx (or

Pseudoscops) clamator L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. S ssp. midas
422
shown; N and C Nom. has more tawny underparts. Note
buffy-white face boldly bordered by black rim, streaked
underparts, and long ear tufts. ♣ Forest, second growth,
riverine belts, woodland to cerrado, caatinga, agricultural
areas, suburbs, and plantations. Song: very high,
descending, single-noted, nasal “pieeeuw” (1 sec).
58.4 STYGIAN OWL (Mocho-diabo) Asio stygius L 15.7 in./

40 cm. Long, close-set ear tufts. Upperparts and face very
dark (forehead pale). ♣ Woodland, open areas with trees,
forest (avoids interior of dense humid lowland forest).
Song: low, dull, far-carrying “hóow” at 40-sec intervals.
58.5 SHORT-EARED OWL (Mocho-dos-banhados) Asio

flammeus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note streaked underparts, tiny ear
tufts (often not visible), and yellow eyes. ♣ Grassland,
marshes, farmland, savanna, open woodland. Roosts on the
423
ground. Diurnal and nocturnal. ♣ All types of open country.
Generally silent.
58.6 GREAT HORNED OWL (Jacurutu) Bubo virginianus L

21.5 in./55 cm. Largest owl in Brazil. Note barred underparts
and distinct ear tufts. ♣ Open forest (incl. Caatinga),
woodland, savanna, open areas with wooded patches.
Song: very low, hollow “oohóo,” muffled as if swallowing
something.
58.7 RUSTY-BARRED OWL (Coruja-listrada) Strix

hylophila L 13.8 in./35 cm. Lack of ear tufts, dark eyes, and
barring below diagnostic. ♣ Forest and second growth.
Song: high, exhaled “èèèèèuh,” like a car stopping abruptly (1
sec). R.
424
58.8 MOTTLED OWL (Coruja-do-mato) Strix (or Ciccaba)
virgata L 13.8 in./35 cm. Overall color rather variable;
Amazonian type shown. Note dark nonreflective eyes and
lack of ear tufts. Belly typically streaked as shown, but may
appear more barred in N. Birds from the Atlantic forest are
bigger, and the ground color of the belly is light rufous to
dark buff; they also lack the white tail bars visible in N birds.
♣ Wide range of forest types, woodland, savanna, plantations;
sometimes even in city parks. Song: surprised-sounding,
steeply ascending and descending “ouuúuw.”
58.9 BLACK-BANDED OWL (Coruja-preta) Strix (or

Ciccaba) huhula L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable by overall
black and white barring. ♣ Humid forest (incl. Araucaria).
Occasionally in plantations. Song: varied; e.g., short series
of “oo” notes in 2 well-separated parts, 1st part a 3-noted,
rapidly ascending, laughing “oo-oo-oo,” 2nd part low
425
“oouw”; or “oo-oo Oow” (last syllable higher); or ascending
“oouw” at 1-sec intervals.
58.10 CRESTED OWL (Coruja-de-crista) Lophostrix cristata

L 15.7 in./40 cm. Unmistakable by long, white eyebrows. ♣
Humid forest (mainly in interior). Locally in dense tall second
growth. Song: extr. low, short “rooh” at 4-sec intervals.
Owls
426
Plate 59
427
59.1 SPECTACLED OWL (Murucututu) Pulsatrix
perspicillata L 19.7 in./50 cm. SE ssp. pulsatrix,
Short-browed Owl (a, with yellowish amber eyes and broken
breast band; likely to be considered a full species), and
widespread Nom. (b, with yellow eyes and paler underparts)
shown. Juv. has a black face set in further all-white head;
eyes as adult. Cf. 59.2. ♣ Forest, open areas with scattered
trees, riverine belts, plantations. Song: very low, rapid
series of about 5–6 “oo” notes. Also low, rapid
“wuc-wuc-ducd-t.”
59.2 TAWNY-BROWED OWL

(Murucututu-de-barrigaamarela) Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana L
17.7 in./45 cm. From larger 59.1 by bare, not feathered, toes,
creamy buff (not white) facial markings, and dark eyes. Juv.
differs from Juv. 59.1 by brown face and dark eyes. ♣ Humid
forest, Araucaria forest, woodland. ♣ Song: often duets,
with one bird giving very low “wuwuwuwu,” answered by the
other by the same series, but an octave higher.
428
59.3 BARN OWL (Coruja-da-igreja) Tyto alba L 13.8 in./ 35
cm. Unmistakable by white to rich buff underparts and
heart-shaped face. ♣ Wide variety of open to semiopen
habitats (even in towns). Call in flight: very high, hoarse/
squeaky “shru-eeeh.”
NOTE: Potoos: Feed nocturnally on flying insects caught by

sallying out from perch. Difficult to spot during daytime, but
easily identified as Potoos by upright manner of perching on
top of tree stumps, for example.
59.4 WHITE-WINGED POTOO (Urutau-de-asabranca)

Nyctibius leucopterus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Smaller than
59.6–59.8. Large white patch on wing coverts diagnostic. ♣
Canopy of terra firme. Call: high, slightly upslurred,
mellow “wueet”; song: long, down-gliding, fluted,
melancholy-sounding “fuuuu---u” (5 sec).
429
59.5 RUFOUS POTOO (Urutau-ferrugem) Nyctibius
bracteatus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Generally unmistakable by overall
deep rufous color, but cf. larger 59.9. ♣ Terra firme and
swampy palm forest. Song: high, rapid, bouncing-down
series of “wup-wuwuwu---wu” notes (2–3 sec).
59.6 LONG-TAILED POTOO (M e-da-lua-parda) Nyctibius

aethereus L 19.7 in./50 cm. Rather rufescent. Slender. Very
long tail (ca. half total length) diagnostic. ♣ Lowland forest,
mainly humid. Song: strange series; raucous at start,
upslurred, and slightly lowered at end, together sounding as
“ràooúuul.”
430
59.7 COMMON (or Gray) POTOO (M e-da-lua) Nyctibius
griseus L 15.7 in./40 cm. L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Overall color
varies from grayish (shown; most common) to rufescent. ♣
Savanna, woodland, forest edge, second growth. Song:
strange, calm, mournful series of 3–6 piped/fluted,
descending, eerie-sounding notes; 1st one normally longest.
59.8 GREAT POTOO (M e-da-lua-gigante) Nyctibius

grandis L 19.7 in./50 cm. Large and bulky. Typically pale
gray; occasionally browner. Overall vermiculated/ barred (not
streaked). Eyes dark, but reflect orange-red in torch light as in
other potoos. ♣ Forest, riverine belts in more open areas (incl.
cerrado), tall second growth. Esp. at rivers or lakes. Song:
very low, hoarse, spooky-sounding “wòòòòuw.”
431
59.9 OILBIRD (Guácharo) Steatornis caripensis L 17.7 in./
45 cm. Virtually unmistakable. ♣ In or near humid forest up
to 2600 m. Roosts and nests colonially in caves, but can be
seen up to 150 km from these roosts during nocturnal
foraging. Feeds exclusively on fruits taken in flight. Clicks
(sounding as static on radio) for echolocation in cave; low
“krèèh-krèèh-krèèh- -” as contact call.
Owls / Barn Owl / Potoos / Oilbird
432
Plate 60
433
60.1 SICKLE-WINGED NIGHTJAR (Curiango-dobanhado)
Eleothreptus anomalus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Overall pale grayish
brown. From other small nightjars in range (Pl. 61) by short
tail, lack of a large throat patch/crescent (only a buff chin),
and essentially no nuchal collar. with long, white-tipped
primaries; with very rounded wings and barring near
primary-tips. ♣ Grassland, savanna, woodland, and gallery
forest. Often near water. Song: series of dry, twittered
“trrrrr trr-trr trr” trills. R.
60.2 WHITE-WINGED NIGHTJAR

(Bacurau-de-rabobranco) Eleothreptes (or Caprimulgus)
candicans L 7.9 in./20 cm. Small. Pale grayish brown overall.
with extensive white in tail, underparts, and wing (almost
all white from below); with barring almost reaching
primary-tips. Both sexes with dark ocular area contrasting
with broad whitish moustache and eyebrow; no nuchal collar
(cf. 61.10 and 62.1). ♣ Open cerrado and grassland. Short,
soft wing purr; also vocal sounds like short, undulating
whistle. R.
434
60.3 SCISSOR-TAILED NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-tesoura)
Hydropsalis torquata (or brasiliensis) L 11.8 in./30 cm. (+ up
to 13.8 in./35 cm of tail extensions in ). Overall buffy gray
with a three-pointed tail tip (may appear forked when
perched). From 60.5 by tawny (buff in S) nuchal collar, lack
of white wing bars, and longer tail in . Also cf. 60.4 and
61.4 ♣ Lowland forest, woodland, savanna, grassland, parks.
Song: calm series of very/extr. high, piercing, doublets
“FEé-tje - -” without intervals.
60.4 LONG-TRAINED NIGHTJAR

(Bacurau-tesouragigante) Macropsalis forcipata (or creagra)
L 11.8 in./30 cm. (+ up to 24 in./60 cm of tail extensions in
). From smaller 60.3 by darker upperparts and forked tail;
also differs by longer tail. ♣ Humid forest. Locally in
woodland and second growth; 500–1800 m (to SL in S part of
range). Song: soft, rapid “pi-pi-t’pru” (“pi-pi” very high
435
and thin, “t’pru” descending much lower) repeated once,
followed by some low mumbled “pr” notes.
60.5 LADDER-TAILED NIGHTJAR (Acurana) Hydropsalis

climacocerca L 9.8 in./25 cm. pale grayish with extensive
white on undertail, belly, and wing band; buffier (incl.
belly and wing band) without white in tail. Little or no nuchal
collar. Note three-pointed tail tip (may appear forked when
perched). Cf. 60.3, 61.4, and 61.9. ♣ Humid forest, woodland,
second growth. Usually near rivers or lakes. Call/song:
series of well- but irregularly spaced, very/extr. high “tjip”
notes.
NOTE: Nighthawks: Wings pointed (except in 60.10) and

extending to or beyond tail tip when perched. Tails squarish,
notched in center. Hunt insects in sustained flight.
Crepuscular (61.1–61.3 more nocturnal).
436
60.6 LEAST NIGHTHAWK (Bacurauzinho) Chordeiles
pusillus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Resembles larger 60.9, but darker
overall, wing band closer to wing tip and with distinctive
white or buff trailing edge of wings (cf. 61.1 and 61.2 without
white throat and wing bands). ♣ Grassy areas with trees and
scrub, cerrado, caatinga. Roosts on ground or rarely
lengthwise on branch. Song: rattling series of about 5–6 ×
“pu” or “djuk,” followed by suddenly upslurred “puwEE,”
together as “pupupupupuwEE.”
60.7 SAND-COLORED NIGHTHAWK (Bacurau-da-praia)

Chordeiles rupestris L 7.9 in./20 cm. Pale buff-gray with
white throat and underparts (incl. most of underside of wings
and tail). ♣ Near sandbars along rivers or oxbow lakes; less so
on rocky river islands and marshy areas. Roosts on ground or
low branches. Social. Song: raucous “tr-TRAAA TRAAA -
-.”
437
60.8 LESSER NIGHTHAWK (Bacurau-de-asa-fina)
Chordeiles acutipennis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Very similar to 60.9,
but wing band closer to wing tip (and buff in ), barring on
underwing extends to inner primaries and wings project
almost to tail tip when perched. Also cf. 60.6. ♣ Wide variety
of open to semiopen habitats, incl. grassland, farmland,
savanna, shrubby areas, open woodland, towns. Rarer in
marsh, mangrove, forest edge. Roosts on ground or
lengthwise along branches. Sometimes in small groups.
Song: level, toadlike trill, slightly increasing in strength (4–6
sec).
60.9 COMMON NIGHTHAWK (Bacurau-norteamericano)

Chordeiles minor L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Overall brownish gray
with white subterminal band in undertail (lacking in ).
White wing band intersects leading edge of wing about
halfway between wing tip and wing bend (“wrist”). Wings
often project beyond tail when perched. Cf. 60.6 and 60.8. ♣
Habitat and roosting behavior as 60.8, but usually flies higher
and is commoner in humid habitats. Silent in South
America.
438
60.10 NACUNDA NIGHTHAWK (Coruc o) Podager
nacunda L 11.8 in./30 cm. Contrasting white below, sharply
demarcated from brown chest. Rounded wings with dark
primaries and white band. ♣ Grassland, marshes, savanna.
Locally also at forest edge, seashore, towns. Roosts on the
ground. Often in groups. Call: soft “Wee?”; song: very low
“roo-coo,” sometimes followed by much lower “do.”
Nightjars / Nighthawks
439
440
Plate 61
61.1 BAHIAN (or Plain-tailed or Caatinga) NIGHTHAWK

(Bacurau-do-s o-francisco) Nyctiprogne (or Chordeiles)
vieillardi L 7 in./18 cm. Note small range. Overall rather dark
chestnut (no white/buff in tail, on throat, or wing bar; cf. 60.6
and 60.8). ♣ Riverine woodland and brush. Roosts crosswise
on low branches. Social. Call: soft “weet-weet.” En, R.
61.2 BAND-TAILED NIGHTHAWK

(Bacurau-de-caudabarrada) Nyctiprogne leucopyga L 7 in./ 18
cm. Dark brownish overall. No wing bands. Note white tail
band (visible from below). No throat-patch, but often with a
small spot on either side of lower throat. ♣ Forest, woodland,
or areas with dense brush. Always near water. Perches
crosswise on branches. Social. Song: mid-high, soft,
mellow “tjow” or slightly guttural “wuc-wói wuc wuc.”
441
61.3 SHORT-TAILED (or Semi-collared) NIGHTHAWK
(Tuju) Lurocalis semitorquatus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Dark overall
(no wing band or white in tail). Long wings extend well
beyond very short tail when perched. ♣ Wide variety of
habitats with trees; from forest to woodland and wooded
savanna. Roosts lengthwise on canopy branches. Song:
varies per region; e.g., piped, lifted “tu-wút” or “tuit.”
61.4 COMMON PAURAQUE (Bacurau) Nyctidromus

albicollis L 11.8 in./30 cm. Large, long-tailed nightjar with
gray-brown (a) and rufous (b) forms. with extensive white
on outer rectrices (only near tip in ). Wing band white ( )
or whitish buff ( ). Note uniform chestnut cheeks and
buff-edged black spots on scapulars. White crescent on lower
throat often reduced. ♣ Virtually any habitat, but prefers
wooded areas. Song: high “weé-ur,” sometimes as
“weé-ur-wo” (“wo” low and weak).
442
61.5 OCELLATED POORWILL (Bacurau-ocelado)
Nyctiphrynus ocellatus L 7.9 in./20 cm. A rather uniform
sooty brown ( ) or rufous ( ) nightjar with black spots on
scapulars and white spots on belly. Outer rectrices broadly
tipped white (mainly visible from below). ♣ Forest, mainly
humid. Song: clear, sweet, trilled “prrrír-uh” (“uh” lower).
NOTE: Nightjars (incl. 60.1–60.5, 61.4, 61.5, and

61.6–61.10): Tails squarish or rounded (except in 60.3–60.5)
and wings less pointed than in most nighthawks. Depending
on species, tail extends well beyond or slightly past wing tips
when perched. Roosts on or near the ground (e.g., on low
branches or rocks), occasionally on roofs. Hunts insects by
sallying out from ground or branch (60.1, 60.2, 61.9, and
61.10 will also hunt in low, sustained flight). More strictly
nocturnal than nighthawks.
61.6 RUFOUS NIGHTJAR (Jo o-corta-pau) Caprimulgus

rufus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Large and generally rufous-brown.
Narrow whitish band on lower throat. with large white
spots on inner webs of outer 3 rectrices (difficult to see when
perched; buff from below). Both sexes with rufous tail
corners. Faint buff nuchal collar. No wing bands, but barring
to near primary tips. Cf. 61.7 and 61.4b. ♣ Wide variety of
habitats, incl. forest, riverine belts, woodland, cerrado, second
443
growth, large gardens. Roosts on ground or low perch.
Song: clear, rapid “tjuw-wutwut-wiúr.”
61.7 SILKY-TAILED NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-rabo-de-seda)

Caprimulgus sericocaudatus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Resembles 61.6
(incl. wing pattern), but more blackish brown overall, chest
blacker, and with white tail corner (both webs). ♣ Forest
and densely wooded areas (mainly, but not exclusively,
humid). Song: “tju-wú”wuír” (2nd half of 2nd part gliding
up and forcefully exhaled).
61.8 BAND-WINGED NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-da-telha)

Caprimulgus longirostris L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Overall rather dark
brownish gray. Nuchal collar rufous. Wing bands and
crescent on throat white/ buff ( / ). has broad white tail
corners (distinct when tail is spread or from below). ♣
Grassland, rocky and shrubby areas, woodland, forest edge,
444
cities. Mainly above 1000 m, but to SL in SE. Song: very/
extr. high, sharp “seeeuh-si” (1st part gliding down).
61.9 WHITE-TAILED NIGHTJAR

(Bacurau-de-caudabranca) Caprimulgus cayennensis L 7.9
in./20 cm. overall pale gray-buff with white belly, throat,
wing band, and in tail (tail almost all white from below).
Darker and buffier lacks white in tail, has cinnamon wing
band and buff throat usually speckled black. Both sexes with
cinnamon nuchal collar and rather pointed corners to the
squarish tail. ♣ Grassland, shrub, savanna, forest edge,
pastures. Up to 1500 m. Song: very/extr. high,
down-gliding “sjeeeuh.”
61.10 SPOT-TAILED NIGHTJAR

(Bacurau-de-rabomaculado) Caprimulgus maculicaudus L 7.9
in./20 cm. Small. Dark crown and face contrast with buff
445
eyebrow, malar, and throat. Nuchal collar cinnamon.
Prominent spots on wing coverts and scapulars whitish buff.
with white tail -corners; undertail with broad white tips and
spots on basal half (a). Cf. 61.9, 62.1, 60.1 , and 60.2 . ♣
Savanna and grassland with scattered trees and thickets, but
also along woodland edges. Lowlands. Song: very high,
rather sharp “p’teét,” repeated every 3–4 sec.
Nighthawks / Pauraque / Poorwill / Nightjars
446
447
Plate 62
62.1 LITTLE NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-chint ) Caprimulgus

parvulus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Small and stubby. Overall brownish
gray. Nuchal collar cinnamon and throat white/whitish buff (
/ ). has white wing band and spots on inner webs of all,
except central tail-feather tips (distinct from below). From
62.2 also by less contrasting facial pattern (esp. eyebrow) and
chest more barred (less spotted). ♣ Open wooded country,
forest edge, savanna, thickets in grassland, pastures.
Lowlands. Song: warbling “turéÉÉt-wruwruwruwru” (1st
part rapidly upslurred from low to very high, 2nd part as a
warbling, level twitter). Note: The N ssp. heterurus might be
a seperate species, SANTA MARTA NIGHTJAR, separable
(from S Nom.) by its more level-pitched song:
“tjib-djub-djebdjebdjeb” (“djub slightly lower).
62.2 BLACKISH NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-de-lajeado)

Caprimulgus nigrescens L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Small, with wings
almost reaching tail tip when perched. Overall dark with a
white crescent on lower throat (often reduced to small white
spots on either side of the lower throat). No nuchal collar.
with white tail corners (mainly visible from below) and small
wing bar. ♣ Clearings and edge of humid forest, esp. near
448
rocky outcrops. Up to 1200 m. Song: sudden scream,
repeated every 3–6 sec, like “tréeuw.”
62.3 RORAIMAN NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-dos-tepuis)

Caprimulgus whitelyi L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Very similar to 62.2
(note altitude), but with whitish spots on wing coverts and
both sexes with white on inner web of outer tail feathers (less
in ; in both sexes mainly visible from below). From larger
61.8 by lack of nuchal collar, wings almost reaching tail tip
when perched, and white to tail in both sexes. ♣ Densely
vegetated clearings and edges of montane forest (1200–1800
m). R.
62.4 PYGMY NIGHTJAR (Bacurauzinho-da-caatinga)

Caprimulgus hirundinaceus L 7 in./ 18 cm. Very small. Both
sexes with white wing bars. with white tips to outer two
tail-feathers. From 62.1 by overall paler, sandy color (except
in darker ssp. villiardi from Espírito Santo) and no large
449
white/buff-edged black scapular spots. ♣ Caatinga and
openings in deciduous woodland. Ssp. villiardi in rocky areas.
Song: very high, mellow, fluted “wíew” or “wíuw”; also
low “wúw”; all in series with 3- to 4-sec intervals. En.
62.5 [WHITE-CHINNED SWIFT (Taperuçu-de-mentobranco)

Cypseloides cryptus] L 5.9 in./15 cm. Large, with short,
squarish tail. Rather uniform blackish (whitish chin often hard
to see); roosts and nests behind waterfalls. ♣ Forest on or near
the tepuis. Calls: very high, hoarse twittering. Might also
give staccato clicks.
62.6 [WHITE-CHESTED SWIFT (Taperuçu-de-peito-branco]

Cypseloides lemosi] L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Unmistakable by white
chest mark (reduced, occasionally even lacking, in and
Juv.) and shallowly forked tail. ♣ Secondary forest and scrub.
450
62.7 SOOTY SWIFT (Taperuçu-preto) Cypseloides fumigatus
L 5.9 in./15 cm. From larger 62.8 by darker, blackish brown
color without whitish tinge to head. ♣ Roosts and breeds near
waterfalls. Feeds in small groups over nearby habitats, mainly
humid forest, second growth.
62.8 GREAT DUSKY SWIFT (Taperuçu-velho) Cypseloides

senex L 7 in./18 cm. Large. Overall brown with whitish tinge
to head (esp. forehead). Cf. 62.7. ♣ Roosts and breeds near
waterfalls. Feeds over nearby habitats, mainly forest. More
gregarious than 62.7.
451
62.9 TEPUI SWIFT (Taperuçu-dos-tepuis) Streptoprocne
phelpsi L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable by mainly orange
head. ♣ Humid forest and grassland. Up to 2500 m. Call:
rather low “tjip-tjip-tjip” or very high, scratchy “twui-twui-
-.”
62.10 WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT

(Taperuçu-de-coleira-branca) Streptoprocne zonaris L 7.9 in./
20 cm. Very large with shallowly forked tail. White collar
diagnostic, but incomplete and/or scaly in Juv. ♣ Roosts and
breeds in caves or near waterfalls (often with 62.8). Flies over
a wide range of habitats (e.g., forest, savanna, towns). Up to
2500 m. Call: very high, sharp “seep-seep- -.”
62.11 BISCUTATE SWIFT (Taperuçu-de-coleira-falha)

Streptoprocne biscutata L 7.9 in./20 cm. Very large with
shallowly forked tail. White collar diagnostic, but incomplete
and/or scaly in Juv. ♣ Roosts and breeds in caves or near
452
waterfalls (often with 62.8). Flies over a wide range of
habitats (e.g., forest, savanna, towns). Up to 2500 m. Call:
as 62.10, but may be less sharp, more sounding like
“weep-weep- -.”
Nightjars / Swifts
453
454
Plate 63
63.1 BAND-RUMPED SWIFT (Andorinh o-de-sobrebranco)

Chaetura spinicaudus L 4.3 in./ 11 cm. Small. Narrow and
clearly defined whitish rump band diagnostic. Pale throat
contrasts with dark chest and belly. ♣ Forest (mainly humid)
and adjacent clearings. Up to 1000 m. Song: extr. high, soft
“sreeuw sreeuw -.”
63.2 PALE-RUMPED SWIFT (Taperá-de-gargantabranca)

Chaetura egregia L 5.1 in./13 cm. Resembles smaller 63.3,
but rump and uppertail coverts whitish, and pale throat
contrasts with sooty chest and belly. ♣ Humid lowland forest
and adjacent clearings. Call: extr. high
“siw-siwsiw-tjee-tjee- -.”
63.3 GRAY-RUMPED SWIFT (Andorinh

o-de-sobrecinzento) Chaetura cinereiventris L 4.3 in./11 cm.
455
Gray (paler in E) rump and uppertail coverts contrast sharply
with glossy blackish back, head, and wings. Gray underparts
with dark vent and undertail. Smaller, less bulky, and grayer
rump patch contrasts more than in 63.4–63.6 and 63.8. ♣
Humid forest and nearby clearings. Up to 1500 m. Call:
very high, sharp, staccato “chi chi chi-chi chi - -” or “vrriuw
vrriuw.”
63.4 [CHIMNEY SWIFT (Andorinh o-migrante) Chaetura

pelagica] L 5.1 in./13 cm. Resembles 63.8 (note “opposite”
season in area of possible overlap), but rump barely contrasts
with back. ♣ Forest, second growth. Call: extr. high sharp
“sreee” and “tji” notes (single or as trills).
63.5 CHAPMAN’S SWIFT (Andorinh o-de-chapman)

Chaetura chapmani L 5.5 in./14 cm. L 5.1 in./13 cm. Rump
and long uppertail coverts brownish gray; contrasting
somewhat with glossy black upperparts. Lacks contrasting
456
pale throat of 63.4 and 63.8. From 63.6 only by range. ♣
Humid lowland forest and nearby surroundings. Call: rapid
series of extr. high, piercing, almost chattering “tji” notes.
63.6 AMAZONIAN SWIFT Chaetura viridipennis

(Andorinh o-da-amazônia) L 5.5 in./14 cm. Often considered
a ssp. of similar 63.5. ♣ Humid lowland forest and nearby
(incl. towns).
63.7 SHORT-TAILED SWIFT (Andorinh o-de-rabocurto)

Chaetura brachyura L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Pale vent, rump, and
upper-tail coverts almost cover very short tail. Note bulging
mid-wing, lack of pale throat, and floppy-winged flight. ♣
Forest (esp. in clearings and along rivers), woodland, towns,
mangrove. Mainly in humid regions. Lowlands. Call/song:
mixture of very high twittering and rolls.
457
63.8 SICK’S (or Ashy-tailed or Ashy-throated) SWIFT
(Andorinh o-do-temporal) Chaetura meridionalis L 5.5 in./
14 cm. Rump and long uppertail coverts brownish gray;
contrasts somewhat with sooty blackish brown back and head.
Pale throat usually contrasts with dark brownish underparts.
Cf. 63.3–63.6. ♣ Forest, savanna, second growth, towns.
Virtually any habitat during migration. Calls: very/extr.
high twittering “tjit-tjit-tjuw-tjittjit- -.”
63.9 WHITE-TIPPED SWIFT (Andorinh o-serrano)

Aeronautes montivagus L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. From 63.11 by white
tail tips (lacking in ), shorter, shallowly forked tail (often
appears square) and lack of white neck collar. ♣ Over forest,
second growth, open slopes between 600 and 2000 m. Call/
song: sustained extr. high, undulating (in pitch and strength),
fast rattling.
458
63.10 FORK-TAILED PALM-SWIFT
(Andorinhão-do-buriti) Tachornis squamata L 5.1 in./ 13 cm.
Unmistakable by long, deeply forked tail (often held together
in a point) and extensive white to underparts. ♣ Various open
to semiopen habitats (even towns) near palms. Up to 1000 m.
Call: irregular series of extr. high, piercing, joined “zeeee”
notes.
63.11 LESSER SWALLOW-TAILED SWIFT (Andorinh

o-estofador) Panyptila cayennensis L 5.1 in./13 cm.
Unmistakable by long, deeply forked tail (often held together
in a point) and white neck collar. ♣ Mainly forest. Locally
also woodland, cultivated areas, towns. Mainly in humid
regions. Up to 1000 m. Normally flies so high that voice is
not heard.
459
Swifts
460
461
Plate 64
64.1 EASTERN LONG-TAILED HERMIT

(Rabo-branco-de-bigodes) Phaethornis superciliosus L 5.5
in./14 cm. Large. Chest pale grayish tinged buff; remaining
underparts dull buff. Both sexes with whitish buff gular
stripe. Cf. 64.2. ♣ Forest, second growth, riverine belts,
plantations. Mainly in humid regions (extends into nearby
semideciduous areas locally). Up to 1200 m. Call: high
“wueetwueet- -” (without intervals) in flight; staccato, strong
“tzic-tzic- -” at lek.
64.2 GREAT-BILLED HERMIT (Besour o-de-bicogrande)

Phaethornis malaris L 5.9 in./15 cm. (6.3 in./16 cm in NE).
NE Nom. (shown) only ssp. to overlap with 64.1, but larger,
underparts darker, chest grayer (not clearly tinged buff), and
gular stripe faint/absent in . Sspp. not shown: NW insolitus
(as Nom), SW ochraceiventris (ochre below), and C
bolivianus (buff below; cf. 64.10). ♣ Humid lowland forest
and second growth. Call/song: single- or double sounding,
upslurred, very high, sharp “t’sjic-t’sjic-t’ sjic- -.”
462
64.3 MARGARETTA’S HERMIT
(Rabo-branco-de-margarette) Phaethornis margarettae L 5.9
in./15 cm. Only large hermit in range without dark scaling on
throat (see 64.4) or contrasting rump patch (see 64.10). No
overlap with 64.1 or 64.2. ♣ Humid lowland forest and nearby
second growth. En.
64.4 SCALE-THROATED HERMIT

(Rabo-branco-de-garganta-rajada) Phaethornis eurynome L
5.5 in./14 cm. Only large hermit with distinctly pale-scaled
dark throat. Cf. 64.8. ♣ Forest, tall second growth. Prefers
humid regions. Up to 2250 m; in N part of range mainly in
highlands. Call at lek: very high, sharp “tsju.” Song:
varied; may be very high, thin “fee-fjee tuh”(“tuh” lower).
463
64.5 WHITE-BEARDED HERMIT (Rabo-brancocinza)
Phaethornis hispidus L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Underparts and scaling
to rump grayish. Distinct white gular stripe and malar. ♣
Várzea, swamp forest, riverine growth, forest edge,
overgrown plantations. Up to 1000 m. Call/song: very high
“tju-tju- -” without intervals.
64.6 STRAIGHT-BILLED HERMIT

(Rabo-branco-de-bico-reto) Phaethornis bourcieri L 5.1 in./
13 cm. Bill almost straight (other Phaethornis hermits, except
64.7, have curved bills). Grayish below. ♣ Mainly terra firme;
occasionally in várzea, thickets, plantations. Up to 1500 m.
Call/song: insectlike, extr. high “tzee-tzee” notes.
464
64.7 NEEDLE-BILLED HERMIT (Rabo-branco-amarelo)
Phaethornis philippii L 4.7 in./ 12 cm. Bill almost straight as
in 64.6, but underparts orange-tawny. ♣ Humid lowland
forest, plantations.
64.8 DUSKY-THROATED HERMIT (Rabo-brancopequeno)

Phaethornis squalidus L 4.3 in./11 cm. From larger 64.4 by
browner (less gray) chest, and throat appears more uniform
dark (less scaled). From smaller 64.9 by longer tail and
buffier underparts. ♣ Humid forest and dense second growth
up to 2250 m. Call/song: at lek, may be a rhythmic, rapid
melody, like “wít weet whutwhutwhut wit weet, zjew zjew”
(fluted “wit” very high, “weet” slightly lower, nasal “wut”
mid-high, reverberating “zjew” very low). En.
465
64.9 STREAK-THROATED (or Rupurumi) HERMIT
(Rabo-branco-do-rupurumi) Phaethornis rupurumii L 4.3 in./
11 cm. Medium-small. Dingy grayish below (sometimes
tinged buff), throat mottled black (sometimes hard to see). ♣
Humid to semideciduous woodland and forest (esp. borders),
riverine growth. Song: e.g., “feefee-t’tjuh” notes (1st part
extr. high, “tjuh” much lower).
64.10 PLANALTO HERMIT (Rabo-branco-acanelado)

Phaethornis pretrei L 5.5 in./14 cm. Large. Cinnamon-buff
below. Contrasting orange-rufous rump. Tail broadly tipped
white. Cf. 65. 2. ♣ Wide variety of semiopen habitats, incl.
woodland, forest edge, caatinga, riverine growth, wooded
areas in savanna, second growth, gardens. Up to 2250 m.
Song: irregular series of very high “tsee” and “tseree” notes,
with few or no intervals.
466
Hermits
467
Plate 65
468
65.1 BUFF-BELLIED HERMIT
(Rabo-branco-de-barriga-fulva) Phaethornis subochraceus L
4.7 in./12 cm. Lacks uniform contrasting rump patch of 64.10,
65.2, and 65.3. Tail broadly tipped white, and 2nd pair of
rectrices elongated (as in 64.10, but unlike 64.2). ♣ Dry to
semi-deciduous forest, woodland, shrub. Song (at lek):
“tjuwtjék” in rapid series.
65.2 CINNAMON-THROATED HERMIT (Besour

ode-sobre-amarelo) Phaethornis nattereri L 3.9 in./10 cm.
Resembles larger 64.10, but outer rectrices tipped buff. ♣
Semideciduous forest, riverine growth, caatinga, cerrado,
second growth. Lowlands. Song (at lek):, series with notes
as extr. high “tweettweet,” “tsjeeh,” and low “weeh-oh-wee.”
NOTE: 65.2 plumage as shown is now considered to be a

separate species, MARANHAO HERMIT
(Rabo-branco-do-maranh o) Phaethornis maranhaoensis.
469
Resembles 65.2 as shown, but with darker, richer throat
color and shorter tail. Cf. paler-throated 65. 3 . ♣ Forest,
woodland, second growth. Lowlands. En.
65.3 REDDISH HERMIT (Rabo-branco-rubro) Phaethornis

ruber L 3.5 in./9cm. Tiny. Rump and underparts
orange-rufous; chin whitish to pale ochre. with black chest
patch (faint/absent in ). Tail rather wedge shaped; outer
rectrices tipped rufous, color of central pair vary. ♣ Forest
(humid to semideciduous), woodland (incl. cerrado), second
growth, wooded savanna. Up to 1200 m. Song: irregular
series of “fee,” “fjee,” and “fiuw” notes, all at extr. high but
varying pitch.
65.4 GRAY-CHINNED HERMIT

(Rabo-branco-de-garganta-cinza) Phaethornis griseogularis L
3.5 in./9 cm. Note small range. Very similar to 65. 3 , but
470
chin gray and lacks coppery tinge to green upperparts. ♣
Humid forest at 800–1800 m. Call/song: calm but slightly
irregular series of extr. high “feeuh” notes.
65.5 MINUTE HERMIT (Rabo-branco-mirim) Phaethornis

idaliae L 3.1 in./8 cm. Tiny. White-tipped tail rather
wedge-shaped (longer in ). Underparts grayish. Throat dark
brown in (cf. 64.8), orange-rufous in (cf. 65.3 ). ♣
Humid forest, wooded areas near the coast, old second
growth. Lowlands. Call: in flight, very/extr. high,
ascending “tuh-wéeh tuh-wéeh.” En.
65.6 BROAD-TIPPED HERMIT

(Rabo-branco-de-cauda-larga) Anopetia gounellei L 4.3 in./11
cm. Pale brownish buff below. Rump often tinged buff. Tail
broadly tipped white, and 2nd pair of rectrices as long as
central pair. Cf. Phaethornis hermits (Pl. 64 and 65). ♣
471
Caatinga, shrubby areas, semideciduous forest. Song: slow
series of repeated, very high, downslurred, chirping “twut”
notes. En.
65.7 RUFOUS-BREASTED (or Hairy) HERMIT

(Balança-rabo-de-bico-torto) Glaucis hirsutus L 4.3 in./11
cm. Rounded tail rufous with dark subterminal band and
white tips. Underparts brownish rufous. Cf. localized 65.10
and 66.4. ♣ Wide variety of shrubby and wooded habitats,
incl. forest (mainly at edge; avoids interior of primary terra
firme), woodland, riverine belts, thickets, overgrown
plantations, mangrove. Up to 1000 m. Call in flight: very
high “seep”; song: e.g., rapid “seep-seep-seep.”
65.8 SOOTY BARBTHROAT (Balança-rabo-escuro)

Threnetes niger L 4.3 in./11 cm. Two sspp. Nom. (a, N
Amapá; with all-dark tail and faint or no rufous throat collar)
and ssp. loehkeni (b, Bronze-tailed Barbthroat, S and C
472
Amapá, with pale tip to tail and distinct rufous throat collar).
Cf. 65.9. ♣ Edge of lowland forest (mainly humid) and
second growth. Call: extr. high “tsuw.”
65.9 PALE-TAILED BARBTHROAT

(Balança-rabo-de-garganta-preta) Threnetes leucurus L 4.3
in./11 cm. Note distinct throat collar. Three sspp. (all
sometimes considered sspp. of 65.8): widespread Nom. (a,
with white in tail), W cervicauda (b, with buff in tail), and
intermediate medianus (not shown, from S Pará). From 65.8b
by tail pattern. ♣ Edge of forest (mainly humid), second
growth, brushy pastures, overgrown plantations. Up to 1000
m. Song: extr. high, hurried hissing (just audible).
65.10 HOOK-BILLED HERMIT (Balança-rabo-canela)

Glaucis dohrnii L 5.1 in./13 cm. Resembles 65.7, but with
white-tipped bronzy green tail and straighter bill. ♣ Humid
lowland forest. En, R.
473
Hermits / Barbthroats
474
Plate 66
475
66.1 SAW-BILLED HERMIT (Beija-flor-rajado) Ramphodon
naevius L 5.9 in./15 cm. Size, tail pattern, and broad streaks
to breast (narrow on belly) diagnostic. ♣ Understory of
Atlantic forest. Song: very high, chattering twitter. Also a
sustained, rapid series of very high “bic” notes or a
descending series of 3 slow, well-separated “seee” notes. En,
R.
66.2 BLUE-FRONTED LANCEBILL (Bico-de-lança)

Doryfera johannae L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note long, very slightly
upcurved bill and coppery tinge to nape. ♣ Humid forest at
900–1800 m, locally lower.
66.3 GRAY-BREASTED SABREWING (Asa-de-sabrecinza)

Campylopterus largipennis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Large with gray
476
underparts and broad white corners to rounded tail. Cf. 67.3
, 69.8, 71.2, and 71.9 . ♣ Humid forest (avoids interior of
terra firme), second growth, thickets, plantations. Mainly
lowlands, but at 1000–1500 m. in SE. Call: high, strong
“tjew” irregularly at 1 ×/sec.
66.4 RUFOUS-BREASTED SABREWING

(Asa-desabre-canela) Campylopterus hyperythrus L 4.7 in./12
cm. Note rufous underparts and outer rectrices (tail appears
all rufous from below). ♣ Edge of humid forest, shrub;
1200–2600 m. Call: in flight, high, nasal “wit wirrit wit -
-.”
66.5 BUFF-BREASTED SABREWING

(Asa-de-sabre-de-peito-camurça) Campylopterus duidae L
4.7 in./12 cm. Tail pattern and wing shape diagnostic. ♣ At
streams in humid Atlantic forest. Call: very high, nasal,
irritated-sounding “tir tirre-tirre-trit.”
477
66.6 BROWN VIOLET-EAR (Beija-flor-marrom) Colibri
delphinae L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable by overall dull
grayish brown color, cinnamon tinge to rump, and violet-blue
ears. ♣ Forest, woodland, second growth, shrubby areas;
700–2000 m. Call: very/extr. high, strident “zeep” notes in
irregular series; song: series of very high “seep” notes,
slightly irregular in tempo and pitch.
66.7 SPARKLING VIOLET-EAR (Beija-flor-violeta) Colibri

coruscans L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable in small range (no
overlap with 66.8) by violet-blue ears and central belly and by
throat and breast pattern. Tail with dark subterminal band. ♣
Forest edge and clearings, woodland; 1200–2400 m. Song:
short series of 4–7 extr. high, strident, staccato “tseet” notes.
478
66.8 WHITE-VENTED VIOLET-EAR
(Beija-flor-de-orelha-violeta) Colibri serrirostris L 5.1 in./13
cm. Unmistakable by white vent and blue-violet ears. ♣ Wide
range of semiopen habitats, incl. savanna, grassland, shrub,
second growth, gardens, open forest. Up to 2700 m. Song:
high to very high, 2-noted, sharp “tí-tju tí-tju - -.”
66.9 GREEN-THROATED MANGO

(Beija-flor-de-veste-verde) Anthracothorax viridigula L 4.7
in./12 cm. Resembles 66.10, but with green throat, while
shows stronger coppery red tinge to upperparts (esp. rump)
than 66.10 . Many (all?) with white band on the lower
throat, clearly dividing black stripe in two. Juv. as 66.10 ,
but line below is green on the throat. ♣ Mangrove, forest
(avoids interior of dense forest), woodland, savanna. Mainly
near water. Lowlands. Song: very high, slightly descending
trill, like “f’srrrrrrih-tjew tjuh.”
479
66.10 BLACK-THROATED MANGO
(Beija-flor-de-veste-preta) Anthracothorax nigricollis L 4.7
in./12 cm. Note tail pattern and distinctive black stripe below
(chest section often irregular and faint in and Imms.). Cf.
66.9 and 68.1. ♣ Wide variety of open to semiopen habitats
(even in towns). Lowlands. Call: very high “chip chip -.”
Hermit / Lancebill / Sabrewings / Violet-Ears / Mangos
480
Plate 67
481
67.1 WHITE-NECKED JACOBIN
(Beija-flor-azul-de-rabo-branco) Florisuga mellivora L 4.7
in./12 cm. Note white nape, belly, and undertail in .
variable; typically as shown (belly and scaling to throat and
vent white) or similar, but with bluer throat and/or more white
to tail, or -like. ♣ Forest, woodland, plantations, second
growth, riverine belts. Mainly in humid regions. Up to 1500
m. Call: extr. high, thin “fiw fiw -.”
67.2 BLACK JACOBIN (Beija-flor-preto) Florisuga fusca L

5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by black and white pattern. Imm.
(a) with rufous malar and less white to tail. ♣ Forest,
woodland, gardens. Up to 1500 m.
67.3 FORK-TAILED WOODNYMPH

(Beija-flor-tesoura-verde) Thalurania furcata L 3.9 in./ 10 cm
( ), 3.1 in./8 cm ( ). Glittering parts almost velvety. with
blue underparts and green back (often with blue neck collar).
482
with whitish underparts and slightly forked tail; outer
rectrices with greenish gray basal half, broad blue-black
subterminal band and white tips (cf. 66.3, 67.5 , and 71.9
). ♣ Forest, woodland, tall second growth, plantations,
gardens. Up to 2000 m. Call: dry, toneless pistollike “tic”
notes or very high “tjuw-tjuw- -.”
67.4 LONG-TAILED WOODNYMPH

(Beija-flor-de-costas-violetas) Thalurania water-tonii L 5.1
in./13 cm. L 5.1 in./13 cm ( ), 3.9 in./10 cm ( ). differs
from 67.3 by longer tail, all-blue mantle, and more green to
underparts. as smaller 67.3 , but note range. ♣ Forest and
other wooded habitats. En.
67.5 VIOLET-CAPPED WOODNYMPH

(Beija-flor-de-fronte-violeta) Thalurania glaucopis L 3.9 in./
10 cm ( ), 3.1 in./ 8 cm ( ). with diagnostic blue cap.
483
resembles 67.3 , but green usually extends more onto neck
sides and flanks and greenish gray base of outer rectrices
narrower. ♣ Forest (incl. edge), wooded areas, gardens, parks.
Up to 850 m (rarely to 1500 m). Call/song: series of dry,
ticking rattles.
67.6 GOLDEN-TAILED SAPPHIRE

(Beija-flor-de-cauda-dourada) Chrysuronia oenone L 3.9 in./
10 cm. Note reddish base to lower mandible and goldish
copper tail. with blue hood. ♣ Humid forest (prefers edge),
tall second growth. Song: irregular series of joined, extr.
high “tjeé” and very high “tjuw” notes.
67.7 RUFOUS-THROATED SAPPHIRE (Beija-flor-safira)

Hylocharis sapphirina L 3.5 in./ 9 cm. Note violet-copper
tail, rufous chin, and rufous/buff ( / ) vent. with
black-tipped red bill as 70.9, but note blue throat. ♣ Canopy
484
and edge of lowland forest, woodland, wooded savanna,
plantations.
67.8 WHITE-CHINNED SAPPHIRE (Beija-flor-roxo)

Hylocharis cyanus L 3.5 in./9 cm. Several sspp.: E Nom. (a,
) and darker Amazonian viridiventris (b, and ) shown.
Blue-black tail (white-tipped in ) contrasts with coppery
rump. with black-tipped red bill (only base red in Imm. )
and blue throat and forehead. whitish below with variable
amount of green on flanks and blue throat-spots. ♣ Humid
forest, gallery forest, woodland, second growth; 0–1200 m
(0–500 m in SE). Song: sustained 2-noted series of joined,
penetrating “feé” and “tju” notes like “fee-tjutjutju---.”
67.9 WHITE-CHESTED EMERALD

(Beija-flor-de-bico-preto) Amazilia (or Agyrtria) brevirostris
L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note small range. Bill all-black (base of
485
lower mandible fleshy red in 67.7 and 67.8 ) and rump and
tail tinged coppery. ♣ Forest edge, second growth, riverine
belts, scrub. Lowlands. Song: varied; may be a high
chattering “pjuwpjuw---” or series of “pee-twtrrrr” notes
(“pee” very high, “twtrrrr” a low twitter).
67.10 VERSICOLORED EMERALD

(Beija-flor-de-banda-branca) Amazilia (or Agyrtria)
versicolor L 3.5 in./9 cm. Crown green and throat green (d) to
turquoise (b; white-scaled in ). Coastal SE Nom. (c;
intermediates with b, d occur) and turquoise-crowned ssp.
milleri (a, N of Ri. Amazon) have white throats. All with
orange/pink base to lower mandible, white vent faintly
spotted dusky green and coppery green tail with dusky blue
subterminal band. ♣ Forest edge, riverine belts, cerrado,
caatinga, shrub, gardens, parks, mangrove. Up to 1800 m.
Song: extr. high (sometimes almost inaudible), sort of ticking
“tuw tuw - -” (1 × “tuw”/sec).
486
Jacobins / Woodnymphs / Sapphires / Emeralds
487
Plate 68
68.1 FIERY-TAILED AWLBILL (Beija-flor-de-bico-virado)

Avocettula recurvirostris L 3.5 in./9 cm. Resembles larger
66.9, but note upturned bill. ♣ Savannalike habitats, mainly
near rocky outcrops. Sometimes also forest edge.
68.2 (Black-breasted) PLOVERCREST (Beija-flor-detopete)

Stephanoxis lalandi L 3.5 in./ 9 cm. Small. Two sspp.:
loddigesii (a) and Nom. (b, S part of range) shown.
unmistakable; of the two sspp. similar, with pale gray
underparts and white-tipped tail (mainly visible from below;
cf. longer-billed 67.5). ♣ Forest, woodland, wooded shrub.
Prefers highlands in N part of range. Call/song: very high,
slightly irregular, ticking “tjee-tjee-tjee- -.”
68.3 RUBY-TOPAZ HUMMINGBIRD (Beija-flor-

vermelho) Chrysolampis mosquitus L 3.5 in./9 cm.
unmistakable. Note tail pattern of . ♣ Wooded and shrubby
488
savanna, gardens, cultivation between SL and 1700 m.
Call/song: very high, rather clear “tju-tju- -.”
NOTE: COQUETTES and THORNTAILS: Small with

distinctive pale rump-bands, leading to confusion with certain
moths. Slow, weaving flight without the abrupt movements of
most other hummingbirds.
68.4 DOT-EARED COQUETTE

(Topetinho-do-brasil-central) Lophornis gouldii L 2.8 in./ 7
cm. Whiskers white. Limited contact with 68.6. ♣ Forest
edge, savanna, cerrado.
68.5 TUFTED COQUETTE (Beija-flor-de-leque-canela)

Lophornis ornatus L 2.8 in./7 cm. No overlap with 68.4 and
68.6. Note tawny-rufous whiskers in and rufous throat in
. ♣ Forest edge, riverine belts, plantations, savanna. Up to
1000 m.
489
68.6 FRILLED COQUETTE (Topetinho-vermelho)
Lophornis magnificus L 2.8 in./7 cm. Resembles 68.5, but
“whiskers” in fan shaped and rufous at the base. with
spotty effect to throat (sometimes reduced), resembling
uniform rufous throat of 68.5. ♣ Forest edge, plantations,
cerrado.
68.7 FESTIVE COQUETTE (Topetinho-verde) Lophornis

chalybeus L 3.1 in./8 cm. Two sspp.: SE Nom. (a) and W
verreauxii (b; not shown is darker below than a).
unmistakable. Underparts of grayish (often tinged buff)
mottled dusky and with a dark spot on mid-throat (sometimes
a 2nd on mid-chest), but lacks prominent flank patches and
malar (if present) not clearly defined as in 68.9 and
68.10. ♣ Humid forest and second growth. Locally in cerrado.
Up to 1000 m.
490
68.8 PEACOCK COQUETTE (Rabo-de-espinho) Lophornis
pavoninus L 3.9 in./10 cm. unmistakable by black-spotted
green whiskers. with whitish throat streaked blackish; chest
and belly as throat or more uniform green. ♣ Humid forest
and old second growth at 500–2000 m.
68.9 RACKET-TAILED COQUETTE (Bandeirinha)

Discosura longicaudus L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. unmistakable.
resembles 68.10, but tail-base gray (not dusky) and
rump-band and belly buff-tinged. Also cf. 68.7. ♣ Canopy
and edge of humid forest, scrubby savanna.
491
68.10 BLACK-BELLIED THORNTAIL (Rabo-de-
espinho-de barriga-preta) Discosura (or Popelairia)
langsdorffi L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. unmistakable. Note white
malar and flanks in . Cf. 68.7 and 68.9. ♣ Mainly
canopy and edge of humid forest; locally in wooded/shrubby
habitats.
Awlbill / Plovercrest / Hummingbird / Coquettes /

Thorntail
492
493
Plate 69
69.1 GLITTERING-THROATED EMERALD

(Beija-flor-de-garganta-verde) Amazilia (or Polyerata)
fimbriata L 3.5 in./ 9 cm (4.3 in./11 cm in SE). Resembles
67.10d, but base of lower mandible red (sometimes pinkish),
vent all white (spotted N of Ri. Amazon), and tail bluish
black with greener base. with white-scaled throat. ♣
Virtually any open to semiopen habitat, incl. forest (avoids
interior of terra firme), riverine belts, woodland, savanna
(incl. cerrado), caatinga, plantations, gardens, parks,
mangrove. Song: series of almost toneless, very short,
rattling trills, like “trr” (2 ×/sec).
69.2 SAPPHIRE-SPANGLED EMERALD

(Beija-flor-de-peito-azul) Amazilia (or Polyerata) lactea L
3.9 in./10 cm. As 69.1, but throat violet-blue. ♣ Forest edge,
riverine belts, cerrado, parks, gardens, plantations. Lowlands.
Song: rapid series of a few extr. high “tzut” notes, like
“tzut-tzut-tzut- -.”
494
69.3 PLAIN-BELLIED EMERALD
(Beija-flor-de-barriga-branca) Amazilia (or Agyrtria)
leucogaster L 3.9 in./10 cm. Median underparts white. Outer
rectrices blue-black, central ones bronze-green. ♣ Mangrove,
shrub, forest edge, gardens, parks, plantations. Near SL.
69.4 WHITE-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD

(Beija-flor-verde-e-branco) Amazilia (or Leucippus)
chionogaster L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note small range. Median
underparts white. Tail green, basal half (and sometimes tips)
of inner webs of outer rectrices white (best visible from
below). ♣ Cerrado, shrub, thickets. Song: series of soft,
very high twitters and dry, toneless rattles.
495
69.5 COPPER-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD Amazilia (or
Saucerottia) viridigaster (Beija-flor-de-barriga-verde) L 3.5
in./9 cm. Note small range. Chest and head green, turning
bronzy copper toward rump and rufous on tail. ♣ Humid
forest and shrub; 700–2000 m, occasionally lower.
69.6 BLUE-GREEN EMERALD Amazilia (or Agyrtria)

rondoniae (Beija-flor-de-cabeça-azul) L 3.5 in./9 cm. Note
small range. Probably a variant of 67.10, but with azure-blue
crown. ♣ Lowland forest, riverine growth, cerrado.
496
69.7 BLUE-CHINNED SAPPHIRE
(Beija-flor-de-garganta-azul) Chlorestes notata L 3.5 in./9
cm. Note red base to lower mandible and rather rounded
blue-black tail. with small blue chin. Median underparts of
whitish, throat variably spotted green. ♣ Edge and
clearings of humid forest, woodland, plantations, gardens.
Lowlands. Call/song: extr. high (barely audible) “zeet-zeet-
-.”
69.8 SOMBRE HUMMINGBIRD (Beija-flor-cinza)

Aphantochroa cirrochloris L 4.7 in./ 12 cm. Fairly large and
dull. Slightly curved black bill. Soot-gray below (faintly
spotted green on throat) with white patch below legs. May
show narrow white tail edging but not broad tips as in 66.3,
67.3–67.5, and 71.9. ♣ Forest (esp. edge), second
growth, gardens, plantations. En.
497
69.9 WHITE-TAILED GOLDENTHROAT
(Beija-flor-de-bico-curvo) Polytmus guainumbi L 3.9 in./10
cm. Note curved bill, white postocular streak and malar,
golden green upperparts, green ( ) or buff-white ( )
underparts and tail with white tips and outer webs (only on
outermost rectrix in ). Imm. as , but with no green below
or spotting restricted to central throat. ♣ Savanna, cerrado,
scrub, grassland, riverine growth. Often near water. Up to
1500 m. Call: very high, ticking “twit,” given at irregular
intervals.
69.10 GREEN-TAILED GOLDENTHROAT

(Beija-flor-verde) Polytmus theresiae L 3.5 in./9 cm. Greener
than 69.9. lacks white tail-tips; with white tail-corner
and scaling below. Two sspp.: NE Nom. (a) and W
leucorrhous (b, shown; with green-spotted white vent).
♣ Forest edge, várzea, scrub, savanna. Lowlands. Song:
hurried, rising and descending twitter, like “tutu---títititu” (3
sec).
498
Emeralds / Hummingbirds / Sapphire / Goldenthroats
499
500
Plate 70
70.1 FIERY TOPAZ (Topázio-de-fogo) Topaza pyra L 7.9

in./20 cm ( , incl. tail), 5.5 in./14 cm ( ). Large. differs
from 70.2 by red nape and extensive rufous in tail. (with
coppery rufous throat) differs from 70.2 by mainly rufous
outer rectrices (distinct from below). ♣ Humid forest, esp.
near small streams. Call: series of staccato “tic” notes as
singles or as short, fast rattles.
70.2 CRIMSON TOPAZ (Beija-flor-brilho-de-fogo) Topaza

pella L 7.9 in./20 cm ( , incl. tail), 5.5 in./14 cm ( ).
Resembles 70.1, but lacks rufous in tail and with
rufous-buff restricted to outer web of outermost tail feather. ♣
Humid forest, esp. near small streams. Voice as 70.1.
70.3 BLUE-TAILED EMERALD (Esmeralda-de-cauda-azul)

Chlorostilbon mellisugus L 3.1 in./ 8 cm. resembles larger
69.7, but bill all black. Combination of white postocular
501
streak and all-black bill diagnostic in . ♣ Edge of humid
forest (esp. near rivers), shrub, savanna, gardens. Up to 1800
m. Call in flight: nervous, short twitter; from perch, soft,
dry “tit-twit.”
70.4 GLITTERING-BELLIED EMERALD

(Besourinho-de-bico-vemelho) Chlorostilbon lucidus (or
aureoventris) L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. with forked all-blue tail and
black-tipped red bill. differs from smaller 70.3 by red
base to bill. ♣ Virtually any open to semiopen habitat, incl.
woodland, cerrado, caatinga, savanna, shrub, forest edge,
grassland, gardens. Up to 2800 m. Call: high, almost
toneless, rattling twitter; song: inhaled, hurried “tuit-tuit- -.”
70.5 VELVET-BROWED BRILLIANT (Brilhante- veludo)

Heliodoxa xanthogonys L 4.3 in./11 cm. Bill almost straight,
base of lower mandible often orange. rather dark with
502
green frontlet and violet-blue central throat. with
green-spotted white underparts and white tail-corners. ♣
Humid forest; 700–2000 m. Song: very/extr. high, hurried
twitter, followed by “twit tuit,” together as “t’chwiwi twit
tuit.”
70.6 BLACK-THROATED BRILLIANT

(Brilhante-de-garganta-preta) Heliodoxa schreibersii L 4.7
in./12 cm. Rather dark. Bill slightly curved. Throat and belly
black ( ) or sooty ( ). Lower throat violet. Obvious pale
malar in . No overlap with 70.5. ♣ Humid lowland forest
(mainly interior).
NOTE: Not shown is PINK-THROATED BRILLIANT,

Heliodoxa gularis, which probably does not occur in Brazil,
but in NE Peru, NE Ecuador, and S Colombia. Bill almost
straight, throat patch pink (smaller in ). White vent
503
diagnostic. ♣ Forest interior and scrub; up to 1000 m or
higher.
70.7 GOULD’S JEWELFRONT (Beija-flor-estrela)

Heliodoxa aurescens L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable by
extensive rufous in tail and broad orange-rufous chest-band. ♣
Humid lowland forest (incl. borders). Song: exreme high,
thin “feee” (1 ×/sec).
70.8 BRAZILIAN RUBY (Beija-flor-rubi) Clytolaema

rubricauda L 4.3 in./11 cm. Straight, black bill. with ruby
throat and tail mainly bronzy rufous. with underparts and
outer rectrices cinnamon. A melanistic form (a) occurs. ♣
Forest (incl. Araucaria), shrub, parks, plantations. Song:
dry rattle, starting high pitched, changing from “ti” to “tu,”
together as “tititi--- titutu” En.
504
70.9 GILDED (Sapphire or) HUMMINGBIRD
(Beija-flor-dourado) Hylocharis chrysura L 3.5 in./9 cm.
Resembles 67.7, but no blue to throat and conspicuously
tinged golden throughout. ♣ Savannalike areas, grassland,
forest (avoids interior of humid forest), gardens, plantations
(incl. eucalyptus). Mainly below 1000 m. Call: soft, dry
rattles, like “trru trr-trr-trr.”
70.10 WHITE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD

(Beija-flor-de-papo-branco) Leucochloris albicollis L 4.3 in./
11 cm. Unmistakable by white throat, belly, and tail corners.
♣ Canopy and edge of forest, gardens, parks, plantations.
Mainly below 1300 m. Call: irregular, dry “tjek-tjek tjek-
-.”
Topazes / Emeralds / Brilliants / Jewelfronts / Ruby /

Hummingbirds
505
506
Plate 71
71.1 SWALLOW-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD

(Beija-flor-tesoura) Eupetomena macroura L 6.3 in./16 cm.
No similar hummer in Brazil, but cf. 67.5. ♣ Forest,
woodland, savannalike habitats, gardens, parks, plantations.
Up to 1600 m. Call: e.g., in flight, mid-high, nasal “tjiw” in
a slow or hurried series.
71.2 OLIVE-SPOTTED HUMMINGBIRD

(Beija-flor-pintado) Leucippus chlorocercus L 4.7 in./12 cm.
Note restricted range/habitat. Dull olive green above, whitish
below. Tail dull greenish with pale grayish corners. Bill
blackish. From 67.3 by duller upperparts and distinct white
postocular spot. Also cf. 67.10, 69.1, and 69.7. ♣ Semiopen
areas along large rivers (esp. on river islands). Song: extr.
high “fee” followed by high “tju” or “tjutju,” together as
“feé-tju.”
507
71.3 HOODED VISORBEARER
(Beija-flor-de-gravata-vermelha) Augastes lumachella L 3.9
in./10 cm. Unmistakable in small range by head pattern and
coppery red tail. ♣ Montane, rocky areas with cacti and low
shrub; 900–2000 m. Song: nasal, dry “tru tweé tru zee - -.”
En, R.
71.4 HYACINTH VISORBEARER

(Beija-flor-de-gravata-verde) Augastes scutatus L 3.5 in./ 9
cm. Unmistakable in small range by creamy white pectoral
band and blue on sides of neck (also on belly in ). ♣ Open
to semiopen shrubby areas, gallery forest, montane forest;
900–2000 m. Song: series of high, dry “tjic,” “whi,”
“zuzu,” and other notes. En, R.
508
71.5 BLACK-EARED FAIRY (Beija-flor-de-bochecha-azul)
Heliothryx auritus L 4.7 in./ 12 cm. Three sspp.: N Nom. (a,
underparts all white), NW phainolata (b, with green throat)
and S and C auriculata (not shown, with chin and throat sides
green). of all sspp. with white underparts (incl. throat)
and long tail. Cf. 71.6. ♣ Humid forest, second growth. Up
to 1300 m. Call: very high, dry “tju tji twu twi -” notes.
71.6 HORNED SUNGEM (Chifre-de-ouro) Heliactin

bilophus L 3.9 in./10 cm. unmistakable. differs from
larger 71.5 (note habitat and range) by more golden
upperparts (incl. upper-tail), partial white collar, and tail
pattern and /shape. ♣ Riverine belts, shrub, woodland,
cerrado, grassland.
509
71.7 LONG-BILLED STARTHROAT (Bico-reto-cinzento)
Heliomaster longirostris L 4.7 in./ 12 cm. Very long, almost
straight bill. Throat patch pink in , smaller, dusky, and often
faintly scaled in . Streak on back and tail-corners white. ♣
Forest edge, woodland, riverine belts, second growth. Up to
1200 m. Call: high, strong, sharp “twictjic - -.”
71.8 STRIPE-BREASTED STARTHROAT

(Bico-reto-de-banda-branca) Heliomaster squamosus L 4.7
in./12 cm. Resembles 71.7; with broad green flanks and
more forked tail; with distinctly white-edged dark throat.
N-br. has throat like . ♣ Forest, woodland, riverine
growth, parks. En.
510
71.9 BLUE-TUFTED STARTHROAT (Bico-reto-azul)
Heliomaster furcifer L 5.1 in./13 cm. Very long, almost
straight bill. Br. unmistakable. with broad white tail tips
and underparts all whitish gray. N-br. as , but with
longer, forked tail. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, savannalike
areas, scrub.
71.10 AMETHYST WOODSTAR (Estrelinha-ametista)

Calliphlox amethystina L 2.4 in./ 6 cm. Small;
unmistakable. No other hummingbird with dark smear
through eye and tawny flanks. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid
forest. Call: low, very short rattle, like “trr.”
511
Hummingbirds / Visorbearers / Fairy / Sungem /
Starthroats / Woodstar
512
513
Plate 72
72.1 PAVONINE QUETZAL (Surucuá-pav o)

Pharomachrus pavoninus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Large, thickset,
golden-emerald above. Note tail pattern of . ♣ Middle and
upper strata of terra firme. Song: high, slightly chivering,
forlorn “fhuuuh,” followed by low “tjup,” together as “fhuuuh
tjup”; 1st part slightly falling in pitch, but gaining in strength.
72.2 COLLARED TROGON (Surucuá-de-coleira) Trogon

collaris L 9.8 in./25 cm. differs from 72.3 (note range)
by broad tail-barring and narrower eye ring; with paler face
and dusky culmen (bill all yellow in 72.3). ♣ Mid-levels of
humid to semihumid forest, tall woodland. Up to 2000 m
(generally at lower altitudes than 72.3 in area of overlap).
Song: slightly descending series of 4–8 mid-high, fluted, yet
nasal “jtuw” notes.
514
72.3 MASKED TROGON (Surucuá-mascarado) Trogon
personatus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Cf. 72.2. ♣ In or near humid
forest; 700–2000 m. Song: level series of 4–6 fluted “tjuw”
notes.
72.4 BLACK-THROATED TROGON (Surucuá-de-

barriga-amarela) Trogon rufus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. N Nom. (a)
shown and tails of W ssp. sulphureus (b, uppertail reddish)
and SE chrysochlorus (c, uppertail as a, but barring below
denser). Combination of yellow underparts and green ( ) or
brown ( ) head diagnostic. ♣ Middle and lower levels of
humid forest, tall second growth, dense woodland. Song:
slow, level, or slightly descending series of 5–8 loud, fluted
“woo” or “tjuw” notes.
72.5 BLACK-TAILED TROGON (Surucuá-de-caudapreta)

Trogon melanurus L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Dark undertail
diagnostic. ♣ Upper or middle levels of humid lowland forest
515
and tall woodland. Call/song: rapid, yelping
“wahwah-wah- -,” like barking of small dog or high, calm
“wew-wew-wew- -.” Also fast “prupruprupru.”
72.6 (Amazonian) WHITE-TAILED TROGON

(Surucuágrande-de-barriga-amarela) Trogon viridis L 11.8
in./30 cm. From smaller 72.9 by different tail pattern in and
complete bluish white eye ring in both sexes (yellowish or
white in 72.9). Also cf. 72.7b. ♣ Upper to middle levels of
humid forest (also in drier areas in E), woodland, second
growth, plantations. Song: slow or rapid, high,
crescendoing “tjuwtjuwtjuw- -” (6–7 sec).
72.7 SURUCUA TROGON (Surucuá-variado) Trogon

surrucura L 9.8 in./25 cm. Two sspp.: Nom. (a, N to Rio de
Janeiro; shown; as b, but red below) and aurantius (b,
S to São Paulo); a resembles 72.8; b differs from 72.6 by tail
516
pattern and complete yellow ( ) or partial white ( ) eye
ring. These sspp. seem to show limited overlap, and even
hybridization, in the Itatiaia area. ♣ Mid-levels of forest and
woodland up to 2000 m. Call: short, high, dry rattling trill;
song: high “tuw-tuw-tuw- -” (“tuw” 10–15 ×), level or
ascending at the end.
72.8 BLUE-CROWNED TROGON

(Surucuá-de-barriga-vermelha) Trogon curucui L 9.8 in./ 25
cm. From 72.7a (limited contact) by barring of undertail.
Amount of white on chest and broadness of white tail tips
variable. ♣ Forest (humid to dry), woodland, second growth,
wooded savanna, scrub. Song: long, rapid series of “tju”
notes, crescendoing and becoming more excited-sounding, at
the end often downslurred in a slower chatter (up to 12 sec).
72.9 (Amazonian) VIOLACEOUS TROGON

(Surucuápequeno) Trogon violaceus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm.
517
Blue-headed with yellowish eye ring. Gray-headed with
partial white eyering. Cf. 72.6. No overlap with 72.7. ♣ Upper
levels of humid forest (esp. borders) and tall woodland.
Song: slow series of up to 15 fluted/yelping “tjuw” notes,
slowly rising in strength and pitch.
Quetzals / Trogons
518
519
Plate 73
73.1 BROAD-BILLED MOTMOT (Udu-de-bico-largo)

Electron platyrhynchum L 13.8 in./ 35 cm (incl. tail). From
larger 73.2 by green chin, less rufous on underparts, and
larger black central spot on breast. Often with racquets (like
73.2a) in W. ♣ Humid forest and second growth up to 1100
m. Call: hoarse/pinched “Ouch” at 3- to 4-sec intervals.
73.2 RUFOUS MOTMOT (Juruva-ruiva) Baryphthengus

martii L 17.7 in./45 cm (incl. tail). Note extensive rufous in
underparts. With (a) or without tail rackets. ♣ Humid lowland
forest and second growth. Song: high, muffled but
resounding “óorúc” at 3-sec intervals.
73.3 RUFOUS-CAPPED MOTMOT (Juruva-verde)

Baryphthengus ruficapillus L 15.7 in./ 40 cm (incl. tail). Note
distinctive green head with rufous cap and lack of racquets. ♣
520
Humid forest, gallery forest, dense woodland. Song: short,
high, muffled trill, like “urrrrc.”
73.4 BLUE-CROWNED (or -diademed) MOTMOT

(Udu-de-coroa-azul) Momotus momota L 15.7 in./40 cm (incl.
tail). Head pattern diagnostic. ♣ Forest, woodland, second
growth, plantations, gardens. Song: slow, owl-like,
muffled, slightly descending trill (4 sec).
73.5 RINGED KINGFISHER (Martim-pescador-grande)

Megaceryle torquata L 15.7 in./ 40 cm. Large size, bicolored
bill, and gray coloring diagnostic. ♣ Open to semiopen areas
near water (rivers, streams, lakes, marshes, lagoons, rocky
coast, etc.). Call in flight: sustained, toneless, loud, dry
rattle.
521
73.6 GREEN-AND-RUFOUS KINGFISHER
(Martim-pescador-da-mata) Chloroceryle inda L 9.8 in./25
cm. All-rufous underparts diagnostic. ♣ Shaded perches at
streams, swamps, mangrove. Call in flight: short “shreew.”
73.7 AMAZON KINGFISHER (Martim-pescador-verde)

Chloroceryle amazona L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. From smaller 73.9
by proportionally larger bill and streaking on flanks;
flight-feathers only with white spotting to inner webs (not
visible when perched). ♣ Open to semiopen area at rivers,
lakes, larger ponds, lagoons, estuaries, mangrove. Call/
song: series of sharp, nasal “chaw” notes, dry rattles,
descending “tewtewtew- -” and other notes.
522
73.8 AMERICAN PYGMY KINGFISHER (Martinho)
Chloroceryle aenea L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note small size and
rufous underparts with white central belly and vent. ♣
Densely vegetated areas at streams, pools, lagoons, swamps
(incl. várzea), mangrove. Call: fast, descending, twittering
trill or weak “weet” and other notes.
73.9 GREEN KINGFISHER (Martim-pescador-pequeno)

Chloroceryle americana L 7.9 in./20 cm. Both webs of flight
feathers spotted white (spots visible when perched). with
green spotting on flanks; with two breast bands (lower
often incomplete). Cf. 73.7. ♣ Open to semiopen areas at
streams, lakes, ponds, swamps (incl. várzea), marsh,
mangrove, rocky coast. Call: dry, staccato, toneless
“tictic.”
523
Motmots / Kingfishers
524
Plate 74
525
74.1 YELLOW-BILLED JACAMAR (Ariramba-de-
bicoamarelo) Galbula albirostris L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. Note
yellow bill and lack of green on chest. with white throat
(lacking in ). Cf. 74.2. ♣ Under-story of interior of humid
forest and dense woodland. Call: high, staccato “pinc”
notes; possible song: a nice, ascending series, immediately
followed by a few accentuated, lilting “ping” notes, the total
sounding like “tutu - - tutu-tu ti ping ping ping ping.”
74.2 BLUE-CHEEKED (or-necked) JACAMAR

(Ariramba-da-mata) Galbula cyanicollis L 7.9 in./20 cm.
Resembles 74.1 (no overlap), but cheeks usually bluish. ♣
Understory of humid forest, gallery forest, and dense
woodland. Call: very high, dry “kip-kip kipkip - -”; song: a
rapidly accelerating and ascending series of “weep” notes,
which at the end change into a very fast, dry, toneless rattle.
526
74.3 RUFOUS-TAILED JACAMAR
(Ariramba-de-caudaruiva) Galbula ruficauda L 8.7 in./ 22
cm. From 74.8 and 74.9 by distinct white ( ) or rufous ( )
throat patch. Underside tail rufous as in 74.1, 74.2, 74.8, and
74.9, but unlike 74.10. ♣ Wide range of habitats from lower
growth of forest to woodland, riverine belts, cerrado,
caatinga, second growth, plantations. Song: very high,
fluted, ascending series of “wu” notes, which in the 2nd half
accelerates to a descending, chattering almost-trill.
74.4 GREAT JACAMAR (Jacamaraçu) Jacamerops aureus L

11.8 in./30 cm. Large and robust. Heavy, curved bill
diagnostic. ♣ Mid-levels to subcanopy of humid forest,
second growth; woodland, gallery forest. Song: strange
series of 3 descending, fluted notes, each one drawn out, the
2nd and 3rd slightly trilled, the 1st loudest.
527
74.5 PARADISE JACAMAR (Ariramba-do-paraíso) Galbula
dea L 11.8 in./30 cm. Mainly dark blue-black. Very long
central tail feathers diagnostic. ♣ Humid forest (locally in
drier forest), gallery forest. Prefers the canopy, but to
mid-levels at forest edge. Song: may be a descending series
of 15–18 notes with increasing intervals, the 1st few rather
nasal “djip” notes, then changing into level, more mournful
“wheer” notes. Also series with even intervals between loud,
ringing “weer” notes.
74.6 PURPLISH JACAMAR (Ariramba-violácea) Galbula

chalcothorax L 7.9 in./20 cm. Rather dark. Note whitish ( )
or buff ( ) belly and lack of rufous in undertail. From smaller
74.7 by range and more purple (less rufous) reflections. ♣
Lower to mid-levels of terra firme and dense woodland. Often
near rivers. Song: short series of nasal chattering with, e.g.,
querulous-sounding “treeeeeer.”
528
74.7 BRONZY JACAMAR (Ariramba-bronzeada) Galbula
leucogastra L 7.9 in./20 cm. Cf. 74.6. ♣ Lower to mid-levels
of humid forest, tall second growth, gallery forest, forest
remnants in open regions. Song: varied series of musical,
ascending, piping notes, like “pee-pee-peeh” (5–6 × and
rising, ending suddenly) or nasal “vravravra” (3 ×, ending
suddenly).
74.8 BLUISH-FRONTED JACAMAR

(Ariramba-da-capoeira) Galbula cyanescens L 7.9 in./ 20 cm.
White chin spot often lacking. Crown iridescent bluish to
green. Cf. 74.3 and 74.9. ♣ Lower to mid-levels of humid
forest, second growth. Often near rivers/streams. Song:
very high, fluted “fuu-fuu-fuu-fuu-fuu-w”wdrrrrrur,” 1st part
ascending, 2nd part trilling/bouncing-down.
74.9 WHITE-CHINNED JACAMAR

(Ariramba-de-barba-branca) Galbula tombacea L 7.9 in./20
529
cm. From 74.8 (limited overlap) by larger spot on chin and
dusky brown crown (often bluer toward rear). ♣ Lower to
mid-levels of humid forest, second growth. Often near rivers/
streams. Song: rising series of 2–8 accelerating, nasal
shrieks, ending as downslurred, chattering trill.
74.10 GREEN-TAILED JACAMAR

(Ariramba-de-cauda-verde) Galbula galbula L 7.9 in./ 20 cm.
Tail green, duskier below (lacks rufous undertail of
74.1–74.3, 74.8, and 74.9). ♣ Lower to mid-levels of humid
forest edge, riverine belts, woodland, plantations, mangrove.
Song: rising series, starting very high of 2–8 accelerating
shrieks, ending as downslurred, chattering trill, the total with
piccolo-like quality.
Jacamars
530
531
Plate 75
75.1 WHITE-EARED JACAMAR (Ariramba-vermelha)

Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Unmistakable;
resembles a reddish chestnut kingfisher. From 75.2 by white
ear coverts. ♣ Humid forest, esp. at edge near water. Call:
steeply lowered, fluted “péeeuh-péeeuh-péeeuh- -.”
75.2 PURUS JACAMAR (Sovela-vermelha) Galbalcyrhynchus

purusianus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Cf. 75.1, which has different
range. ♣ Humid forest, esp. at edge near water. Call: very
high, sharp, slightly piped “tjeew”; song: series of very high,
piercing, almost level “péeeu” (1 ×/sec).
75.3 BROWN JACAMAR (Ariramba-preta) Brachygalba

lugubris L 6.3 in./16 cm. Several sspp.: NE Nom. (a, with
all-dark bill) shown and C and S ssp. melanosterna (b, with
yellow basal half of lower mandible). White belly sometimes
532
tinged buff. Cf. 75.5. ♣ Canopy and edge of forest, woodland,
wooded savanna (esp. near rivers). Call: very/extr. high,
piped upgliding “pueeeeét”; song: may be a duet with an
ascending, slightly nasal, very fast twitter from one bird
continued in extr. high, tinkling “seeseesee---,” combined
with high “wheet-twheetthweet - -” from the other (though
difficult to assess what comes from each of the 2 birds).
75.4 WHITE-THROATED JACAMAR

(Agulha-de-garganta-branca) Brachygalba albogularis L 6.3
in./16 cm. Unmistakable by white throat and face (with
remarkable blue eyes) and rufous belly. ♣ Near rivers in
humid forest. Call: very high “tuweet.”
75.5 THREE-TOED JACAMAR (Cuitel o) Jacamaralcyon

tridactyla L 7 in./18 cm. From 75.3b (limited contact
possible) by whitish underparts extending over chest, gray
flanks (flanks and chest blackish brown in 75.3) and all-dark
533
bill. ♣ Forest edge and woodland (even small patches) near
earth banks (e.g., rivers). Locally in eucalyptus woods.
Alarm call: high, shivering/chattering rattle, undulating in
sharpness and in strength; song: calm series of very high
“tree,” “whu,” “whee,” fluted “weet,” and nasal “prrrèh”
notes and similar single notes. En, R.
75.6 RUSTY-BREASTED (or -throated) NUNLET (Macuru)

Nonnula rubecula L 5.9 in./15 cm. Several ssps: E and SE
Nom. (a; somewhat variable) and NE tap-anahoniensis (b)
shown. Note white eye ring and belly. Chest cinnamon to
rufous. Cf. 75.7. As other nunlets, it is inconspicuous and
resembles a large-billed flycatcher. ♣ Lower and mid-levels
of humid forest (also in drier areas in EC), riverine woodland.
Song: a crescendoing series of high, fluted “wuw” notes, at
the end falling in pitch and strength (20 × “wuw”/8 sec).
534
75.7 FULVOUS-CHINNED NUNLET (Freirinha-amarelada)
Nonnula sclateri L 5.9 in./15 cm. From 75.6 by orange-red
eye ring and buffier belly. ♣ Lower and mid-levels of humid
forest, esp. near bamboo.
75.8 RUFOUS-CAPPED (or Gray-cheeked) NUNLET

(Freirinha-de-coroa-castanha) Nonnula ruficapilla L 5.5 in./
14 cm. Rufous cap diagnostic. ♣ Lower and mid-levels of
humid forest and second growth, esp. near bamboo. Song:
long, almost level series of very high, loud, resounding “tuw”
notes (3 × “tuw”/sec) or short series of nasal “tjuwee” notes.
75.9 CHESTNUT-HEADED NUNLET

(Freirinha-de-cabeça-castanha) Nonnula amaurocephala L
5.9 in./15 cm. Distinctively colored rufous and olive. ♣ Low
levels in or near flooded forest. En.
535
Jacamars / Nunlets
536
537
Plate 76
76.1 SCARLET-CROWNED BARBET (Capit o-de-coroa)

Capito aurovirens L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. Note orange chest and
throat. Crown red ( ) or white ( ). ♣ Canopy and edge of
humid lowland forest and woodland often near water.
Song: e.g., low, rhytmic “roo-roo-roo- -” (about 7 ×).
76.2 BLACK-SPOTTED BARBET

(Capitão-de-bigode-carijó) Capito niger L 7 in./18 cm. Note
red throat and forehead. Cf. 76.3 in limited area of possible
contact (N Roraima). ♣ Canopy and edge of humid lowland
forest, woodland, plantations. Song: slow series of low,
hollow double-notes “woo-hoo woo-hoo woo-hoo - -.”
76.3 GILDED BARBET (Capitão-de-fronte-dourada) Capito

auratus L 7 in./18 cm. Variable; throat orange (S and NE part
of range) to red (C and NW part); forehead buffy-orange to
538
golden reddish. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid lowland forest,
woodland, plantations. Song: rapid series of mid-high,
hollow double notes “tooroót” (accent on 2nd part, 2 ×/sec).
76.4 BROWN-CHESTED (or Cinnamon-breasted) BARBET

(Capit o-de-peito-marrom) Capito brunneipectus L 7 in./18
cm. Note absence of red/orange in plumage. ♣ Canopy and
edge of humid lowland forest. Song: mid-high, hollow
accelerated trill, at the end running together as one
downslurred note (3 sec). En.
76.5 BLACK-GIRDLED BARBET (Capitão-de-cinta) Capito

dayi L 7 in./18 cm. Mainly black and white overall. Note red
vent. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid lowland forest, woodland,
plantations. Song: e.g., very low, accelerating series of
“woo” notes, sometimes at the end bouncing down (5–6 sec).
539
76.6 LEMON-THROATED BARBET (Capit odebigode-lim
o) Eubucco richardsoni L 5.9 in./15 cm. Three sspp.: NW
nigriceps (a, ) and S auranticollis (b, and ; similar
puruensis not shown). Virtually unmistakable by facial
pattern, but cf. 76.7. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid lowland
forest (esp. várzea), dense second growth. Song:
almost-trill of “oop” notes.
76.7 SCARLET-HOODED BARBET (Capit

o-de-colar-amarelo) Eubucco tucinkae L 6.7 in./17 cm.
unmistakable. differs from 76.6b by narrow yellow
nuchal collar, narrow orange chest band and lack of red chin.
♣ Várzea, gallery forest, river islands.
540
76.8 COLLARED PUFFBIRD (Rapazinho-de-colar) Bucco
capensis L 7.5 in./19 cm. Very roundish jizz. Note complete
black collar. ♣ Terra firme. Locally in várzea. Song: high,
fluted “wuhweéh” in chorus.
76.9 SWALLOW-WINGED PUFFBIRD (Urubuzinho)

Chelidoptera tenebrosa L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable by
jizz, rufous belly (duller in SE) and white rump (a) and
underwing coverts. ♣ Edge and clearings of forest, woodland,
wooded savanna, tall second growth. Usually perches high on
exposed branch. Nests on sandy bank. Song: very high,
slightly descending, tinkling trill, like “srrrrrrri.”
541
76.10 LANCEOLATED MONKLET (Macuru-papa-mosca)
Micromonacha lanceolata L 5.5 in./14 cm. Small. Note
densely streaked underparts and rather uniform upperparts
(may appear faintly scaled). Prominent whitish bill base. ♣
Humid forest and nearby second growth. ♣ Edge and
clearings in primary forest and second growth. Song: very/
extr. high, accelerating series of up to 10 upslurred “fueeét”
notes.
Barbets / Puffbirds / Monklet
542
543
Plate 77
77.1 BLACK-FRONTED NUNBIRD (Chora-chuva-preto)

Monasa nigrifrons L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Only red-billed nunbird
without white. ♣ Várzea, gallery forest, woodland, palm
groves. Usually near water. Call: dry, bouncing-down
“tidrdrrrrrr”; song: sustained, hurried series of “tuweét-notes
(10 sec).
77.2 BLACK NUNBIRD (Chora-chuva-de-asa-branca)

Monasa atra L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note range. Only red-billed
nunbird with white on wing. ♣ Humid forest (local inside
terra firme), tall second growth. Often near water. Call/
song: repeated “tulút tirr,” 1st part ascending.
77.3 WHITE-FRONTED NUNBIRD

(Chora-chuva-de-cara-branca) Monasa morphoeus L 9.8 in./
25 cm. Unmistakable by white at bill base. ♣ Prefers higher
544
levels inside Atlantic forest or terra firme. Rarer in gallery
forest, humid forest borders, tall second growth. Song:
excited, unstructured, communal chattering, like
“wur-wir-tchawawa- -.”
77.4 YELLOW-BILLED NUNBIRD

(Chora-chuva-de-bico-amarelo) Monasa flavirostris L 9.8 in./
25 cm. Unmistakable by yellow bill. ♣ Humid forest, second
growth, clearings with scattered trees. Song: series of high,
stressed “Tjéeuw-wur” (1 ×/sec).
77.5 GUIANAN PUFFBIRD (Macuru-de-testa-branca)

Notharchus macrorhynchos L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Large and pied.
Often considered conspecific with 77.6 (limited overlap
possible), but with less white to forehead. ♣ Upper and
mid-levels of forest (incl. clearings), tall second growth,
woodland, plantations. Song: level, rapid series of high,
loud, fluted “wuut” notes, slightly gaining in intensity.
545
77.6 WHITE-NECKED PUFFBIRD
(Macuru-de-pescoçobranco) Notharchus hyperrhynchus L 9.8
in./25 cm. Cf. 77.5. ♣ As 77.5. Call: high, lonely-sounding
“weeeeeh”; song: high, dry trill, like “wuirrrrrr” (3–6 sec).
77.7 BUFF-BELLIED PUFFBIRD

(Macuru-de-barriga-castanha) Notharchus swainsoni L 9.8
in./25 cm. Unmistakable in range. ♣ Upper and mid-levels of
humid forest and tall second growth.
546
77.8 BROWN-BANDED PUFFBIRD
(Macuru-de-peito-marrom) Notharchus ordii L 7.9 in./20 cm.
From 77.5 and 77.6 by brown mid-breast. ♣ Upper and
mid-levels of humid forest (incl. clearings), tall second
growth. Occasionally in drier forest near rocky outcrops.
Song: high, fluted series, starting with “wú-wit” notes, that
descend and change to “foo-li-lit” notes (7–8 sec).
77.9 PIED PUFFBIRD (Macuru-pintado) Notharchus tectus

L 6.3 in./16 cm. From larger 77.5 and 77.6 by narrow white
eyebrow, white scapulars, and lack of white neck-collar; also
by white at base of tail and at tip (best seen from below). ♣
Upper and mid-levels of humid forest, tall second growth,
woodland, mangrove, wooded savanna, plantations. Song:
very high, slightly descending, sharp fluted, yet tinkling
“tiritititi-wit-wit-wit-tuih-tuih-tuih.”
Nunbirds / Puffbirds
547
548
Plate 78
78.1 CHESTNUT-CAPPED PUFFBIRD

(Rapazinho-de-boné-vermelho) Bucco macrodactylus L 5.9
in./15 cm. Note facial pattern with white eyebrow and
orange-rufous nuchal collar. underparts faintly barred. Cf.
78.2. ♣ Mid-to lower levels of humid forest and woodland.
Prefers shrubby areas near water.
78.2 SPOTTED PUFFBIRD (Rapazinho-carijó) Bucco

tamatia L 7 in./18 cm. Note black cheeks, white malar, and
orange-rufous throat. Underparts black-spotted (often forming
a pectoral band). Cf. 78.1. ♣ Mid- to lower levels of várzea,
borders of terra firme, mature second growth, woodland.
Often near water. Song: varied; e.g., slighty rising, then
lowering series of high, fluted “tuwereé,” changing to
“tuweé” notes.
549
78.3 WHITE-EARED PUFFBIRD (Jo o-bobo) Nystalus
chacuru L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note white ear coverts, black
cheeks, and red bill. ♣ Dry to semihumid forest, second
growth, woodland, savanna-like areas (e.g., cerrado), scrub,
open areas with trees. Song: high, fluted, rapid
“wuh-weehwuh-wirreeh-wuh-wirreeh” (“wuh” lower).
78.4 SPOT-BACKED (or -bellied) PUFFBIRD

(Rapazinho-dos-velhos) Nystalus maculatus L 7.5 in./19 cm.
Note bill coloring, orange-rufous chest, and spotted
underparts. Cf. 78.5. ♣ Woodland, caatinga, savanna (incl.
cerrado), second growth, palm groves. Song: high, fluted
“tjurr-tjurre-truh.” En.
78.5 STREAK-BELLIED (or Chaco) PUFFBIRD Nystalus

striatipectus (Rapazinho-do-chaco) L 7.5 in./19 cm. Often
considered a ssp. of 78.4 (limited contact possible), but
underparts more streaked and chest-patch duller. ♣
550
Woodland, savanna, second growth, palm groves. Song:
high, fluted, slightly descending “wuuh-tju-tju.”
78.6 STRIOLATED PUFFBIRD (Rapazinho-estriado)

Nystalus striolatus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Cheeks, chest, and flanks
streaked. Bill yellowish dusky. ♣ Upper and mid-levels of
humid forest, woodland. Song: high, fluted series of
lonely-sounding “wruuuh-wruuuh” or “witwit-wuuuh
wruuuh.”
78.7 CRESCENT-CHESTED PUFFBIRD (Barbudo-rajado)

Malacoptila striata L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. Note multicolored breast
band and streaky head and back. No overlap with 77.8 and
77.9. ♣ Lower and middle levels of humid forest (even small
patches), second growth forest/woodland. Song: sustained
series of joined, very high, loud, piercing “jeéew” notes (30
sec).
551
78.8 SEMICOLLARED PUFFBIRD (Barbudo-de-coleira)
Malacoptila semicincta L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. From 78.9 by range
and rufous nuchal collar. ♣ Lower and middle levels of humid
forest (mainly terra firme).
78.9 WHITE-CHESTED PUFFBIRD (Barbudo-pardo)

Malacoptila fusca L 7.5 in./19 cm. Overall streaked with
dark-tipped orange bill. White chest band sometimes hidden.
♣ Lower and middle levels of humid forest (mainly terra
firme). Song: slightly dovelike “wút coocoó.”
552
78.10 RUFOUS-NECKED PUFFBIRD
(Barbudo-de-pescoço-ferrugem) Malacoptila rufa L 7 in./18
cm. Two sspp.: brunnescens shown; W Nom. (not shown) has
uniform rufous lores. Note grayish head and contrasting
rufous cheeks and nuchal collar. ♣ Lower and middle levels
of humid forest. Locally in nearby cerradolike areas. Song:
very/extr. high, slightly undulating, thin trill (2–3 sec).
Puffbirds
553
554
Plate 79
79.1 LETTERED ARACARI (Araçari-miudinho-de-

bico-riscado) Pteroglossus inscriptus L 13.8 in./35 cm. W
ssp. humboldtii (a, and ) and C and E Nom. (b, shown;
with brown head). Letter pattern on sides of upper
mandible diagnostic. Red restricted to rump. ♣ Humid
lowland forest, tall second growth, plantations. Locally in
cerrado (mainly near palm groves or gallery woodland).
Call: low “chak-chak shrek chek - -.”
79.2 GREEN ARACARI (Araçari-miudinho) Pteroglossus

viridis L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note bill pattern. ♣ Humid lowland
forest, tall second growth, riverine woodland, plantations.
Call: high, dry “srek srek srrek srek - -.”
555
79.3 RED-NECKED ARACARI
(Araçari-de-pescoçovermelho) Pteroglossus bitorquatus L
15.7 in./40 cm. Three sspp.: sturmii (a; W part of range) and
C reichenowi (b) shown. E Nom. resembles a, but bill pattern
closer to b. Combination of bill pattern and red chest, nape,
and mantle diagnostic. ♣ Humid lowland forest, tall second
growth, riverine woodland. Call: exhaled “fu’ Wheét” in
unhurried series. Also irregular “tek” and “tuc-tuc” notes.
79.4 IVORY-BILLED ARACARI

(Araçari-de-bico-de-marfim) Pteroglossus azara L 15.7 in./
40 cm. Two sspp.: Nom. (a, SE part of range) and flavirostris
(b, NW part). Combination of bill pattern and double (red and
black) chest band diagnostic, but cf. 79.6. ♣ Humid lowland
forest, tall second growth, riverine woodland. Call: low,
slightly raucous “wekwuk” notes in chorus.
556
79.5 BLACK-NECKED ARACARI (Araçari-de-bicobranco)
Pteroglossus aracari L 17.7 in./ 45 cm. Note bill pattern,
single red band on underparts, and black head (often with
small brown patch on the ear coverts). ♣ Humid forest,
second growth, riverine woodland, plantations. Locally in
cerrado.
79.6 BROWN-MANDIBLED (or Maria’s) ARACARI

(Araçari-de-bico-marrom) Pteroglossus mariae L 15.7 in./40
cm. Resembles 79.4b, but with most of lower mandible
brown. Often considered a ssp. of 79.4; hybrids between the
two are known. ♣ Humid lowland forest, tall second growth,
riverine woodland. Song: falsetto “te-Swéer-swur.”
79.7 CHESTNUT-EARED ARACARI (Araçari-castanho)

Pteroglossus castanotis L 17.7 in./ 45 cm. From 79.6 (limited
overlap) by bill pattern, pale eyes, and extension of brown on
557
head. ♣ Várzea, second growth, woodland, cerrado,
plantations. Call: very/extr. high, piercing “SEúur.”
79.8 MANY-BANDED ARACARI (Araçari-de-cintadupla)

Pteroglossus pluricinctus L 17.7 in./45 cm. Unmistakable by
bill pattern, two bands across underparts, and pale eyes. ♣
Humid lowland forest (esp. terra firme) and nearby tall
second growth. Call: high, crunching, almost staccato “wit
wut wit-wit-wit tsing wut - -.”
79.9 CURL-CRESTED ARACARI (Araçari-mulato)

Pteroglossus beauharnaesii L 17.7 in./ 45 cm. Unmistakable
by whitish cheeks, bill pattern, and red mantle and belly band.
Curly crown visible at close range. ♣ Humid lowland forest
(esp. terra firme) and nearby tall second growth. Call: low,
raucous “cha-cha-cha cha wruh cha - -.”
558
79.10 SAFFRON TOUCANET (Araçari-banana)
Pteroglossus (or Baillonius) bailloni. L 13.8 in./35 cm.
Unmistakable. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth. Up
to 1600 m. R.
Aracaris / Toucanet
559
Plate 80
560
80.1 EMERALD (or Peruvian) TOUCANET
(Tucaninho-de-nariz-amarelo) Aulacorhynchus prasinus (or
atrugularis) L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Unmistakable in its small
range. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth. Call/
song: series of froglike croaks and high “wèh” notes (2–3 ×/
sec).
80.2 CHESTNUT-TIPPED TOUCANET (Tucaninho-verde)

Aulacorhynchus derbianus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable in
its range. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth;
800–2400 m. Call/song: very long series of “wah” notes,
given at low or high pitch (3 ×/2 sec; “wah” sometimes
sounding like a low, hoarse “wrah”).
80.3 GUIANAN TOUCANET (Araçari-negro) Selenidera

piperivora (or culik) L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Unmistakable in its
range by black and red bill. Note gray underparts of . ♣
Humid forest (esp. terra firme), riverine woodland. Up to 900
561
m. Call: toneless, dry rattle “krrru”; also may be a rather
desperate sounding, high “euuuuúh.”
80.4 GOULD’S TOUCANET (Saripoca-de-gould) Selenidera

gouldii L 13.8 in./35 cm. Resembles 80.5–80.7, but with
different bill pattern and range. ♣ Humid forest (locally into
drier forest) and nearby second growth, riverine woodland.
Up to 700 m. Call/song: very low, croaking
“porc-porc-porc- -.”
80.5 TAWNY-TUFTED TOUCANET

(Saripoca-de-bico-castanho) Selenidera nattereri L 11.8 in./
30 cm. Bill pattern diagnostic. Whitish markings on lower
mandible sometimes lacking. ♣ Terra firme, white-sand
forest. Call/song: “ah-woóh” (1st part toneless, croaking,
2nd part high-pitched).
562
80.6 GOLDEN-COLLARED TOUCANET
(Saripoca-de-coleira) Selenidera reinwardtii L 13.8 in./35 cm.
Only Selenidera toucanet in range. ♣ Humid lowland forest
(esp. terra firme) and nearby second growth. Call: series of
very low, pumped croaks, like “caooc,” at 3 ×/2 sec.
80.7 SPOT-BILLED TOUCANET (Araçari-poca) Selenidera

maculirostris L 13.8 in./35 cm. Bill pattern diagnostic. Only
Selenidera toucanet in range. ♣ Humid forest and nearby
second growth, riverine woodland. Up to 1400 m. Call/
song: very low croaking “cock-cock-cock- -.”
563
80.8 CHANNEL-BILLED TOUCAN (Tucano-de-bicopreto)
Ramphastos vitellinus L 19.7 in./ 50 cm. Three sspp.: W and
C culminatus (a, Yellow-ridged Toucan), E ariel (b, Ariel
Toucan) and NE vitellinus (c); b and c unmistakable by bill
and chest pattern; a very similar to larger 80.9a, but bill
shorter with a more keeled culmen. Intermediates between
sspp. common where they meet, an example (d = a × b)
shown. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth, riverine
woodland, parks, plantations, forest patches in more open
regions. Lowlands. Call/song: calm, almost level series of
high, sharp, loud “Kéer” (or “Kéejr”) notes.
80.9 WHITE-THROATED TOUCAN

(Tucano-grande-de-papo-branco) Ramphastos tucanus L 21.5
in./55 cm. Two sspp. (intermediates common where they
meet): cuvieri (a, Cuvier’s Toucan, W part of range) and
Nom. (b, Red-billed Toucan, E part of range); a resembles
80.8a; b unmistakable by brown tones in bill. ♣ Humid forest
and nearby second growth, riverine woodland. Up to 1100 m.
Call/song: mid/high, loud, clear “tu cléar,” given in series
of 2 ×/3sec.
564
80.10 RED-BREASTED (or Green-billed) TOUCAN
(Tucano-de-bico-verde) Ramphastos dicolorus L 19.7 in./50
cm. Unmistakable by color pattern of bill and extensive red in
underparts. ♣ Prefers humid montane and submontane forest,
but also in lowland forest, woodlots in more open regions,
second growth, and plantations. Call/song: loud, raucous
“WRèh” or “niuh,” given in series of 2 ×/3sec.
80.11 TOCO TOUCAN (Tucanuçu) Ramphastos toco L 23.6

in./60 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern of bill. ♣ Forest
edge, woodland, tall second growth, palm groves, wooded
savanna, plantations. Occasionally in gardens. Call/song:
high, slightly raucous (gull-like) “wrreh” or low “wruh,”
given in series of 2 ×/3sec.
565
Toucanets / Toucans
566
567
Plate 81
81.1 BAR-BREASTED (or Golden-fronted) PICULET

(Pica-pau-an o-dourado) Picumnus aurifrons L 3.1 in./8 cm.
Several sspp.: borbae (a, NC part of range), wallacii (b, SW
part of range) and transfasciatus (c, E part of range) shown.
Combination of barred chest and streaked/spotted lower
flanks diagnostic in most of range, but cf. 81.6. ♣ Terra firme
(esp. edge), also várzea and second growth. Call: extr.
high, very thin “see-see-suw.”
81.2 LAFRESNAYE’S PICULET (Pica-pau-an

o-do-amazonas) Picumnus lafresnayi L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note
barred underparts; nape of is black, dotted white. Cf. 81.3
and 81.4. ♣ Woodland, second growth, várzea, forest edge.
Lowlands. Normally silent, occasionally extr. high
“see-see.”
568
81.3 ORINOCO PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-do-orinoco)
Picumnus pumilus L 3.5 in./9 cm. From larger 81.2 (limited
contact possible) by plain back, brown, yellow-dotted nape,
and darker ear coverts. Also cf. 81.4. ♣ Edge of humid forest,
gallery forest, riverine belts, thickets. Lowlands. Mainly up to
300 m.
81.4 GOLDEN-SPANGLED PICULET (Pica-pau-an

ode-pintas-amarelas) Picumnus exilis L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note
barred, yellowish white underparts, and scaled or spotted
mantle. White spots on wing coverts sometimes reduced (esp.
in Roraima). ♣ Humid forest, old second growth, riverine
thickets, woodland. Up to 1900 m. Song: extr. high, thin
“see see suw.”
81.5 RUSTY-NECKED PICULET (Pica-pau-an ofusco)

Picumnus fuscus L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Very restricted range. Note
569
warm buff tone of neck and underparts, which may be faintly
barred as shown. ♣ Várzea. R.
81.6 WHITE-BELLIED PICULET (Pica-pau-an

o-de-pescoço-branco) Picumnus spilogaster L 3.5 in./9 cm.
Throat barring and flank spotting often reduced, but no
overlap with 82.6. From 81.1c (limited overlap) by whiter
underparts, more spots (fewer streaks) on flanks, grayer
upperparts, and red crown in . ♣ Gallery forest, forest edge,
woodland, mangrove. Call/song: extr./very high,
descending, shivering, slow trill (2 sec).
81.7 SPOTTED PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-pintado)

Picumnus pygmaeus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Distinctively patterned
and colored. ♣ Dry open woodland, caatinga. Call/song:
very high, descending, fast, chivering trill “ttrrrruh” (2 sec).
En.
570
81.8 VARZEA PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-da-várzea)
Picumnus varzeae L 3.5 in./9 cm. Only piculet in its limited
range with dark underparts. ♣ Várzea, river islands. En.
81.9 OCHRE-COLLARED PICULET (Pica-pau-an

ode-coleira) Picumnus temminckii L 3.9 in./10 cm. Ochre
neck and barred underparts diagnostic, but cf. 82.1 and 81.10.
♣ Forest, woodland, thickets. Song/call: may be a dry,
toneless trill “trrrrrruh” (1 sec).
571
81.10 WHITE-WEDGED (or -edged) PICULET (Picapau-an
o-escamado) Picumnus albosquamatus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Two
sspp.: Nom. (a, the Pantanal; with black-scaled underparts)
and widespread guttifer (b; with black spot at center of breast
feathers and white-spotted back). Only piculet in range
without barring on chest. Hybrids with 81.9 and 82.1 are
known. ♣ Dense parts of cerrado, riverine thickets, dry to
semiarid forest, woodland. Song: extr. high, slightly
undulating, tinkling trill “tititi. . . . titi” (5 sec).
81.11 FINE-BARRED PICULET Picumnus subtilis L 3.5

in./9 cm. Underparts distinctly differing from 81.1 and 82.2
(the only other piculets in this part of Acre); note absence of
streaking below. ♣ Humid forest.
Piculets
572
573
Plate 82
82.1 WHITE-BARRED PICULET (Pica-pau-an obarrado)

Picumnus cirratus L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Note grayish brown
upper-parts (faintly barred in Roraima) and black-and-white
barred underparts. N sspp. lack white upper border to ear
coverts. Hybrids with 81.9 common; with 81.8 or 81.10 rarer.
♣ Forest edge, woodland, riverine thickets, dense scrub,
parks, gardens. Up to 2100 m. Call/song: extr. high, dry,
fast trill, like “trrrrriut.”
82.2 RUFOUS-BREASTED PICULET (Pica-pau-an

overmelho) Picumnus rufiventris L 3.9 in./10 cm.
Unmistakable by extensive rufous on underparts and head. No
overlap with 82.3. ♣ Thick undergrowth (esp. with bamboo)
of humid forest and woodland. Call/song: extr. high (just
audible) “tsit-tsit-tsit- -.”
574
82.3 TAWNY PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-canela) Picumnus
fulvescens L 3.9 in./10 cm. Unmistakable by extensive tawny
brown on underparts and head. No overlap with 81.5 or 82.2.
♣ Deciduous to semideciduous second growth forest,
caatinga, scrub. Up to 950 m. Call/song: extr. high
“see-see-see -sisi-wi.” En, R.
82.4 OCHRACEOUS PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-da-caatinga)

Picumnus limae L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Unmistakable by whitish
buff underparts. No overlap with 82.6. ♣ Semideciduous
forest and nearby tall caatinga. Up to 1000 m. Call/ song:
extr/very high, piercing “tee-tee-tee-titiwi.” En, R.
NOTE: Piculets in southern Ceará look intermediate between

82.3 and 82.4 and quite confusing; variation from whitish to
fulvous belly may be clinal.
575
82.5 MOTTLED PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-carijó) Picumnus
nebulosus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note buff-brown collar and
streaking of belly and flanks. ♣ Humid forest, Araucaria
forest, riverine woodland. Often in bamboo. Up to 1400 m. R.
82.6 PLAIN-BREASTED PICULET (Pica-pau-an ocreme)

Picumnus castelnau L 3.5 in./ 9 cm. Only piculet with
unmarked whitish underparts in its limited range. ♣ Várzea
and other forest / woodland near rivers. R.
82.7 WHITE-THROATED WOODPECKER

(Pica-pau-de-garganta-branca) Piculus leucolaemus L 7.9 in./
20 cm. Note yellow facial stripe, white throat, and pattern of
chest and belly. ♣ Humid lowland forest. Call/song: high,
hoarse/hissing “sraa-sraa-sraa- -” or drawn-out, hissing,
lowered “wheeeeee” (sounding from some distance like an
imitation of the wind through willows).
576
82.8 WHITE- (or Yellow-) BROWED WOODPECKER
(Pica-pau-dourado) Piculus aurulentus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note
whitish yellow supercilium and line from lores to side of
neck. Throat yellow. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second
growth; 750–2000 m, locally lower in S. Song: slow or
hurried series of 7–15 high “wuh” notes. R.
82.9 GOLDEN-OLIVE WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-oliváceo)

Colaptes (or Piculus) rubiginosus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Only
woodpecker in limited range with whitish face, plain
golden-olive back, and barred underparts. Cf. 82.11, 83.8, and
Veniliornis woodpeckers (83.1–83.7). ♣ Humid forest and
second growth; 700–2200 m. Song: e.g., high, sharp,
angry, rattling trill (2–3 sec).
577
82.10 YELLOW-THROATED WOODPECKER
(Pica-pau-bufador) Piculus flavigula L 7.9 in./20 cm. Three
sspp.: magnus (a, S Amazon, and ), E erythropis (b, )
and Nom. (N Amazon, not shown; as a, but with red
malar). with yellow ear coverts and face (also throat in
a); with yellow forecrown, face, and throat (not shown
b usually with some red on throat). ♣ Humid lowland forest;
locally in drier forest; drier caatinga. Song: series of 1–7
high, hoarse, angry-sounding “vraah” notes.
82.11 GOLDEN-GREEN WOODPECKER

(Pica-pau-dourado-escuro) Piculus chrysochloros L 9.8 in./25
cm (7.9 in./20 cm in C). Several sspp.: N capistratus (a, ),
SE polyzonus (b, and ) and NE paraensis (c, and )
shown. Throat yellow (most of range), whitish (in W) or
barred (in N). Combination of barred underparts, yellow line
in face, and whitish blue eyes diagnostic. ♣ Humid forest,
578
caatinga, woodland (even small patches), riverine forest, palm
groves. Song: series of 15 almost toneless, hoarse
“schraah” notes, sounding like a hysterically crying baby.
Piculets / Woodpeckers
579
580
Plate 83
83.1 CHECKERED (or Chequered) WOODPECKER

(Pica-pau-chor o) Veniliornis (or Piciodes) mixtus L 5.5 in./
14 cm. Distinctively spotted/checkered blackish brown and
white. Note dark mask. Small and without the yellow-green
tones of 83.3 and 83.8 and 83.9. ♣ Woodland, gallery forest,
savanna, cerrado. Call/song: high, sharp, almost level,
rapidly twittered “wutwitwit---wih.”
83.2 LITTLE WOODPECKER (Picapauzinho-an o)

Veniliornis passerinus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Several sspp.: S
olivinus (a, and ), E taenionotus (b, ), and W agilis (c,
) shown. All sspp., except c, with eyebrow faint or lacking.
E and C sspp. may show faint red spots on back. From
83.4–83.7 by lack of yellow on head. Also cf. larger Piculus
woodpeckers (82.7–82.11). ♣ Forest edge, woodland (incl.
caatinga), savanna, second growth, mangrove, river islands,
plantations, gardens. Call/song: sharp, chattered,
almost-rattle of “wuwu---,” turning into “wiwi---” notes; 1st
few notes rising.
581
83.3 WHITE-SPOTTED WOODPECKER
(Picapauzinho-verde-carijó) Veniliornis spilogaster L 7 in./18
cm. Back barred dark olive-green and yellowish. Note long
white eyebrow and malar. ♣ Forest (even small patches),
woodland, shrub, parks. Call: e.g., “Tjup Tjiddur” notes;
“dur” note lowered.
83.4 RED-RUMPED WOODPECKER

(Pica-pau-de-sobre-vermelho) Veniliornis kirkii L 6.3 in./16
cm. Note small distribution and altitudinal range. Red rump
diagnostic, but often hard to see. ♣ Humid forest and nearby
second growth; 1400–1750 m. Call: unstructured series of
high, nasal “trut” or very high “twit” notes.
582
83.5 GOLDEN-COLLARED WOODPECKER
(Pica-pau-de-colar-dourado) Veniliornis cassini L 6.3 in./16
cm. Note yellow nuchal collar. No overlap with 83.6 and
83.7, but cf. 83.2, 83.4, and Piculus woodpeckers
(82.7–82.11). ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest and nearby
second growth. Up to 1500 m. Call: loud, upslurred,
rattling trill (3 sec).
83.6 RED-STAINED WOODPECKER

(Picapauzinho-avermelhado) Veniliornis affinis L 6.7 in./17
cm. Cf. 83.5. Note yellow nuchal collar and faint red spotting
on wing coverts (often hard to see). Cf. 83.2, 83.7, and
Piculus woodpeckers (82.7–82.11). Shown is W ssp. hilaris;
E Nom. (not shown) with no or reduced red stains on
upperparts. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid lowland forest and
nearby second growth, plantations. Call: high, sharp,
slightly undulating, chattering rattle (5–7 sec).
583
83.7 YELLOW-EARED WOODPECKER
(Picapauzinho-de-testa-pintada) Veniliornis maculifrons L 5.9
in./15 cm. Note yellow nuchal collar. No overlap with 83.4
and 83.5, but cf. 83.2, 83.6, and Piculus woodpeckers
(82.7–82.11). ♣ Humid forest edge, secondary forest, parks.
Lowlands and hilly country. Call/song: high, nasal, rising
then slightly falling, chattering rattle (5–7 sec). En.
83.8 SPOT-BREASTED WOODPECKER

(Pica-pau-de-peito-pontilhado) Colaptes punctigula L 7.9 in./
20 cm. Note whitish face and spotted underparts. Cf. 83.9 and
82.9. ♣ Wide range of wooded habitats, incl. várzea (avoids
interior of terra firme), woodland, second growth, wooded
savanna, palm groves, mangrove. Call/song: may be a
rapid, regular series of high, clear “wick” notes, like
“wick-wickwick---” (3–4 sec).
584
83.9 GREEN-BARRED WOODPECKER
(Pica-pau-verde-barrado) Colaptes melanochloros L 9.8 in./
25 cm. Resembles smaller 83.8 (note range), but barring of
upperparts pale yellowish (less bronze-green). There is much
variation in the amount of spotting on the underparts. The
back can be plain in some populations. Ssp. nattereri (not
shown) from central Brazil is much smaller than the other
forms. ♣ Forest, woodland, savannalike areas, open areas
with some trees, second growth, caatinga, plantations,
gardens, parks. Call: e.g., fast, nasal, staccato, descending
“tidwurrr”; song: very high, short, clear, liquid
“wikwikwik---” (about 10 × “wik,” 1st two and last two notes
rising or falling) or slow series of 6–7 high “wir” notes.
83.10 CAMPO FLICKER (Pica-pau-do-campo) Colaptes

campestris L 11.8 in./30 cm. Shows lots of individual
variation in amount and shape of markings on back and
underparts. Two sspp.: S white-throated campestroides (a,
585
FIELD FLICKER) and widespread black-throated Nom. (b).
Unmistakable by orange-yellow collar and ear coverts. Rather
terrestrial. ♣ Virtually any open to semiopen habitat, incl.
grassland, farmland, savanna, woodland, forest edge, parks,
gardens, second growth, shrub. Call: e.g., high, sharp, nasal
“tih,” “tir,” or “wur”; song: e.g., rapid “wicwicwic---” (10–12
×, 1st few rising, last few descending). Also a duet of high
“wicwicwic,” immediately answered by low “wucwuc.”
Woodpeckers / Flicker
586
587
Plate 84
84.1 SCALY-BREASTED WOODPECKER

(Picapauzinho-chocolate) Celeus grammicus L 9.8 in./25 cm.
Three sspp.: SW latifasciatus (a), NW Nom. (b), and C
subcervinus (not shown, intermediate between a and b).
Barring rather faint to strong (chest may appear almost all
black), but tail and rump always unbarred (cf. 84.2, 84.3, and
84.9). ♣ Upper levels of humid lowland forest; locally in
nearby wooded savanna. Song: “fuweét-tjeeuh” (1st part
loud and upswept, 2nd part soft and nasal).
84.2 WAVED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-barrado) Celeus

undatus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Clearly barred above and below;
chest may appear almost all black (cf. 84.9). From 84.1b
(limited contact possible in Roraima) by barred rump (often
also tail, a) and paler head and underparts. ♣ Upper levels of
humid lowland forest; locally in nearby wooded savanna.
Song: high, nasal “fuweét-eeuh.”
588
84.3 CHESTNUT WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-choco-late)
Celeus elegans L 11.8 in./30 cm. Two sspp.: pale-crested NE
Nom. (a) and chestnut-headed W and C jumanus (b). Only
Celeus woodpecker without a black chest or barring to back
and underparts (be aware that 84.1b can appear uniform from
afar). ♣ All levels of humid lowland forest; locally in nearby
wooded savanna. Also riverine woodland, plantations.
Song: may be a high, level, rapid, clear, piped
“tjuuh-tjuuh-tjuuh-wuh.”
84.4 PALE-CRESTED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-louro)

Celeus lugubris L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Rufescent-brown (a, N
Nom.) to blackish brown below (b, S ssp. kerri). From 84.5
(also note range) by back pattern (mantle and wing coverts
barred buff; flight feathers barred chestnut). ♣ Semideciduous
forest, woodland, cerrado, palms groves. Song: may be a
very high, slackening, fluted “twee-twee-tee-tee-tee.”
589
84.5 BLOND-CRESTED WOODPECKER
(Pica-pau-de-cabeça-amarela) Celeus flavescens L 11.8 in./30
cm. Three races: SE Nom. (a), NE ochraceous (b), and EC
intermedius (not shown; intermediate between a and b). Note
mainly blackish underparts. ♣ Forest, woodland (incl.
eucalyptus), second growth, cerrado, caatinga, parks,
plantations. Song: e.g., loud, calm, ringing, piped
“peep-peep-peep- -” (15 × “peep”), descending
“weeh-weeh-weeh,” or very high, sharp “weeh-weeh.”
84.6 CREAM-COLORED WOODPECKER

(Pica-pau-amarelo) Celeus flavus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Of three
sspp., Amazonian Nom. (a, amount of brown in wing
variable) and E subflavus (b) shown. Overall mainly creamy
yellow. ♣ Humid forest, woodland, gallery forest;
occasionally in mangrove or plantations. Song: high, calm
“wrih-wrih-wrih-wruh” (3–4 × “wrih,” “wruh” lowered).
590
84.7 RUFOUS-HEADED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-lindo)
Celeus spectabilis L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Unmistakable by
contrasting rufous head and wings, but cf. 84.8. ♣ Lower and
mid-levels of humid lowland forest and woodland, esp. near
rivers and bamboo.
84.8 KAEMPFER’S (or Caatinga) WOODPECKER

(Pica-pau-do-parnaíba) Celeus obrieni L 9.8 in./25 cm. Often
considered a ssp. of larger 84.7 (no overlap), but with less
black barring. ♣ Cerrado, palm groves. Associated with
bamboo. En, R. Possibly extinct.
591
84.9 RINGED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-de-coleira) Celeus
torquatus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Three sspp.: NE Nom. (a), W and
C occidentalis (b), and E tinnunculus (not shown; resembles
b); a unmistakable by black collar and uniform cinnamon
underparts; note barred tail and rump, black chest, and barred
whitish buff belly in b. ♣ Humid lowland forest, riverine
woodland. Song: high, clear, piped “peeh-peeh-peeh” (3–6
× “peeh”).
Woodpeckers
592
Plate 85
593
85.1 WHITE WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-branco) Melanerpes
candidus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable. Social. ♣ Dry to
semihumid forest and woodland, savanna, scrub, cultivations,
palm groves, eucalyptus woods. Call/song: very high,
downslurred, ternlike “krreeerr.”
85.2 YELLOW-FRONTED WOODPECKER

(Benedito-de-testa-amarela) Melanerpes flavifrons L 6.7 in./
17 cm. Note stripe of white streaks through middle of
otherwise black mantle. Social. ♣ Humid forest, second
growth, cane fields, palm groves, cultivation. Call/song:
rapid, nasal, slightly descending “weeweeweewit.”
85.3 YELLOW-TUFTED WOODPECKER

(Benedito-de-testa-vermelha) Melanerpes cruentatus L 7.5
in./19 cm. Two forms (a, b), both unmistakable. Note black
back and white rump. Social. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid
594
forest, tall second growth, plantations. Call/song: very fast,
rattling, almost level or slightly ascending “wutwut---.”
85.4 WHITE-FRONTED WOODPECKER

(Pica-pau-de-testa-branca) Melanerpes cactorum L 6.7 in./17
cm. Virtually unmistakable. May have white throat (as shown
in ). Social. ♣ Dry forest, gallery forest, woodland, savanna,
palm groves. Call: may be a very high, nasal
“wut-weetwut,” repeated in a series in which “weetwut” is
higher pitched each time.
85.5 HELMETED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-de-caracanela)

Dryocopus galeatus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. From larger 85.7a by
cinnamon face (no white line to bill) and creamy rump.
Mantle always lacks white. ♣ Humid forest; sometimes also
nearby forest patches and gallery forest. Up to 800 m. R.
595
85.6 ROBUST WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-rei) Campephilus
robustus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable by pattern. Note
creamy mantle and rump. ♣ Tall humid forest, Araucaria
stands. Up to 1000 m. Call: high “kew.”
85.7 LINEATED WOODPECKER

(Pica-pau-de-banda-branca) Dryocopus lineatus L 13.8 in./ 35
cm. Two sspp.: large SE erythrops (a) and widespread Nom.
(b). Note white line from bill down sides of neck. White
markings on scapulars (often missing in a as shown, cf. 85.5)
never meet on lower back (cf. 85.9). ♣ Forest (usually
avoids interior of humid forest), woodland, cerrado, riverine
woodland, second growth, plantations (incl. eucalyptus),
gardens. Up to 2100 m. Call: high “kip”; song:
“kip-wjurrrrr,” 2nd part low, shivering, and fading out.
596
85.8 RED-NECKED WOODPECKER
(Pica-pau-de-barriga-vermelha) Campephilus rubricollis L
11.8 in./30 cm. Three sspp.: N Nom. (a) and S trachelopyrus/
olallae (b). Unmistakable by rufous-cinnamon underparts
(also wing panel in b) and lack of white on back. ♣ Humid
forest and nearby second growth. Also riverine woodland. Up
to 1800 m. Call/song: low, nasal “ti’heeu.”
85.9 CRIMSON-CRESTED WOODPECKER

(Pica-pau-de-topete-vermelho) Campephilus melanoleucos L
13.8 in./35 cm. White scapular lines meet on lower back,
forming a V shape. : pale buff at bill. : black on front runs
op to top of crown and white line on face broader than 85.7. ♣
Forest, woodland (incl. small patches, as long as tall trees are
present), tall second growth, riverine woodland, palm groves,
plantations. Up to 1600 m. Song: short, nasal, shivering
“ti’wir” and “ti’d’wir.”
597
85.10 CREAM-BACKED WOODPECKER
(Pica-pau-de-barriga-preta) Campephilus leucopogon L 11.8
in./30 cm. Unmistakable by creamy back and black
underparts. ♣ Woodland, savanna, groves. Call: low, nasal
“tjuaw.”
Woodpeckers
598
Plate 86
599
86.1 PLAIN-BROWN WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-pardo)
Dendrocincla fuliginosa L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Sspp. distinguished
by how pale the throat is, by the presence or absence of a
buff-cinnamon superciliary and of some streaking/dotting in
the upper chest; N Nom. (a, with buff mark behind eye) and
NW ssp. phaeochra (b, with plain face) shown. Only plain
woodcreeper in most of range. Often at ant swarms. ♣ Middle
and lower levels of terra firme, less often várzea and
plantations. Call: extr. high, sweeping “sweeuh”; song:
long series of sweeping “weekwee-kweek---” notes, slightly
lowered and slowed at end. There are also various rattles,
such as a sustained, very high, slightly undulating “bicbic---.”
86.2 THRUSH-LIKE (or Plain-winged) WOOD-CREEPER

(Arapaçu-liso) Dendrocincla turdina L 7.9 in./20 cm. Only
Dendrocincla woodcreeper in range. ♣ Middle and lower
levels of humid forest, mature second growth, riverine belts.
Song: series (60 sec and more) of very high
“keepkeepkeep---” notes, slightly undulating, fading, and
crescendoing at random.
600
86.3 WHITE-CHINNED WOODCREEPER
(Arapaçu-da-taoca) Dendrocincla merula L 7 in./ 18 cm.
From 86.1 by plain face and clearly defined white throat.
Eyes usually pale bluish in S and W, but dark brown in N ♣
Terra firme, occasionally riverine belts and edge of várzea.
Usually at ant swarms. Call: series of very high “bic bic -
-” notes; song: simple, very high, twittering “titterit titterit -
-.”
86.4 LONG-TAILED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-rabudo)

Deconychura longicauda L 7 in./ 18 cm, 6.3 in./16 cm.
Slender, with unmarked back. From very similar 86.5 by
slightly larger size, longer bill, and more clearly spotted
crown. ♣ Terra firme and várzea. Forest interior. Below 500
m. Song: varies geographically; N of Amazon, a high,
distinctly descending, clear, rather plaintive
“pee-pue-tue-tuh---” (7–8 notes).
601
86.5 SPOT-THROATED WOODCREEPER
(Arapaçu-de-garganta-pintada) Deconychura stictolaema L
7 in./18 cm, 6.3 in./ 16 cm. Cf. 86.4. ♣ Interior and edge of
terra firme and várzea. Song: high, short, staccato rattle,
slightly rising and trailing off.
86.6 OLIVACEOUS WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-verde)

Sittasomus griseicapillus L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. Sspp. fall into
three groups: Amazonian griseicapillus group (a), SE
sylviellus group (b), and E reiseri (not shown; as b, but
brighter cinnamon-rufous above). All sspp. characterized by
small size, small bill, and unstreaked plumage. ♣ Virtually
any habitat with trees. Call: high, sweeping “weet”; song:
four distinctive vocal variations in Brazil; in SE very high,
loud, descending “weet weet weet - -” (5–20 ×, each “weet”
slightly upturned) or a high rattling trill (>20 sec); in NE a
high, fast, slightly rising “weeweewee---” (6–20 notes).
602
86.7 WEDGE-BILLED WOODCREEPER
(Arapaçu-de-bico-de-cunha) Glyphorynchus spirurus L 5.9
in./15 cm. Note distinctive chisel-shaped bill. Several current
sspp., varying in amount of white streaking on chest and in
throat color. Nom. from Amapá and N Pará (not shown) has
conspicuous whitish throat and looks bigger. ♣ Mainly in
terra firme, but also in várzea, riverine belts, palm swamp.
Call: nervous, sneezing “tseets tseets tseets-tseets -”; song:
varies geographically; in SE 2-noted plaintive “weep-weep”;
in N fast, ascending, sweeping series of 3 notes.
86.8 SCIMITAR-BILLED WOODCREEPER

(Arapaçu-platino) Drymornis bridgesii L 11.8 in./ 30 cm.
Unmistakable by bill, densely streaked underparts, and facial
pattern. ♣ Woodland, scrub, savanna, suburbs. Often forages
on the ground. Song: very high, loud but thin
“feetfeetfeet---tuit” (“feet” up to 8 × and level, “tuit” lower
and descending)
603
86.9 LONG-BILLED WOODCREEPER
(Arapaçu-de-bico-comprido) Nasica longirostris L 13.8 in./35
cm. Unmistakable by long bill, small head, and long neck. ♣
Várzea, forested swamps, and nearby terra firme. Locally in
river-ine belts in cerrado. Call: high, nasal “weetut” or
“weeterweet”; song: loud melancholy-sounding, drawn-out
calls “wuuuueet wuuueeet - “(3–4 ×), each slightly rising and
thereafter trailing off.
86.10 CINNAMON-THROATED WOODCREEPER

(Arapaçu-galinha) Dendrexetastes rufigula L 9.8 in./25 cm.
Stout, pale bill. Overall plain except for distinct “collar” of
white streaks (in E part of range; shown), white streaks on
chest and sides of neck (SC part of range), or faint white
streaks, restricted to chest (W part of range). ♣ Humid forest,
river islands. Often in palms at forest edge. Song: very
high loud series of ringing notes, sounding almost like a trill
(7–8 sec).
604
Woodcreepers
605
Plate 87
606
87.1 BAR-BELLIED WOODCREEPER
(Arapaçu-de-barriga-pintada) Hylexetastes stresemanni L
11.8 in./30 cm. Characterized by heavy, red bill and bold
barring below. ♣ Humid forest.
87.2 UNIFORM WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-uniforme)

Hylexetastes uniformis L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Heavy red bill as in
87.1, 87.3, and 87.4, but no overlap in range. Cf. smaller
87.10b and 88.2b. ♣ Humid forest, esp. terra firme. Locally
also semideciduous woodland. Song: loud series of about 6
“Weeah weeah - - weeh” notes.
87.3 BRIGIDA’S WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-deloro-cinza)

Hylexetastes brigidai L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Similar to 87.2, but
lores pale. Larger and heavier-billed than 87.10b. ♣ Humid
forest, mainly terra firme. Song resembles that of 87.2. En.
607
87.4 RED-BILLED WOODCREEPER
(Arapaçu-de-bico-vermelho) Hylexetastes perrotii L 11.8 in./
30 cm. Similar to 87.2 and 87.3, but with whitish throat and
face. No overlap in range. ♣ Humid forest, esp. terra firme.
Song resembles that of 87.2.
87.5 STRONG-BILLED WOODCREEPER

(Arapaçu-vermelho) Xiphocolaptes promeropi-rhynchus L
11.8 in./30 cm. Note large size, very large, pale, grayish
horn-colored bill (dark in tepuis), pale lores, and streaked
underparts. Dark malar not always visible. ♣ Mainly terra
firme; sometimes várzea. Song: high, loud descending
series of 5–7 paired “weetju weetju - -” notes.
608
87.6 CARAJÁS WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-do-cara-jás)
Xiphocolaptes carajaensis L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Often
considered a ssp. of very similar but slightly larger 87.5. No
overlap in range. ♣ Primarily terra firme. Song as 87.5, but
possibly slightly faster. En.
87.7 WHITE-THROATED WOODCREEPER

(Arapaçu-de-garganta-branca) Xiphocolaptes albicollis L 11.8
in./30 cm. Large with long, black bill. Dark malar between
whitish throat and streak from lores to lower ear patch. Back
plain. Cf. 88.3. Note: Two very distinctive forms from the
hinterland forests of Bahia may well be full species with a
very restricted range: the quite pale villanovae (only from
Senhor do Bonfim) and bahiae (from Chapada Diamantina),
the latter lacking ventral barring. ♣ Humid forest, second
growth, riverine belts in cerrado. Song: slow, descending
series of 4–6 high, sharp, double-noted whistles, like “witjuu
witjuu - -.”
609
87.8 MOUSTACHED WOODCREEPER
(Arapaçu-do-nordeste) Xiphocolaptes falcirostris L 11.8 in./
30 cm. No woodcreeper with similar face pattern in range. ♣
Deciduous forest (“mata seca”), tall arboreal caatinga, and
gallery forest. Call: whining, drawn-out “wèèè-tuh” (last
part high and dry); song: varied; series of 4–7 double-notes,
like “wèèè-TJUH wèèè-TJUH - -” (“wèèè-TJUH” often
gradually changing to ringing “Tu-Tjuh”). En, R.
87.9 GREAT RUFOUS WOODCREEPER

(Arapaçu-do-campo) Xiphocolaptes major L 11.8 in./ 30 cm.
Unmistakable by large size, massive pale bill, and dark lores.
Big ssp. remoratus (not shown) from Mato Grosso has a more
extensively streaked chest and a barred belly. ♣ Dry forest,
woodland, riverine belts; also in cerrado and wooded savanna.
Song: slightly descending series of 5–8 double-noted
whistles, like “wéettuck - -.”
610
87.10 AMAZONIAN BARRED-WOODCREEPER
(Arapaçu-barrado) Dendrocolaptes certhia L 10.6 in./27 cm.
Sspp. radiolatus (a; in NW) shown and concolor (b, Concolor
Woodcreeper, Ri. Madeira to Ri. Tocantins; may have faint
barring); a and other sspp. (resembling a, but barring less
distinct) unmistakable by scalloped barring below and lack of
streaking; b differs from 88.1 and 88.2b by reddish bill. Also
cf. 87.2. ♣ Humid forest, savanna forest, gallery forest, and
mangrove. Often at ant swarms. Call: “tjiew,” accented at
beginning, drawn-out at end; song: rapid, whinnying,
run-together series of up to 12 notes, 1st rising than fading
and falling off.
Woodcreepers
611
612
Plate 88
88.1 HOFFMANNS’S WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-marrom)

Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi L 11 in./28 cm. From 87.10 and
88.2b by black bill. ♣ Humid forest, tall second growth. Often
at ant swarms. Song: level, rapid “wutwutwut---” (up to 20
×). En.
88.2 BLACK-BANDED WOODCREEPER

(Arapaçu-meio-barrado) Dendrocolaptes picumnus L 10.6 in./
27 cm. Several sspp.: N Nom. shown (a, with barred
underparts), less marked pallescens (b, the Pantanal) and
transfasciatus (c, with streaked breast and barred belly).
Follows armyant swarms. Note: picumnus group (including
Nom. and very similar validus from NW Amazon),
pallescens-group, and ssp. transfasciatus may be full species.
♣ Terra firme and inundated várzea. Can also be seen in
forested savanna and, rarely, in mangrove. Call: very high
“tjieh”; song: rapid, descending series of sharp notes (SW);
softer and less sharp in W Amazonia.
613
88.3 PLANALTO WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-grande)
Dendrocolaptes platyrostris L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. From larger
87.7 by shorter bill, little or no dark malar and, in SE part of
range, finely streaked back. Back plain in N and W part of
range, unlike 88.2a. Belly and vent barred. Shown Nom. (a)
and paler-headed ssp. intermedius (b). ♣ Humid forest,
woodland, palm swamps, cerrado, and caatinga. Call:
varied; may start with very high “i-i-i” continued with
“weekweek---”; song: unmusical series of 5 or many more
“tjuew” notes, well-separated or run together, normally
slightly rising, then trailing off.
88.4 STRAIGHT-BILLED WOODCREEPER

(Arapaçu-de-bico-branco) Xiphorhynchus picus L 7.9 in./20
cm. Note plain back and whitish bill with straight or upturned
culmen. Extensively marked white or buff head. ♣ Open
habitats such as wooded savanna, riverine belts, swamps,
mangrove, arid scrub, plantations, pastures with scattered
614
trees. Call: simple, very high “twit twit - -”; song: rapid,
descending series of “peecpicpitpit---” notes (lasting 2 sec).
88.5 ZIMMER’S WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-ferrugem)

Xiphorhynchus kienerii L 9.8 in./25 cm. Very similar to 88.4,
but tail longer. ♣ Mainly in interior of várzea. Song: very
high, fast, almost level series of “i” notes.
88.6 STRIPED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-riscado)

Xiphorhynchus obsoletus L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Dense whitish buff
streaking above and below. Pale bill (often dark at base of
upper mandible) with slightly curved culmen. ♣ Várzea and
wooded swamps. Locally also terra firme and riverine belts in
cerrado. Call: very high, indignant-sounding “tic,” often
prolonged to a short twitter; song: very high, rising trill, like
“wuhwuh---wihwih” (2–3 sec).
615
88.7 LESSER WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-rajado)
Xiphorhynchus fuscus L 6.7 in./17 cm. NE ssp. atlanticus (a)
and SE Nom. (b) shown. Slender, curved bill. From
89.4–89.6 by spotted (not streaked or plain) crown and less
boldly marked underparts. From 89.4 and 89.5 also by
streaking on mantle (sometimes faint) ♣ Humid forest, incl.
Araucaria. Inland in drier wooded areas. Call: very high,
sharp “fieet fieet - -”; song: fast, sharp rattle, stuttered at end
and (in Nom.) at beginning (2–3 sec).
88.8 OCELLATED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-ocelado)

Xiphorhynchus ocellatus L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Culmen/upper
mandible dark; lower mandible pale. Mantle virtually plain
(may be faintly streaked in NW). Breast spotted buff. ♣
Mainly in terra firme, sometimes várzea. Call: very high,
fast “teettitteet”; song: short, fast, descending, rattling series
of notes (up to 1 sec).
616
88.9 TSCHUDI’S WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-)
Xiphorhynchus chunchotambo L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Back finely
streaked. From very similar overlapping ssp. of 88.11 by
larger spots on breast. ♣ Humid forest. Song: resounding,
descending, whinnying series (2 sec).
88.10 SPIX’S WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-de-spix)

Xiphorhynchus spixii L 7.9 in./20 cm. Very similar to 88.6,
but voice different. Also cf. 88.8 and 89.2. ♣ Humid forest,
incl. montane. Song: very high, very fast trill, descending
at beginning, level at end, last note higher (as a sort of “full
stop”). En.
617
88.11 ELEGANT WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-elegante)
Xiphorhynchus elegans L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. (Includes ssp.
juruaus JURUÁ WOODCREEPER from W Brazil, differing
by voice.) Bill and markings below as 88.8, but back clearly
streaked. Streaking above and below finer in SW (cf. 88.9).
Also cf. 88.6 and 89.2. ♣ Mainly terra firme, but occasionally
in várzea, second growth, riverine belts. Call: characteristic
3-noted “tjictjicwuuuw,” 1st 2 staccato, 3rd much lower and
whining; song: descending series of “witwitwit---” notes;
each note accentuated (3–5 sec and longer).
Woodcreepers
618
619
Plate 89
89.1 CHESTNUT-RUMPED WOODCREEPER

(Arapaçu-assobiador) Xiphorhynchus pardalotus L 7.9 in./20
cm. Bill black (only lowermost part of lower mandible pale).
Throat and streaking fulvous. No overlap with most
Xiphorhynchus woodcreepers, but cf. 89.2. ♣ Forest, mainly
terra firme. Locally also in wooded savanna. Call:
unstructured series of chirps; song: level, clicking
“tjuptjup-tjuptjeetjee.”
89.2 BUFF-THROATED WOODCREEPER

(Arapaçu-de-garganta-amarela) Xiphorhynchus guttatus L 9.8
in./25 cm. Variable; guttatoides group Lafresnaye’s
Woodcreeper (a; W Amazon and Pantanal region; with buff
streaking and throat and bill pale except for dark base to
upper mandible), eytoni group Dusky-billed Woodcreeper (b;
SE Amazon and Ceará; throat white and bill dark except for
lowermost part of lower mandible), Nom. group (not shown;
NE Amazon and E; as a, but upper mandible dark). Larger
and heavier-billed than other Xiphorhynchus woodcreepers
and lacks barring to vent and belly. ♣ Mainly humid forest.
Locally in palm swamps, semideciduous forest, cerrado, and
mangrove. Call: resounding, descending “weerweerwir”
(3–6 notes); song: varies geographically; in W Amazonia:
620
loud, resounding, crescen-doing series of “wuut” notes,
falling off at the end (3–6 sec); in Mato Grosso a very high,
rising trill, decelerating and descending at the end.
89.3 NARROW-BILLED WOODCREEPER

(Arapaçu-de-Cerrado) Lepidocolaptes angustirostris L 7.9
in./20 cm. Several sspp.: angustirostris (a) and bahiae (b,
with plain, buffish underparts) shown. Unmistakable by head
pattern. ♣ Open woodland, palm swamps, savanna, wooded
areas in towns. Call: 1–3 squeaky notes; song: basically a
series of 6–8 loud “peep” notes, which may vary in tempo,
pitch, and strength.
89.4 SCALED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-escamado)

Lepidocolaptes squamatus L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Note plain mantle
and nape and bold streaking below. No overlap with
89.5–89.8, but cf. 88.7b. ♣ Humid forest. Call: “péeir”;
621
song: series of sharp, connected “pi” notes, slightly rising and
slowing down and sharply falling off at end. En.
89.5 WAGLER’S WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-de-wagler)

Lepidocolaptes wagleri L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. Often considered a
ssp. of 89.4, but crown plainer and markings below less
contrasting. No overlap with 89.4 or 89.6–89.8, but cf. 88.7.
♣ Woodland, dry to semideciduous forest. En.
89.6 SCALLOPED WOODCREEPER

Arapaçu-escamado-do-sul) Lepidocolaptes falcinellus L 7.9
in./20 cm. Similar to 89.4, but nape streaked (sometimes
extends faintly into mantle). No overlap with 89.4, 89.5, or
89.7 and 89.8, but cf. 88.7b. ♣ Humid forest, Araucaria
forest. Occasionally in semideciduous forest.
622
89.7 STREAK-HEADED WOODCREEPER
(Arapaçu-listrado) Lepidocolaptes souleyetii L 7.9 in./20 cm.
Similar to 89.8, but head more streaked. ♣ Forest, woodland.
Song: short, very high, sharp, shivering, downslurred trill.
89.8 LINEATED WOODCREEPER

(Arapaçu-de-listras-brancas) Lepidocolaptes albolineatus L 7
in./18 cm. Note slender, curved bill. Appears plain except for
streaked underparts (b), but NE Nom. (a) has indistinct spots
on crown and nape. ♣ Canopy of terra firme; less in várzea
and riverine belts. Song: series of about 15 fluted notes,
falling in pitch and accelerated.
623
89.9 CURVE-BILLED SCYTHEBILL
(Arapaçu-de-bico-curvo) Campylorhamphus procurvoides L
9.8 in./25 cm. Two groups: multostriatus group (shown;
streaks with narrow, dark edging; S of Ri. Amazon) and Nom.
group (not shown; as 89.10, but mantle plain; N of Ri.
Amazon). Both differ from 89.10 by slightly darker, more
curved bill. ♣ Terra firme, bamboo stands. Song: varies per
region; e.g., high fluted “wuuut wuuttttttt” (2nd “wuut”
changing to level or rising trill).
89.10 RED-BILLED SCYTHEBILL (Arapaçu-beija-flor)

Campylorhamphus trochilirostris L 9.8 in./25 cm. Only
scythebill in most of range. Note pinkish red bill, slight
streaking to mantle, and lack of dark edges to streaks. ♣
Woodland, cerrado, caatinga, scrub, riverine belts, várzea,
bamboo stands. Call: very high, excited, upslurred trill (or
almost-trill); song: individually and regionally varied; in NW
a rapid, descending, musical, whinnying series of up to 25
624
notes; in NE a short series of fluted notes “wuut wuut
wit-wit-triffit” (last part ascending).
89.11 BLACK-BILLED SCYTHEBILL

(Arapaçu-de-bico-torto) Campylorhamphus falcularius L 9.8
in./25 cm. Note black bill. ♣ Atlantic forest, second growth,
bamboo stands. Mainly in highlands in N part of range.
Call: very high, piercing “pjeetpjeet” (2–3 ×); song: level or
descending, raspy “sree-sree-sree- -” (up to 5–6 ×).
Woodcreepers / Scythebills
625
626
Plate 90
90.1 TUFTED TIT-SPINETAIL (Rabudinho) Leptasthenura

platensis L 6.7 in./17 cm. Cf. 90.2. ♣ Woodland, shrub.
Song: 2–3 extr. high notes ending in very short trill.
90.2 STRIOLATED TIT-SPINETAIL (Grimpeirinho)

Leptasthenura striolata L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. From 90.1 by range,
streaked mantle, and more extensive streaking below. ♣
Forest edge (incl. Araucaria), woodland, tall second growth;
500–1200 m. Song: level, short, hurried series of 2–5 very
high, thin or full notes, last one often slightly lower. En.
90.3 ARAUCARIA TIT-SPINETAIL (Grimpeiro)

Leptasthenura setaria L 7 in./18 cm. Unmistakable by
streaked head, plain rufous mantle, and long tail. ♣ Canopy of
Araucaria; 750–2000 m. Song: series (2–3 sec) of very
high, thin notes changing in tempo between trill and rattle. R.
627
90.4 ITATIAIA (Thistletail or) SPINETAIL
(Garrinchachorona) Oreophylax moreirae L 7.5 in./ 19 cm.
Note rufous chin (reduced in Juv.) and long, pointed tail. No
similar bird in range and habitat. ♣ Low levels in thickets,
shrub, bamboo, and tall grass. Above 1850 m. Call: low
“piuw”; song: accelerating series of extr. high, slightly rising
notes “you-tee-wiwiwiwi.” En.
90.5 SHORT-BILLED CANASTERO (Lenheiro) Asthenes

baeri L 5.9 in./15 cm. From 90.8 by shorter, heavier bill,
grayer ear coverts and eyebrow, larger orange throat-patch,
and shorter tail. ♣ Arid scrub and woodland. Up to 1300 m.
Call: very high “weet weet - -.” Normally sings (as the other
canastero species) from exposed perch atop a bush.
628
90.6 CIPO CANASTERO (Lenheiro-da-serra-do-cipó)
Asthenes luizae L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable in range and
habitat. ♣ Brushy and grassy areas with rocks; 900–1500 m.
Call: high “tjip”; song: descending series of about 12 notes
“tseeptseep---.” En, R.
90.7 HUDSON’S CANASTERO (Jo o-platino) Asthenes

hudsoni L 7 in./18 cm. Note streaked flanks. Tail edged
whitish. Throat usually white (shown), but sometimes with
orange chin. Crown not rufous, unlike 95.10 and 96.4. ♣ Tall
grass and sedges, esp. in marshy areas. Up to 950 m.
629
90.8 [SHARP-BILLED (or Lesser) CANASTERO (Jo
o-de-rabo-comprido) Asthenes pyrrholeuca] L 5.9 in./15 cm.
Cf. 90.5. ♣ Tall grass, marshy areas. Call: very high “weet
weetweet - -.” Not yet confirmed in Brazil.
90.9 CHOTOY SPINETAIL (Bichoita) Schoeniophylax

phryganophilus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by
combination of long tail, yellow chin, rufous shoulder, and
streaked back. ♣ Open areas with scattered trees and bushes,
riverine belts. Call: hurried “sreepsreeptrrit”; song: low,
descending, “chop-chop-chop---,” ending in a rattle.
Tit-Spinetails / Canasteros / Spinetail
630
631
Plate 91
91.1 CAMPO MINER (Andarilho) Geositta poeciloptera L

4.7 in./12 cm. Small. Note short tail, plain back, and rufous in
wing (mainly in flight). No overlap with 91.2, but cf. 91.9 and
pipits (Pl. 128). ♣ Open cerrado, grassland with scattered
trees and bushes. Often in recently burned areas. Mainly
terrestrial. Song (in display flight): high, level, hurried,
rolling “turruturrut---” (15–20 sec). R.
91.2 COMMON MINER (Curriqueiro) Geositta cunicularia

L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note dark-streaked chest, plain back, rather
short tail, and rufous in wing (mainly in flight). Generally
distinctive, but cf. 91.3 and 91.4 and pipits (Pl. 128). ♣ Open
grassy areas, shrub. Often in sandy coastal habitats.
Terrestrial. Call: very high, sharp “fweet”or “fwit”; song:
in low flight display, series of shrill notes.
632
91.3 BAR-WINGED CINCLODES (Pedreiro-dos-andes)
Cinclodes fuscus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Cf. 91.4. ♣ Grassland and
other open habitats. Often near water. Terrestrial. Call:
extr. high “tic” notes; song: given from perch (while flapping
wings) or in flight, short, shrill, buzzing, like “srrrrrrih” or
“srrrrruh.”
91.4 LONG-TAILED CINCLODES (Pedreiro) Cinclodes

pabsti L 7.9 in./20 cm. From smaller 91.3 (no known overlap)
by longer tail, and uniform chest (no faint scalloping) ♣
Grassland and other open habitats. Often near water;
750–1700 m. Terrestrial. Song: from perch or in flight,
very high, short, sharp, crescendoing rattle/trill. En.
NOTE: Horneros (91.5–91.9) are largely terrestrial. Except

91.9, all have bright rufescent backs and well-defined
eyebrows. The large, rounded mud-nests, for which they have
633
received their name (hornero is Spanish for baker), is
typically placed in a tree or other high structure. R.
91.5 LESSER HORNERO (Jo ozinho) Furnarius minor L

5.1 in./13 cm. Small. In most of range only hornero with gray
(not pinkish) legs, but cf. 91.7. ♣ Low scrub on river islands.
Call: sudden, mid-high “dzip”; song: high, very loud,
resounding, harsh series “dipdipdip---,” 1st 6–7 notes slightly
descending (up to 8 sec).
91.6 WING-BANDED (or Band-tailed) HORNERO

(Casaca-de-couro-da-lama) Furnarius figulus L 6.3 in./16 cm.
From 91.7 and 91.8 by dark-tipped inner webs of tail feathers
(mainly visible from below), outer primaries with two (not
one) rufous bands, and paler underparts contrasting less with
white throat. ♣ Woodland, second growth, parks, gardens,
semiopen areas. Often near water; often near humans. Call:
e.g., harsh “djeep-djeep- -”; song: series of 3–20 high, very
loud staccato notes “djipdjip- -,” sometimes run together. En.
634
91.7 PALE-LEGGED HORNERO
(Casaca-de-couro-amarelo) Furnarius leucopus L 7 in./ 18
cm. Legs typically pinkish, but may be grayish in E.
Tawny-ochraceous chest contrasts somewhat with white
throat. ♣ Woodland, second growth, parks, gardens, semiopen
areas. Often near water; often near humans. Song: slightly
descending and slowing series of about 15 very loud staccato
notes, the last 3–5 well accentuated.
91.8 PALE-BILLED HORNERO (Jo o-de-bico-pálido)

Furnarius torridus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Resembles 91.7, but chest
darker rich rufous-brown. Shy. ♣ Woodland and forest at
rivers. Song: descending, hurried series of loud, fluted
notes, ending in a tremolo (total 4–5 sec).
635
91.9 RUFOUS HORNERO (Jo o-de-barro) Furnarius rufus
L 7.9 in./20 cm. Rather featureless. Note contrasting rufous
tail. Wing band rarely visible when perched. ♣ Virtually any
open to semiopen habitat. Often near humans. Song: often
in duet; chattering, sharp notes in 7–8 sec series, hurried and
slightly undulating at start, leveling and slowing down in
second half.
Miners / Cinclodes / Horneros
636
Plate 92
637
92.1 PINTO’S SPINETAIL (Tatac) Synallaxis infuscata L 6.7
in./17 cm. Only Synallaxis spinetail in small range with
all-rufous crown and tail. ♣ Dense undergrowth in lowland
forest, woodland, second growth. Call/song: high, hurried,
nasal “teh-tjeh teh-tjetjeh.” Song may also sound like a fast,
short, dry trill. En, R.
92.2 RUFOUS-CAPPED SPINETAIL (Pichororé) Synallaxis

ruficapilla L 5.9 in./15 cm. Only Synallaxis spinetail in range
with rufous wings, tail, and cap. Note fine whitish eyebrow. ♣
Low levels of forest, woodland. Usually near bamboo. Up to
1400 m. Call: dry rattle, like “trrrrruh”; song: “tdrrrWit”
(“Wit” much higher).
92.3 BAHIA SPINETAIL (Jo o-baiano) Synallaxis whitneyi

L 6.3 in./16 cm. Only Synallaxis spinetail in small range with
rufous wings, tail, and cap. ♣ Dense undergrowth of forest;
500–1000 m. Call: high, dry “rutrut-.” En, R.
638
92.4 SOOTY-FRONTED SPINETAIL (Petrim) Synallaxis
frontalis L 5.9 in./15 cm. From most other spinetails in range
by rufous wings and tail. From 92.1–92.3 by gray frontlet,
paler face, and inconspicuous black throat-patch. ♣
Undergrowth of deciduous forest, riverine belts, savanna,
thickets, plantations. Call: varied; may be an irregular,
high, nasal “tjip tjip tjipjip - -”; song: very high 2-noted
“du-Twee” (2nd note much higher).
92.5 PALE-BREASTED SPINETAIL (Uí-pi) Synallaxis

albescens L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note gray frontlet and dull
brownish tail. Rufous in plummage restricted to crown and
wing coverts. Note also pale underparts. ♣ Low levels in
virtually any open or semiopen habitat with tall grasses and/or
shrubs. Call: extr. high “tsweét”; song: unceasing, very
high, shrill “zutsweet zutsweet - -.”
639
92.6 SPIX’S (or Chicli) SPINETAIL (Jo o-teneném)
Synallaxis spixi L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note rufous crown and wing
coverts. Black chin patch larger than in 92.5 and underparts
darker. ♣ Undergrowth of shrub, cerrado, woodland edge,
grassy areas with shrub. Up to 2050 m. Call/song: 4- or
5-noted “wuh-wididit” (“wuh” lower).
92.7 DARK-BREASTED SPINETAIL (Jo

o-de-peito-escuro) Synallaxis albigularis L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. No
similar species in most of range, but in limited area of
contact, cf. 92.5. From very similar 92.8 (note range) by
slightly paler, spikier tail. ♣ Areas with tall grass and shrubs.
Mainly near water. Lowlands. Song: high, sharp
“Dit-drrrr” (“Dit” higher).
640
92.8 CINEREOUS-BREASTED SPINETAIL (Jo o-grilo)
Synallaxis hypospodia L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. Resembles 92.5, but
under-parts grayer and wings (usually) more rufescent. Also
cf. 92.7. ♣ Open areas with tall grass and shrub. Often near
water. Lowlands. Song: high, sharp “tutDrrrrrrruh” (last
part staccato and slightly descending).
92.9 MACCONNELL’S SPINETAIL (Jo o-escuro)

Synallaxis macconnelli L 6.3 in./16 cm. No similar Synallaxis
spinetail in range with all-rufous crown except paler 92.5. ♣
Dense forest undergrowth. Up to 1900 m. Call: short, dry
rattle, like “drrrr”; song: dry rattle, ending in a higher pitched,
full-stop “drrrrrh-Tic.”
641
92.10 CABANIS’S SPINETAIL (Jo o-do-norte) Synallaxis
cabanisi L 6.7 in./17 cm. Darker than 92.5 and with all-rufous
wings. ♣ Dense undergrowth in or near humid lowland forest.
Call: low “zic”; song: hurried, chattered “tjetjetjetjet - -,”
rather unstructured in pitch.
Spinetails
642
Plate 93
643
93.1 GRAY-BELLIED SPINETAIL (Pi-puí) Synallaxis
cinerascens L 5.9 in./15 cm. Only spinetail in range with gray
under-parts and no rufous on crown. ♣ Dense undergrowth in
humid forest interior. Up to 1150 m. Song: very high,
piercing “weeet-suweet” (1st note higher).
93.2 WHITE-BELLIED SPINETAIL (Jo

o-de-barriga-branca) Synallaxis propinqua L 6.3 in./ 16 cm.
From 93.3 by black throat-patch. ♣ Tall grass, thickets, and
low bush at rivers. In lowlands. Song: strange,
mechanical-sounding, scratchy shiver (5–6 sec).
93.3 PLAIN-CROWNED SPINETAIL (Jo o-teneném-becuá)

Synallaxis gujanensis L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. From 93.4a (note
range) by lack of contrasting white lores. Also cf. 93.2. ♣
Low levels in shrub, stands of cane, edge of forest and
woodland. Near water. Lowlands. Song: varies
geographically; in W Amazonia, “tjuh mcweet,” 1st part
644
slightly downslurred, “weet” much higher; in NE, 2
well-separated notes, 1st note high, sharp, explosive “Whip,”
2nd note lower “wuh,” together as “Whip wuh.”
93.4 WHITE-LORED SPINETAIL (Jo o-do-pantanal)

Synallaxis albilora L 6.3 in./16 cm. Two sspp. (Nom. and
simoni), often treated as full species: (a) WHITE-LORED
SPINETAIL (João-dopantanal) Synallaxis albilora. Note
distinct whitish lores; (b) ARAGUAIA SPINETAIL
(João-do-araguaia) Synallaxis simoni; En. From a (no known
overlap) by mostly white underparts and cinnamon-rufous
back. ♣ Undergrowth of riverine belts. Up to 1000 m.
Voices of the two ssspp. differ; albilora repeats sharp “keeew
kiw-kweet” notes; simoni gives a series of evenly spaced
“keeip” notes.
93.5 HOARY-THROATED SPINETAIL (Jo

o-de-barba-grisalha) Synallaxis kollari L 6.3 in./16 cm. No
645
similar bird in its restricted range. ♣ Dense undergrowth of
riverine belts. Song/call: double-noted “tuh-tíh,” second
note higher. En, R.
93.6 OCHRE-CHEEKED SPINETAIL (Estrelinha-preta)

Synallaxis scutata L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note distinctive eyebrow
and small black throat-patch. ♣ Undergrowth of dense, low
forest in cerrado and caatinga. Song: extr. high, thin
“fweeet puh-wit,” 1st part upslurred, 2nd note lower pitched
than 1st and 3rd. Constantly repeated at 1-sec intervals.
93.7 CHESTNUT-THROATED SPINETAIL (Puru-chém)

Synallaxis cherriei L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Resembles 93.8a, but
wings not uniform and lacks black throat-patch. ♣ Dense
undergrowth of humid lowland forest. Often in bamboo
thickets. Song: “prruh-píh” (2nd note higher) in long series
with short interruptions. R.
646
93.8 RUDDY SPINETAIL (Jo o -teneném-castanho)
Synallaxis rutilans L 5.5 in./14 cm. Virtually all-rufous
plumage combined with black throat-patch (a) diagnostic.
Dark ssp. omissa (b; Juvs. of other sspp. similar) of far E has
rufous wings. ♣ Undergrowth of humid lowland forest,
mainly terra firme. Song: 2-noted “kéewoh” (2nd note
lower), constantly repeated.
93.9 YELLOW-CHINNED SPINETAIL (Curutié) Certhiaxis

cinnamomeus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable in most of its
range by bicolored plumage, but cf. 93.10, 94.6, and 94.10.
Note whitish eyebrow. Diagnostic yellow chin lacking in Juv.
♣ Wetlands, marshes, mangrove, and other semiopen habitats
near water. Alarm call: low “tjew”; song: loud rattle, like
“t-t-trrrrrrr.” Note: An undescribed taxon with more uniform
upperparts and chin lacking yellow occurs together with this
species near Ri. Araguaia.
647
93.10 RED-AND-WHITE SPINETAIL (Jo o-da-canarana)
Certhiaxis mustelinus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Conspicuously
bicolored. From 93.9 by lacking an eyebrow and having a
white chin. ♣ Marsh at rivers in forest. Call: dry “chuk
chuk-chuk”; song: loud, dry, irregularly undulating rattle.
Spinetails
648
Plate 94
649
94.1 PALLID SPINETAIL (Arredio-pálido) Cranioleuca
pallida L 5.9 in./15 cm. Combination of white eyebrow and
rufous crown, wings, and tail diagnostic. Juv. resembles 94.4,
but with all-rufous wings. ♣ Upper levels of forest, woodland,
tall second growth; 700–2150 m. Song: extr. high, slightly
descending series of about 5 “seetseet---tut” notes (often
accelerated to a trill at the end). En.
94.2 TEPUI SPINETAIL (Jo o-do-tepui) Cranioleuca

demissa L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note eyebrow and rufous crown,
wings, and tail. No similar Cranioleuca in range, but cf. 92.9.
♣ Mid- to upper levels of forest and woodland above 1100 m.
Call: high, short, dry rattle; song: fast, short series, starting
extr. high, ending in a high rattle, like “zizi---zrr” (1–2 sec).
94.3 STRIPE-CROWNED SPINETAIL (Arredio)

Cranioleuca pyrrhophia L 5.9 in./15 cm. Streaked crown
bordered by white eyebrow diagnostic. Grayer (less buff)
650
below than 94.1 and 94.4. ♣ Deciduous forest, woodland,
second growth. Call: “wrrru”; song: extr. high
“tit-tit-srrrru,” downslurred at end.
94.4 OLIVE SPINETAIL (Arredio-oliváceo) Cranioleuca

obsoleta L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note dull brown crown and rufous
wing coverts. Cf. 94.1 and 94.3. ♣ Mid-to upper levels of
forest, second growth, Araucaria woodland. Up to 1000 m.
Call: soft, dry, hurried trill; song: short series, at first extr.
high and hesitant “tzit-tzit-tzit-,” and then a short trill ending
in a very high “-sfeet-sfeet-sfeet.”
94.5 GRAY-HEADED SPINETAIL (Jo o-de-cabeça-cinza)

Cranioleuca semicinerea L 5.9 in./ 15 cm. Unmistakable in
range. ♣ Forest, woodland. Mainly in dry regions; locally at
borders of humid forest; 500–850 m. Call: high “trwit”;
song: extr. high “tsit-tsit-tsit-” then bouncing down as rattle.
En.
651
94.6 RUSTY-BACKED SPINETAIL (Arredio-do-rio)
Cranioleuca vulpina L 6.3 in./16 cm. Differs from 93.9 and
93.10 by pale (not black) lower mandible and gray-buff (less
white) underparts. Cf. 94.10. ♣ Mid- to low levels of riverine
belts, várzea, thick vegetation near water. Song: series of
descending, scolding notes “scew-scew-scew- -” (2–3 sec).
94.7 SCALED SPINETAIL (Jo o-escamoso) Cranioleuca

muelleri L 5.9 in./15 cm. Scalloped underparts diagnostic. ♣
Mid-levels to subcanopy of humid lowland forest. En.
652
94.8 SPECKLED SPINETAIL (Jo o-pintado) Cranioleuca
gutturata L 5.5 in./14 cm. Speckled underparts diagnostic. ♣
Várzea and terra firme with dense vines. Below 400 m,
occasionally much higher. Alarm call: short, low rattle;
song: extr. high “sreet-steer - -” (almost inaudible).
94.9 SULPHUR-THROATED (or -bearded) SPINETAIL

(Arredio-de-papo-manchado) Cranioleuca sulphurifera L 6.3
in./16 cm. Note habitat, wing-pattern, faintly streaked throat,
and yellow chin. ♣ Marshes with tall grasses or reeds.
94.10 PARKER’S SPINETAIL (Arredio-de-peito-branco)

Cranioleuca vulpecula L 5.5 in./14 cm. Differs from very
similar 94.6 by paler chest and less distinct eyebrow. ♣ Shrub
and woodland at rivers; esp. river islands. Song: high
“tjuw-tjuw-tjerrr” (last note a trill, rapidly descending).
653
Spinetails
654
Plate 95
655
95.1 RED-SHOULDERED SPINETAIL (Jo
o-chique-chique) Gyalophylax hellmayri L 7.5 in./19 cm. No
similar bird in its range. ♣ Arid, scrubby woodland. Alarm
call: high, shrill “quebéc.” En, R.
95.2 STRIATED SOFTTAIL (Rabo-amarelo) Thripophaga

macroura L 7.1 in./18 cm. Note extensive streaking and
orange chin. Cf. larger 97.10. ♣ Mid- to lower levels of humid
forest, esp. in dense vine tangles. Up to 1000 m. Song:
unstructured mixture of short rattles, “tjew-tjew-tjew” notes,
and sparrowlike chatters (often in duet). En, R.
95.3 PLAIN SOFTTAIL (Jo o-liso) Thripophaga fusciceps L

6.7 in./17 cm. Dark; no streaking. Note rufous wings and tail.
♣ Várzea. Mainly in dense vines. Song: very rhythmic
chattering with rattles in tune, given in duet.
656
95.4 RUFOUS-FRONTED (or Common) THORNBIRD (Jo
o-de-pau) Phacellodomus rufifrons L 6.7 in./17 cm. Rather
featureless, but note rufous front. Shows contrasting rufous
remiges in far NE. ♣ At low levels in a wide range of habitats
with thickets, but generally avoids forest interior. Mainly
below 1300 m. Call: extr. high, sharp “zipzipzip-zip-”;
song: rather unstructured series of very high, mewing “tsjew”
notes, rising, falling, and repeating.
95.5 FRECKLE-BREASTED THORNBIRD (Tio-tio)

Phacellodomus striaticollis L 7.1 in./ 18 cm. Note freckled
breast and pale eyes. Wings and tail brownish rufous. ♣ Near
water in riverine belts, lowland scrub, and marsh. Up to 700
m. Song: series of about 8–10 well-spaced notes, 1st 3–4
mid-high and nasal, last 5–6 high, sharp and loud.
657
95.6 GREATER THORNBIRD (Graveteiro) Phacellodomus
ruber L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note yellow (not white) eyes and
contrasting rufous wings and cap. Cf. 95.5 and 99.9. ♣
Undergrowth of riverine belts, marshes, woodland, and shrub
near water. Up to 1100 m. Call: loud, high
“djeub-djebdjebdjed”; song: series of up to 20 loud, sharp,
resounding notes, starting very high and explosive, thereafter
slightly accelerating and gradually descending.
95.7 ORANGE-EYED THORNBIRD (Jo o-botina-da-mata)

Phacellodomus erythrophthalmus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Dark with
contrasting rufous throat and fore-crown. Eyes orange, which
may seem black when seen in shadow. ♣ Undergrowth of
humid forest. Song: slow, descending series of up to 15
sharp, ringing notes. En.
658
95.8 RED-EYED THORNBIRD (Jo o-botina-do-brejo)
Phacellodomus ferrugineigula L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. Differs from
95.7 by larger rufous areas on forecrown and breast, duller
and darker central tail, and duller reddish eyes. ♣
Undergrowth of forest, woodland, second growth, marsh.
Song: as 95.7, but less sharp, sounding more like “tjirp tjirp
tjirp - -.”
95.9 CANEBRAKE GROUNDCREEPER (Cisqueiro)

Clibanornis dendrocolaptoides L 8.7 in./ 22 cm. Note white
throat and scalloping between cheeks and chin. ♣ Bamboo
and other dense undergrowth of forest. Often near streams.
Up to 1200 m. Short to long series of loud, staccato “chet”
notes, often interspersed with harsh chatters. R.
659
95.10 BAY-CAPPED WREN-SPINETAIL (Boininha)
Spartonoica maluroides L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Note small size,
rufous crown, and streaked back. Cf. 94.9, 90.7, and 96.4. ♣
Marshes and other wet areas with tall grasses. Song: very
dry trill (2–3 sec). R.
Spinetail / Softtails / Thornbirds / Groundcreeper /

Wren-Spinetail
660
661
Plate 96
96.1 WREN-LIKE RUSHBIRD (Bate-bico) Phleocryptes

melanops L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note white throat and boldly
patterned wimp and face sides. ♣ Bamboo and other dense
undergrowth of forest; often near streams. Up to 1200 m.
Song: curious mechanical-sounding series of tics (sounds like
an idling motor, with the throttle occasionally opened),
sustained for long periods.
96.2 CURVE-BILLED REEDHAUNTER

(Junqueiro-de-bico-curvo) Limnornis curvirostris L 6.3 in./16
cm. Curved bill diagnostic. ♣ Marshes with tall grasses or
reeds. Up to 1100 m. Song: fast rising and thereafter
descending series, reminiscent of guineafowl cackling; also a
very long rattle, abruptly changing in pitch.
662
96.3 STRAIGHT-BILLED REEDHAUNTER
(Junqueirode-bico-reto) Limnoctites rectirostris L 6.7 in./17
cm. Note habitat and long bill. Note virtually straight bill,
gray-tinged crown, and spikier tail. ♣ Marshes and other wet
areas with spiny Eryngos (Eryngium spp). Song: long
series, alternating between a low, slightly undulating trill and
a very high rattle. R.
96.4 FIREWOOD-GATHERER (Cochicho) Anumbius

annumbi L 7.5 in./19 cm. Note rufous frontlet, white throat
edged by black-spotted malars, and broadly white-tipped tail
(mainly visible from below). ♣ Grassland, shrub, lightly
wooded areas, tree-stands near farms. Song: strong, very
high series of 2–3 hurried, staccato notes, followed by short,
slightly descending rattle, like “djip-djipdrrrr.”
96.5 LARK-LIKE BRUSHRUNNER (Corredor-crestudo)

Coryphistera alaudina L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note crest. Virtually
663
unmistakable. ♣ Open woodland, semiopen areas with shrub
and scattered trees. Varied vocalizations, e.g., very high
“sreeh” and descending “sreeweewee.”
96.6 ORANGE-FRONTED PLUSHCROWN (Jo o-folheiro)

Metopothrix aurantiaca L 4.3 in./11 cm. Virtually
unmistakable. Juv. lacks orange crown. Note orange legs. ♣
Woodland, second growth, várzea, edge of terra firme.
Song: slightly descending series of 3–5 high, thin notes (2
sec).
96.7 RORAIMAN BARBTAIL (Jo o-de-roraima) Roraimia

adusta L 5.9 in./15 cm. No similar bird in its range. ♣ Humid
forest; 1200–2500 m. Call: very high, inquiring “whit?”
664
96.8 PINK-LEGGED GRAVETEIRO (Acrobata)
Acrobatornis fonsecai L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable by
combination of gray plumage and pink legs. Juv. differs from
Ad. by the gray plumage parts being brownish. ♣ Cacao
plantations shaded by taller trees. Song: extr. high, excited
twittering. En, R.
96.9 POINT-TAILED PALMCREEPER

(Limpa-folha-do-buriti) Berlepschia rikeri L 7.9 in./ 20 cm.
Unmistakable. ♣ Palm groves (mainly Mauritia) in forest,
swamp, or savanna. Song: very high, loud series of 12–15
“weetweetwitwitwit---” notes, up to 5 sec, rising, getting
sharper, and falling off at the end.
665
96.10 WHITE-BROWED FOLIAGE-GLEANER
(Limpa-folha-miúdo) Anabacerthia amaurotis L 6.3 in./16
cm. Throat and broad eyebrow creamy white. Back plain. Cf.
97.4. ♣ Understory of forest, tall second growth. Mainly at
600–1500 m; locally lower. Call: extr. high, thin “tseep
tseep seepseep -”; song: e.g., a short, accelerated, ascending
and descending series of very/extr. high “seep” notes. R.
Rushbird / Reedhaunters / Firewood-Gatherer /

Brushrunner / Plushcrown / Barbtail / Graveteiro /
Palm-Creeper / Foliage-Gleaner
666
667
Plate 97
97.1 CAATINGA CACHOLOTE

(Casaca-de-couro-da-caatinga) Pseudoseisura cristata L 9.8
in./25 cm. Large and mostly rufous. Note crest. No overlap
with 97.2 and 97.3. ♣ Caatinga, deciduous forest. Often near
humans. Duets in which one bird gives a long series of
well-spaced, very loud, piercing “tjew” notes, the other
intermixes with 1-sec rattles. En.
97.2 BROWN CACHOLOTE (Coperete) Pseudoseisura

lophotes L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable in its range. ♣
Deciduous forest, woodland, shrub, gardens. Unmusical
duet of well-spaced, grating notes, intermixed with soft,
descending “tjew” notes.
97.3 RUFOUS (or Gray-crested) CACHOLOTE

(Casaca-de-couro-de-crista-cinza) Pseudoseisura unirufa L
668
7.9 in./20 cm. Very similar to 97.1 (no overlap in range), but
often with grayer crown. ♣ Flood plains, riverine belts,
woodland. Often near humans. Duet of sustained, loud,
accelerating, slightly descending “chew” notes mixed with
chattering and rattles, finishing with combined cackling.
97.4 BUFF-BROWED FOLIAGE-GLEANER

(Trepadorquiete) Syndactyla rufosuperciliata L 7.1 in./18 cm.
Differs from 97.10 by narrower buff eyebrow and more olive
(less rufescent) mantle. ♣ Lowland forest, riverine belts,
second growth up to 2000 m. Call: very high, sharp,
snarling “tsjeep tsjeep -”; song: short series of high-pitched,
loud, sharp notes, slightly ascending, then bouncing down
“dzeepdzeep---.”
97.5 PERUVIAN RECURVEBILL

(Limpa-folha-de-bico-virado) Simoxenops ucayalae L 7.9 in./
20 cm. Unmistakable by dark rufous-brown plumage and by
669
bill shape. ♣ Low levels in bamboo thickets in humid forest.
Song: short, loud, harsh, ascending rattle (2–3 sec), last
note(s) sometimes lowered. R.
97.6 CHESTNUT-WINGED HOOKBILL

(Limpa-folha-picanço) Ancistrops strigilatus L 7.1 in./18 cm.
Unmistakable by strongly contrasting rufous wings and
densely streaked underparts and mantle. Cf. 97.7 and
foliage-gleaners (Pl. 98–99). ♣ Mainly in upper levels of terra
firme; locally in várzea. Call: “teetjuw” (second part often
lower); song: sustained, gently undulating, slightly
angry-sounding rattle (up to 35 sec).
97.7 EASTERN STRIPED WOODHAUNTER

(Limpa-folha-riscado) Hyloctistes subulatus L 7.1 in./18 cm.
Differs from foliage-gleaners in range (Pl. 98–99) by blurry
streaking of underparts and mantle. Eyering less distinct than
in 99.2. ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid forest, old second
670
growth. Call: high, sharp “kreeut”; song: monotone, nasal
“tjeutjeu tjeutjeutjeu” or undulating or descending
“djepdjep---” (up to 8 sec).
97.8 WHITE-COLLARED FOLIAGE-GLEANER

(Trepador-coleira) Anabazenops fuscus L 7.9 in./20 cm.
Relatively large. Note white collar. Wings brown, not rufous.
♣ Forest and second growth with extensive bamboo;
350–1200 m. Call: high, nasal, hurried “wjew-wjew---” (up
to 8 ×); song: high, musical, slightly lowered “djepdjep---”
(up to 11 ×; sometimes some notes doubled). En.
97.9 DUSKY-CHEEKED (Bamboo or Crested)

FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Barranqueiro-de-topete) Anabazenops
dorsalis L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. As 99.2, but underparts grayer,
upperparts more rufescent, and eyebrow more prominent. ♣
Mid- and low levels in humid forest, second growth; Esp. esp.
near water and/or bamboo. Up to 1000 m. Song: series of
671
about 7–8 well-separated, slightly accelerated, nasal “tjew”
notes.
97.10 PALE-BROWED TREEHUNTER

(Trepador-sobrancelha) Cichlocolaptes leucophrus L 8.7 in./
22 cm (N part of range), 7.1 in./18 cm (S part of range).
Relatively large. Note strong streaking below and less distinct
streaking of back. Tail rufous (shown; S part of range) or
cinnamon (N part). Lacks orange chin of 95.2. ♣ Humid
montane and lowland forest. Call: very high, sharp, grating
“shreew”; song: loud, sweeping “wip wip - -” or “sreep sreep
- -” (up to 6–7 ×), sometimes interspersed by some chattering.
En.
Cacholotes / Foliage-Gleaners / Recurvebill / Hookbill /

Woodhaunter / Treehunter
672
Plate 98
673
98.1 RUFOUS-TAILED FOLIAGE-GLEANER
(Limpa-folha-de-cauda-ruiva) Philydor ruficaudatum L 6.7
in./17 cm. Smaller, slenderer, and with finer bill than
Automolus foliage-gleaners. Note faint streaking to breast and
vent. Cf. 99.1. Also cf. 98.2. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of terra
firme; locally also várzea. Up to 900 m. Call: dry, very
short rattle, like “krrreh”; song: high, staccato
“wicwicwic---,” lowered at the end (up to 2 sec).
98.2 CINNAMON-RUMPED FOLIAGE-GLEANER

(Limpa-folha-vermelho) Philydor pyrrhodes L 5.9 in./15 cm.
Unmistakable by contrasting dark wings and crown. ♣
Understory of humid forest; often near palms. Up to 500 m.
Call: fast “tjaktjaktjak”; song: low or very high, long, dry,
gradually rising trill, ending with a full stop.
98.3 RUSSET-MANTLED (or Planalto) FOLIAGE-GLEANER

(Limpa-folha-do-brejo) Syndactyla dimidiata L 6.7 in./17 cm.
674
Rather uniform rufescent color overall. Cf. 98.4 with paler
under-parts and gray-tinged crown. Also cf. 98.6. ♣ Low to
mid-level of forest and woodland; up to 1200 m. Song:
rather short or very long series of “tsjek” notes, ascending,
starting and ending with some stuttering (the total reminiscent
of a small, slowly starting motorbike).
98.4 RUFOUS-RUMPED FOLIAGE-GLEANER

(Limpa-folha-de-sobre-ruivo) Philydor erythrocercum L 6.7
in./17 cm. From 98.1 by rufous rump and lack of even faint
streaking. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of terra firme; locally also
várzea; up to 1300 m. Song: hurried series of 4–5 very
high, piercing notes.
98.5 CHESTNUT-WINGED FOLIAGE-GLEANER

(Limpa-folha-de-asa-castanha) Philydor erythropterum L 7.1
in./ 18 cm. Note contrasting rufous wings and ochre-orange
chin and lores. Lacks streaking of 97.6. ♣ Mid- to upper
675
levels of terra firme; locally also várzea. Up to 500 m; locally
higher. Song: very high, ringing, buzzing trill, slightly
rising and falling.
98.6 OCHRE-BREASTED FOLIAGE-GLEANER

(Limpa-folha-ocráceo) Philydor lichtensteini L 6.3 in./16 cm.
Note gray-brown crown and ochraceous underparts. ♣ Mid- to
upper levels of forest, tall second growth. Up to 800 m.
Call: short, very high, inhaled trill; song: series of up to 10
extr. high, piercing “zipzip---” notes.
98.7 BUFF-FRONTED FOLIAGE-GLEANER

(Limpa-folha-de-testa-baia) Philydor rufum L 7.5 in./19 cm.
Buff forehead diagnostic. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of forest,
second growth. Up to 1200 m; locally higher.
676
98.8 BLACK-CAPPED FOLIAGE-GLEANER
(Limpa-folha-coroado) Philydor atricapillus L 6.7 in./17 cm.
Unmistakable by facial pattern. ♣ Forest, tall second growth;
up to 1000 m. Call: very high, metallic-sounding “zic - -”;
song: rapid series of 6–8 very high notes, the 1st 2 lower (as if
taking a run-up), the last 2 slightly lower still.
98.9 ALAGOAS FOLIAGE-GLEANER

(Limpa-folha-do-nordeste) Philydor novaesi L 7.1 in./ 18 cm.
Unmistakable in its tiny range. ♣ Humid forest, old second
growth. En, R.
677
98.10 SHARP-TAILED STREAMCREEPER (Jo o-porca)
Lochmias nematura L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Unmistakable by
scaling below. ♣ Woodland, forest. Always near streams or
small rivers. Mainly in highlands; also in lowlands in S.
Call: extr. high, sharp, indignant “tsiterit” or “tsitit”; song:
series of extr. high, loud, piercing notes, slightly stuttering at
first, then accelerating and slightly rising.
Foliage-Gleaners / Streamcreeper
678
Plate 99
679
99.1 BUFF-THROATED FOLIAGE-GLEANER
(Barranqueiro-camurça) Automolus ochrolaemus L 7.5 in./19
cm. Note faintly flammulated breast, distinct broad eyering,
relatively faint eyebrow, and buff throat. ♣ Mid- and low
levels in humid forest, second growth, plantations. Up to 1000
m. Call: downslurred, dry “krèeh”; song: series of 3–4
well-separated, descending “keh-keh-keh-kreh” notes.
99.2 OLIVE-BACKED FOLIAGE-GLEANER

(Barranqueiro-pardo) Automolus infuscatus L 7.5 in./19 cm.
Note brown-olive face sides and upperparts. White throat
often puffed out. ♣ Undergrowth of lowland forest. Up to 700
m. Call: high, sharp, decisive “tjíwah”; song: short,
descending trill “terrrruh.”
99.3 PARA FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Barranqueiro-do-pará)

Automolus paraensis. L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. Differs from 99.2 by
broader dark margins to feathers of crown and cheeks. ♣
680
Mainly Terra firme, also in várzea. Up to 700 m. Nasal
“wheet wheet - -”; song: very high, penetrating, sharp
“kreet-kreetkrititit,” slightly descending. En.
99.4 WHITE-EYED FOLIAGE-GLEANER

(Barranqueiro-de-olho-branco) Automolus leucophthalmus L
7.9 in./20 cm. Virtually unmistakable in range and habitat.
Note white (not yellow) eyes. ♣ Low to mid-levels of forest,
tall second growth. Mainly up to 1000 m; locally higher.
Call: high, sharp, nasal “itiew”; song: fast, rhythmic, liquid or
grating “tlewtlew---.”
99.5 WHITE-THROATED (or Tepui) FOLIAGE-GLEANER

(Barranqueiro-de-roraima) Automolus roraimae L 7.1 in./18
cm. Characterized by contrasting white throat and eyebrows.
♣ Montane forest, merging in wind-clipped woodland;
1100–2500 m. Song: short, very dry, upslurred rattle
(almost like bleating of a goat).
681
99.6 BROWN-RUMPED FOLIAGE-GLEANER
(Barranqueiro-escuro) Automolus melanopezus L 6.7 in./17
cm. Note pale ochre-orange throat and reddish-orange eyes.
Also cf. 99.7. ♣ Undergrowth of várzea, esp. with bamboo.
Up to 500 m. Song: short series in 3 parts, starting with
“wet weet,” continued with fast, liquid “wiwiwiwi,” and
ending with lower dry rattle.
99.7 RUDDY FOLIAGE-GLEANER

(Barranqueiro-ferrugem) Automolus rubiginosus L 7.1 in./18
cm. Dark. Deep rufous throat and chest. ♣ Undergrowth of
humid lowland forest. Song: varies geographically; in N,
2-noted “tutwuuh” (2nd note higher), in W, a mournful,
upslurred “ttweuuuh.”
682
99.8 CHESTNUT-CROWNED FOLIAGE-GLEANER
(Barranqueiro-de-coroa-castanha) Automolus rufipileatus L
7.5 in./19 cm. Note yellow-orange eyes. Crown slightly more
chestnut than remaining upperparts. ♣ Low levels in várzea;
less so in terra firme. Often near bamboo. Up to 500 m;
locally higher. Call: grating “krih-krih- -”; song: short,
shivering, staccato trill “kriiiiiiih” (1.5 sec).
99.9 CHESTNUT-CAPPED FOLIAGE-GLEANER

(Furabarreira) Hylocryptus rectirostris L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note
yellowish eyes. Crown and wings contrast less with mantle
and with less white to central underparts than in shorter-billed
and longer-tailed 95.6. ♣ Riverine belts, woodland, up to
1000 m. Call: dry, cackling “kjep -kjep - -”; song: as call,
but accelerating to a rattle, in total lasting 2–3 sec.
683
99.10 SHARP-BILLED TREEHUNTER (Trepadorzinho)
Heliobletus contaminatus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Small. Differs
from 96.10 by buff (not whitish) eyebrow, throat, and cheeks.
Streaked upper back from São Paulo southward. Also cf.
97.4. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of forest, incl. Araucaria. Mainly
in highlands in N part of range. Song: extr. high, twittering
rattle, 1st 3–4 notes lower, then upslurred. Note: An
undescribed Heliobletus sp. occurs in SE Bahia.
Foliage-Gleaners / Treehunter
684
Plate 100
685
100.1 TAWNY-THROATED LEAFTOSSER
(Vira-folha-de-peito-vermelho) Sclerurus mexicanus L 6.3
in./16 cm. Differs from other leaftossers by tawny-rufous
throat. Note long, curved bill. ♣ Humid forest. Up to 1100 m.
Call: very high, simple “tsik”; song: very high, piercing
series of 4–6 descending “tess-tsee-tsee---tsee” notes (last
“tsee” often back to level of 1st note).
100.2 SHORT-BILLED LEAFTOSSER

(Vira-folha-de-bico-curto) Sclerurus rufigularis L 6.3 in./16
cm. From 100.1 by shorter bill and paler throat. ♣ Terra firme
up to 500 m. Call; extr. high “siew siew -”; song: short,
descending series of 4–5 very high, piercing notes, preceded
by 2–4 × “tjup.”
100.3 GRAY-THROATED LEAFTOSSER

(Vira-folha-de-garganta-cinza) Sclerurus albigularis L 6.7
in./17 cm. Whitish gray throat contrasts with rufous chest. Cf.
686
100.4; no overlap with 100.5. ♣ Humid lowland forest.
Song: series of 2–5 level or rising notes, often followed by
level, lower “tjutjut-” (2–3 × “tjut).
100.4 BLACK-TAILED LEAFTOSSER (Vira-folha-pardo)

Sclerurus caudacutus L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. Two groups; NE
Amazonian insignis group (a) and widespread brunneus
group (b). Note whitish chin in a and whitish chin with faint
scaling in b. Lacks contrasting rufous chest and rump of
100.5. ♣ Terra firme. Mainly in lowlands; to 1100 m in
tepuis. Song: loud series of hurried, descending, clear notes
(2–3 sec), often ending in a rising double note or a short
canarylike roll.
100.5 RUFOUS-BREASTED LEAFTOSSER (Vira-folha)

Sclerurus scansor L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. NE ssp. cearensis (a; with
white throat) and widespread Nom. (b; faintly scaled throat).
♣ Forest, tall second growth. Up to 1500 m. ♣ Terra firme.
687
Mainly in lowlands; to 1100 m in tepuis. Call: very high,
thin “títs”; song: varied; e.g., a very high, slightly descending,
sharp trill, like “vrrrrr-tri-trit” (3 sec).
100.6 RUFOUS-TAILED XENOPS (Bico-virado-da-copa)

Xenops milleri L 4.3 in./11 cm. Differs from 100.7–100.9 by
lack of white malar and all-rufous tail. Note straight bill. ♣
Mainly canopy and subcanopy of terra firme, but also várzea.
Up to 600 m. Song: rising and descending trill (2 sec).
100.7 SLENDER-BILLED XENOPS (Bico-virado-fino)

Xenops tenuirostris L 3.9 in./10 cm. Differs from 100.9 by
less streaking below and black extending to outer webs of
some tail feathers. ♣ Canopy and subcanopy of humid forest.
Up to 600 m. Song: very high, level, fast, lashing
“tseep---” (4–6 ×).
688
100.8 PLAIN XENOPS (Bico-virado-miúdo) Xenops minutus
L 4.7 in./12 cm. Plumage not streaked. Wing pattern as other
xenops. ♣ Humid forest; locally also deciduous and gallery
forest. Up to 1500 m. Call: very high, upslurred “sweep”;
song: extr. high, hurried series of 5–10 × “seep---.”
100.9 STREAKED XENOPS (Bico-virado-carijó) Xenops

rutilans L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note upturned bill, streaking below,
and white malar. Only inner web of 3rd feather from outer tail
feathers is black. ♣ Forest, woodland. Up to 2400 m. Song:
hurried series of 5–8 extr. high notes, 1st and last lower
pitched.
689
100.10 GREAT XENOPS (Bico-virado-da-caatinga)
Megaxenops parnaguae L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. Unmistakable by
bill shape and bright rufous plumage. ♣ Caatinga and
semihumid woodland; up to 1100 m. Song: long, very
high, loud, nervous, unstructured series of chattering or liquid
“toc-toc-” and “Wicwic-” notes, rising and falling with
sudden crescendos. En, R.
Leaftossers / Xenops
690
Plate 101
691
101.1 FASCIATED ANTSHRIKE (Papa-formiga-barrado)
Cymbilaimus lineatus L 7.1 in./ 18 cm. Note heavy bill and
red eyes. crown rufous. ♣ Dense parts of mid-level humid
forest. Up to 1200 m. Song: simple, slow series of about
4–5 high, evenly spaced “weh” notes, increasing in strength.
101.2 BAMBOO ANTSHRIKE (Choca-do-bambu)

Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. Differs from
101.1 by dark eyes, longer crest (often held flat); also by
black rear-crown and deeper buff underparts with less
barring. ♣ Extensive bamboo stands in humid lowland forest.
Song: simple series of 8–10 very high, well-spaced
chipping notes.
101.3 SPOT-BACKED ANTSHRIKE (Choc o-carijó)

Hypoedaleus guttatus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable in range.
Often whiter below than shown. ♣ Dense vines in upper strata
692
of humid lowland forest. Song: very high, slow, at first
rising then descending, shivering rattle (4–5 sec).
101.4 GIANT ANTSHRIKE (Matrac o) Batara cinerea L

11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Dense understory of humid
forest, esp. near bamboo. Up to 2200 m. Song: series that
starts with a short trill and continues with a fast series of notes
that increase in strength and pitch, leveling out and
decelerating at the end.
101.5 TUFTED ANTSHRIKE (Borralhara) Mackenziaena

severa L 7.9 in./20 cm. Cf. 101.6. Not in range of 101.7. ♣
Dense undergrowth of forest, esp. near bamboo. Locally in
overgrown plantations. Up to 1400 m. Call: sudden rising
shriek, like “sreeew”; song: short, slow, slightly accelerating
series of 6–8 very high, slightly rising, strident “sreek” notes.
693
101.6 LARGE-TAILED ANTSHRIKE
(Borralhara-asso-biadora) Mackenziaena leachii L 9.8 in./25
cm. unmistakable. from 101.5 by spotted back and
lack of uniform rufous crest. ♣ Dense understory of humid
forest, esp. near bamboo. Up to 2200 m. Call: downslurred,
sharp “sreee”; song: hurried, slightly slowing down, at first
rising then descending series of about 15 very high, strident
“sweep” notes (4 sec).
101.7 BLACK-THROATED ANTSHRIKE

(Borralhara-do-norte) Frederickena viridis L 7.9 in./20 cm.
Large, with heavy bill and red eyes. Note black head and
chest of . unmistakable in range by rufous upperparts and
densely barred underparts. ♣ Dense understory of lowland
forests. Song: slow series of 10–15 first rising, then
leveling out, fluted “tuh” notes (6–7 sec).
694
101.8 UNDULATED ANTSHRIKE (Borralhara-ondulada)
Frederickena unduligera L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Large and
essentially dark ( ) or rufous ( ). SW pallida (a) and NW
Nom. (b) shown. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid lowland
forest. Call: long, suddenly starting, gliding-down
“Weeeew”; song: short series of 8–13 directly connected
“wuiw” notes, increasing in strength and pitch. Birds in SW
Amazonia may sing differently.
101.9 GREAT ANTSHRIKE (Choró-boi) Taraba major L

7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern and red eyes. ♣
Undergrowth of virtually any habitat with thickets. Song:
low, accelerating series of nasal notes, running up to the end
or up to halfway, often ending in one (or regionally in a
repeated) snarl.
695
Antshrikes
696
697
Plate 102
102.1 BLACK-CRESTED ANTSHRIKE (Chorá-boi)

Sakesphorus canadensis L 5.9 in./15 cm. Far N ssp. fumosa
(a) and widespread loretoyacuensis (b) shown. Distinctive in
range. a superficially similar to 103.5. ♣ Low to
mid-levels of woodland, várzea, riverine belts. Song:
accelerating series of level or ascending, bouncing, nasal
notes (3–4 sec).
102.2 SILVERY-CHEEKED ANTSHRIKE

(Choca-do-nordeste) Sakesphorus cristatus L 5.5 in./ 14 cm.
unmistakable in range. with all-brown tail and no white
on scapulars. ♣ Lower levels of deciduous forest, woodland,
caatinga. Song: short series of chopped, nasal notes,
accelerating and trailing off to a growling sound (3–4 sec).
En.
698
102.3 GLOSSY ANTSHRIKE (Choca-d”água) Sakesphorus
luctuosus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note crest (rufous in ) and white
tail-tips. ♣ Low to mid-levels of várzea, woodland and shrub
near rivers. Song: short, accelerating series of 10–15 high,
nasal “ah” notes. En.
102.4 WHITE-BEARDED ANTSHRIKE (Papo-branco)

Biatas nigropectus L 7.1 in./18 cm. unmistakable. with
rufous wings. ♣ Extensive bamboo in forest and second
growth between 500 and 1200 m. Song: slow series of 6–8
mournful, yet melodious notes, first rising, then lowering in
pitch at the end. R.
102.5 PEARLY ANTSHRIKE (Choca-pintada) Megastictus

margaritatus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by large spots on
wings, incl. tertials. ♣ Lower levels of humid forest,
woodland. Up to 1200 m. Call: very high “wit-wit- -,” 1st
699
“wit” stressed; song: probably a duet, starting with 2–3 “wuit”
notes from , answered by low, rapid, grating
“wr-wr-wr-wred” from .
102.6 SATURNINE ANTSHRIKE (Uirapuru-selado)

Thamnomanes saturninus L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. with diagnostic
black throat and upper chest. from 102.7 by whiter
throat (note range). Also cf. 102.8. ♣ Understory of humid
forest; esp. terra firme. Song: accelerated, ascending series
of notes, at first grating, then gradually changing to sharp and
piercing.
102.7 DUSKY-THROATED ANTSHRIKE

(Uirapuru-de-garganta-preta) Thamnomanes ardesiacus L 5.5
in./14 cm. with small/no black throat-patch; when lacking
cf. 102.8, 103.7, and 103.8. paler below than
700
102.8b; also cf. 102.6. ♣ Understory of humid forest; esp.
terra firme. Song: very high, sometimes slow series of
about 10–12 rising, fluted notes, often accelerated at the end.
102.8 CINEREOUS ANTSHRIKE (Ipecuá) Thamnomanes

caesius L 5.5 in./14 cm. always lacks black to throat; from
102.7 by more erect posture and longer tail. Also cf.
102.9, 103.7, and 103.8. variable; E Nom. (a, only vent
cinnamon) and N Amazonian glaucus (b; underparts rich
tawny-rufous; SC sspp. similar) shown; SE Amazon
hoffmannsi paler below (not shown). ♣ Low to mid-levels of
humid forest. Song: series, starting with some slow,
sharply rising notes, then descending as a short rattle.
102.9 BLUISH-SLATE ANTSHRIKE (Uirapuruazul)

Thamnomanes schistogynus L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. as 102.8
(note range). unmistakable by contrasting underparts. ♣
701
Low to mid-levels of humid forest. Song: hurried series of
a few very high, fluted notes, then accelerating to a rather
long, downslurred rattle.
102.10 SPOT-WINGED ANTSHRIKE (Choca-canta-dora)

Pygiptila stellaris L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Stocky with short, plain
tail. with white-spotted wings. unmistakable. ♣ Mid- to
upper levels of humid forest. Up to 700 m. Song: short, dry
rattle, ending in high “tuw,” together as “tdrrrrTiúw.”
Antshrikes
702
Plate 103
703
103.1 BAND-TAILED ANTSHRIKE
(Choca-de-cauda-pintada) Thamnophilus (or Sakesphorus)
melanothorax L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note broad white tail-tip in .
unmistakable. ♣ Dense tangled vegetation in forest
understory, dense thickets at rivers and in swampy places.
Song: slow, slightly accelerating series of 7–9 low, hollow
“ah” notes.
103.2 BARRED ANTSHRIKE (Choca-barrada)

Thamnophilus doliatus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Unmistakable by pale
eyes and overall barred plumage ( ) or streaked face ( ). ♣
Low to mid-levels of woodland, second growth, shrub,
riverine belts. Song: high, bouncing down series of 10–15
nasal notes, ending in emphatic “tjaw.”
103.3 CHESTNUT-BACKED ANTSHRIKE (Choca-listrada)

Thamnophilus palliatus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Both sexes with pale
704
eyes, barred underparts, and rufous back (also rufous crown
in ). ♣ Forest edge, várzea, woodland, second growth, shrub
(even in gardens and parks), overgrown plantations. Up to
1000 m. Song: high, accelerating, descending series of
10–15 nasal notes, ending in emphatic “tjaw” (slightly higher
and shorter than 103.2).
103.4 CAATINGA BARRED ANTSHRIKE Thamnophilus

capistratus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Differs from 103.2 by reddish
eyes, blacker crown in , and faint barring to chest in . ♣
Caatinga, restinga, sometimes in forest edge. Note: This
species was recently split from 103.1; the English name was
in 2008 not yet official. En.
103.5 BLACKISH-GRAY ANTSHRIKE

(Choca-preta-e-cinza) Thamnophilus nigrocinereus L 6.7 in./
17 cm. Several sspp.: tschudii (a; Ri. Madeira) and
cinereoniger (b; in NW) shown. of E. sspp. as a, but
705
somewhat paler below; as b, but darker above. Note
white-edged (not spotted) wing coverts of . distinctive,
but cf. 114.5 and 114.6 with cinnamon wing spots and
finer bill. ♣ Mid- to lower levels of várzea, woodland and
shrubby growth near rivers, mangrove. Up to 350 m. Song:
series of about 10 low, descending, hooted notes.
103.6 CASTELNAU’S ANTSHRIKE (Choca-selada)

Thamnophilus cryptoleucus L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. from
103.5a by more uniform black plumage. lacks white on
wing coverts and does not have blue eyering. ♣ Mid- to lower
levels of várzea, woodland, and tall second growth near
rivers. Song: series of about 10 low, descending, hooted
notes (as 103.3, but even lower and notes more barked).
103.7 WHITE-SHOULDERED ANTSHRIKE (Choca-lisa)

Thamnophilus aethiops L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. from 103.8 by
706
small, white shoulder spots and black/ dusky crown. Plumage
varies; E of Ri. Tocantins (a) crown gray and wing spots
(often difficult to see); cf. smaller and finer-billed 102.8.
Also cf. 102.10, 114.2, 114.5–114.7, and 115.7. Rufous
distinctive. ♣ Undergrowth of humid forest; up to 900 m.
Song: slow series of about 6 evenly spaced, almost level
hooted notes.
103.8 PLAIN-WINGED ANTSHRIKE

(Choca-de-oho-vermelho) Thamnophilus schistaceus L 5.5
in./14 cm. from 102.8 by heavier bill with most of lower
mandible gray (not blackish). Wings not spotted as 103.7
and 103.9. olive-brown or rufous-brown with contrasting
rufous crown. ♣ Mid-levels of humid forest; up to 900 m.
Song: hurried, accelerating series of high hooted “tjaw” notes.
707
103.9 MOUSE-COLORED ANTSHRIKE (Chocamurina)
Thamnophilus murinus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Eyes pale grayish
(not reddish as in 103.8). NE ssp. cayennensis (a; wings
brown), S canipennis (b; wings with narrow white edging),
and NW Nom. (not shown; wings intermediate between a and
b). of all sspp. dull with rufescent crown. ♣ Mid-levels
of humid forest; mainly terra firme and white-sand forests. Up
to 1300 m. Song: high, slow, simple series “tja tja tja
ta-tjow”; “tjow” lower.
103.10 STREAK-BACKED ANTSHRIKE

(Choca-de-roraima) Thamnophilus insignis L 6.7 in./17 cm.
White nape diagnostic. Also note rufous crown of . ♣ Low
to mid-levels of humid forest, woodland, dense shrub; above
900 m. Song: slightly rising, accelerating series of nasal
“ahn” notes, ending in upslurred “tonight.”
Antshrikes
708
709
Plate 104
104.1 AMAZONIAN ANTSHRIKE (Choca-canela)

Thamnophilus amazonicus L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Sspp. cinereiceps
(a; NW part of range, crown gray) and obscurus (b; Ri.
Tapajós–Ri. Tocantins; back almost all-black) shown. of
other sspp. inseparable from 104.6 and 104.7.
Orange-headed of all sspp. unmistakable (belly often
more orange than shown). ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid
lowland forest, dense second growth. In S often near bamboo;
in NE also in savanna woodland. Song: rapid, at first
slightly rising, then descending series of chattering notes.
104.2 ACRE ANTSHRIKE (Choca-de-acre) Thamnophilus

divisorius 5.9 in./15 cm. Note hooded appearance and lack of
white shoulder spots. unmistakable. ♣ Low levels of
stunted forest at ca. 500 m.
710
104.3 RUFOUS-CAPPED ANTSHRIKE
(Choca-de-chapéu-vermelho) Thamnophilus ruficapillus L
6.3 in./16 cm. Note barred chest and rufous cap of . very
like 104.4 (note range), but wings duller. ♣ Understory of
thickets, woodland, shrub, second growth; up to 2400 m.
Song: slightly accelerating series of 12–15 “tjew” notes.
104.4 RUFOUS-WINGED ANTSHRIKE

(Choca-de-asa-vermelha) Thamnophilus torquatus L 5.5 in./
14 cm. Note black crest of . resembles 104.3. ♣
Under-story of semideciduous woodland, cerrado, thickets,
second growth; up to 1750 m. Song as 104.2, but notes at
the end more bouncing down.
104.5 VARIABLE ANTSHRIKE (Choca-da-mata)

Thamnophilus caerulescens L 5.9 in./ 15 cm. Typical and
(a), S gilvigaster (b; lower underparts washed
711
ochre-cinnamon), NE cearensis (c; with narrow or no wing
bars), and C ochraceiventer (d; crown blackish) shown.
From 104.8–104.10 (no overlap with 104.1 or 104.6–104.7)
by narrow gray-white ( ) or buff ( ) edge on outer webs of
tertials (broad white edge in both sexes of 104.6–104.10);
also differs from these species by rich ochre-cinnamon lower
underparts and dusky/dull dark brown (not rufescent) tail.
Also cf. 102.2 and 103.5. ♣ Low to mid-levels of forest,
woodland, second growth, riverine belts. Avoids arid habitats.
Up to 1500 m; locally higher. Song: high, hurried series of
4–5 notes “au-au-au-au,” last one slightly lower.
104.6 NORTHERN (Guianan or Eastern) SLATYANTSHRIKE

(Choca-bate-cabo) Thamnophilus punctatus L 5.5 in./ 14 cm.
No overlap in range with 104.5, 104.7, or 104.8, but cf. 104.1.
unmistakable in range by wing pattern and rufous crown. ♣
Low to mid-levels of white-sand forest, edge of other forest
types, woodland, old second growth. Up to 1200 m. Song:
series of 9–10 nasal notes, starting very slowly, but
accelerating and rising very sharply.
712
104.7 NATTERER’S SLATY-ANTSHRIKE
(Choca-de-natterer) Thamnophilus stictocephalus L 5.9 in./15
cm. For cf. 104.1. generally unmistakable. Differs from
104.8 and 104.9 by less white ( ) or less buff ( )underparts.
♣ Low to mid-levels of white-sand forest, semideciduous
forest, edge of other forest-types, woodland. Up to 700 m.
Song: series of level, nasal notes, starting slowly, but
accelerating to a level, bouncing rattle (3–4 sec).
104.8 BOLIVIAN SLATY-ANTSHRIKE (Choca-da-bolívia)

Thamnophilus sticturus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Eyes usually pale.
See 104.5. Also cf. 104.7 and 104.9. ♣ Low to mid-levels of
semideciduous forest, riverine woodland, second growth. Up
to 600 m. Song: series of level, nasal notes, starting low,
but accelerating and sharply rising to a very high, sharp rattle.
713
104.9 PLANALTO SLATY-ANTSHRIKE
(Choca-do-planalto) Thamnophilus pelzelni L 5.5 in./14 cm.
Cf. 104.5. Belly of whiter than that of 104.7 and
104.10 and eyes usually darker than 104.8. Mantle of more
rufescent than in 14.8 and 104.10. ♣ Low to mid-levels
of deciduous and semideciduous forest, edge of humid forest,
riverine belts. Up to 1100 m. Call: downslurred, cackling
“krrrruh”; song: short, rising, cackling series, finishing as
rattle, the last note lower pitched (2–3 sec). En.
104.10 SOORETAMA SLATY-ANTSHRIKE

(Choca-de-sooretama) Thamnophilus ambiguus L 5.9 in./15
cm. Cf. 104.5 and 104.9. ♣ Low to mid-levels of forest,
woodland, second growth. Up to 700 m. Call: level, high,
cackling “witwitwit” or “witrrr”; song: cackling series,
starting high and rising, then finishing as a short, sometimes
descending rattle (3 sec). En.
714
Antshrikes
715
716
Plate 105
105.1 BLACK BUSHBIRD (Choca-preta) Neoctantes niger L

6.3 in./16 cm. Stocky with short, plain tail. unmistakable. ♣
Mid- to upper levels of humid forest. Up to 700 m. Song:
rhythmic series of high, even-pitched, pumped “wuúh” notes,
sustained at least for 10–15 sec.
105.2 RONDONIA BUSHBIRD (Choca-de-gargantapreta)

Clytoctantes atrogularis L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. unmistakable.
with black tip, unlike 97.5. ♣ Dense undergrowth in humid
forest. En, R.
105.3 SPOT-BREASTED ANTVIREO

(Choquinha-de-peito-pintado) Dysithamnus stictothorax L 4.7
in./12 cm. distinctive by spotted underparts and face sides.
from 105.4 by spotted face sides. ♣ At edges of lower
717
levels of forest up to 1250 m. Call: low “churr”; song:
rather hurried series of some 20 mellow, slightly staccato,
rising and falling notes, the last 3–5 accelerated. R.
105.4 PLAIN ANTVIREO (Choquinha-lisa) Dysithamnus

mentalis L 4.7 in./12 cm. 4 sspp.: shown is EC and SE Nom.
(a; NE emiliae similar) and C ssp. affinis (b; N spodoniatus
similar). Small and short-tailed with dark face ( ) or rufous
crown and white eyering ( ). ♣ Undergrowth of forest,
woodland. Up to 2500 m. Call: high “tjuw”; song: series of
4 high, staccato notes, followed by a short, downslurred roll.
105.5 RUFOUS-BACKED ANTVIREO

(Choquinha-de-asa-ferrugem) Dysithamnus xanthopterus L
4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable by rich rufous back. ♣ Mid- to
upper levels of humid forest; 750–1700 m. Song: very
718
high, rapid series of a descending, shivering, whistled rattle.
En.
105.6 PLUMBEOUS ANTVIREO (Choquinha-chumbo)

Dysithamnus plumbeus L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Note size and wing
spots. ♣ Understory of humid lowland forest. Song: slow
series of 6–8 evenly spaced, rising and falling, sad-sounding
notes. En, R.
105.7 PYGMY ANTWREN (Choquinha-miúda)

Myrmotherula brachyura L 3.1 in./8 cm. Both sexes have
yellow belly. Throat white ( ) or buff-tinged white ( ). ♣
Mid- to upper levels of humid forest, woodland; esp. at edge.
Up to 900 m. Call: e.g., high, falling “mew”; song: short,
rising, accelerating series of very high, sharp notes, at start
well separated and gradually changing to a descending rattle/
trill (3–4 sec).
719
105.8 MOUSTACHED (or Short-billed) ANTWREN
(Choquinha-de-bico-curto) Myrmotherula (ignota) obscura L
3.1 in./ 8 cm. Resembles 105.7, but malar broader and
upperparts blacker. ♣ Upper levels of humid lowland forest.
Call: high “tjew”; song: rapid, level series of staccato
notes, accelerated and downslurred at the end (3–4 sec).
105.9 SCLATER’S ANTWREN

(Choquiha-de-garganta-amarela) Myrmotherula sclateri L 3.1
in./8 cm. Resembles 105.7 and 105.8, but both sexes
yellow-throated, with yellow face and with streaking
extending more onto chest. ♣ Canopy in interior of humid
lowland forest. Song: short, slow series of 4–6
well-separated “peuw” notes.
720
105.10 YELLOW-THROATED ANTWREN
(Choquinha-de-coroa-listrada) Myrmotherula ambigua L 3.1
in./8 cm. from 105.4 by yellow throat; inseparable
from 105.7. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of lowland forest; esp. in
white-sand areas. Song: monotone, slow, very high
“pew-pew- -” (5–7 ×).h
Bushbirds / Antvireos / Antwrens
721
722
Plate 106
106.1 KLAGES’S ANTWREN (Choquinha-do-tapajós)

Myrmotherula klagesi L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. resembles 106.2.
as 106.4, but less extensive streaking below. ♣ Upper
levels of várzea and other forests near rivers. Call: high,
dry “tzik-tzik tzik -”; song: short series of double notes
“teWíc - -” notes (5–7 ×). En, R.
106.2 AMAZONIAN STREAKED ANTWREN

(Choquinha-estriada-da-amazônia) Myrmotherula
multostriata L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. with semiconcealed white
interscapular patch, unlike 106.1 and 106.4. with
rich-ochre head and white belly. Differs from 106.3 mainly
by range. ♣ Low to mid-levels of várzea, shrubby areas near
rivers. Call: funny-sounding, repeated series of about 6
fluted notes, 1st 3 stepping up, 3rd and 4th level, 4th–6th
stepping down; song: short, musical, at start slightly rising
rattle (4–5 sec).
723
106.3 GUIANAN STREAKED ANTWREN
(Choquinha-estriada) Myrmotherula surinamensis L 3.9 in./
10 cm. Cf. 106.2. ♣ Low to mid-levels of várzea, shrubby
areas near rivers, mangrove. Call: dry “mew” or
“mew-kjew”; song: short, sharp, level trill “d-rrrrr,” “d-”
slightly lower.
106.4 CHERRIE’S ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-peitoriscado)

Myrmotherula cherriei L 3.9 in./10 cm. from
106.1–106.3 by black (not pale gray) lower mandible and
thicker black streaking below. from 106.2 and 106.3
by buff head and belly. ♣ Low to mid-levels in várzea, low
shrubby forest in white-sand areas, shrubby areas near rivers.
Lowlands. Call: high, nasal “tjeew” or “teetjuw”; song:
short, very high, sharp, rattling trill, slightly rising at start.
724
106.5 PLAIN-THROATED ANTWREN
(Choquinha-de-garganta-clara) Myrmotherula hauxwelli L 3.5
in./9 cm. Note tiny size, very short tail, and distinct tertial
spots. No overlap with 106.6. ♣ Low levels in humid lowland
forest, esp. terra firme. Call: very high, strident “wic”;
song: series of very high, crescendoing, slightly accelerating
“weec” notes (8–11 sec).
106.6 RUFOUS-BELLIED ANTWREN

(Choquinha-de-barriga-ruiva) Myrmotherula guttata L 3.5
in./9 cm. Note tiny size, very short tail, and distinct tertial
spots. ♣ Low levels in humid lowland forest; esp. terra firme.
Alarm call: low, rattling “trru”; song: very/extr. high,
almost level series of 15–20 piercing, well-separated “tzeet”
notes, first few slightly drawn out.
725
106.7 STAR-THROATED ANTWREN
(Choquinha-de-garganta-pintada) Myrmotherula gularis L 3.5
in./9 cm. No similar species in its range. ♣ Dense under-story
of humid forest up to 1550 m. Call: low “tzeet-tzeet -”;
song: extr. high, slightly lowered “tzew-tzew - -,” (“tzew”
about 6 ×). En.
106.8 BROWN-BELLIED ANTWREN

(Choquinha-de-barriga-parda) Epinecrophylla (or
Myrmotherula) gutturalis L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. unmistakable
by throat pattern in most of range (cf. rufous-backed
106.10 in small area of contact). Dull with buff-dotted
wing coverts. ♣ Under-story of humid forest up to 1000 m.
Song: extr. high, thin, shivering, descending “t-srrrrrruw.”
726
106.9 WHITE-EYED ANTWREN
(Choquinha-de-olho-branco) Epinecrophylla (or
Myrmotherula) leucophthalma L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. As in 106.8
and 106.10, eye color variable, but usually rather pale. Lacks
rufous back of 106.10, except in ssp. phaeonota (not shown;
Ri. Madeira–Ri. Tapajós), where separated by more edged
(less spotted) wing coverts, less crisp throat pattern in , and
plain throat in . Cf. 107.1b. ♣ Undergrowth of humid
lowland forest. Song: very high, very thin, slightly
descending “tsitsitsituw.”
106.10 STIPPLE-THROATED ANTWREN

(Choquinha-de-garganta-carijó) Epinecrophylla (or
Myrmotherula) haematonota L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note rufous
mantle. with flammulated throat (shown), except in NW.
Cf. 106.9 and 107.1. ♣ Undergrowth of humid lowland forest,
727
esp. terra firme. Song: extr. high, very thin, descending,
rapid shiver “tsititi---” (2–3 sec).
Antwrens
728
Plate 107
107.1 ORNATE ANTWREN (Choquinha-ornada)

Epinecrophylla (or Myrmotherula) ornata L 3.9 in./10 cm. W
729
ssp. meridionalis (a) and C and E Nom. (b) shown. Note
small throat-patch in . a distinctive, but cf. 106.10. b
from ssp. phaeonota of 106.9 by gray-brown (not
rufescent-brown) tail and more spotted (less edged) wing
coverts. ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid forest up to 900 m.
Call: grating “zee-zee-zee-”; song: extr. high, thin, rattling
trill (2 sec).
107.2 RUFOUS-TAILED ANTWREN

(Choquinha-de-cauda-ruiva) Epinecrophylla (or
Myrmotherula) erythrura L 4.3 in./11 cm. Rufous tail
diagnostic. Black spots on throat of indistinct or lacking. ♣
Mainly terra firme but also in várzea; up to 600 m. Call:
very/extr. high, ascending and descending, slow rattle; song:
unmusical, extr. high, slightly descending “seep-seep-seep- -”
(up to 10 ×).
730
107.3 WHITE-FLANKED ANTWREN
(Choquinha-de-flanco-branco) Myrmotherula axillaris L 3.9
in./10 cm. NW melaena (a) and E luctuosa (b) shown. of
remaining sspp. resemble b with more white to flanks;
as a. Regularly flicks wings, revealing diagnostic whitish
flanks. ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid forest; up to 1200 m.
Song: high, nasal series of “Iew” notes at irregular intervals.
107.4 RIO DE JANEIRO ANTWREN

(Choquinha-fluminense) Myrmotherula fluminensis L 3.9 in./
10 cm. lacks whitish flanks of 107.3b; underparts much
more black than those of 107.7. Very rare: unknown. ♣
Possibly forest or woodland at low elevations. Not known.
En, R, possibly extinct.
107.5 RIO SUNO ANTWREN (Choquinha-do-oeste)

Myrmotherula sunensis L 3.5 in./9 cm. Small range.
731
darker, shorter tailed, and with smaller wing spots than
107.6. less gray above than 107.6b and 108.3a ♣ Low
to mid-levels of humid lowland forest. Song: very/extr.
high, nasal, slightly descending “swee-swee-swee.”
107.6 LONG-WINGED ANTWREN

(Choquinha-de-asa-comprida) Myrmotherula longipennis L
3.9 in./10 cm. In range, white scapulars (often hard to see)
distinguish it from all but pale-flanked 107.3. variable:
N Nom. (a; white belly diagnostic), SW garbei (b;
upper-parts grayer than 107.5, but less gray than in
108.4a), SC ochrogyna (c; cf. 108.4b), and SE paraensis
(d; face sides buffier than 108.4c). SC transitiva (not
shown) resembles c. Flick wings, but does not wag tail
sideways as do 107.8 and 107.9. ♣ Mainly in understory of
terra firme, but also in várzea. Song: varied; e.g., slow
series of high, nasal “suee” notes or very high, rising “tui-tui-
-” (5–6 × “tui”).
732
107.7 SALVADORI’S ANTWREN (Choquinha-pequena)
Myrmotherula minor L 3.5 in./9 cm. Short tailed. Lacks
whitish flanks and, in , less extensive black bib than 107.3b.
with gray crown, unlike 107.9. Also cf. 108.2. ♣ Low to
mid-levels of forest and old woodland; up to 900 m. Song:
short twittering, starting extr. high, completed by liquid
“tyweet-tweet-tueet.” En, R.
107.8 IHERING’S ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-ihering)

Myrmotherula iheringi L 3.5 in./ 9 cm. from 107.6 by
black bib extending onto malar, and lack of white tail-tip.
with distinctive -like wing- pattern. ♣ Low to mid-levels of
humid lowland forest. Song: resounding series of slightly
rising, evenly spaced “peep” notes (5–25).
733
107.9 UNICOLORED ANTWREN (Choquinha-cinzenta)
Myrmotherula unicolor L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Plain-winged
unmistakable in range. from 107.7 by shorter tail and at
most a gray tinged crown. Also cf. 107.3b. ♣ Mid-to lower
levels of lowland forest, old woodland. Song: irregular
series of very high, sharp, drawn-out, well-separated “Seeep”
notes. En, R.
107.10 ALAGOAS ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-alagoas)

Myrmotherula snowi L 3.9 in./10 cm. Virtually unmistakable
in tiny range (cf. 107.3b; often found in same flocks). ♣ Mid-
to lower levels of semihumid forest; 400–550 m. Song:
irregular series of very high, sharp, drawn-out, well-separated
“seeup” notes, each “seeup” descending. En, R.
734
Antwrens
735
Plate 108
736
108.1 LEADEN ANTWREN (Choquinha-da-várzea)
Myrmotherula assimilis L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. with diagnostic
gray (no black) wing coverts edged white. with
semiconcealed white dorsal patch, unlike 108.4. Note buff
bars in . ♣ Low to mid-levels of várzea, forest and shrub
near rivers. Song: short, melodious series starting with two
stuttered notes, followed by slightly rising rattle, which
changes into a desending trill (4–5 sec).
108.2 PLAIN-WINGED ANTWREN

(Choquinha-de-asa-lisa) Myrmotherula behni L 3.5 in./ 9 cm.
Plain-winged unmistakable in range. Dull lacks whitish
belly of 107.6a, whitish flanks of 107.3a, and grayish
back of 108.4a. ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid forest;
1000–1800 m. Song: series of high, simple, slightly
downslurred “tiuw” notes.
737
108.3 BAND-TAILED ANTWREN
(Choquinha-de-ra-bo-cintado) Myrmotherula urosticta L 3.9
in./10 cm. Broad white tail-tip diagnostic, but cf. 107.3b with
narrow tip, larger black bib, and whitish flanks. ♣ Low to
mid-levels of lowland forest. Song: short series of 4–5 very
high, nasal, well-separated, sharply upslurred “tjeuwi” notes.
En, R.
108.4 GRAY ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-garganta-cinza)

Myrmotherula menetriesii L 3.5 in./9 cm. Short-tailed. with
throat black (a; in SW and SC part of range) or plain (b; N
and E range). with gray (a; W range), grayish olive (b; E
range) or rufescent (c; Ri. Madeira–Ri. Tapajós) back. Cf.
106.5 and 107.6. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of humid forest up to
1000 m. Song: ascending series of 6–8 eerie, two-syllabled
“wueeih” notes.
738
108.5 BANDED ANTBIRD (Tovaquinha) Dichrozona cincta
L 3.9 in./10 cm. Lower wing bar and white/buff ( / ) rump
form unique band. ♣ Low levels of terra firme up to 800 m.
Rather terrestrial. Song: slow, gradually rising series of
about 15–20 drawn-out, loud, very sharp “tueét” notes.
108.6 STRIPE-BACKED ANTBIRD (Piu-piu) Myrmorchilus

strigilatus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Recognizable by terrestrial
behavior and streaked mantle. ♣ Low levels in woodland and
scrub; up to 1100 m. Very/extr. high, sharp “sreetsoweét,”
sometimes immediately followed by strident, slightly
descending “sreet-sreet-sreet-sruw-sruw.”
108.7 DOT-WINGED ANTWREN (Papa-formiga-de-bando)

Microrhopias quixensis L 4.7 in./12 cm. Black of all
sspp. with white wing markings and long tail with large white
tips (may appear all-white from below). unmistakable; C
739
bicolor (a; W and NE sspp. similar, but with blacker
upperparts) and SE emiliae (b) shown. ♣ Mid- to lower levels
of humid lowland forest. Song: may vary according to ssp.
and even to sex; e.g., very high, sharp “tu-TwéeTwée-tdrrr”
(2nd part much higher and louder) or very high, loud
“tutweetwee-tdrrrrr,” 1st part slow and descending, followed
by rattling 2nd part, which is longer and higher.
108.8 STREAK-CAPPED ANTWREN (Zided ) Terenura

maculata L 3.9 in./10 cm. Virtually unmistakable in range,
but cf. 109.9. ♣ Upperstory of Atlantic forest and second
growth. Up to 1250 m. Call: very high, sharp, hurried
“pichée-pichée- -” (3–4 ×); song: high, sharp, ringing rattle,
like “trrrrr” (3 sec).
108.9 ORANGE-BELLIED (or Alagoas) ANTWREN (Zidid

-do-nordeste) Terenura sicki L 3.9 in./10 cm. Unmistakable in
tiny range. ♣ High levels of semi-humid forest; 200–700 m.
740
Song: e.g., very high, very sharp “tewéetuwée-tititititi,”
diminishing in strength, or very/extr. high “srrrr” (3 sec). En,
R.
108.10 CHESTNUT-SHOULDERED ANTWREN (Zided

-de-encontro) Terenura humeralis L 3.9 in./10 cm. Virtually
unmistakable in range. ♣ Canopy of humid lowland forest,
esp. terra firme. Song: very high, thin, slightly descending,
gradually accelerating to a “fuh-fuh-weetweet-d-rrrr” rattle.
108.11 ASH-WINGED ANTWREN (Zided -de-asa-cinza)

Terenura spodioptila L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. ♣ Virtually
unmistakable. Vaguely similar to some Myrmotherula
antwrens (Pl. 107 and 108). ♣ Canopy of humid forest, esp.
terra firme. Up to 1100 m. Song: very high, thin, bouncing,
descending, trilled rattle ending in 3 well-separated notes, like
“tsee-tsee-tsee-tsititrtrtr-tuut-tuut-tuut.”
741
Antwrens / Antbirds
742
Plate 109
743
109.1 BAHIA (or Pileated) ANTWREN (Corozinho-de-boné)
Herpsilochmus pileatus L 4.3 in./ 11 cm. virtually
inseparable from 109.2 (note range). is -like with less
buff below than 109.2. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of coastal
woodland. Song: fast series of very high, rising “toot”
notes, accelerating to a rattle (2–3 sec). En, R.
109.2 BLACK-CAPPED ANTWREN

(Chorozinho-de-chapéu-preto) Herpsilochmus atricapillus L
4.7 in./12 cm. Cf. 109.1. ♣ Middle and lower forest strata,
riverine belts, caatinga woodland, normally below 800 m.
Song: very high, slightly rising, “tuh-wrrrrrrrih,” 1st note
almost inaudible, 2nd part descending at the end.
109.3 SPOT-TAILED ANTWREN

(Chorozinho-de-cauda-pintada) Herpsilochmus sticturus L
3.9 in./10 cm. with all-black crown. with rufous streaks
744
on crown (not easily seen). Cf. 109.4. ♣ Mid- to upper levels
of humid forest; esp. near water. Up to 550 m. Song: short,
very high, staccato series changing to a rattle (1st 2–4 notes
slightly rising).
109.4 TODD’S ANTWREN (Chorozinho-de-cabeça-pintada)

Herpsilochmus stictocephalus L 4.3 in./11 cm. from very
similar 109.3 by tiny white spots on forehead; from
109.3 by white streaks on crown and buff chest (at most a
faint tinge in 109.3). ♣ Canopy of humid forest up to 700
m. Song: short, high, rapid series of about 12 notes, which
descend and slow down at the end.
109.5 SPOT-BACKED ANTWREN

(Chorozinho-de-costas-manchadas) Herpsilochmus
dorsimaculatus L 4.7 in./12 cm. No similar species in range
and habitat. Resembles 109.4, but back blacker and with
745
deeper, more extensive buff. ♣ Mid- and upper levels of
humid forest. Up to 600 m. Song: very high, fast, slightly
rising, then descending and fading, trilling “wiwiwurrrrrrr”
series (2 sec).
109.6 RORAIMAN ANTWREN (Chorozinho-de-ro-raima)

Herpsilochmus roraimae L 5.1 in./13 cm. Crown unspotted.
Note tail pattern. Resembles 109.4, but tail longer and with
more spots. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of humid forest; 700–2000
m. Song: very high, loud, fast, chipping series of about 12
notes, the last 3–4 descending and decelerating.
109.7 PECTORAL ANTWREN (Chorozinho-de-papo-preto)

Herpsilochmus pectoralis L 4.7 in./12 cm. with diagnostic
black spot on chest. duller and smaller than 109.8 (note
range). ♣ Deciduous forest, woodland, caatinga, riverine
growth. Up to 850 m. Song: high, very fast chattering
746
series of “tututjdrrrrrr” notes, which rise rather sharply at the
start and may finish slightly falling-off to an abrupt ending
(2–3 sec). En, R.
109.8 LARGE-BILLED ANTWREN

(Chorozinho-de-bico-comprido) Herpsilochmus longirostris
L 5.1 in./13 cm. Large with relatively heavy bill. with
diagnostic faint gray spots on under-parts, esp. chest. Bright
distinctive. ♣ Dry to deciduous forest, palm groves. Up to
1100 m. Song: high, fast, chattering series, rising at start,
descending and decelerating at end, given by , immediately
echoed by .
109.9 RUFOUS-WINGED ANTWREN

(Chorozinho-de-asa-vermelha) Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus
L 4.7 in./12 cm. SE Nom. (a) and widespread frater/
scapularis (b) shown. Rufous wing-patch diagnostic. ♣ Mid-
747
to upper levels of forest, woodland. Up to 1500 m. Song:
high, descending series of “jupjup” notes, replaced in the
middle by a rattling “jup-jup-jrrrr-jup-jup” trill. Other
chattering variations include one in which the rattle in the
middle is sharply raised and the last part is shortened to 1
note.
109.10 CAATINGA ANTWREN (Chorozinho-da-caatinga)

Herpsilochmus sellowi L 4.3 in./ 11 cm. resembles
109.2, but cheek cleaner. with faintly buff-mottled crown.
♣ Mid- to upper levels of caatinga (absent from the driest
parts), semideciduous forest, woodland. Up to 1100 m.
Song: very high, short, fast rattle, like “wrrrrrru”; somewhat
rising at start and lowered at end. En, R.
Antwrens
748
Plate 110
749
110.1 NARROW-BILLED ANTWREN
(Formigueiro-do-nordeste) Formicivora iheringi L 4.7 in./12
cm. Virtually unmistakable, but cf. short-tailed 107.3b. ♣
Low to mid-levels of deciduous forest; 250–1100 m. Song:
series of very high, loud “tiúw” notes (2/sec over 8 sec). En,
R.
110.2 WHITE-FRINGED ANTWREN (Papa-formiga-pardo)

Formicivora grisea L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. from 110.3 by
narrower white eyebrow and broader white flanks.
distinctive. ♣ Woodland, caatinga, second growth, shrub. Up
to 1000 m. Song: crescendoing series of high, harsh “piuw”
notes (3/sec over 8 sec).
110.3 BLACK-BELLIED ANTWREN

(Formigueiro-de-barriga-preta) Formicivora melanogaster L
5.1 in./13 cm. resembles 110.2. distinctive in range. ♣
750
Low to mid-levels of deciduous forest, woodland, caatinga,
tall shrub. Up to 1050 m. Song: slow series of high, nasal
“tjew” notes (2/sec over 8 sec).
110.4 SERRA ANTWREN (Formigueiro-da-serra)

Formicivora serrana L 5.1 in./13 cm. Nom. (a, N part of
range) and S ssp. interposita (b) shown. Not in range of 110.3
and 110.5. ♣ Low levels at edge of semihumid forest,
woodland, shrub, eucalyptus plantations. Up to 1550 m.
Song: rapid series of high, dry notes (3–4/sec over 3–4 sec).
En.
110.5 RESTINGA ANTWREN (Formigueiro-do-litoral)

Formicivora littoralis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable in range
and habitat. ♣ Low levels in coastal shrub and thickets.
Song: low, rattling, level series of “tjatjatja---”notes (2 sec).
En, R.
751
110.6 BLACK-HOODED ANTWREN
(Formigueiro-de-cabeça-negra) Formicivora erythronotos L
4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable in restricted range. ♣
Undergrowth of secondary forest, shrub, and abandoned
banana plantations near the coast. Song: high, level,
rattling “tjotjotjo---” (2–3 sec). En, R.
110.7 RUSTY-BACKED ANTWREN

(Papa-formiga-vermelho) Formicivora rufa L 5.1 in./ 13 cm.
Note rusty upperparts and ochre-buff flanks. ♣ Undergrowth
of cerrado, savanna with scattered trees and shrub, open
forest, wet grassland, scrub. Song: high, nasal,
nervous-sounding rattles and trills.
752
110.8 SINCORÁ ANTWREN (Papa-formiga-do-sincorá)
Formicivora grantsaui L 5.1 in./13 cm. Differs from 110.7 by
less rufes-cent upperparts, brown flanks, and gray-and-white
(not plain white) underwing coverts. ♣ Low scrub in eroded
areas at rocky slopes and ridges above 800 m. Song: slow
(2 notes/sec) series of very short, very high “tjew” notes. En.
110.9 PARANA ANTWREN (or Long-billed or Marsh

Antbird) (Bicudinho-do-brejo) Stymphalornis (or
Formicivora) acutirostris L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable in
small range. ♣ Marsh with tall grasses and shrub, wet fields,
mangrove swamps. Song: slow, leisurely series of 2–4 high
“tjew” notes or slow series of high, double-noted “kreTif- -”
notes (5–6 ×). En, R.
753
110.10 SAO PAULO ANTWREN
(Bicudinho-do-brejo-paulista) L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable
in small range. ♣ Marsh with tall grasses and shrub. Note:
Recently discovered; still undescribed. En.
Antwrens
754
Plate 111
755
111.1 FERRUGINOUS ANTBIRD (Trovoada) Drymophila
ferruginea L 5.1 in./13 cm. from 111.2 by blacker back
and darker rufous underparts, extending farther down (only
lower belly and vent paler and browner). with
pale-streaked black crown (all brown in 111.2). ♣ Bamboo
stands in/near humid forest, woodland. Up to 1200 m
(infrequently to 1600 m). Song: very high, loud, sharp
“tit-tuweéh” (1 × or 3 × without interval). En.
111.2 BERTONI’S ANTBIRD (Trovoada-de-bertoni)

Drymophila rubricollis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Cf. 111.1. ♣ Bamboo
stands in/near humid forest. Up to 2000 m, in N only above
900 m. Song: series of about 6–10 thin, sharp notes,
starting very high, descending steeply, and accelerating to
drawn-out last two notes.
111.3 RUFOUS-TAILED ANTBIRD (Choquinha-da-serra)

Drymophila genei L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Rufous tail diagnostic. ♣
756
Bamboo stands in/near humid forest; 800–2200 m. Song:
series of 6–7 notes, starting with very high “sih,” then
jumping to lower nasal “theèh” notes, the total as
“síhtjeèh-tjeèh-tjeèh.” En, R.
111.4 OCHRE-RUMPED ANTBIRD

(Choquinha-de-dorso-vermelho) Drymophila ochropyga L
5.1 in./13 cm. Combination of streaked chest, ochre-rufous
lower underparts, and mainly black tail diagnostic. ♣ Bamboo
and vines in montane forest; 300–1950 m. Song: 2-noted
“Tízzzzèh,” 1st note very high and sharp, 2nd drawn-out and
hoarse. En, R.
111.5 STRIATED ANTBIRD (Trovoada-listrada)

Drymophila devillei L 5.5 in./14 cm. Two sspp.: W Nom. (a;
shown) and E subochracea Xingu Antbird (b; as a,
but underparts virtually un-streaked ochre-buff). No relatives
in range, but cf. 113.6. ♣ Bamboo thickets in forest; up to
757
1000 m. Song: very high, strident ““wic-Wic-Wictidrrrrn,”
last part bouncing down.
111.6 DUSKY-TAILED ANTBIRD (Choquinha-carijó)

Drymophila malura L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note uniform gray/
brown ( / ) tail and faint eyebrow. ♣ Dense undergrowth of
humid forest and woodland. Up to 1400 m, locally to 1900 m.
Song: very high series starting with “tsip tsip”, then
accelerating and slightly descending to a rattling trill (4 sec).
may chime-in with similar but weaker song.
111.7 SCALED ANTBIRD (Pintadinho) Drymophila

squamata L 5.1 in./13 cm. Spotted pattern and tail barring
distinctive. ♣ Dense undergrowth of forest and woodland up
to 1100 m. Extr. high, calm series of 4–7 sharp,
pushed-out, descending notes. En.
758
111.8 WHITE-BACKED FIRE-EYE (Papa-taoca) Pyriglena
leuconota L 6.7 in./17 cm. variable; typical form (a) and
sspp. maura (b; Pantanal region) and similis (c; SC Amazon)
shown. Note bright red eyes of all sspp. No overlap with
111.9, 111.10, or 115.8. ♣ Understory of forest, woodland,
riverine belts. Up to 900 m. Call: nasal “tjewtjew”; song:
rapid, slightly rising, then descending series of very high,
staccato “weet---” notes (2 sec).
111.9 WHITE-SHOULDERED FIRE-EYE

(Papa-taoca-do-sul) Pyriglena leucoptera L 6.7 in./ 17 cm.
Unmistakable in range. 2nd white wing bar near shoulder of
often concealed (as shown). ♣ Understory of forest, old
second growth, plantations. Often near bamboo. Up to 1300
m. Call: very high, chipping “tjew tjew -”; song: slow,
short series of about 5 descending, fluted notes.
759
111.10 FRINGE-BACKED FIRE-EYE (Papa-taoca-da-bahia)
Pyriglena atra L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable in small range.
♣ Understory of forest edge, tall second growth. Call: very
high, piped “peek”; song: hurried, descending series of about
6 “peeh---” notes. En, R.
Antbirds / Fire-Eyes
760
Plate 112
761
112.1 GRAY ANTBIRD (Chororó-pocuá) Cercomacra
cinerascens L 5.5 in./14 cm. Gray/ rather dull ( / ) with
broad white tail-tips. Faint or no wing spots in N. ♣
Subcanopy with understory vine tangles in humid lowland
forest, tall second growth. Song: strange, rather toneless,
froglike “krísh-wruh” or “wruh-krísh” (3 ×).
112.2 RIO DE JANEIRO ANTBIRD (Chororó-cinzento)

Cercomacra brasiliana L 5.5 in./14 cm. Only Cercomacra
antbird in range.♣ Thick undergrowth of forest, second
growth. Up to 950 m. Song: low, soft “crunk - -” (4 –6 ×).
En, R.
112.3 DUSKY ANTBIRD (Chororá-escuro) Cercomacra

tyrannina L 5.5 in./14 cm. Two sspp.; W Nom. shown. In E
saturatior, usually with a few white bars to vent; with
ear-patch chestnut-rufous (not olive-gray). In dark gray
762
of both sspp., note narrow white wing edging and tail tip
(latter sometimes worn off). Cf. 112.1, 112.4, and 112.10. ♣
Thick undergrowth of humid forest; esp. at edge; up to 1200
m. Song: very high, rapid series of rather liquid notes, the
1st 1–2 lower, the last 3–5 bouncing down.
112.4 BLACKISH ANTBIRD (Chororó-negro) Cercomacra

nigrescens L 5.9 in./15 cm. dark gray with plain tail and
narrow white wing edging. with rich rufous underparts and
forecrown. Cf. 112.1, 112.3, 112.6, and 112.10. ♣ Thick
undergrowth of humid forest, woodland, thickets. Up to 900
m. Song of : musical “pur-tidrrrr,” 2nd part bouncing and
much higher, often answered by with series of 8–10 sharp,
steeply rising notes.
112.5 BANANAL ANTBIRD (Chororó-de-goiás)

Cercomacra ferdinandi L 6.3 in./16 cm. No similar species in
763
small range. Broad white tail tips. with faint white streaks
on throat and chest. ♣ Mid-to low levels of humid forest and
woodland near water. Call: very fast, very high “wididi”;
song: hurried, squeaky “tudr-tudr-tudr” randomly combined
with call. En.
112.6 BLACK ANTBIRD (Chororó-preto) Cercomacra serva

L 5.5 in./14 cm. blacker (esp. chest) than 112.4. Tail
plain. from 112.4 by lack of broad rufous forecrown. ♣
Dense undergrowth of humid lowland forests, second growth.
Song: slow series of 8–10 well-spaced, slightly
accelerating, rising “wrut wrut wrut-writ-writwit-reetreet”
notes (the last two at same pitch).
112.7 RIO BRANCO ANTBIRD (Chororó-do-rio-branco)

Cercomacra carbonaria L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable in
small range. ♣ Low to mid-levels of thickets in forest,
764
woodland, second growth. Always near rivers. Song: low,
slow, short series of 4–5 pairs of mewing double
“kurih-kurih- -” notes (with “ku” sounding as clicking
pebbles). R.
112.8 MANU ANTBIRD (Chororó-de-manu) Cercomacra

manu L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable in small range. ♣ Low to
mid-levels of thickets in forest, woodland, second growth.
Always near rivers. Song: low, short series of 2–4 rather
laborious, cackled double notes, often together with slightly
higher-pitched, unsynchronized counter-song of .
112.9 MATO GROSSO ANTBIRD (Chororó-do-pantanal)

Cercomacra melanaria L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. Virtually
unmistakable in range. Note rather long, white-tipped tail. ♣
Dense undergrowth of deciduous forest, gallery forest,
woodland. Often near water. Lowlands. Song: Very low,
765
very dry, froglike “krokreééh-tjow,” often together with high,
strident “chip-chip- -” of .
112.10 WILLIS’S ANTBIRD (Chororó-didi) Cercomacra

laeta L 5.5 in./14 cm. Three sspp.: waimiri (a; W part of
range), sabinoi (b; E part) and Nom. (not shown; C part).
of b and Nom. have narrow white tail tips and are virtually
unmistakable in range (cf. 112.1). a from very similar
112.4 by broader white wing edging. Lacks narrow white tail
tip and edging to vent of overlapping ssp. of 112.3. a with
diagnostic dark-gray wing coverts with distinct
cinnamon-brown edge. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid
lowland forest, woodland, second growth. Overlaps with
112.3, esp. in shrubby, wet section of white-sand woodland.
Song: very high, short, very sharp
“puh-wéedi-wéedi-wéedih” (“wéedi” 2–5 ×).
766
Antbirds
Plate 113
767
113.1 SLENDER ANTBIRD (Gravatazeiro) Rhopornis
ardesiaca L 7.5 in./19 cm. Unmistakable in small range. Note
long tail. ♣ Low in dense, dry forest near patches of terrestrial
bromeliads. At 100–1000 m. Very high, loud, increasing
series of 7–9 rather sharp “peer” notes without intervals. En,
R.
113.2 [BLACK-TAILED ANTBIRD

(Formigueiro-de-rabo-preto) Myrmoborus melanurus] L 5.1
in./13 cm. is dark gray with slightly blacker head. Note
dusky mask of . ♣ Várzea. Song: descending,
accelerating series of loud, resounding notes, which bounce
down (3 sec).
113.3 WHITE-BROWED ANTBIRD

(Papa-formiga-de-sobrancelha) Myrmoborus leucophrys L 5.1
in./13 cm. Eyebrow distinct. Wings plain ( ) or only faintly
768
marked ( ). ♣ Low levels of humid forest edge, várzea,
thickets. Up to 1000 m. Song: very high, loud, slightly
descending, hurried series of ringing notes (3 sec).
113.4 ASH-BREASTED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-liso)

Myrmoborus lugubris L 5.1 in./13 cm. variable; E Nom.
(a; with strong contrast between white underparts and brown
upperparts), W ssp. berlepschi (b, with pale gray belly), and
C stictopterus/femininus (c). ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid
lowland forest near rivers; mainly on river islands. Song:
as 113.3, but slower (notes countable) (4–5 sec).
113.5 BLACK-FACED ANTBIRD

(Formigueiro-de-cara-preta) Myrmoborus myotherinus L 5.1
in./13 cm. Several sspp., all with wing bars, black mask, and
red eyes, varying in color of underparts; E ochrolaema (a)
and C ardesiacus (b) shown. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid
forest (mainly terra firme) and nearby habitats. Up to 900 m.
769
Song: short, slow, descending series of 5 rather sharp,
evenly spaced “zree-zree-zree-zrut-zrut” notes.
113.6 WARBLING ANTBIRD (Papa-formiga-cantador)

Hypocnemis cantator L 4.7 in./12 cm. Plain tail far shorter
than superficially similar 111.5. ♣ Dense unde-growth of
lowland forest and woodland.
NOTE: 113.6 is recently split on voice and plumage features

into 6 species (no overlap between species, except c and d):
113.6a: GUIANAN WARBLING ANTBIRD Hypocnemis
cantator, shown. 113.6b: IMERI WARBLING ANTBIRD
Hypocnemis flavescens, not shown; as a, but pale yellowish
below. 113.6c: PERUVIAN WARBLING ANTBIRD
Hypocnemis peruviana, not shown; as a, but with stronger
black markings in both sexes. 113.6d :
YELLOW-BREASTED WARBLING ANTBIRD
Hypocnemis subflava, shown; with more olive back and
770
buffier wing spots. 113.6E: RONDONIA WARBLING
ANTBIRD Hypocnemis ochrogyna, not shown; resembles a.
113.6F: SPIX’S WARBLING ANTBIRD Hypocnemis striata
En, not shown; resembles a.
113.7 YELLOW-BROWED ANTBIRD (Cantador-ama-relo)

Hypocnemis hypoxantha L 4.7 in./ 12 cm. W Nom. (a) and E
ssp. ochraceiventris (b). Note in both yellow (not white)
eyebrow and rather plain back. ♣ Dense undergrowth of
lowland forest and nearby shrub. Song: descending,
decelerating series of about 5–8 notes, fluted at first, but
gradually becoming more scratchy; slower and starting higher
pitched than that of 113.6.
113.8 BLACK-CHINNED ANTBIRD (Solta-asa-do-norte)

Hypocnemoides melanopogon L 4.7 in./12 cm. Cf. 113.9 ♣
As 113.9. Song: series of 8–12 high, accentuated “few”
notes, 1st 2–3 evenly -spaced and rising, then as “djew” notes
accelerating and bouncing down.
771
113.9 BAND-TAILED ANTBIRD (Solta-asa)
Hypocnemoides maculicauda L 4.7 in./12 cm. Very similar to
113.8 (note range), but white tail tip slightly broader and
semiconcealed white interscapular patch. Superficially similar
ant-wrens (Pl. 105–108) smaller, lack pale gray eyes, and
have narrower white tail tip. ♣ Undergrowth of várzea,
swamps, forest and woodland near water. Lowlands. Song:
strong, accelerating series of loud raspy notes, rising in
strength and pitch to a sharp rattle, then falling and
decelerating (5–6 sec).
113.10 BLACK-AND-WHITE ANTBIRD

(Formigueiro-preto-e-branco) Myrmochanes hemileucus L 4.3
in./11 cm. Small and almost unmistakable, but cf. seed-eaters
(Pl. 181 and 182). ♣ Low levels of thickets, shrub and
woodland edge on river islands. Song: very short
“tiderrru,” bouncing down.
772
Antbirds
773
Plate 114
774
114.1 SILVERED ANTBIRD (Papa-formiga-do-igarapé)
Sclateria naevia L 5.9 in./15 cm. Legs pinkish. Three sspp.:
W argentata (a), NE Nom. (b), and SE toddi (not shown;
´intermediate between a and b, as a, but less white
below). a resembles 115.4. a and ssp. toddi paler
below (esp. on throat and mid-belly) than 114.6A. ♣ At
edges and in thickets of streams and rivers in várzea, esp.
under overhanging vines; also in marsh, swampy areas.
Song: very high, rapid series of “jip---” notes, after a short
stutter lowered in pitch, then rising in pitch and strength,
trailing off at the end (4–5 sec).
114.2 SLATE-COLORED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-cinza)

Schistocichla (or Percnostola) schistacea L 5.5 in./14 cm.
from 114.6A ssp. subplumbea by gray (not brown) eyes
and black (not gray) lower mandible. Differs from 114.6B by
gray legs and rufous ear coverts in . ♣ Under-story of terra
firme. Song: slow, short series of high, loud, piercing
“teew” notes, increasing in strength and slightly in pitch.
775
114.3 AMAZONAS ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-pelzeln)
Percnostola minor L 5.5 in./14 cm. Often includes 114.4 as a
ssp., but eyes gray (not reddish). Note wing edging (not
spotting), black crown of and rufous head of . ♣
Undergrowth of lowland forest, old woodland. Song: as
114.4, but slightly faster.
114.4 BLACK-HEADED ANTBIRD Schistocichla (or

Percnostola) rufifrons (Formigueirode-cabeça-preta) L 5.5
in./14 cm. from 114.3 by red, not gray, eyes. May show
slight crest. from 114.3 by red eyes. ♣ Low forest with
dense undergrowth. Song: high, calm, decelerating series
of loud sharp “tieew” notes.
776
114.5 CAURA ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-do-caura)
Schistocichla (or Percnostola) caurensis L 7.5 in./19 cm.
Larger and less dark than 114.7. ♣ Open understory and floor
of humid forest up to 1500 m. Song: very high, loud,
descending series of about 10 piercing, lilting, descending
“sreek” notes.
114.6A SPOT-WINGED ANTBIRD

(Formigueiro-de-asa-pintada) Schistocichla (or Percnostola)
leucostigma L 5.9 in./15 cm. Three sspp.: NE Nom. (a, legs
pinkish), NW infuscata (b, legs gray), and SW subplumbea
(not shown; as a, but legs gray and wing spots of smaller).
Note white/ cinnamon ( / ) spots (not edging) on wings. Cf.
114.2, 114.5, 114.6B, 114.7. ♣ Understory of humid forest,
esp. terra firme; up to 700 m. Note: Traditionally 114.6B,
114.6C, and 114.7 included as sspp. Song: in SW, series of
rather sharp “chi---” notes, 1st 2–3 level and very high, then
777
gradually shivering-down (2–3 sec); in NE, very high, level,
powerful, sharp almost-rattle (4 sec).
114.6B HUMAITA ANTBIRD Schistocichla (or Percnostola)

humaythae L 5.9 in./15 cm. Contact with 114.6A possibly in
Ri. Javarí region. Note pink (not gray) legs, unlike 114.2 and
W sspp. of 114.6A. lacks whitish throat and central
underparts of 114.1a. ♣ Understory of humid lowland
forest, esp. terra firme.
114.6C RUFOUS-FACED ANTBIRD Schistocichla (or

Percnostola) rufifacies L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note pinkish (not
gray) legs. as 114.6B, but no overlap in range. lacks
white throat and central belly of 114.1 ssp. toddy. ♣
Understory of humid lowland forest, esp. terra firme. En.
114.7 RORAIMAN ANTBIRD Schistocichla (or

Percnostola) saturata (Formigueiro-de-ro-raima) L 5.9 in./15
cm. Resembles 114.6Ab (note altitude), but more uniform
dark and darker overall with grayer ear patch. ♣
Understory of humid lowland forest above 700 m. Song:
series of slowly starting, accelerating notes, sharply lowered
in pitch at end.
778
114.8 WHITE-LINED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-do-bambu)
Percnostola lophotes L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Both sexes with
conspicuous crest. ♣ At low levels of bamboo thickets near
rivers or forest edge. Occasionally in other dense thickets near
rivers. Song: descending series of “toot” notes, starting
very high and hesitantly, but then accelerating and going
down. R.
114.9 WHITE-PLUMED ANTBIRD

(Papa-formiga-de-topete) Pithys albifrons L 4.7 in./ 12 cm.
Unmistakable. ♣ At ant swarms in humid forest; up to 1350
m. Call: a low, very high, or extr. high, grating “sreew”;
song, very high “tjeeeew,” dropping in pitch (1/4 sec).
779
114.10 PALE-FACED (Bare-eye or) ANTBIRD (M
ede-taoca-dourada) Skutchia borbae L 6.7 in./17 cm.
Unmistakable by facial pattern. ♣ At ant swarms in
under-story of humid lowland forest, esp. terra firme.
Song: 2–3 very high, long, slightly descending notes, the last
one esp. rather mournful. En.
Antbirds
780
781
Plate 115
115.1 WHITE-BELLIED ANTBIRD

(Formigueiro-de-barriga-branca) Myrmeciza longipes L 5.9
in./15 cm. Virtually unmistakable. Note small dark (not pale)
wing spots of . ♣ Ground and lowest levels in woodland,
riverine belts, shrubby forest borders; normally below 700 m.
Song: rapid, compact, descending series of shivering,
rather sharp “weew---” notes, decelerating at the end (3–4
sec).
115.2 WHITE-BIBBED ANTBIRD

(Formigueiro-asso-biador) Myrmeciza loricata L 5.9 in./ 15
cm. unmistakable by color pattern; note buff throat of .♣
Floor of humid forest and tall second growth; 700–1300 m.
Call: very/ extr. high, very fast “tritititi”; song: extr. high,
descending, rapid series of 3–5 whispered, sawing double
“siweesiweesee” notes. En.
782
115.3 SQUAMATE ANTBIRD (Papa-formiga-de-grota)
Myrmeciza squamosa L 5.9 in./15 cm. Differs from 115.2 by
narrower eyebrow, white wing spots, lack of large white
chest-patch in , and faintly scaled whitish underparts of .
♣ Floor of humid forest, woodland (locally also drier). Up to
1000 m. Song: like that of 115.2, but even higher pitched
and faster. En.
115.4 YAPACANA ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-yapacana)

Myrmeciza disjuncta L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Note range. Legs
pinkish gray. from larger 114.1 by pale lower mandible.
with very narrow white tail tips. ♣ Undergrowth of stunted
woodland. Lowlands. Song: curious, rapid sequence of 1 or
2 almost toneless, rising gratings, immediately followed by
very high “pipip” or “pi,” the total as
“grrrrrr-pipip-grrrrrr-pi.”
783
115.5 GRAY-BELLIED ANTBIRD
(Formigueiro-de-barriga-cinza) Myrmeciza pelzelni L 5.5 in./
14 cm. Note range. resembles 116.1. unmistakable by
pattern below. ♣ Low levels of white-sand forest and
woodland. Lowlands. Song: level series of about 15 very/
extr. high “sree” notes without intervals.
115.6 SOUTHERN CHESTNUT-TAILED ANTBIRD

(Formigueiro-de-cauda-castanha) Myrmeciza hemimelaena L
4.7 in./ 12 cm. Note gray legs, grayish head, and rufescent
upperparts and tail. Cf. 116.1 and 114.6. ♣ Undergrowth of
humid forest and nearby overgrown clearings. Up to 900 m.
Song: short, rapid series of loud rather sharp “tee” notes,
the 1st 2 level pitched, then rapidly descending (1–1.5 sec).
784
115.7 PLUMBEOUS ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-chumbo)
Myrmeciza hyperythra L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. Combination of wing
spots and blue eyering diagnostic. ♣ Low levels of humid
lowland forest, esp. várzea. Song: at first rising, then
leveling-out series of rattling “wee---” notes (2–3 sec).
115.8 WHITE-SHOULDERED ANTBIRD

(Formigueirogrande) Myrmeciza melanoceps L 6.7 in./17 cm.
from 115.10 by blacker plumage, narrower blue eyering,
and white shoulder (often not easily seen). Unmistakable.
♣ Low levels of várzea, forest edge. Mainly near water.
Call: short, very high, rather liquid twitter; song: loud,
musical series of about 6–8 pure notes, the 1st 2 as mid-high,
hurried “fewfew,” the last 4–6 high, decelerating, and
sounding like “fíuw - -.”
785
115.9 GOELDI’S ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-goeldi)
Myrmeciza goeldii L 6.7 in./17 cm. No similar species in
range with red eyes. with semiconcealed white
interscapular patch. shorter tailed than 111.8 (note
range). ♣ Low levels of várzea, forest edge, second growth
woodland, bamboo hickets. Lowlands. Song: high, level,
fluted series of about 10 loud notes, starting as stuttered
“drd,” followed by slightly decelerating “yuh - -”, together as
“drd-yuh-yuh - -.”
115.10 SOOTY ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-taoca)

Myrmeciza fortis L 6.7 in./17 cm. distinctive; sooty
black with white along wing edge (often hard to see). Cf.
115.8. ♣ Low levels of humid lowland forest, mainly terra
firme. Song: very high, level series of 8–10 loud “tjuh”
notes, which increase slightly in strength (3 sec).
786
Antbirds
787
Plate 116
116.1 BLACK-THROATED ANTBIRD

(Formigueiro-de-peito-preto) Myrmeciza atrothorax L 5.5 in./
14 cm. Legs gray, tail black, and upperparts rather dull.
788
Typically (a; often lacks faint white chest-spotting; in SW
black on underparts more extensive) with fine wing spots, but
dark NW tenebrosa (b) with all black/rufescent underparts (
/ ) and wing spots barely visible. ♣ Understory of humid
forest, woodland. Up to 1200 m. Song: very high, slightly
decelerating series of 4–8 very sharp “chee” notes, starting
with a stuttered “tutu,” then slightly rising in strength and in
pitch, together as “tutu-chee-cheé- -.”
116.2 FERRUGINOUS-BACKED ANTBIRD

(Formigueiro-ferrugem) Myrmeciza ferruginea L 5.9 in./15
cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Floor of humid lowland forest (esp.
terra firme) and woodland. Song: short, very high,
increasing, decelerating “tjutju-tee-tee-teeh,” level pitched
after “tjutju.”
789
116.3 SCALLOPED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-caudaruiva)
Myrmeciza ruficauda L 5.9 in./15 cm. Differs from 115.3 by
buff (not white), indistinct eyebrow. ♣ Floor of humid to
semihumid forest and woodland. Up to 950 m. Song: very
high, sharp, almost level, rattling trill. En, R.
116.4 RUFOUS-THROATED ANTBIRD (M

e-de-taoca-de-garganta-vermelha) Gymnopithys rufigula L
4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable. Note bright rufous throat and
bold bare eyering. ♣ At ant swarms in understory of humid
forest, esp. terra firme. Up to 900 m. Song: complicated;
starts with some very high, level, fluted “weee” notes, which
accelerate and descend, becoming a short rattle before
leveling-out and decelerating as low grating “sree-sree-sree”
notes (5 sec).
116.5 WHITE-THROATED ANTBIRD (M

e-de-taoca-de-cauda-barrada) Gymnopithys salvini L 5.1 in./
790
13 cm. Unmistakable. Note barred tail in both sexes and
black-barred back of . ♣ At ant swarms in understory of
humid forest. Up to 450 m. Song: slow, resounding series
of 3–4 descending, long, upslurred “weeih” notes.
116.6 DOT-BACKED ANTBIRD (Guarda-várzea)

Hylophylax punctulatus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Differs from 116.7
by partly whitish cheeks, spotted (not plain) rump, and gray
(not pinkish) legs. ♣ Understory of várzea; dense vegetation
at water. Song: very high, sharp “sreébeer” or “sree-Beér,”
constantly repeated (1 ×/2 sec).
116.7 SPOT-BACKED ANTBIRD (Guarda-floresta)

Hylophylax naevius L 4.3 in./11 cm. Cf. 116.6. with gray
crown in S. ♣ Undergrowth of humid forest and nearby
second growth. Up to 1300 m. Very/extr. high, slightly
descending series of 10–12 strident, run together “tjuwit-”
791
notes; depending on region, “tjuwit” sounding as double note
or reduced to “tWít---.”
116.8 SCALE-BACKED ANTBIRD (Rendadinho)

Dichropogon (or Hylophylax) poecilinotus L 5.1 in./13 cm.
Several sspp.: NW duidae (a; as b), NE Nom. (b), SE
nigrigula (c), far E vidua (d; as c), SW and SC
griseiventris (e; as c) and WC gutturalis (not shown;
as c, as a). of all sspp. and of most sspp,
with diagnostic scaly back. Plain-backed (c, d, e) with
diagnostic contrasting brown upperparts and gray underparts.
♣ Understory of terra firme up to 1350 m. Locally also in
várzea. Song: very high, sharp series of about 10 “tweeh”
notes with little intervals, each note and total series slightly
increasing in pitch and speed.
792
116.9 BLACK-SPOTTED BARE-EYE (M e-de-taoca)
Phlegopsis nigromaculata L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable. ♣
At low levels near ant swarms in humid lowland forest.
Call: starlinglike, downslurred “sriuuw”; song: 3–4 leisurely
“tieuw srew - -” (2nd and 3rd or 4th notes slightly lower
pitched).
116.10 REDDISH-WINGED BARE-EYE (M

e-de-taoca-avermelhada) Phlegopsis erythroptera L 7.1 in./18
cm. Unmistakable. ♣ At low levels near ant swarms in humid
lowland forest. Song: series of 4–7 descending,
well-separated, shrill notes.
Antbirds / Bare-Eyes
793
Plate 117
794
117.1 WING-BANDED ANTBIRD (Pinto-do-mato-carijó)
Myrmornis torquata L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Floor
of humid forest up to 900 m. Song: series of 2–30
gradually rising, stressed, ringing “weew” notes.
117.2 BICOLORED (or White-cheeked) ANTBIRD (M

e-de-taoca-bochechuda) Gymnopithys leucaspis L 5.5 in./14
cm. Unmistakable by bicolored plumage, bold bare eyering,
and black from ear patch to upper flanks. ♣ At ant swarms in
understory of humid lowland forest and old woodland.
Song: hurried series starting with very high, fluted “weeh
weeh” notes, becoming sharp and higher before hurrying
down to a few low snarls 3–4 sec).
117.3 HARLEQUIN ANTBIRD (M e-de-taoca-arlequim)

Rhegmatorhina berlepschi L 5.9 in./15 cm. No similar bird in
range. ♣ At ant swarms in understory of humid lowland
forest, esp. terra firme. Song: very high, slightly
795
descending series of loud, sharp notes, the 1st drawn out, the
rest becoming shorter. En. Note: Insert (a) shows a form of
unclear affinities known from SW Pará.
117.4 CHESTNUT-CRESTED ANTBIRD (M

e-de-taoca-cristada) Rhegmatorhina cristata L 5.9 in./15 cm.
Unmistakable by overall rufous color and bold bare eyering.
♣ At ant swarms in under-story of humid lowland forest, esp.
terra firme. Song: slow, slightly accelerating series of 8–10
fluted notes, the 1st slightly lower, the following higher and
drawn out, then calmly descending.
117.5 HAIRY-CRESTED ANTBIRD (M

e-de-taoca-cabeçuda) Rhegmatorhina melanosticta L 5.9 in./
15 cm. Unmistakable by pale crown and bold bare eyering. ♣
At ant swarms in understory of humid lowland forest, esp.
terra firme. Song: slow series, starting with a few very
796
high, sharp, fluted notes, then descending to a few drawn-out,
grating notes.
117.6 WHITE-BREASTED ANTBIRD (M

e-de-taoca-papuda) Rhegmatorhina hoffmannsi L 5.9 in./15
cm. Unmistakable. Note white extending over breast (unlike
117.3a). ♣ At ant swarms in under-story of humid lowland
forest, esp. terra firme. Song: much as 117.5, but may be
less sharp and slightly faster. En.
117.7 BARE-EYED (or Santarem) ANTBIRD (M

e-de-taoca-de-cara-branca) Rhegmatorhina gymnops L 5.5 in./
14 cm. Unmistakable by color and bold bare eyering. ♣ At ant
swarms in understory of humid lowland forest, esp. terra
firme. Song: 4–5 very high, descending notes, each one
drawn out. En.
797
117.8 RUFOUS-CAPPED ANTTHRUSH (Galinha-do-mato)
Formicarius colma L 7.1 in./18 cm. Two forms, a with rufous
forehead and b (in N and W) with black forehead. Color
pattern of head with bright rufous reaching mantle diagnostic.
♣ On ground in terra firme, locally in várzea. Up to 1100 m.
Call: very high, decisive “tjew”; song: rapid series of high,
musical, run-together notes, 1st slightly descending, then
ascending (4–5 sec).
117.9 BLACK-FACED ANTTHRUSH

(Pinto-do-mato-de-cara-preta) Formicarius analis L 6.7 in./17
cm. Note black throat sharply demarcated from gray breast. ♣
On ground in humid forest up to 1000 m. Call: very high,
ascending “twuh”; song: melodious “tjuh tidididi-tududu” (1st
and 2nd part well separated, middle part one note higher
pitched).
798
117.10 RUFOUS-FRONTED ANTTHRUSH
(Pinto-domato-de-fronte-ruiva) Formicarius rufifrons L 7.1
in./18 cm. Differs from 117.8 by olive crown and nape. ♣
Thickets and bamboo at edges of swampy forest. Song:
series of high, melodious, evenly spaced notes, the middle
part 1 note higher pitched, the the last part falling off at the
end. R.
Antbirds / Antthrushes
799
800
Plate 118
118.1 SHORT-TAILED ANTTHRUSH (Tovaca-campainha)

Chamaeza campanisona L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note olive-brown
back, dark-marked rich-buff vent and tail with dark
subterminal band, and narrow (often not visible) buff-white
tip. Faint spots on throat diagnostic (118.3 and 118.4 may
have spots on malar). ♣ On ground in forest and woodland.
Up to 1000 m; mainly below 118.3 and 118.4 in area of
overlap. In tepuis up to 1500 m. Call: high, liquid “wic”;
song: hurried series of melodious fluted notes, slightly rising
and descending, and ending in some liquid or bubbling notes
(also sounding like cackling laughter or like a cymbal roll).
118.2 STRIATED (or Noble) ANTTHRUSH (Tovaca-estriada)

Chamaeza nobilis L 8.7 in./22 cm. Only Chamaeza antthrush
in range. ♣ On ground in humid lowland forest; esp. terra
firme with sparse undergrowth. Call: long, accelerating,
slightly descending series of low, hollow “hoot” notes, ending
in 3–4 lazy barks.
801
118.3 SUCH’S (or Cryptic) ANTTHRUSH (Tovaca-cantadora)
Chamaeza meruloides L 7.5 in./19 cm. Resembles larger
118.1, but tail-tip buff (often not visible) and throat and vent
essentially unmarked. ♣ On ground in humid forest. Up to
1500 m. Song: very beautiful, exceptionally long series of
well-accentuated, rising, increasing notes (30 sec). En.
118.4 RUFOUS-TAILED (or Brazilian) ANTTHRUSH

(Tovaca-de-rabo-vermelho) Chamaeza ruficauda L 7.5 in./19
cm. Resembles 118.1, but back rufous-brown, tail all-brown,
and throat unspotted. ♣ On ground in humid forest and
woodland at 600–2200 m. Mainly above 118.1 and 118.3 in
area of overlap. Song: exactly as that of 118.3, but much
faster (6 sec).
802
118.5 RUFOUS GNATEATER (Chupa-dente) Conopophaga
lineata L 4.7 in./12 cm. 3 sspp. Shown are of EC and NE
Nom. (a; white chest-patch often not visible; SE ssp. vulgaris
similar) and of cearae, CEARÁ GNATEATER (b). Cf.
118.9 (only other gnateater in range). ♣ Undergrowth of
humid to semihumid forest, woodland. 300–2400 m. Call:
sharp, thin “tsiew”; song: simple almost-rattle of about 10
notes, the last 2–5 higher pitched.
118.6 CHESTNUT-BELTED (or -bellied) GNATEATER

(Chupa-dente-de-cinta) Conopophaga aurita L 4.7 in./12 cm.
Two groups: Nom. group (a; N and W part of range; belly
often buffier; as b) and snethlageae group
SNETHLAGE’S GNATEATER (b). from 118.8 by
absence of spots on wings. ♣ Dense undergrowth of terra
firme. Up to 700 m. Song: a short, extr./very high, very
sharp rattle.
803
118.7 HOODED GNATEATER (Chupa-dente-de-capuz)
Conopophaga roberti L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable in range.
♣ Undergrowth of lowland forest, woodland. Song: a short,
very high, ascending rattle. Song: short, high, musical
almost-rattle, upslurred at the end (2 sec). En.
118.8 ASH-THROATED GNATEATER

(Chupa-dente-do-peru) Conopophaga peruviana L 4.7 in./12
cm. Wing spotting diagnostic in range. ♣ Undergrowth of
terra firme.
804
118.9 BLACK-CHEEKED GNATEATER
(Cuspidor-de-máscara-preta) Conopophaga melanops L 4.3
in./11 cm. unmistakable. from 118.5 by all-black bill (no
pale lower mandible), spots on wings, and whitish chin. ♣
Undergrowth of mainly, but not exclusively, humid forest. Up
to 800 m. Call: very sharp “tsitsit”; song: very high,
musical, hurried trill (2 sec). En.
118.10 BLACK-BELLIED GNATEATER

(Chupa-dente-grande) Conopophaga melanogaster L 5.9 in./
15 cm. Unmistakable in range. ♣ Dense undergrowth of
humid lowland forest. Call: angry-sounding low grunts and
short rattles; song: slow series of up to 5 high, dry,
well-separated, short rattles (1 rattle/sec). En.
118.11 SPOTTED BAMBOOWREN (Tapaculo-pintado)

Psilorhamphus guttatus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Distinctively
patterned and spotted. ♣ Low levels in extensive bamboo at
805
edge of humid forest and woodland, esp. in vines; 600–1000
m. Song: a hurried, level (or slightly rising) soft series of
mid-high, hooted “to-to---” notes (8–15 sec). R.
Antthrushes / Gnateaters / Bamboowren
806
807
Plate 119
119.1 VARIEGATED ANTPITTA (Tovacuçu) Grallaria

varia L 7.5 in./19 cm. SE imperator (a) and NE Nom. (b)
shown. Unmistakable in most of range, but cf. 119.3. ♣ On
ground in humid forest, woodland. Up to 650 m in most of
range; up to 1400 in SE. Song: 3-part series of low-pitched,
mournful notes, middle 4–6 pitched 1 note higher and slightly
faster than 1st 6 and last 2 notes.
119.2 ELUSIVE ANTPITTA (Tovacuçu-xodó) Grallaria

eludens L 7.5 in./19 cm. Unmistakable in range by broad
black streaks below. ♣ On ground in terra firme. Song: low
3-noted series of “Tuuh tju-eh” notes (2nd note begins with
an abrupt rise).
119.3 ? SCALED ANTPITTA (Tovacuçu-corujinha) Grallaria

guatimalensis L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note range and habitat. Differs
808
from 119.1 by more crescentlike (sometimes reduced) patch
on lower throat, lack of narrow, pale shaft-streaks on back,
and, in E part of range, darker underparts. ♣ On ground in
humid forest above 650 m. Song: low, hollow, hurried
series, increasing in volume and pitch, the last 2 notes slightly
falling off (length about 15–30 notes). (Record is probably
based on wrong identification.)
119.4 SPOTTED ANTPITTA (Torom-carijó) Hylopezus

macularius L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note head pattern with diagnostic
buff eyering. ♣ Dense undergrowth of lowland forest.
Song: low, laborious “whoak-whoak-whoak-who-who” (the
last 2 notes falling off).
119.5 AMAZONIAN ANTPITTA (Torom-torom) Hylopezus

berlepschi L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note rather plain sides of face and
streaking of breast. ♣ Dense undergrowth of lowland forest.
809
Song: 3 (or 4) mid- to high, well-separated, hollow “Uh”
notes.
119.6 WHITE-BROWED ANTPITTA (Torom-do-nordeste)

Hylopezus ochroleucus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable in
range. ♣ On ground in woodland, caatinga; esp. in dense
growth. Song: series in 3 parts, 1st ascending, 2nd with
double-noted notes, last 3-noted, sounding like “piupiu-piupiu
tetju tetju tetju tetjutu.” En, R.
119.7 SPECKLE-BREASTED ANTPITTA (Pinto-do-mato)

Hylopezus nattereri L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable in range.
♣ On ground in humid forest, woodland; esp. in dense
growth. Song: short, fairly fast, beautiful, fluted series of
about 10 notes increasing in volume and pitch.
810
119.8 TEPUI ANTPITTA (Torom-de-peito-pardo)
Myrmothera simplex L 6.3 in./16 cm. Differs from 119.9 by
absence of streaks on breast. ♣ Thick undergrowth in dense
forest and woodland; 600–2400 m. Song: rather slow series
of 7–10 well-accentuated, low notes, level at first, last 2–4
somewhat rising.
119.9 THRUSH-LIKE ANTPITTA (Tovaca-patinho)

Myrmothera campanisona L 5.9 in./15 cm. Brownish chest
faintly streaked whitish. ♣ Thick undergrowth of humid forest
up to 800 m. Song: often level series of up to 6–7 low,
hollow notes.
811
Antpittas
812
813
Plate 120
120.1 RUSTY-BELTED (or -bellied) TAPACULO

(Corneteiro-da-mata) Liosceles thoracicus L 7.5 in./19 cm.
Unmistakable. Ssp. dugandi of far NW (a) and widespread
Nom. (b) shown. ♣ On ground in terra firme. Low,
descending, at the end slightly accelerating, leisurely series of
about 7–15 mellow, hooted notes (5 sec).
NOTE: Scytalopus tapaculos: inconspicuous but vocal. Little

or no overlap in range of most species. Juv. brownish overall;
often with some dark scaling; Imm. with brownish, often
dark-scaled rear parts and faint edging to wing coverts.
Taxonomy very complex.
120.2 SERRA DO MAR (or Mouse-colored) TAPACULO.

(Tapaculo-do-espinhaço) Scytalopus speluncae (or notorius)
L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note dark gray underparts of both sexes;
with dark, brown-barred lower flanks. ♣ Dense undergrowth
of humid forest; often in bamboo stands; 1000–2500 m.
Call: sharp, nasal, hurried “jepjepjep”; song: a long, rapid
series of “tjep” notes, sustained for 6–30 sec. En.
814
120.3 PLANALTO TAPACULO Scytalopus pachecoi
(Tapaculo-ferreirinho) L 3.9 in./10 cm. Medium gray below.
Both sexes with dark-barred lower flanks; (not shown)
browner above. ♣ Dense undergrowth of forest, incl.
Araucaria. Up to 1500 m.
NOTE: Next to 120.2 and 120.3 there might be a third species

involved: ESPINHAÇO TAPACULO, with plumage and
song very similar to 120.2, and occurring in Espinhaço Mts.
in Minas Gerais. It may be an undescribed species, or,
possibly, correctly labeled according to systematic rules,
Scytalopus speluncae, in which case 120.2 becomes notorius.
815
120.4 MARSH (or Tall-grass Wetland) TAPACULO
(Macuquinho-da-várzea) Scytalopus iraiensis L 3.9 in./10 cm.
Unbarred flanks. Note habitat. ♣ Treeless wet places with
rushes and grass between 750 and 950 m. Song: long series
of high, hooted, chipped notes, starting slowly and hesitantly,
then gradually accelerating and and rising with a more
staccato quality (may last for > 30 sec). En, R.
120.5 DIAMANTINA TAPACULO

(Tapaculo-da-chapada-diamanina) Scytalopus diamantinensis
L 4.3 in./11 cm. Restricted to the Chapada Diamantina. Not in
range of 120.2 and 120.3. Differs from 120.4 by rufous,
black-barred underparts. ♣ Forest and second growth with
dense layers of dead leaves, fallen stems, ferns, and bamboo;
850–1600 m. En.
816
120.6 BAHIA (or Chestnut-sided) TAPACULO
(Macuquinho-baiano) Scytalopus psychopompus L 4.3 in./11
cm. Differs from 120.7 by range and unbarred flanks. ♣ Thick
vegetation in lowland forest. Voice unknown. En, R,
possibly extinct.
120.7 WHITE-BREASTED TAPACULO (Macuquinho)

Scytalopus indigoticus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note extensive white
underparts. Sexes alike. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid
forest. Up to 1500 m; mainly in highlands in far N part of
range. Song: low, soft, short, upslurred, froglike roll (3
sec). En, R.
817
120.8 BRASILIA TAPACULO (Tapaculo-de-brasília)
Scytalopus novacapitalis L 4.3 in./11 cm. Resembles 120.6
and 120.7, but underparts whitish gray. ♣ Undergrowth of
forest and woodland near water; 800–1000 m. Song:
simple, calm, sustained series of well-separated staccato
“chip” or “chet” notes (about 1 × “chip”/sec). En, R.
120.9 COLLARED CRESCENT-CHEST

(Tapaculo-de-colarinho) Melanopareia torquata L 5.5 in./14
cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Stony cerrado with scattered bush and
low trees. Song: simple repitition of single high, sharp
“tuw” note (1 ×/sec, up to 30 sec).
818
120.10 SLATY BRISTLEFRONT (Entufado) Merulaxis ater
L 7.1 in./18 cm. Plumes diagnostic. Virtually unmistakable,
but cf. 120.11. ♣ Mainly in undergrowth of montane forest
and second growth; 400–1800 m, locally down to 100 m.
Song: starting with a slow series of very high, sharp, stressed
“click” notes (1 ×/sec), followed by a long, chattering laugh,
which starts very high, bounces down, and glides up and
down at the end (10 sec). En, R.
120.11 STRESEMANN’S BRISTLEFRONT

(Entufado-baiano) Merulaxis stresemanni L 7.5 in./19 cm.
Restricted range. from 120.10 by lack of brown tones in
plumage; brighter chestnut-brown below. ♣ Undergrowth
of humid lowland forest. Song: as 120.10, but lower
pitched. En, R.
819
Tapaculos / Crescent-Chest / Bristlefronts
820
821
Plate 121
121.1 WHITE-WINGED COTINGA

(Anambé-de-asa-branca) Xipholena atropurpurea L 7.5 in./19
cm. Not in range of 121.2 and 121.3. ♣ Humid forest; also in
low, often scrubby woodland. Up to 900 m. Call: high,
barking “weh”; does not sing, but wing-whirs. En, R.
121.2 WHITE-TAILED COTINGA

(Anambé-de-rabo-branco) Xipholena lamellipennis L 7.9 in./
20 cm. unmistakable by white tail; probably not
separable from 121.3 (note range). ♣ Canopy of humid
forest up to 400 m. Call: high “wic.” En.
121.3 POMPADOUR COTINGA (Anambé-pompadora)

Xipholena punicea L 7.9 in./20 cm. with dark tail
822
unmistakable in range. rather uniform, unmottled gray
below. ♣ Canopy of humid forest up to 1300 m. Call/song:
high, staccato “weh.”
121.4 SPANGLED COTINGA (Anambé-azul) Cotinga

cayana L 7.9 in./20 cm. Dark eyes and black wings
distinctive. as 121.5, but eyes always dark and with less
ochre below. ♣ Canopy of humid forest up to 600 m.
Silent.
121.5 PLUM-THROATED COTINGA (Cotinga-azul)

Cotinga maynana L 7.5 in./19 cm. Cf. 121.4. may have
dark eyes. ♣ Canopy of forest, esp. várzea. Silent.
823
121.6 PURPLE-BREASTED COTINGA
(Anambé-de-peito-roxo) Cotinga cotinga L 7.1 in./18 cm.
unmistakable by dark cobalt blue color, from 121.4
and 121.5 by distinct scaling and spotting below. ♣ Canopy of
humid forest up to 800 m. Silent.
121.7 PURPLE-THROATED COTINGA

(Cotinga-de-garganta-encarnada) Porphyrolaema
porphyrolaema L 7.1 in./18 cm. unmistakable, with
distinct barring below. ♣ Humid forest up to 400 m. Silent.
824
121.8 BANDED COTINGA (Crejoá) Cotinga maculata L 7.9
in./20 cm. Unmistakable; not in range of 121.4–121.6. ♣
Canopy of humid forest up to 200 m. Occasionally also in
second growth. Silent. En, R.
121.9 BLACK-FACED COTINGA (Anambé-de-carapreta)

Conioptilon mcilhennyi L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by
white-rimmed, black face sides. ♣ Várzea and swampy forest
at lake and river margins. Song: short, surprised-sounding
“wuèèèèh,” gliding up to three notes higher.
121.10 GUIANAN COCK-OF-THE-ROCK (Galo-da-serra)

Rupicola rupicola L 11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Near
rocky outcrops in humid forest up to 1200 m, occasionally
much higher. Call: at lek, downslurred, aggressive “Wèh”
and other hoarse sounds, such as a laborious “èh-uh”; song:
peacocklike “wèèhow,” 1st part upslurred, 2nd shorter and
lower.
825
Cotingas / Cock-of-the-Rock
826
827
Plate 122
122.1 BLACK-NECKED RED-COTINGA

(Saurá-de-pescoço-preto) Phoenicircus nigricollis L 7.9 in./
20 cm. with blackish throat and upperparts unmistakable.
from 122.2 (note range) by redder underparts “Sings”
at lek, along with 5–20 other males, by uttering at intervals a
sneezing “twèh”; also produces cricketlike trill with its wings.
122.2 GUIANAN RED-COTINGA (Saurá) Phoenicircus

carnifex L 7.9 in./20 cm. Brown, not black, mantle and dark
red wings. less bright orange below than 122.1. ♣
Humid forest up to 600 m. Call at dawn: described as
“pee-chew-eet.” At lek, produces mechanical trill produced
by wing whirring.
828
122.3 BLACK-AND-GOLD COTINGA (Saudade) Tijuca
atra L 9.8 in./25 cm. unmistakable. resembles 122.4. ♣
Forest; 1200–2000 m. Song: curious high, sharp, eerie
“suuuuuwíii,” increasing in strength, upslurred midway (4
sec). En, R.
122.4 GRAY-WINGED COTINGA (Saudade-de-asacinza)

Tijuca condita L 9.8 in./25 cm. Brighter below and grayer
face and wings than 122.3. ♣ Forest, woodland; 1350–2000
m. Song: very/extr. high, sharp, slow “tue-twée” or
“t-twée-tee-deedeé.” En, R.
122.5 [RED-BANDED FRUITEATER (Anambé-de-whitely)

Pipreola whitelyi] L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Mossy
forest and dense stunted woodland; 1300–2250 m. Extr.
high (just within ear reach), upslurred, slightly lowered and
829
rising “seeeeeh” as one note or slow trill. Not confirmed in
Brazil, but likely to occur.
122.6 AMAZONIAN UMBRELLABIRD (Anambé-preto)

Cephalopterus ornatus L 19.7 in./50 cm ( ), 15.7 in./40 cm (
). Unmistakable. ♣ Várzea, humid forest and woodland
along rivers. Often near Cecropia trees. Up to 300 m.
Song: strange, very low, exhaled “boooh,” as if from a
didgeridoo.
122.7 CAPUCHINBIRD (Maú) Perissocephalus tricolor L

13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of
humid forest up to 600 m. Song: at lek: series of 3 very low
notes, starting with a long, inhaled, toneless, growling,
“frrrroh,” then an exhaled, drawn-out, bleating “waòòòòòòw,”
and a short, lower “woh” (the total as the weirdest sound you
will ever hear coming from a bird).
830
122.8 WHITE BELLBIRD (Araponga-da-amazônia)
Procnias alba L 11.8 in./30 cm. is unmistakable. Note that
crown of is the same color as mantle and throat, streaked
olive. ♣ Canopy of humid forest up to 1250 m. Song:
2-noted, resounding “dzong-dzíng,” (“dzing” higher)
reminiscent of a gong or the closing of an iron gate.
122.9 BEARDED BELLBIRD (Araponga-do-nordeste)

Procnias averano L 11.8 in./30 cm. virtually unmistakable,
but cf. 122.10. with dusky crown. ♣ Canopy of forest,
woodland. Up to 1900 m. Song: 1-noted, low, loud, sudden
“kRuh.”
831
122.10 BARE-THROATED BELLBIRD (Araponga)
Procnias nudicollis L 11.8 in./30 cm. unmistakable.
with blackish crown. ♣ Canopy of forest up to 1000 m.
Song: 1-noted, high, loud, sudden “kríh,” with the same
quality as described for 122.8. R.
Cotingas / Fruiteater / Umbrellabird / Capuchinbird /

Bellbirds
832
833
Plate 123
123.1 BARE-NECKED FRUITCROW (Anambé-pombo)

Gymnoderus foetidus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable. ♣
Canopy of várzea and humid lowland forest along rivers/
lakes. Silent.
123.2 PURPLE-THROATED FRUITCROW (Anambé-uma)

Querula purpurata L 11.8 in./30 cm. Note pale, stumpy bill
and short legs. No overlap with 123.4. ♣ Humid forest and
second growth up to 750 m.
123.3 CRIMSON FRUITCROW (Anambé-militar)

Haematoderus militaris L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable. ♣
Canopy of humid forest up to 200 m. Call/song: noisy,
high, mellow, nasal, repeated “tjiward.”
834
123.4 RED-RUFFED FRUITCROW (Pavó) Pyroderus
scutatus L 17.7 in./45 cm ( ), 15.7 in./40 cm ( ).
Unmistakable. has darker bill. ♣ Humid forest (incl.
Araucaria), woodland. Up to 1900 m. Song at lek: very
low, pumped-out “voovooh,” as from didgeridoo.
123.5 HELMETED MANAKIN (Soldadinho) Antilophia

galeata L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable. Note enlarged frontlet
and long tail of . ♣ Low levels in river-ine belts, palm
groves, woodland; 500–1000 m. Call/song: high,
“whueEE-pur” (“whueEE” exhaled and gliding-up to a very
high pitch) or nervous, very fast “wudr-wudr-weéte-hweét,”
last part rising very steeply.
835
123.6 ARARIPE MANAKIN (Soldadinho-do-araripe)
Antilophia bokermanni L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable.
Differs from 123.5 by small and different range. ♣ Low levels
in tall, second growth forest at ca. 800 m. Prefers humid
areas. Call: slightly different from 123.5; “widr
weéteh-weét” (1st and 2nd part well separated). En, R.
123.7 PIN-TAILED MANAKIN (Tangarazinho) Ilicura

militaris L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note gray face, dull orange eyes,
and elongated central tail feathers in . ♣ Humid forest and
second growth up to 1400 m; in N part of range not in
lowlands. Call: extr. high, thin, hurried “see-see- -” (“see”
4–6 ×). En.
836
123.8 FLAME-CROWNED (or–crested) MANAKIN
(Coroa-de-fogo) Heterocercus linteatus L 5.5 in./14 cm.
unmistakable in range. resembles 125.9, which see. ♣
Low levels of humid lowland forest.
123.9 YELLOW-CROWNED (or -crested) MANAKIN

(Dançarino-de-crista-amarela) Heterocercus flavivertex L 5.5
in./14 cm. Both sexes with more contrasting gray cheeks than
respective sexes of 123.8 (no overlap), but barely
separable. ♣ Low to mid-levels of várzea and other forests/
woodlands near rivers. Call: 3 parts; extr. high, long,
upslurred “seeee,” exploding “tSIT,” and drawn-out,
gliding-down “seeh,” together as “seeee-tSITseeh.”
837
123.10 [ORANGE-CROWNED MANAKIN
(Dançarino-de-crista-laranja) Heterocercus aurantiivertex] L
5.5 in./14 cm. Very similar to 123.9 (no overlap), but cf.
123.8. ♣ Middle and lower levels in várzea. Song: very
high, slightly falling and rising trill (2–3 sec).
Fruitcrows / Manakins
838
839
Plate 124
124.1 WHITE-TIPPED PLANTCUTTER (Corta-ramos)

Phytotoma rutila L 7.5 in./19 cm. Unmistakable. Note bill
shape. ♣ Accidental in Brazil. Song: strange, toneless
series of 1–5 long “creee” sounds, stressed in the middle (as if
dragging a fingernail over a comb). V.
124.2 SCREAMING PIHA (Cricrió) Lipaugus vociferans L

9.8 in./25 cm. Rather uniform gray. Note upright stance. Cf.
very similar 150.1. ♣ Humid forest up to 500 m. Song:
very characteristic, loud, far-carrying, explosive, lashing
sound, like “Wít-wítjuh” (“tjuh” low-pitched).
124.3 CINNAMON-VENTED PIHA (Tropeiro-da-serra)

Lipaugus lanioides L 9.8 in./25 cm. As 124.2, but wings, tail,
and vent browner. ♣ Montane humid forest between 500 and
840
1000 m, locally higher. Song: low, calm, nasal, staccato
“tu-téhtjuh” or “tutu-téhtjutju”; middle-note higher. En, R.
124.4 ROSE-COLLARED PIHA (Cricrió-de-cinta-vermelha)

Lipaugus streptophorus L 7.9 in./20 cm. unmistakable,
chestnut vent of diagnostic. ♣ Humid forest; 1000–1800 m.
124.5 KINGLET CALYPTURA (Tiet -de-coroa) Calyptura

cristata L 3.1 in./8 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern and
very small size. ♣ Humid forest and second growth up to 900
m. Virtually unknown. Only a single confirmed recent record.
En, R.
841
124.6 SWALLOW-TAILED COTINGA
(Tesourinha-da-mata) Phibalura flavirostris L 7.9 in./20 cm.
Unmistakable by long, forked tail. (not shown) as , but
with lower underparts scaled, not spotted. ♣ Forest borders,
lightly wooded areas, gardens; SL–2000 m. Usually silent.
R.
124.7 SHARPBILL (Araponga-do-horto) Oxyruncus cristatus

L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable by pointed bill, general
coloring, and spotting below. ♣ Upper levels of humid forest;
SL–1100 m. Song: long, calm “fiuuuu--uh,” just audible at
the beginning, then gliding down almost 5 notes.
842
124.8 HOODED BERRYEATER (Corocochó) Carpornis
cucullata L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern.
Note brown back. ♣ Mid-levels to subcanopy of humid forest,
palm groves; 400–1600 m. Song: soft, mellow “wrat?
what-now.” En, R.
124.9 BLACK-HEADED BERRYEATER (Sabiá-pimenta)

Carpornis melanocephala L 7.9 in./20 cm. Differs from 124.8
(which occurs at higher altitudes) by red eyes and plain
olive-green upper-parts. ♣ Mid-levels to subcanopy of humid
forest up to 500 m. Song: high, gliding-down,
indignant-sounding “njauow.” En, R.
843
Plantcutter / Pihas / Calyptura / Cotinga / Berryeaters /
Sharpbill
844
845
Plate 125
125.1 CRIMSON-HOODED MANAKIN

(Uirapuru-vermelho) Pipra aureola L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note
black flanks in . with pale eyes and yellow throat and
belly; inseparable from 125.2 (note range). ♣ Low levels of
várzea, woodland, second growth, mangrove. Below 300 m.
Call: plaintive, gliding-down “eeeuw.”
125.2 BAND-TAILED MANAKIN (Uirapuru-laranja) Pipra

fasciicauda L 4.3 in./11 cm. unmistakable. Note white in
tail. Cf. 125.1. ♣ Low levels of forest, gallery woodland. Up
to 600 m. Song: downslurred, slightly sharp “wieeèr.”
125.3 WIRE-TAILED MANAKIN (Rabo-de-arame) Pipra

filicauda L 4.7 in./12 cm. and unmistakable by tail
wires. ♣ Low levels in riverine belts, streams in open
846
woodland. Below 300 m. Song: downslurred, thin
“wieeèr.”
125.4 GOLDEN-HEADED MANAKIN (Cabeça-de-ouro)

Pipra erythrocephala L 3.5 in./9 cm. unmistakable. as
125.5 (no overlap), but bill usually paler. ♣ Low levels in
humid forest, second growth. Call: e.g., “Tíew” note; song:
series of 6 notes with distinct pause after 4th, like
“Pééterru-tjip prrrtip” (“Péé” higher and stressed).
125.5 RED-HEADED MANAKIN (Cabeça-encarnada) Pipra

rubrocapilla L 3.9 in./10 cm. unmistakable. Small dull
olive overall with very short tail. No overlap with 125.4, but
cf. 125.6. Call/song: hoarse, nasal, level “gekker” or
“krits.”
847
125.6 ROUND-TAILED MANAKIN
(Dançador-de-cauda-graduada) Pipra chloromeros L 4.3 in./
11 cm. Very like 125.5, but tail rounded, not square, and
with yellow, not red, thighs. ♣ Low levels in humid lowland
forest. Song: high, very hurried “Teeh-tje-Zwee-wir-wur”
or other hurried combinations of these notes.
125.7 SCARLET-HORNED MANAKIN

(Dançador-de-crista) Pipra cornuta L 4.7 in./12 cm.
unmistakable. dull, rather long tailed, with slight crest and
flesh-brown legs; cf. 123.10. Song: short combinations of
shrill “sreet,” run-together “titjurrr,” and toneless, grating
“kreekree” in fast series of 4–7 notes.
848
125.8 WHITE-BEARDED MANAKIN (Rendeira) Manacus
manacus L 4.3 in./11 cm. unmistakable. Bright orange (not
pinkish) legs of diagnostic. ♣ Undergrowth of forest,
second growth. Up to 1000 m. Call: very high, rather dry
“kirrp” (repeated with irregular intervals).
125.9 FIERY-CAPPED MANAKIN (Uirapuru-cigarra)

Machaeropterus pyrocephalus L 3.5 in./9 cm. Color of crown
and back diagnostic in . with purplish legs and blurry
streaking below. ♣ Low levels of humid lowland forest,
woodland. Call: very high, sharp, lonely-sounding “plee”
with rather long intervals.
849
125.10 OLIVE MANAKIN (Dançarino-oliváceo) Xenopipo
uniformis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Slightly similar to 123.9 (no
overlap), but cf. 123.8. ♣ Low levels of shrubby forest (incl.
várzea), woodland. Up to 1200 m. Call: extr. high, gliding-up
“wseeeeeé” (< 1 sec).
125.11 BLACK MANAKIN (Pretinho) Xenopipo atronitens

L 5.1 in./13 cm. resembles 135.3, but more thickset and
with stubbier bill. virtually inseparable from 125.10.
♣Woodland, stunted forest on sandy soils, riverine belts.
Calls: varied; e.g., very high, chirping “writ wit wit,” varying
in pitch.
850
Manakins
851
852
Plate 126
126.1 WHITE-CROWNED MANAKIN (Cabeça-branca)

Dixiphia (or Pipra) pipra L 3.9 in./10 cm. Ad.
unmistakable. Note red eyes and grayish face of . ♣ Low
levels in humid forest, second growth. Up to 1500 m. Call:
low, downslurred, nasal “njew.”
126.2 BLUE-CROWNED MANAKIN

(Uirapuru-de-chapéu-azul) Lepidothrix coronata L 3.5 in./9
cm. NW ssp. carbonate (a) and SW caelestipileata (b; as
a) shown. unmistakable in range. Note bright green of
. ♣ Humid forest, second growth, normally below 1000 m.
Call: 2-noted “piRééh,” with toneless or sharp “pi” merged
in “R.”
853
126.3 WHITE-FRONTED MANAKIN (Uirapuru-estrela)
Lepidothrix (or Pipra) serena L 3.5 in./9 cm. Both sexes
resemble 126.4. ♣ Low levels in interior and at edge of humid
forest. Up to 500 m. Call: high, fluted “wuéew.”
126.4 ORANGE-BELLIED (or Tepui) MANAKIN

(Dançador-do-tepui) Lepidothrix (or Pipra) suavissima L 3.5
in./9 cm. from 126.3 by range and no yellow patch on
black breast. from 126.2 (little overlap) by bluish
frontlet. ♣ Low levels of humid forest up to 1800 m. Call:
high, slightly nasal, short “wíh.”
126.5 OPAL-CROWNED MANAKIN (Cabeça-de-prata)

Lepidothrix (or Pipra) iris L 3.5 in./9 cm. Bright green with
yellow belly and pale eyes. Crown bluish in ; pure green (as
shown; W part of range) or blue-tinged (E part of range) in .
No overlap with 126.2, 126.6, and 126.7, but cf. 126.1. ♣
854
Low levels of humid lowland forest (esp. terra firme), second
growth. Call: very (almost extr.) high upslurred “feer,”
repeated with short intervals. En.
126.6 GOLDEN-CROWNED MANAKIN

(Dançador-de-coroa-dourada) Lepidothrix (or Pipra)
vilasboasi L 3.5 in./9 cm. Note tiny range. Crown yellow ( )
or pure green ( ). ♣ Low levels of humid lowland forest. En,
R.
126.7 SNOW-CAPPED (or -crowned) MANAKIN

(Uirapuru-de-chapéu-branco) Lepidothrix (or Pipra) nattereri
L 3.5 in./9 cm. with white crown and rump. Crown of
pure green (N part of range) or blue-tinged (S part of range;
shown). No overlap with 126.5 and 126.6, but cf. 126.1. ♣
Low levels of humid lowland forest; esp. terra firme. Call:
high, slightly grating, steeply ascending “tuWeét.”
855
126.8 BLUE-BACKED MANAKIN (Tangará-falso)
Chiroxiphia pareola L 4.7 in./12 cm. Crown of red (b), but
yellow in far W ssp. regina (a). relatively large with
orange-pink legs (cf. 125.8). Imm. as , but crown red/
yellow. ♣ Undergrowth of humid lowland forest and second
growth. Call/song: varied; e.g., low, strong “tjowtjow---”
(3–5 × “tjow”).
126.9 BLUE (or Swallow-tailed) MANAKIN (Tangará)

Chiroxiphia caudata L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable. Note
elongated central tail feathers in both sexes. Imm. (not
shown) as , but crown red. ♣ Undergrowth of humid forest
and woodland up to 1900 m; only above 500 m in N part of
range. Call: high, short, descending “tjeow” or high, loud,
scratchy “iewiew.”
856
126.10 WHITE-THROATED MANAKIN
(Dançarino-de-garganta-branca) Corapipo gutturalis L 3.5
in./9 cm. unmistakable. Note pale chin and belly of . ♣
Low levels in humid forest up to 1100 m. ♣ Humid forest in
hilly areas. Call: extr. high, thin, drawn-out “seee-o-see.”
Manakins
857
858
Plate 127
127.1 EASTERN STRIPED MANAKIN (Tangará-rajado)

Machaeropterus regulus L 3.5 in./9 cm. Note faint streaking
below. No overlap with 125.9 or 127.2. ♣ Low levels of
humid lowland forest. Call; mid-high, short, catlike “tjew.”
En.
127.2 WESTERN STRIPED MANAKIN Machaeropterus

striolatus (Tangará-riscado) L 3.5 in./9 cm. unmistakable
in range. resembles 125.9, but sides of chest reddish
brown. ♣ Low levels of humid lowland forest. Call: very
high, 2-noted “i-tjúw.”
NOTE: Neopelma Tyrant-Manakins: inconspicuous at low to

mid-levels. Little or no overlap between species, but cf.
131.10 with stronger wing edging and facial pattern. Eye
colors variable and yellow crown streak often not visible.
859
127.3 SAFFRON-CRESTED TYRANT-MANAKIN
(Fruxu-do-carrasco) Neopelma chrysocephalum L 5.1 in./13
cm. Not in range of 127.4–127.7. ♣ Woodland, stunted forest.
Up to 700 m. Call: low, nasal “tjew”; song: strange, low,
hurried, accelerating, nasal “tjuut tjuut-tootoo” (as if blowing
on paper over a comb).
127.4 SULPHUR -BELLIED TYRANT-MANAKIN

(Fruxu-de-barriga-amarela) Neopelma sulphureiventer L 5.1
in./13 cm. Limited contact with whitish-bellied 127.5. ♣
Humid forest, riverine belts with bamboo thickets. Call:
high, slightly nasal “weét”; song: hoarse, 2-noted “vrít-je.”
127.5 PALE-BELLIED TYRANT-MANAKIN

(Fruxu-do-cerrad o) Neopelma pallescens L 5.5 in./14 cm.
Only Neopelma with creamy white (not clearly yellowish)
belly. ♣ Woodland, riverine belts. Up to 700 m. Call:
860
hurried “rutrut---,” “rut 1–7 ×, each upslurred: song: series of
1 long and 2 short hoarse, froglike “wreh-wrawra” notes.
127.6 WIED’S TYRANT-MANAKIN (Fruxu-baiano)

Neopelma aurifrons L 5.1 in./13 cm. Differs from 127.7 (note
range and habitat) by shorter tail and less conspicuous crown
streak. ♣ Interior of humid forest; occasionally at edge. Up to
1000 m. Song: yodeling “yo-deé-wo-dée,” 1st “dee” (or
“tjiw”) much higher, 2nd slightly higher. En, R.
127.7 SERRA DO MAR TYRANT-MANAKIN (Fruxu)

Neopelma chrysolophum L 5.1 in./13 cm. Cf. 127.6. ♣ Second
growth, denser woodland, forest edge. Avoids forest interior;
1150–1800 m. Song: series of random, of well-separated
notes, such as a slow, staccato “rih-tjew-tjew-tjuh,” “rrítju”
(“rr” stressed), “tjuwtju,”or “vrrrrrú.” En.
861
127.8 CINNAMON (Neopipo or) MANAKIN-TYRANT
(Enferrujadinho) Neopipo cinnamomea L 3.5 in./9 cm. From
141.10 by gray legs, shorter tail, and crown-patch (often not
visible). ♣ Terra firme up to 1000 m. Call: very high, thin,
gliding-down “seeeu”; song: long series of extr. high “fee”
notes, 1st few notes slightly rising in pitch and strength, then
gradually descending (5–7 sec).
127.9 DWARF TYRANT-MANAKIN (Uirapuruzinho)

Tyranneutes stolzmanni L 3.5 in./9 cm. Tiny, dull, with very
short tail and pale eyes. Cf. 127.10 and manakins on Pl. 125
and 126. ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid lowland forest,
mainly interior of terra firme. Call: very high, hurried
“prutrut---” (3–6 × “rut”); song: curt “zweeh-wít” (“wít”
much higher) or “zweeh-dewít.”
862
127.10 TINY TYRANT-MANAKIN
(Uirapuruzinho-do-norte) Tyranneutes virescens L 3.1 in./8
cm. Very like 127.9 (limited contact), but eyes brown, even
shorter tailed and with yellow crown-patch. Cf. manakins
on Pl. 125 and 126. ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid lowland
forest, mainly interior of terra firme. Call/song: high, short,
nasal shiver “wee-de-weet” or quick “better delete.”
Manakins / Tyrant-Manakins / Neopipo
863
Plate 128
864
128.1 BLACK-CAPPED (Manakin or) PIPRITES
(Caneleirinho-de-chapéu-preto) Piprites pileata L 4.7 in./12
cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Atlantic forest; often Araucaria;
900–2000 m. Call: very high, nasal “tjew” or low
grumbling “tut tut - -”; song: series starting with slow, short
“tjew,” then high, ringing, hurried “tjeetjee--tju-uh” (“tjee”
4–5 ×, “tju” lower, weak “uh” slightly higher again). R.
128.2 WING-BARRED PIPRITES (Papinho-amarelo)

Piprites chloris L 5.1 in./13 cm. Several sspp.: W tshudii (a)
and NE clorion (b) shown. No yellow lores or eyering in SE.
Note manakinlike shape, yellow throat, wing pattern, and
grayish ear coverts. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid forest and
second growth. Up to 1000 m; locally to 1700 m. Song:
low, smooth series of “hoot” notes, after 4–5 hoots interupted
by slightly ascending “diderick,” together as
“hoot-hoot--diderick-hoot-hoot.”
865
128.3 RINGED ANTPIPIT (Estalador-do-norte) Corythopis
torquatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable in most of range by
jizz and black (brown in Juv.) chest, but cf. 128.4 (limited
contact) with more olive ear coverts and back slightly
browner. ♣ On or near the ground in humid forest to 1400 m.
Song: very high, calm “tueet tueet,” each “tueet” slightly
downslurred.
128.4 SOUTHERN ANTPIPIT (Estalador) Corythopis

delalandi L 5.5 in./14 cm. Cf. 128.3. ♣ On or near the ground
in forest, woodland up to 1000 m. Song: very high, short,
calm, sweet series “weeh-rrrwee-wurr-wiwi” (“rrr” very
short, canarylike trills).
128.5 CORRENDERA PIPIT (Caminheiro-de-espora) Anthus

correndera L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note strong streaking of chest
and flanks and bold pair of whitish streaks on back. ♣
Pastures, fields, wetlands, grassy roadsides. Song: in
866
hovering flight, cheerful, unstructured series of twittering,
like “fitfit-wrrrruh,” “fit-frit-oh-frút,” and
“fit-fritoh-wrrrrruh---” (“wrrruh” as toneless, nasal trill).
128.6 SHORT-BILLED PIPIT (Caminheiro-de-unha-curta)

Anthus furcatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Differs from 128.7 by scalier
(less streaky) mantle, virtual lack of streaks on flanks,
stronger malar, and strongly spotted breast contrasting with
whitish belly. ♣ Open areas with short grass. Song: in
flight, very high, slightly varied “writ
tjitji-vrrrrruh-tjuwtjuw--” (“writ” separated from subsequent
notes).
128.7 HELLMAYR’S PIPIT

(Caminheiro-de-barriga-acanelada) Anthus hellmayri L 5.5
in./14 cm. Finest breast streaking of all pipits. Note sparse
streaks on flank and buff-tinged belly. ♣ Dry, rocky areas,
pastures, fields. Up to 2200 m. Song: from post or in flight,
867
e.g., very/extr. high, short, hurried twitter ending in a nasal
drawn-out note, together as “tritfitwitweét-tritfitwit-srèèh,”
given in 2–3 sec intervals.
128.8 YELLOWISH PIPIT (Caminheiro-zumbidor) Anthus

lutescens L 5.1 in./13 cm. Only pipit in most of its range.
Small with diagnostic yellow-tinged underparts. Streaking on
underparts mostly restricted to chest; buff streaks on back. ♣
Prefers very short grass in hot open country, lakesides and
riversides, agricultural land. Song: in flight, during ascend
silent, when gliding back to ground, nasal, slightly
cross-sounding, “sjiieeuuw,” starting very high and thin,
lowered and becoming nasal.
128.9 OCHRE-BREASTED PIPIT (Caminheiro-grande)

Anthus nattereri L 5.5 in./14 cm. Rich ochre breast
contrasting with whitish belly diagnostic. ♣ Open areas,
grassland, fields, pastures. Up to 900 m; locally higher.
868
Song: in flight, very high, sharp, twittering series in 3–6
slightly lowered groups of notes without intervals, ending in a
gliding-down “èèèh-èèèh-èèèh.” R.
Piprites / Antpipits / Pipits
869
Plate 129
870
129.1 VARZEA (or Greater) (Mourner or) SCHIFFORNIS
(Flautim-ruivo) Schiffornis major L 5.9 in./15 cm. Amount of
gray in face varyies. More thickset, shorter billed, and less
upright stance than Atillas (Pl. 151). ♣ Várzea up to 300 m.
Song: high, slow, fluted “pjúh puéet,” like a wolf whistle.
129.2 THRUSH-LIKE (Mourner or) SCHIFFORNIS

(Flautim-marrom) Schiffornis turdina L 6.3 in./16 cm. Rather
featureless; mainly detected by voice. Note large eye.
Resembles a large, long-tailed, brownish olive manakin. Cf.
123.10, 125.10, and 129.3. ♣ Low levels in interior of humid
forest. Up to 1000 m. Note: A recent study shows that in
Brazil, 3 very similar species of Schiffornis are involved,
differing mainly in voice: S. veraepacis (NW Brazil), S.
amazona (W Amazonia, song: slow, drawn-out
“tiuuh-tuweet,” 1st part gliding down, 2nd part 2-toned with
“weet” much higher and stressed), and S. turdina (SE
Amazonia and E Brazil).
871
129.3 GREENISH (Mourner or) SCHIFFORNIS (Flautim)
Schiffornis virescens L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note contrasting
rufescent wings and tail, unlike 126.9 and 129.2; at higher
elevation of 129.2 in area of contact. ♣ Low levels of humid
forest, second growth, riverine belt. Up to 1200 m. Song:
variations of very high, thin “tjuuh-witwée” (1st part low and
drawn out; 2nd part with 2 decisive, short notes; last one
highest).
129.4 CINEREOUS MOURNER (Chorona-cinza) Laniocera

hypopyrra L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note yellow eye rim. Wing spots
diagnostic. May have yellow or orange tufts on sides of
breast. ♣ Lower levels of humid forest and woodland Song:
very high, sharp, repeated “usjowée”; “jo” sounding like a
short grace note, “wée” rising as if forcefully exhaled.
129.5 BUFF-THROATED PURPLETUFT (Anambezinho)

Iodopleura pipra L 3.5 in./9 cm. Unmistakable by coloring
872
and size. Often perches on tree tops (as do 129.6 and 129.7).
♣ Canopy of humid forest, second growth, plantations. Up to
1000 m. Song: extr. high “weeh-zwee,” 1st note slightly
higher and longer. En, R.
129.6 DUSKY PURPLETUFT (Anambé-fusco) Iodopleura

fusca L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note white rump band, vent, and
central streak from breast to belly. Cf. 76.9. ♣ Canopy of
humid lowland forest. Often in tops of bare trees. Voice
probably as 129.7.
129.7 WHITE-BROWED PURPLETUFT

(Anambé-de-coroa) Iodopleura isabellae L 4.7 in./12 cm.
Dark with white rump band and stripe on central underparts.
Cf. 76.9. ♣ Canopy of humid lowland forest. Often in tops of
bare trees. Song: extr. high, upslurred “seewee” or single
“see.”
873
129.8 BLACK-TAILED TITYRA
(Anambé-brancao-de-rabo-preto) Tityra cayana L 7.9 in./20
cm. Two sspp.: N and W Nom. (a, shown; as b) and
widespread braziliensis (b, , ). Cf. 129.9. ♣ Canopy of
forest, woodland, second growth, plantations. Up to 1100 m.
Call: curious, dry, toneless series of 1–3 minirattles, like
“rrru.”
129.9 MASKED TITYRA

(Anambé-branco-de-máscara-negra) Tityra semifasciata L 7.9
in./20 cm. from 129.8 by white tail tip and less black
head. lacks streaking. ♣ Canopy of forest, woodland,
second growth, plantations. Lowlands. Call: dry
minirattles, like “rrri.”
874
129.10 BLACK-CROWNED TITYRA
(Anambé-branco-de-bochecha-parda) Tityra inquisitor L 7.9
in./20 cm. Lack of red to bill diagnostic. Note cinnamon face
of . ♣ Canopy of humid forest at edge and clearings, várzea,
plantations. Call: dry minirattles, like “krrru.”
Schiffornises / Mourner / Purpletufts / Tityras
875
Plate 130
876
130.1 SHRIKE-LIKE COTINGA (or Elegant Mourner)
(Chibante) Laniisoma elegans L 7.1 in./18 cm. Basically
unmistakable by black-scalloped yellow underparts. Note
black cap of . ♣ Humid forest, mature second growth;
100–900 m. Song: extr. high, downslurred “piiiieh,”
repeated with slightly varying pitch and intervals. R.
130.2 WHITE-NAPED XENOPSARIS (Tijerila) Xenopsaris

albinucha L 5.1 in./13 cm. Differs from 130.8 (note range)
by more slender jizz, whiter underparts, and, often,
brown-tinged wings. ♣ Caatinga, dry riverine belts, open
areas with scattered trees. Up to 550 m. Song: extr. high,
thin, short, drawn-out, partly trilled twittering.
130.3 GREEN-BACKED BECARD (Caneleiro-verde)

Pachyramphus viridis L 5.9 in./15 cm. N ssp. griseigularis (a,
and without yellow collar) and Nom. (b, rest of range in
877
Brazil). Virtually unmistakable, but cf. 154.4. ♣ Humid
forest, woodland, riverine belts, areas with scattered trees. Up
to 1000 m. Song: starting abruptly and hurried, then
ascending and slightly decelerating series of 10–15
“dee-dee---” notes or series of ascending “jeh-weé - -” (6–20
×).
130.4 CHESTNUT-CROWNED BECARD (Caneleiro)

Pachyramphus castaneus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Gray band from
eye to nape diagnostic ♣ Forest, woodland, riverine belts,
plantations. Up to 1000 m, locally higher. Call: extr. high,
slightly gliding up and down “tuuit” notes; song: simple
series of 4–5 very high “weeu---” notes without intervals.
130.5 WHITE-WINGED BECARD (Caneleiro-preto)

Pachyramphus polychopterus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Two groups:
Amazonian nigriventris group (a; wing-pattern as b in most
of range) and E and S Nom. group (b). Note black back,
878
white tail tips, and gray not extending clearly above eye in .
with rufescent tail tips and wing edging. Cf. 130.6 and
antshrikes (Pl. 104) with less black crown and different
behavior. ♣ Rather open woodland, borders of lowland forest,
second growth, riverine belts, mangrove. Normally below
1500 m, but sometimes higher. Song: high, mellow,
waderlike “tih ti-ti-tjuh” (ti-ti-” higher) or
“tjew-tjew-tjew-tjeé.”
130.6 BLACK-CAPPED BECARD (Caneleiro-bordado)

Pachyramphus marginatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. from 130.5b
by gray extending over eyes as supraloral and mantle usually
mottled (rarely all black). from 130.5 by rufous crown
(at most tinged brown in 130.5). ♣ Canopy in interior of
humid forest and second growth. Up to 1000 m. Song:
clear “wuh-weet-ohweé”; “weet” slightly higher and “weé”
much higher and stressed.
879
130.7 GLOSSY-BACKED BECARD (Caneleiro-da-guiana)
Pachyramphus surinamus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Bicolored and
rufous-winged and -crowned unmistakable. ♣ Canopy of
forest and adjacent clearings. Up to 300 m. Song: very
high, rather sharp “wuh-wheéé-wuwuweé”; “wheéé” stressed
at end and “wu” voiced 3–6 ×.
130.8 CINEREOUS BECARD (Caneleiro-cinzento)

Pachyramphus rufus L 5.1 in./13 cm. resembles 130.2.
distinctive, but cf. 129.1 and Atillas (Pl. 151). ♣ Forest
borders, woodland, semiopen areas with scattered trees.
Song: very high series of “tu” notes as a sharp, descending
almost-trill, ending in rising, stressed “tuwít” (2 sec).
130.9 PINK-THROATED BECARD (Caneleiro-pequeno)

Pachyramphus minor L 6.7 in./17 cm. distinctive; from
130.10 by grayish mantle. ♣ Upperstory of terra firme;
880
occasionally also in várzea. Up to 800 m. Call: very/extr.
high “pweep” and other nasal notes, like “tju-tjuw” (1st “tju”
higher, 2nd lower); song: very high, fast, descending, dry
“prrrruh” trill.
130.10 CRESTED (or Plain) BECARD

(Caneleiro-de-chapéu-preto) Pachyramphus validus L 7.1 in./
18 cm. large and 2-toned; has rufous back. ♣ Woodland,
forest borders, plantations. Up to 2000 m. Song: rather
silent; sometimes unstructured series of extr./very high, sharp
rolling and strident “see” notes.
Mourner / Xenopsaris / Becards
881
Plate 131
882
131.1 PLANALTO TYRANNULET (Piolhinho) Phyllomyias
fasciatus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Three sspp.: Nom. (a; C part of
range), brevirostris (b; SE part of range) and cearae (not
shown; N part of range; resembles a, but duller). Note short,
stubby, all-black bill (131.2–131.4 have base of lower
mandible pale). Crown duskier or grayer than mantle. ♣
Humid forest, woodland, riverine belts; SL–1800 m, most
frequent at 500–800 m. Song: differs regionally; in SE a
slow series of 3–4 slightly descending, plaintive “puh-puh- -”
minor-key notes; elsewhere slightly higher-pitched and more
distinctly descending series of 3 more major-keyed notes.
131.2 ROUGH-LEGGED TYRANNULET

(Piolhinho-chiador) Phyllomyias burmeisteri L 4.3 in./11 cm.
Relatively thick, short bill with at least base of lower
mandible pale. Crown slightly duller olive than back. Cf.
131.1 and 131.4. ♣ Humid forest, mainly montane. Call/
song: very/extr. high, sharp “tu-weet” or level/slightly
descending “tweet-tweet- -” (up to 9 ×, 3 × “tweet”/sec).
883
131.3 REISER’S TYRANNULET (Piolhinho-do-grot o)
Phyllomyias reiseri L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note yellow ear coverts
and gray-tinged crown. Bill as in 131.4. ♣ Dry forest, riverine
belts.
131.4 GREENISH TYRANNULET (Piolhinho-verdoso)

Phyllomyias virescens L 4.7 in./12 cm. Short, stubby bill with
pale base to lower mandible. Very like 131.3 (note range), but
crown and ear coverts olive. Wing bars bolder than in 131.1
and 131.2; chest also less olive than in 131.2. ♣ Humid forest
and second growth up to 1000 m. Song: high, sharp, very
short, nervous, twittering almost-trill (level, slightly rising or
lowering, then rising); also low, chattered, fast “piurrr.”
884
131.5 GRAY-CAPPED TYRANNULET (Piolhinho-serrano)
Phyllomyias griseocapilla L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note gray head
and yellow flanks. ♣ Humid forest and second growth;
750–1850 m, locally down to sea level. Call: high, clear,
drawn-out, rising “weeeew”; song: short series of 1–4 high,
clear, whistled “weew- -” notes. En, R.
131.6 SOOTY-HEADED TYRANNULET

(Piolhinho-de-cabeça-cinza) Phyllomyias griseiceps L 3.9 in./
10 cm. Dark sooty crown. Note wing pattern with white
restricted to edges of tertials and secondaries. ♣ Edge and
clearings of lowland forest. Song: very high, short, slightly
descending, hurried “wit wit-didurip” (1st “wit” slightly
higher and distinctly separated).
885
131.7 FOREST ELAENIA (Maria-pechim) Myiopagis
gaimardii L 4.7 in./12 cm. Differs from 131.8 by olive face
sides and neck. Note horizontal stance. ♣ Forest, riverine
belts, woodland. Up to 1000 m or higher. Call/song:
varied; e.g., very high, upslurred “pssweeét.”
131.8 GRAY ELAENIA (Guaracava-cinzenta) Myiopagis

caniceps L 4.7 in./12 cm. Stance like 131.1. Two sspp.: W
cinerea (a, , shown; often with olive back) and S and
E Nom. (b, shown; resembles a). of both sspp.
distinctive. resembles 131.7. ♣ Várzea and terra firme up
to 1200 m. Song: series of varying length, starting with 2–4
single/extr. high notes, then gliding down and accelerating to
a long trill, slowing down and often finishing with some
up-and-down, lilting notes (3–9 sec).
886
131.9 YELLOW-CROWNED ELAENIA
(Guaracava-de-penacho-amarelo) Myiopagis flavivertex L 5.1
in./13 cm. Differs from 131.10 by yellowish wing bars. ♣
Lower levels in várzea up to 300 m. Song: very high,
sometimes fast, loud series, starting with a very high,
sweeping note, followed by a short downslurred shiver
(“srrr”), then decelerating to “wee-tju,” the total as “chee
srrrr-wee-tju.”
131.10 GREENISH ELAENIA

(Guaracava-de-crista-alaranjada) Myiopagis viridicata L 5.1
in./13 cm. Note lack of wing bars. ♣ Woodland, esp. near
streams and clearings, riverine belts, plantations; occasionally
in humid forest; SL–1100 m or higher. Song: simple series
of 4–5 very high “feé-oh-weé wit” notes, last one lower
pitched (and missing in call).
887
Tyrannulets / Elaenias
888
Plate 132
889
132.1 YELLOW-BELLIED ELAENIA
(Guaracava-de-barriga-amarela) Elaenia flavogaster L 6.7 in./
17 cm. Striking bushy crest often divided in middle, revealing
white. Belly bright or dull yellow. Cf. similar-sized 132.2 and
smaller 132.8 and 132.10. ♣ Open woodland, second growth,
savanna, scrubby river edges. Up to 1500 m. Noisy. Call:
shrieking “sreeuw”; song: long, hurried series with rather
unstructured and repetitive notes, such as “wiwí-pèèè- -”; 1st
part rather sharp, last part nasal and lower.
132.2 LARGE ELAENIA (Guaracava-grande) Elaenia

spectabilis L 7.1 in./18 cm. Differs from 132.1 by 3rd wing
bar and by smaller crest without white. ♣ Clearings and edges
of forest, riverine belts, thickets. Call: loud, downslurred
“Piuw”; song: high, rapid “t-Wrí-oh-wri” (“Wri” higher and
stressed).
890
132.3 NORONHA ELAENIA (Cocoruta) Elaenia ridleyana
L 6.7 in./17 cm. No similar bird on Noronha. ♣ Scrub,
woodland, gardens. Call: varied; e.g., high, descending
“tUuuw” in series with 1.5-sec intervals. En, R.
132.4 WHITE-CRESTED ELAENIA

(Guaracava-de-crista-branca) Elaenia albiceps L 5.9 in./15
cm. Not safely separable from 132.5. ♣ Scrub, woodland,
gardens. Call: strong, very high, “Wiuuw” or Wijuuw” (1st
part stressed and higher). Generally silent in Brazil.
132.5 SMALL-BILLED ELAENIA

(Guaracava-de-bico-curto) Elaenia parvirostris L 5.9 in./15
cm. Similar to 132.4. Both have whitish (not yellowish)
mid-belly, grayish chest often tinged olive, bold whitish
eyering, and little or no crest. Sp. 132.4 usually has two wing
bars and white streak on crown visible; 132.5 usually has
three wing bars and crown streak often hidden, but these
891
variable in both. Cf. 132.6. ♣ Clearings and edges of forest
and woodland. Also in suburbs. Mainly in lowlands. Call:
varied; dry “tjip” or chipping “Tjuw” or “ti-sjuw”; song:
hurried, strong “Wee-dr-dee-wuh”note, for example (2nd note
a roll; “Wee” much higher and “wuh” slightly higher).
132.6 OLIVACEOUS ELAENIA (Tuque) Elaenia mesoleuca

L 5.9 in./15 cm. No white crown stripe, unlike 132.4 and
132.5. Unlike 132.4 and 132.5, breast more olive than gray. ♣
Interior and borders of humid forest, second growth,
woodland; SL–2000 m. Call/song: clapping “Vrih” or
“Vri-der,” single or in series.
132.7 BROWNISH ELAENIA (Guaracava-do-rio) Elaenia

pelzelni L 7.1 in./18 cm. Browner and with less distinct wing
bars than 132.2 ♣ Tall tree stands along rivers. Up to 200 m.
892
132.8 PLAIN-CRESTED ELAENIA
(Guaracava-de-topete-uniforme) Elaenia cristata L 5.9 in./15
cm. High crest (without white) often erect. Not found outside
savanna habitat. ♣ Scrub, open woodland, cerrado. Up to
1500 m. Call: downslurred “zèr”; song: raspy
“zree-zree-zuzu” or “zreeeh dudu” and variations thereof.
132.9 RUFOUS-CROWNED ELAENIA

(Guaracava-de-topete-vermelho) Elaenia ruficeps L 5.9 in./15
cm. Note small rufous patch on hindcrown and streaking
below. ♣ Stunted forest, savanna with sparse palms and bush,
riverine belts, cerrado. Up to 1000 m and higher. Call:
energetic, rapid “tji-tji-rrrrr” and other rattles and trills as
main part of series that often start with downslurred
“Wée-of-.”
893
132.10 LESSER ELAENIA (Chibum) Elaenia chiriquensis L
5.5 in./14 cm. Similar to 132.1, but smaller, belly always dull
yellowish, and undivided crest shorter (often held flat,
causing a squared-off hindcrown where white is hidden). Also
cf. 132.8. ♣ Dry scrub, cerrado, riverine belts, plantations,
cultivated areas. Up to 2000 m. Call:e.g., very high “wíew”
or “tjinéw”; song: very high, sharp, hurried “tju-wee
tju-weederwee” (all “wee” notes higher).
Elaenias
894
Plate 133
895
133.1 HIGHLAND ELAENIA (Tuc o) Elaenia obscura L
6.3 in./16 cm. Note short, stubby bill and round head. Differs
from 132.2 by more olive, less grayish underparts. ♣
Undergrowth of humid forest and forest patches, second
growth; SL–2000 m. Call: nasal “rrree”; song: high,
melodious “the-weedrrr-wee-der-weé”; most prominent is the
short roll “drrr” and the higher pitched “wee” at the end.
133.2 SIERRAN ELAENIA (Guaracava-serrana) Elaenia

pallatangae L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note narrow white streak on
crown. Differs from 132.4 by rather uniform yellow
underparts. ♣ Clearings and edge of humid forest, second
growth, stunted scrub at exposed spots; 1500–3000 m.
Call: very/extr. high “sreeh.”
133.3 GREAT ELAENIA (Guaracava-gigante) Elaenia dayi

L 7.9 in./20 cm. Dark; largest elaenia; note round head. ♣
896
Montane humid forest, woodland, and scrub. No map shown;
common at top of Mt. Roraima.
133.4 SUIRIRI FLYCATCHER (Suiriri-cinzento) Suiriri

suiriri L 6.3 in./16 cm. Three sspp.: white-bellied S Nom.
Chaco Suiriri (a), yellow-bellied E and C affinis Campo
Suiriri (b), and NE bahiae (not shown; as b, but rump not
pale). Note stubby all-black bill and gray head. Cf. 133.5 and
smaller 134.7–134.9. ♣ Open woodland, cerrado, dry savanna
with some tall scrub. Call: sharp, nasal “tjef -tjef- -”; song:
excited chattering in duet, based on low “chet” notes and high
“tjuw” notes.
133.5 CHAPADA FLYCATCHER (Suiriri-da-chapada)

Suiriri islerorum L 6.3 in./16 cm. Differs from 133.4b by
much broader, pale tail tip and shorter bill. Pairs lift wings
during display (unlike 133.4). ♣ Cerrado and areas with tall
897
grass. Up to 750 m. Song: duet, based on high, nasal
“tu-reét” notes and very high “mew” notes.
133.6 YELLOW TYRANNULET (Marianinha-amarela)

Capsiempis flaveola L 4.3 in./11 cm. Looks yellow overall,
but in NW Brazil with white throat. ♣ Dense thickets and
bamboo at edges and in clearings of forest, woodland,
lake-sides, overgrown pastures, plantations, mangrove. Up to
1500 m. Song: high, level or slightly upslurred “trrrrri” trill
(1–2 sec); also excited cackling, often in duet.
133.7 BEARDED TACHURI (Papa-moscas-canela)

Polystictus pectoralis L 3.5 in./9 cm. distinctly marked.
from (133.10) by shorter bill and less contrasting throat. ♣
Dry open areas, savanna with some scrub, cerrado. Song:
perched or in display flight, very high, thin series of about 3
898
“see sisi” notes, ending in an odd, low, toneless, very short
“krrak,” together as “see sisi-krrak.” R.
133.8 GRAY-BACKED TACHURI

(Papa-moscas-de-costas-cinzentas) Polystictus superciliaris L
3.9 in./10 cm. Distinct color pattern. ♣ Rocky, shrubby
grassland, deserted pastures; 900–2300 m. Call: series of
thin, compact “eeh-uk”; song: nervous, sustained “tititi---”
interrupted by toneless “purrrrrr” trill. En, R.
133.9 TAWNY-CROWNED PYGMY-TYRANT

(Barulhento) Euscarthmus meloryphus L 3.9 in./10 cm.
Rather plain, but crown coloring diagnostic. ♣ Arid scrub,
thickets, woodland edges. Mostly from SL–1500 m,
sometimes higher. Call: sharp, very fast “widereet” or
explosive “tiwt,” frequently repeated.
899
133.10 RUFOUS-SIDED PYGMY-TYRANT
(Maria-corruíra) Euscarthmus rufomarginatus L 4.3 in./11
cm. White throat contrasts with rufous flanks and yellowish
central belly. ♣ Cerrado and open savanna up to 1000 m.
Call/song: sustained, toneless, fast, dry rattling “pe-títrrrut - -”
or “tit-tit-tit-rrrut” (“tit-tit” staccato). R.
Elaenias / Flycatchers / Tyrannulet / Tachurises /

Pygmy-Tyrants
900
901
Plate 134
134.1 YELLOW-CROWNED TYRANNULET (Maria-teviu)

Tyrannulus elatus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note gray head (incl.
cheeks) and stubby all-black bill. ♣ Humid forest, second
growth, woodland, plantations, suburbs. Up to 1200 m.
Song: 2-noted, clear, plaintive “wih-weér” (or “free beer”),
2nd note higher, shorter, and stressed.
134.2 WHITE-LORED TYRANNULET

(Poiaeiro-de-sobrancelha) Ornithion inerme L 3.1 in./8 cm.
Striking white wing bars composed of drop -shaped spots. ♣
Several types of humid forest, including várzea between SL
and 1000 m. Call/song: varied; e.g., very high, level,
accelerating series of 4–7 thin “wit” notes, or a descending
“widirrruh” trill.
902
134.3 SOUTHERN BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET
(Risadinha) Camptostoma obsoletum L 3.9 in./10 cm. Small
and active. Four sspp.: widespread Nom/cinerascens (a, with
head grayer than back, whitish yellow underparts and
cinnamon to yellowish white wing bars) and N and W
olivaceum/napaeum (b, little or no contrast between head and
back, yellow underparts and yellow to white wing bars). Bill
rather thick with at least base of lower mandible pale. Bushy
crest usually raised and tail often cocked. ♣ Wide variety of
open habitats, incl. woodland and towns. Usually avoids
interior of forest. Up to 2000 m. Song: varied; e.g., a very
high, rapid, slightly descending series of “slee” notes as
“slee-slee---” (2 sec).
134.4 WHITE-THROATED TYRANNULET

(Alegrinho-de-garganta-branca) Mecocerculus leucophrys L
4.7 in./12 cm. Characteristic vertical stance with long tail.
Note wing pattern. ♣ Montane forest and shrub, mainly above
1300 m. Song: hurried, very short rattles and “pit” notes,
normally in unstructured series.
903
134.5 SOOTY TYRANNULET (Jo o-pobre) Serpophaga
nigricans L 4.7 in./12 cm. No similar tyrannulet in its range.
Appears rather uniform grayish, browner above. Often pumps
tail. ♣ At low levels in various open habitats, mainly near
water. Song: dry trill, preceded by “tú-wut” or very high,
strident “Weet-tutdrr” (“Weet” forcefully descending).
134.6 RIVER TYRANNULET (Alegrio-do-rio) Serpophaga

hypoleuca L 4.3 in./11 cm. As 134.5, but lores white and
underparts paler; no overlap in ranges. ♣ Low scrub along
rivers and in flood plains. Up to 200 m, locally higher.
Song: series of very high, strong, hurried, happy-sounding
twitters.
904
134.7 WHITE-CRESTED TYRANNULET (Alegrinho)
Serpophaga subcristata L 4.3 in./11 cm. Belly pale yellow.
Normally shows some white between black stripes on crown.
♣ Edges of lowland forest, woodland, riverine belts, cerrado,
plantations, pastures; SL–2000 m. Song: very high, thin,
up-and-down series of “teh “notes separating short “tdrrr”
rolls; also very high, slightly meandering rattles (4–5 sec).
134.8 WHITE-BELLIED TYRANNULET

(Alegrinho-de-barriga-branca) Serpophaga munda L 4.3 in./
11 cm. Similar to 134.7, but belly white. Compare 137.7. ♣
Scrub and woodland, agricultural land. Up to 2800 m in Br
season, in N-br season in lowlands. Song: rapid, dry,
staccato, slightly up-and-down series of “dzip”-, “sit”- and
“djup” notes, often with bouncing quality.
905
134.9 GRAY-CROWNED TYRANNULET
(Alegrinho-trinador) Serpophaga/Inezia sp. L 4.3 in./11 cm.
Extr. similar to 134.7, but with less white and black on crown
(this is often hidden in both species). ♣ Woodland, shrub.
Note: Often referred to as Serpophaga griseiceps, but actually
represents an undescribed species (2007). R.
134.10 MOUSE-COLORED TYRANNULET (Bagageiro)

Phaeomyias murina L 4.7 in./12 cm. Inconspicuous.
Resembles smaller 134.3a, but lacks crest; eyebrow more
prominent (cf. 142.10) and upperparts browner. Pale base to
lower mandible, unlike 133.4 and 137.5. ♣ Arid scrub,
cerrado, woodland, riverine belts, suburbs, mangrove.
Song: varied; e.g., very high, strident, sweeping “tuWEEt”
(“WEEt” often without “tu”; ascending several pitches).
906
Tyrannulets
907
908
Plate 135
135.1 CRESTED DORADITO (Tricolino) Pseudocolopteryx

sclateri L 4.3 in./11 cm. Three wing bars and white streak
through bushy crest. ♣ Reeds and other tall vegetation at
water up to 500 m. Call: mellow “wik wik”; song: very
high, liquid “wic-wic-wic- -.”
135.2 WARBLING DORADITO (Amarelinho-do-junco)

Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note rufous
tinge to crown. ♣ Marshes with reed beds. On migration also
in other tall, weedy vegetation. Call: unstructured series of
low, nasal, squeaky “cu-bic cu-wik - -” notes.
135.3 SUBTROPICAL DORADITO (Tricolino-oliváceo)

Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis L 4.7 in./12 cm. Brighter green
than 135.2 and 135.4 and in different range. ♣ Reeds, marsh,
909
riverine shrub, fields, pastures. Below 700 m outside breeding
season. V.
135.4 DINELLI’S DORADITO (Tricolino-pardo)

Pseudocolopteryx dinelliana L 4.7 in./12 cm. Very similar to
135.2, but differs by more uniform brownish upperparts. ♣
Marsh and shrub up to 500 m. Song: low, soft “tideritzit
tiderit-zit - -” sounding like a wooden rattle, except last extr.
high “zit.” V.
135.5 LESSER WAGTAIL-TYRANT (Papa-moscas-do-sert

o) Stigmatura napensis L 5.1 in./13 cm. NW Nom. shown (a)
and smaller NE ssp. bahiae (b, with reduced white at tail
tips). Differs from similar 135.6 by size, white (not dark) base
of undertail, browner (less gray) upper-parts and duller, more
buffy yellow underparts. ♣ Grassy and brushy areas near
rivers, mainly river islands. Form b in NE in arid scrub. Up to
910
500 m. Call: high, sharp “Peeh”; song: often in duet;
tjilping “Pée-tjer-tjírp,” repeated in rapid series.
135.6 GREATER WAGTAIL-TYRANT

(Alegrinho-balança-rabo) Stigmatura budytoides L 5.9 in./15
cm. Very similar to 135.5, which see. ♣ Arid scrub,
woodland, riverine belts. Up to 1000 m. Song: often given
in duet; high, liquid series of “Wee-tjer- -” from one bird and
“tidrrr- -” from the other.
135.7 SLENDER-FOOTED TYRANNULET

(Poiaeiro-de-pata-fina) Zimmerius gracilipes L 3.9 in./10 cm.
Note pale eyes, grayish crown, and crisp yellow edging of
wing feathers (not wing bars). Often with cocked tail. ♣ Edge,
clearings, and interior of humid forest. Up to 500 m,
occasionally higher. Call: very high, decisive “tjev”; song:
very high, fast, strident “tu-rrrit” (“rrrit” jumping up).
911
135.8 CHAPMAN’S BRISTLE-TYRANT
(Barbudinho-do-tepui) Phylloscartes chapmani L 4.7 in./12
cm. No similar bird in its restricted range. Note upright
stance. ♣ Wet montane forest between 1000 and 2000 m.
135.9 SOUTHERN BRISTLE-TYRANT (Barbudinho)

Phylloscartes eximius L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note distinct facial
pattern. From 140.1 by relatively longer tail. Same upright
stance as 135.8. ♣ Borders and interior of humid forest
including Araucaria woodland. Up to 600 m. Song: extr.
high, energetic, strident, rattling “vrrrrrjeh” trill (1–2 sec). R.
912
135.10 MINAS GERAIS TYRANNULET (Cara-dourada)
Phylloscartes roquettei L 4.7 in./12 cm. No similar bird in its
restricted range. Rufous lores difficult to see. ♣ Dry forest,
tall trees in scrub, riverine belts. Song: low, rattling
“tjuddrrr-twit” (1st part slightly descending, 2nd part as a sort
of full stop). En, R.
Doraditos / Wagtail-Tyrants / Tyrannulets /

Bristle-Tyrants
913
Plate 136
914
136.1 SAO PAULO TYRANNULET (N o-pode-parar)
Phylloscartes paulista L 3.9 in./10 cm. Wing bars more
distinct than in 136.2 and only rarely cocks tail. ♣ Borders
and interior of humid forest up to 500 m, locally up to 1000
m. Song: very/extr. high, strident “tits” or “ti-tseet”
(repeated). R.
136.2 OUSTALET’S TYRANNULET

(Papa-moscas-de-olheiras) Phylloscartes oustaleti L 4.7 in./
12 cm. Differs from smaller 135.9 by conspicuous yellow
eyerings. ♣ Interior of humid forest, mainly 500–900 m.
Call: short “trrrrri,” trill small “tek” notes; song: energetic,
high, nasal “tjeu-wí-tjeu-wítja.” En, R.
136.3 SERRA DO MAR TYRANNULET (Estalinho)

Phylloscartes difficilis L 4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable by
green-olive upper-parts strongly contrasting with whitish gray
underparts. ♣ Humid forest between 950 and 2150 m.
915
Song: unstructured, slow series of low “djuw” notes. Song:
very high, sharp yet hoarse, 3-noted “wé-do-die,” so fast that
2nd and 3rd note merge if heard from some distance. En, R.
136.4 ALAGOAS (or Long-tailed) TYRANNULET

(Cara-pintada) Phylloscartes ceciliae L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note
long, regularly cocked tail and two wing bars. Only
Phylloscartes tyrannulet in its tiny range. ♣ Atlantic forest
and second growth; 400–550 m. En, R.
136.5 MOTTLE-CHEEKED TYRANNULET

(Borboletinha-do-mato) Phylloscartes ventralis L 4.7 in./12
cm. Chin and supraloral whitish. Note horizontal stance and
long, regularly cocked tail like other members of the genus,
but unlike 131.1, 131.2, and 131.4. ♣ Mainly montane forest,
incl. Araucaria, second growth, riverine belts. Up to 1500 m,
locally higher. Song: very high, mainly level pitched,
916
twittering trill, which starts hesitantly, accelerates, then slows
down at the end with some very sharp, very high notes.
136.6 RESTINGA TYRANNULET (Maria-da-restinga)

Phylloscartes kronei L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note clear wing bars,
lack of contrasting blackish auricular-patch (cf. 136.1), and
yellowish face (cf. 136.5, which occurs at higher altitudes in
range of this species). Restricted to lowlands in its small
range. ♣ Coastal woodland, second growth, and riverine belts
at sea level. Call: very high “swee”; song: very high, fast,
twittering series. En, R.
136.7 BAHIA TYRANNULET (Borboletinha-baiana)

Phylloscartes beckeri L 4.7 in./12 cm. Sides of face pale buff.
♣ Montane forest; 750–1200 m. En, R.
917
136.8 OLIVE-GREEN TYRANNULET
(Borboletinha-guianense) Phylloscartes virescens L 4.7 in./12
cm. No eye stripe, only black lore. ♣ Canopy of humid forest
up to 500 m.
136.9 BLACK-FRONTED TYRANNULET

(Maria-de-testa-preta) Phylloscartes nigrifrons L 4.7 in./12
cm. Color pattern and horizontal posture distinctive. ♣ Humid
montane forest and tall second growth; 800–1800 m. Song:
series of soft, very high “tji,” followed by short dry trill, like
“tjítrrrrr” (1 sec).
918
136.10 BAY-RINGED TYRANNULET (Maria-pequena)
Phylloscartes sylviolus L 4.7 in./12 cm. White eye and buff
ocular area diagnostic (the latter sometimes reduced). ♣ Edge
and interior of lowland forest up to 600 m. Song: rapid,
almost level twittering, sounding (simplified) like
“twitwi--twididirit-tjutju”; liquid “twi” tones extr. high;
descending “tjutju” low pitched. R.
Tyrannulets
919
Plate 137
137.1 OCHRE-BELLIED FLYCATCHER (Abre-asa)

Mionectes oleagineus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Differs from 137.2 by
presence of wing bars and pale edges of tertials. Like 137.2
920
and 137.3, it often flicks one wing. ♣ Lower levels in várzea
and terra firme, second growth, riverine belts, gardens. Up to
1800 m. Song at dispersed leks: very high, slightly rolling
and ascending “preet,” repeated and alternated with series of
5–7 low, nasal “tjuw” notes.
137.2 MACCONNELL’S FLYCATCHER

(Abre-asa-da-mata) Mionectes macconnelli L 5.5 in./14 cm.
Differs from 137.1 by plain wings. ♣ Understory of forest,
mainly terra firme, less in várzea. Mainly lowlands, but to
2000 m on the tepuis. Song: unstructured, meandering
series of “wrib” notes with inclusions of rattling
“tjuw-uhuhuhuhuh” sounds (a bit like a toy trumpet).
137.3 GRAY-HOODED FLYCATCHER

(Abre-asa-de-cabeça-cinza) Mionectes rufiventris L 5.5 in./14
cm. Note gray hood and olive back. ♣ Understory of humid
forest and second growth up to 1000 m. Song: slightly
921
descending and accelerating, at the end slightly rising and
slowing down series of nasal “tjew” notes.
137.4 SEPIA-CAPPED FLYCATCHER (Cabeçudo)

Leptopogon amaurocephalus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note dark
auricular patch and brown-tinged crown. Regularly lifts one
wing. ♣ Forest and woodland. Up to 1100 m. Call:
angry-sounding, slightly rising (or descending) trill; song:
very high, nasal trill, at the end bouncing down (2 sec).
137.5 SOUTHERN SCRUB-FLYCATCHER

(Guaracava-modesta) Sublegatus modestus L 5.1 in./13 cm.
Cf. 137.6. ♣ Dry to arid habitats with trees and scrub. Call:
very high, thin, nasal “tjíew” or “tjíe-wu”; song: very high,
short, strong, sharp warbling series, incorporating call, like
“tí-tjuw.”
922
137.6 AMAZONIAN (or Todd’s) SCRUB-FLYCATCHER
(Sertanejo-escuro) Sublegatus obscurior L 5.5 in./14 cm.
Differs from 137.5 by slightly longer bill (but still very short
and all-black) and more contrasting underparts. ♣ Scrubby
clearings, woodland, forest edge; SL–450 m. Call:
upslurred “chuweé”; song: e.g., “Weéh wiwi
rru-rru-rru-dru-dru” (1st 2 notes very high and shreeking;
“rru” and “dru” in a low, calm tempo).
137.7 PLAIN TYRANNULET (Alegrinho-do-chaco) Inezia

inornata L 3.9 in./10 cm. Very similar to larger 134.7 and
134.8, but crown plain and base of lower mandible sometimes
pale. ♣ Woodland, forest borders, shrubby vegetation at rivers
and lakes. Song: very/extr. high note with stuttering start,
rising in strength and pitch, then descending, like
“srrreeeeeh.”
923
137.8 AMAZONIAN (Inezia or) TYRANNULET (Amarelinho)
Inezia subflava L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note prominent and strongly
contrasting white “spectacles.” Eyes whitish, dark in Imm.
(a). Lacks gray on chest, unlike 134.7–134.9, 137.4, 137.5,
and 137.7. Also cf. 137.9. ♣ Shrubby vegetation near water,
várzea, swampy forest. Up to 200 m. Song: varied; e.g.,
very high, strident, or clear “teweét” notes in very long series
or a stream of fluted “tíh-tjuw” (“tíh,”–dry and sometimes
doubled; ad “tjuw” fluted).
137.9 PALE-TIPPED (Inezia or) TYRANNULET

(Amarelinho-da-amazônia) Inezia caudata L 4.7 in./12 cm.
Ad. and Imm. virtually identical to 137.8, but note range. ♣
Woodland, riverine belts, várzea, mangrove. Up to 400 m.
Song: starts with a very short, crumpled roll and continues
with 6–10 very high, descending, loud, sharp “teeuw” notes,
each one downslurred.
924
137.10 MANY-COLORED RUSH-TYRANT (Papa-piri)
Tachuris rubrigastra L 4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable in its
habitat by color pattern. ♣ Reed beds; SL–2500 m and higher.
Call: high “urk” repeated at 1 ×/sec; song:
“wéetj’urr-wéetjuwéetj’urrr,” almost double-voiced, with
“urr” as a gurgling lower voice.
Flycatchers / Tyrannulets / Rush-Tyrant
925
926
Plate 138
138.1 RORAIMAN FLYCATCHER (Felipe-do-tepui)

Myiophobus roraimae L 5.5 in./14 cm. Forest dweller. Note
distinctive rufous wing bars. ♣ Lower levels of humid forest
on mountain slopes; 500–2000 m.
138.2 BRAN-COLORED FLYCATCHER (Filipe)

Myiophobus fasciatus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Chest and flanks
streaked. black-tyrants (Pl. 145) with streaked underparts
have rufous inner webs of tail feathers (undertail mainly
rufous, not dusky) and stronger contrast between rump and
back. ♣ Thick vegetatation at forest edge, brushy savanna,
pastures with scattered bush, riverine belts; SL–1500 m.
Call: fast “peéh-wdrrrrr” (0.5 sec) or with 2nd part drawn out
to slow rattle (4 sec); song: sparrow-like “tjur” (1 ×/sec).
927
138.3 SHARP-TAILED (Grass-) TYRANT
(Papa-moscas-do-campo) Culicivora caudacuta L 3.9 in./10
cm. No other bird with same general color pattern and long
thin tail in its habitat. ♣ Dry savanna, cerrado, often at marsh
and streams. Up to 1400 m. Call/song: very high, nasal
twittering trill in duet with series of nasal, almost toneless,
pumped-out “sree” notes, which gradually gain in strength. R.
NOTE: Hemitriccus Tody-Tyrants (Pl. 138 and 139) have

bristles and also flat bills, not unlike Todirostrum.
138.4 SNETHLAGE’S (or Tiny) TODY-TYRANT

(Maria-sebinha) Hemitriccus minor L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note
long crown feathers. Can have quite yellowish underparts,
perhaps associated with different sspp. Nom. is more grayish
(esp. on breast); snethlageae and minima are more yellow.
Wing bars less distinct than in very similar 138.9, 138.10, and
139.10. Streaks on throat less dusky than in 138.10 and lores
darker than in 138.9. ♣ Dense vegetation in terra firme and
second growth. In W mainly in Igapo. Call/song: short,
gravelly, downslurred “drrru” trill.
928
138.5 BOAT-BILLED TODY-TYRANT (Maria-bicudinha)
Hemitriccus josephinae L 4.3 in./11 cm. No wing bars; breast
tinged olive. ♣ In vines at edge and clearings of humid forest.
Call/song: high, falling, slightly nasal “pic-pic---” (2–3 ×
“pic”).
138.6 FLAMMULATED PYGMY- (or Bamboo-) TYRANT

(Maria-de-peito-machetado) Hemitriccus flammulatus L 4.3
in./11 cm. Like 138.7 and 138.8, confined to bamboo, but not
in same range. Note drab buff-brown breast. ♣ Bamboo in
terra firme and second growth. Call/song: high, dry “krru”
or “krik” with irregular intervals.
929
138.7 DRAB-BREASTED PYGMY- (or Bamboo-) TYRANT
(Olho-falso) Hemitriccus diops L 4.3 in./11 cm. Differs from
138.8 by distinct white loral spot. Shows indistinct whitish
crescent between buffy throat and breast. ♣ Bamboo at edge
and in interior of humid forest and second growth up to 1300
m. Call/song: very high, upslurred, scratchy “krrru,” like a
mini-rattle.
138.8 BROWN-BREASTED PYGMY- (or Bamboo-)

TYRANT (Catraca) Hemitriccus obsoletus L 4.3 in./11 cm.
Loral spot is buff, not white. ♣ Bamboo patches in humid
forest and second growth; 1200–2300 m, occasionally lower.
Call/song: irregular series of very high “tic” notes.
930
138.9 WHITE-EYED TODY-TYRANT
(Maria-de-olho-branco) Hemitriccus zosterops L 4.3 in./11
cm. Very like 138.4. Belly yellow, unlike 139.10 and clear
yellow edging to the primaries, unlike 138.10. ♣ Terra firme
in hilly country up to 850 m. Call: very high, sharp, dry
“pic”; song: very high, short, very dry, sharp, slightly slowing
and descending rattling trill.
138.10 ZIMMER’S TODY-TYRANT (Maria-mirim)

Hemitriccus minimus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Differs from 138.4 by
crisper streaks on breast and distinct wing bars. Broad yellow
edges of inner wing feathers and darker edge of outer wing
feathers causes 2-toned effect on wing, unlike 138.4, 138.9,
138.10. ♣ Stunted forest on poor soil. Up to 450 m. Song:
simple, high, rather sharp “wtttti” trill (fast, upslurred “w”
colliding with 1st “t”).
931
Flycatchers / Tyrants / Tody-Tyrants / Pygmy-Tyrants
932
Plate 139
933
139.1 EYE-RINGED TODY-TYRANT (Tiririzinho-do-mato)
Hemitriccus orbitatus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note distinct face and
wing pattern. ♣ Humid forest and second growth between SL
and 600 m, occasionally higher. Song: very high, slightly
lowered, “drrrih.” En, R.
139.2 JOHANNES’S TODY-TYRANT (Maria-peruviana)

Hemitriccus iohannis L 4.3 in./11 cm. Similar to 139.3, but
no white eyering, streaking below less distinct, and markings
on wing more prominent. Song: high, brisk “tjudrrrri”
(“tju” colliding with “d”; “drrrri” rising).
139.3 STRIPE-NECKED TODY-TYRANT

(Sebinho-rajado-amarelo) Hemitriccus striaticollis L 4.3 in./
11 cm. Little overlap in range with 139.2. Differs from 142.1
by white eyering and indistinct pattern on wing coverts. ♣
Thickets and bamboo in riverine belts and second growth. Up
934
to 700 m. Song: very high, fast, liquid, yet sharp “Didrdr,”
“Wic,” or sweeping “Wheet.”
139.4 HANGNEST TODY-TYRANT (Tachuri-campainha)

Hemitriccus nidipendulus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Rather plain,
greenish above, whitish below, indistinct wing bars. ♣
Woodland and bracken thickets; SL–900 m. Song: very
high, fast, rolling “tidr-de-tidr-de-dir.” En.
139.5 PEARLY-VENTED TODY-TYRANT

(Sebinho-de-olho-de-ouro) Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer L
3.9 in./10 cm. Nom. (a) and ssp. wuchereri (b, with white,
more striking wing bars) shown. Cf. 139.6. ♣ Arid scrub,
undergrowth of tall woodland, shrubby pastures, occasionally
in riverine belts; SL–1000, locally much higher. Song:
modest, soft yet emphasized series of 6 stepping-down notes,
2nd highest pitched, like “tuc-tíc-tuc-tuc-tuc-tuc.”
935
139.6 PELZELN’S TODY-TYRANT (Maria-da-campina)
Hemitriccus inornatus L 3.5 in./9 cm. As 139.5b, but not in
same range. Note streaks on throat continue over breast. ♣
Stunted woodland. Song: rather low, modest series of 7–10
well-separated notes, rising at the end and accelerating to a
short, upslurred trill.
139.7 BUFF-BREASTED TODY-TYRANT

(Maria-do-nordeste) Hemitriccus mirandae L 3.9 in./10 cm.
Resembles 139.8, but unique in range. ♣ Highland forest and
second growth, at slopes between 600 and 1000 m. Song:
short series of 7–8 sharp, well-accentuated notes, slightly
accelerating and ascending. En, R.
936
139.8 KAEMPFER’S TODY-TYRANT (Maria-catarinense)
Hemitriccus kaempferi L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note pale edge of
tertials and buffy face. No overlap with 139.7. ♣ Thick
undergrowth of lowland forest and second growth. Song:
short, level series of 2–6 short, very high, accentuated, nasal
notes. En, R.
139.9 FORK-TAILED PYGMY- (or Tody-) TYRANT

(Papa-moscas-estrela) Hemitriccus furcatus L 4.3 in./11 cm.
Unmistakable by face and tail pattern. ♣ Edge of humid
forest, often near bamboo. Below 1200 m. Song: short, dry,
hurried, temperamental-sounding rattle, like “t-drrrir” (“t”
lower). En, R.
937
139.10 WHITE-BELLIED TODY-TYRANT
(Maria-de-barriga-branca) Hemitriccus griseipectus L 4.3 in./
11 cm. As 138.9, but with white belly and different range. Cf.
138.4 and 138.10. ♣ Terra firme in low and hilly country.
Song: very high, cheerful, sharp but full “Hi Louis.”
Tody-Tyrants / Pygmy-Tyrant
938
Plate 140
939
140.1 EARED PYGMY-TYRANT (Miudinho) Myiornis
auricularis L 2.8 in./7 cm. Unmistakable by tiny size and face
pattern. ♣ Shrubby growth at edge of humid forest up to 1250
m. Call: high stressed “pic” notes; song: very high, short,
clear trill, often preceded by lower, short “wit,” together as
“wit-trrruh.” Note: Pernambuco population might be an
undescribed species.
140.2 SHORT-TAILED PYGMY-TYRANT (Caçula)

Myiornis ecaudatus L 2.4 in./6 cm. Unmistakable by tiny
size, very short tail, and head color and patterning. ♣ Edge
and clearings of humid forest and second growth up to 950 m.
Call: very high, slightly rasping, yet clear “srreeh-srruw”
(last part lower).
140.3 ? SCALE-CRESTED PYGMY-TYRANT (?)

Lophotriccus pileatus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Should be
unmistakable by rufous-with-black crest. ♣ Bamboo stands in
940
forest and second growth; 300 m and higher. Call:
unstructured series of high, “pruk” notes.
140.4 DOUBLE-BANDED PYGMY-TYRANT

(Maria-fiteira) Lophotriccus vitiosus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Two
yellowish wing bars and edging of wing. Edging of crest
feathers yellowish in W, gray in NE. ♣ Interior and edge of
terra firme and várzea, second growth. Up to 800 m. Call:
downslurred, raspy “srrruh.”
140.5 LONG-CRESTED PYGMY-TYRANT

(Maria-topetuda) Lophotriccus eulophotes L 3.9 in./10 cm.
Differs from 140.4 by long, different-colored crest, indistinct
wing bars, and range. ♣ Bamboo-rich undergrowth of
swampy riverine belts and forest edges up to 400 m. Call:
very high, sharp, soft twitter (about 5–6 descending “tic”
notes, last one higher).
941
140.6 HELMETED PYGMY-TYRANT
(Caga-sebinho-de-penacho) Lophotriccus galeatus L 3.9 in./
10 cm. Shorter crest and paler wing bars than 140.4. ♣ Terra
firme and várzea, second growth, savanna woodland. Up to
1100 m. Call: series of high, staccato “pic” notes.
140.7 PALE-EYED PYGMY-TYRANT

(Maria-de-olho-claro) Atalotriccus pilaris L 3.9 in./10 cm.
Differs from 139.5 by greener upperparts and yellowish wash
to lower underparts. ♣ Savanna with boulders, woodland, dry
forest. Lowlands. Call: very high, slightly descending, dry
“prruh” trill; song: variations of raspy, twittering
“prruc-príc-príc-rin.”
942
140.8 BLACK-CHESTED TYRANT (Maria-bonita)
Taeniotriccus andrei L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable by
coloring of head and wing pattern. ♣ Low levels of terra firme
with bamboo or Cecropia. Also in várzea. Call: series of
well-spaced, low, emphasized, nasal “tjuw” notes; song:
series of widely spaced, alternating “tjuw” and higher
“tuweet-tuweet” notes.
140.9 BROWNISH (Flycatcher or) TWISTWING

(Flautim-pardo) Cnipodectes subbrunneus L ( ) 6.3 in./16
cm, ( ) L 5.5 in./14 cm. Grayish crown without crest. ♣
Understory with dense vines and tangles of humid lowland
forest. Song: loud, ringing “tjeuw-tjeuw,” each note
downslurred.
943
140.10 RUFOUS TWISTWING (Flautim-rufo) Cnipodectes
superrufus L ( ) 8.7 in./22 cm, ( ) 7.9 in./20 cm. Bright
rufous overall, without the paler belly of smaller 150.4. Also
cf. Attilas (Pl. 151), with different bills. ♣ Bamboo thickets in
or near humid forest.
Pygmy-Tyrants / Tyrant / Twistwings
944
945
Plate 141
141.1 BLACK-AND-WHITE TODY-TYRANT

(Maria-picaça) Poecilotriccus capitalis L 3.5 in./9 cm.
Unmistakable. Note white edges of tertials in . ♣ Scrubby
growth, tangled vine, and, often, bamboo at forest edges.
Song: high to very high, hurried, unstructured, rather nasal
twittering, often with repetitions of short phrases.
141.2 BUFF-CHEEKED TODY-FLYCATCHER

(Maria-do-madeira) Poecillotriccus senex L 3.5 in./9 cm.
Differs from 141.5 and 141.6 by darker grayish head and
more distinct breast streaks. ♣ Low-stature humid forest near
rivers and white-sand woodland. Voice unknown. En.
141.3 RUDDY TODY-FLYCATCHER

(Ferreirinho-ferrugem) Poecillotriccus russatus L 3.9 in./10
cm. Unmistakable by warm buff face and breast. ♣ Dense
946
thickets at edge of humid forest and second growth at
1200–2500 m. Song: high, quick, quiet “tid-tdrrrrr,” last
part as a fast, descending, rattled trill.
141.4 OCHRE-FACED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Tororó)

Poecillotriccus plumbeiceps L 3.5 in./9 cm. No similar bird in
its range. Note face pattern and color. ♣ Dense vegetation
including bamboo and bracken at edge of forest and in second
growth; 750–2750 m. Call/song: very fast “prrrrrur” rattle
(1 or 2 ×, 2nd time slightly lower).
141.5 RUSTY-FRONTED TODY-FLYCATCHER

(Ferreirinho-de-cara-parda) Poecillotriccus latirostris L 3.5
in./9 cm. Similar to 141.6, but with rusty-buff ocular area,
ochre wing bars, and whitish belly. ♣ Dense shrubby growth
at edge of second growth, neglected pastures, along forest
edge and at rivers. Up to 1100 m. Song: short, descending
“tdrrrur” rattle, preceded by some “tic” notes.
947
141.6 SMOKY-FRONTED TODY-FLYCATCHER
(Ferreirinho-de-testa-parda) Poecillotriccus fumifrons L 3.5
in./9 cm. Characterized by pale yellow belly and wing bars
and by buffy lore. ♣ Dense shrubby vegetation at forest edge
and at neglected agricultural land, bush patches in savanna.
Up to 400 m. Song: as 141.5, but slightly higher pitched.
141.7 SLATE-HEADED TODY-FLYCATCHER

(Ferreirinho-da-capoeira) Poecillotriccus sylvia L 3.9 in./10
cm. Note white supraloral and eyering, contrasting with gray
crown. Eye color variable. ♣ Shrubby forest edges,
overgrown agricultural land, understory of riverine belts. Up
to 1100 m. Song: unstructured series of well-spaced “tic”
notes and low, level, rather froglike “prruh-prruh.”
948
141.8 ATLANTIC ROYAL FLYCATCHER
(Maria-leque-do-sudeste) Onychorhynchus swainsoni L 6.3
in./16 cm. Brighter below than 141.9, but no overlap in range.
♣ Humid forest; SL–800 m. Voice as 141.9. En, R.
141.9 AMAZON ROYAL FLYCATCHER (Maria-leque)

Onychorhynchus coronatus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note rufous tail
and hammerhead jizz. Rarely (crosswise) fanned crest, orange
in . Not in range of 141.8. ♣ Humid forest and woodland,
mainly near water. Up to 1000 m. Call: loud, repeated,
2-noted “ée-uh”; mostly silent.
949
141.10 RUDDY-TAILED FLYCATCHER
(Papa-moscas-uirapuru) Terenotriccus erythrurus L 3.9 in./10
cm. Differs from 127.8 by pinkish legs, presence of whiskers,
and longer tail. ♣ Lower levels of várzea, terra firme, and
second growth up to 1200 m. Call/song: extr. high
“fiuw-Fí” (“fiuw” gliding-down, “Fí” emphasized and
higher).
Tody-Tyrant / Tody-Flycatchers / Flycatchers
950
Plate 142
951
142.1 SPOTTED TODY-FLYCATCHER
(Ferreirinho-estriado) Todirostrum maculatum L 3.9 in./10
cm. Differs from 139.3 by distinct yellow edging on wing
coverts and lack of white eyering. ♣ Dense shrubby
vegetation, mainly near water. Also light woodland and
gardens. Song: extr. high, slow, staccato series of evenly
spaced, slightly descending notes, often each note doubled in
duet; also extr. high, short, dry trills and twitters.
142.2 GRAY-HEADED (or Yellow-lored)

TODY-FLYCATCHER (Teque-teque) Todirostrum
poliocephalum L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note striking yellow lores.
Differs from 142.3a by more extensive lores and lack of
white tipping to undertail. ♣ Shrubby edge of humid forest
and second growth. Up to 1200 m. Song extr. high, weak
“twit,” followed by even higher, energetic “witwit---” (“wit”
4–6 ×). En.
952
142.3 COMMON TODY-FLYCATCHER
(Ferreirinho-relógio) Todirostrum cinereum L 3.9 in./10 cm.
Dark head. Some individuals have pale yellow lores (a).
Mantle gray in N. Eyes dark in Juv. ♣ Wide variety of
wooded habitats, incl. mangrove. Avoids densely forested
regions. Up to 2000 m. Call/song: series of low, short, dry
“trrr-trrr---” trills; a variety of high/very high, single, double,
and triple “tic” notes and extr. high “weet-widiwi” (last part
as almost-trill).
142.4 PAINTED TODY-FLYCATCHER

(Ferreirinho-de-sobrancelha) Todirostrum pictum L 3.9 in./10
cm. With yellow or dark (a) eye. Note white supraloral and
throat. ♣ Canopy and borders of várzea, terra firme, and other
types of forest, second growth, and plantations up to 400 m.
Call/song: sequences of irregularly spaced, extr. high “tsit”
notes.
953
142.5 YELLOW-BROWED TODY-FLYCATCHER
(Ferreirinho-pintado) Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum L 3.9 in./
10 cm. Eyes dark or (rarely) pale. In Brazil, 5 sspp., all differ
from other tody-tyrants in mainly black head with yellow
eyebrow/eye stripe. Shown are NW guttatum (a), NE illegeri
(b), and SW neglectum (c). Sspp. similis (not shown, local in
Pará) and chrysocrotaphum (not shown, in W) resemble a,
but black markings on throat reduced or absent. ♣ Canopy of
várzea, terra firme, and second growth. Up to 1400 m.
Call/song: unstructured, extr. high series of “pic” notes.
142.6 WHISKERED FLYCATCHER (Assanhadinho)

Myiobius barbatus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Several sspp.: SE
mastacalis (a) and N and W Nom. (b, with dull grayish-olive
chest) shown; not shown NE insignis and C amazonicus, both
of which resemble b. Cf. 142.7. ♣ Understory of humid forest
and second growth. In Amazonia mainly in terra firme. Up to
1000 m. Call: extr. high “tic” notes, given at uneven
intervals.
954
142.7 BLACK-TAILED FLYCATCHER
(Assadinho-de-cauda-preta) Myiobius atricaudus L 5.1 in./13
cm. Several sspp.: C and NE connectens (a), coastal NE
snethlagei (b), and SE ridgewayi (c) shown; not shown is W
ssp. adjacens, resembling a. Ssps. snethlagei and ridgewayi
rather uniform below, unlike 142.7. Sspp. connectens and
adjacens with chest brownish buff; color often extending
slightly onto flanks, unlike overlapping sspp. of 142.7. ♣
Undergrowth of forest, woodland, second growth. Not usually
in terra firme in Amazonia. Up to 1000 m. Song: series of
very/extr. high “see” notes; may be given in a slow,
descending series of 4 notes or in a fast, meandering,
downslurred series during 2 sec.
142.8 CLIFF FLYCATCHER (Gib o-de-couro) Hirundinea

ferruginea L 6.7 in./17 cm. Nom. (NW, with all-dark
upperparts and restricted red in wings) and ssp. bellicosa
(Swallow Flycatcher, S and E) shown. Unmistakable by
955
shape, posture, and habitat. ♣ At cliffs and other rocky places
near tall forest, wooded slopes, fronts of buildings; SL–2000
m. Call/song: high, very high, or extr. high “Wée-didrrrr”
and variations thereof.
142.9 FUSCOUS FLYCATCHER (Guaracavuçu)

Cnemotriccus fuscatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Belly white (in E and
SC ssp. bimaculatus) to yellowish (in SE Nom. and
Amazonian duidae, fuscatior, and fumosus). Lower mandible
mainly/all black, except in NW duidae, where it is all yellow.
All sspp. with pale eyebrow (cf. 134.10) and two clearly
defined cinnamon-buff wing bars. Bill and tail rather long. ♣
Thick undergrowth of forest and woodland, often near water,
riverine belts. Below 500 m, occasionally much higher.
Call: e.g., loud, fluted “Weeeuw” or melodious “tee-Tjúw”
(2nd note higher pitched and emphasized); song: unstructured
but musical, high twittering with characteristic, rapid, slightly
descending “wítititit” and slightly nasal “srree.”
956
142.10 EULER’S FLYCATCHER (Enferrujado)
Lathrotriccus euleri L 5.1 in./13 cm. Belly yellowish or
white. Lacks eyebrow of 142.10, and lower mandible always
pale. Upperparts browner and wing bars deeper
cinnamon-buff than in 144.7 and 144.8, and perches more
upright than 144.3 and 144.4. ♣ Open undergrowth and
borders of humid forest and second growth up to 1500 m.
Song: varied series of 2–5 notes, 1st one normally stressed
and slightly longer than slightly descending notes; thereafter
“Tjeew-tjuh” or “Tjeew-terduh.”
Tody-Flycatchers / Flycatchers
957
958
Plate 143
143.1 OLIVACEOUS FLATBILL (Bico-chato-grande)

Rhynchocyclus olivaceus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note yellowish
edging of wings and broad bill with pale lower mandible. ♣
Lower levels of humid forest and second growth up to 500 m.
Call: short, very hurried “twee-wi-wi”; song: soft, slightly
nasal, cheerful, repeating “wéé-wewee-tewee-wée.”
143.2 YELLOW-OLIVE (Flatbill or) FLYCATCHER

(Bico-chato-de-orelha-preta) Tolmomyias sulphurescens L 5.5
in./14 cm. Note broad bill with pale lower mandible (very tip
sometimes dark). Gray-crowned SE Nom. (a) has dusky
auricular patch, unlike 143.4. Remaining sspp. have olive
crown (b; undescribed EC taxon shown, cf. 143.5) or
resemble smaller 143.3 (c, cherrei from Amapá and Roraima
shown), but without pale panel at base of primaries. Eyes
usually pale in far N. ♣ Wide range of wooded habitats, from
humid forest to woodland, plantations, riverine belts. Not
usually inside terra firme in area of overlap with 143.3 and
143.4. ♣ Wide variety of wooded habitats, from humid forest
to woodland; plantations, riverine belts. Not usually inside
terra firme in area of overlap with 143.3 and 143.4. Call:
very high, short whistle; song: extr. high, thin “zee zee.”
959
143.3 YELLOW-MARGINED (or Zimmer’s Flatbill or)
FLYCATCHER (Bico-chato-da-copa) Tolmomyias assimilis L
5.5 in./14 cm. Note broad bill with pale lower mandible, dark
eyes, and gray crown. May show pale panel at base of
primaries. Cf. 143.2 and 143.4. ♣ Upperstories of várzea and
terra firme, second growth, plantations up to 1000 m or
higher. Call: high, nasal, scratchy “zweeh zweeh - -.”
143.4 GRAY-CROWNED (Flatbill or) FLYCATCHER

(Bico-chato-de-cabeça-cinza) Tolmomyias poliocephalus L
4.7 in./12 cm. Resembles larger 143.3, but faint or no pale
panel at base of primaries, eyes usually pale, and only base of
lower mandible pale. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest.
Call: very high, gliding-down “fwéeeeh”; song: unstructured
series of well-spaced “feeh” notes.
960
143.5 YELLOW-BREASTED (Flatbill or) FLYCATCHER
(Bico-chato-amarelo) Tolmomyias flaviventris L 5.1 in./13
cm. Two groups: E Nom. group Ochre-lored Flycatcher (a,
rather yellow overall with ochre-yellow supraloral and
eyering) and W viridiceps group Olive-faced Flycatcher (b,
more olive overall with yellowish supraloral and eyering).
Note broad bill and lack of gray to head. Cf. 143.2b with
whitish supraloral and eyering. ♣ Mainly in várzea and
riverine belts, but also in terra firme. Up to 1000 m. Call:
extr. high “fweeeh”; song: mid-high, short “fddddddddit”
rattle.
143.6 CINNAMON-CRESTED SPADEBILL

(Patinho-escuro) Platyrinchus saturatus L 3.5 in./9 cm. As all
spadebills, has very broad bill base. Note absence of facial
pattern. ♣ Brushy Undergrowth of terra firme up to 900 m.
Call: high, sharp “whit” or “whit-it.”
961
143.7 WHITE-THROATED SPADEBILL (Patinho)
Platyrinchus mystaceus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Some sspp. have
pale bill base. Differs from 143.8 by semiconcealed crown
patch (smaller or absent in ). ♣ Undergrowth of forest,
woodland, and riverine belts. Call: high, sharp “wheet”;
song: descending trill; last “whit” note much higher (3 sec).
143.8 GOLDEN-CROWNED SPADEBILL

(Patinho-de-coroa-dourada) Platyrinchus coronatus L 3.5
in./9 cm. Differs from 143.7 by larger crown patch bordered
by black line on either side. ♣ Understory of humid forest and
second growth. Up to 1000 m, locally higher. Song: extr.
high, slightly lowered, then raised cicadalike trill (2 sec).
962
143.9 WHITE-CRESTED SPADEBILL
(Patinho-de-coroa-branca) Platyrinchus platyrhynchos L 4.3
in./11 cm. Richly colored below. Note absence of facial
pattern. ♣ Open understory of terra firme up to 500 m.
Call: very high “skuw”; song: buzzing, rising, and descending
trill, interrupted in the middle.
143.10 RUSSET-WINGED SPADEBILL (Patinho-gigante)

Platyrinchus leucoryphus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Differs from 143.7
by largely rufous wings and longer tail. ♣ Undergrowth of
humid Atlantic forest. Up to 1000 m. Call: high,
angry-sounding “tjuw.” R.
963
Flatbills / Spadebills
964
Plate 144
965
144.1 OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (Piui-boreal)
Contopus cooperi (or borealis) L 7.5 in./19 cm. Note vest,
formed by streaked flanks, which almost touches over breast.
♣ Open forest between 400 and 2500 m. Long sallies from
favorite perch. Call: series of high, run-together “wic”
notes with slight accelerations.
144.2 SMOKE-COLORED PEWEE (Piui-de-topete)

Contopus fumigatus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note uniform dark color
and pointed crest. ♣ Interior, clearings, and edges of montane
humid forest between 1000 and 2500 m. Call: calm series
of high, stressed “wic” notes; song: very hgh, slightly
gliding-down “wéeuw,” often followed by ascending
“weer-rút” notes.
144.3 EASTERN WOOD-PEWEE (Piui-verdadeiro)

Contopus virens L 5.5 in./14 cm. Primary projection longer
than in 144.4, 144.7, and 148.8. Faint or no eyering. Perches
966
more upright, wing bars less distinct and more crested than
144.7 and 144.8. ♣ Forest, second growth, riverine belts,
usually below 1500 m. Call: very high, ascending, mellow
“pee-wee” (as in its name).
144.4 TROPICAL PEWEE (Papa-moscas-cinzento) Contopus

cinereus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Differs from 144.3 by shorter
primary projection (1/3 or less of the total tail length),
indistinct or absent wing bars, and pale lores (sometimes
indistinct). SE Nom. much darker with pale lores often
missing. Call: descending “tjeuuw” or very high, staccato
“wic wic -.”
144.5 BLACKISH PEWEE (Piui-preto) Contopus nigrescens

L 5.1 in./13 cm. Uniform dark with slight crest. No overlap
with 144.2. ♣ Canopy or edge of humid foothill forest.
Call: very high, sharp “wic-wic- -”; song: “tjí-juww,” lowered
in pitch and strength.
967
144.6 WHITE-THROATED PEWEE (Piui-queixado)
Contopus albogularis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Differs from 144.5 by
white chin. ♣ Edge of humid forest and second growth
between 400 and 700 m. Call: high, dry “wic-wic- -.”
144.7 ALDER FLYCATCHER (Papa-moscas-de-alder)

Empidonax alnorum L 5.9 in./15 cm. Differs from 144.8 only
by voice. Two well-marked whitish wing bars. Whitish
eyering (sometimes lacking). Primaries only extend slightly
past uppertail coverts. Often flicks tail downward. Cf. 144.3.
♣ Lower levels with dense growth at forest edge and second
growth at water. Up to 1100 m. Call: high, well-separated
“tic” notes; song (may sing in Brazil): “vreé-zir” (2nd part
higher).
968
144.8 WILLOW (or Traill’s) FLYCATCHER (Maria-fibiu)
Empidonax traillii L 5.9 in./15 cm. Cf. longer-winged 144.7.
♣ Wide variety of closed and open habitats, mainly at water.
From forest edge to cultivated areas. Normally below 100 m.
Call: upslurred “wic”; song: very high, sharp “Wíc-bew,”
(2nd part lower). R.
144.9 VERMILION FLYCATCHER (Príncipe) Pyrocephalus

rubinus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Shown are and of S Nom. (a, in
most of Brazil during N-br. season) and of N ssp. saturatus
(b). Gray-brown lack clear wing bars (but often show
edging) and contrasting rump-patch of black-tyrants, but
cf. 145.6b. ♣ Open habitats often near water, from open
woodland and desert scrub to agricultural land. Call: extr.
high “psi”; song: extr. high “tic-tic-psiiieh” (last part may be
sharply upslurred).
969
144.10 AUSTRAL (Patagonian) (or Rufous-backed)
NEGRITO (Colegial) Lessonia rufa L 4.7 in./12 cm.
Unmistakable by color pattern and terrestrial behavior. ♣
Open areas with short grass up to 1000 m or higher.
Usually silent.
Flycatchers / Pewees / Negrito
970
Plate 145
971
145.1 CINEREOUS TYRANT (Maria-preta-acinzentada)
Knipolegus striaticeps L 5.1 in./13 cm. from other
black-tyrants by dark gray body and darker blackish hood. No
white in open wing. Note contrasting rufous crown of .♣
Woodland and dense forest up to 1000 m or higher. Call:
extr. high: “tuweet” or “tsic.” V. Note: all Knipolegus-tyrants
are mostly silent.
145.2 HUDSON’S BLACK-TYRANT (Maria-preta-do-sul)

Knipolegus hudsoni L 5.9 in./15 cm. shows conspicuous
white flashes in open wing. Differs from 145.7 by smaller
size and inconspicuous white spots on lower flank (often
hidden). lacks contrasting crown of 145.1 and bright red
eyes of 145.4. Also cf. 138.2 and 144.9. ♣ Low
woodland, scrub, savanna, gardens. Up to 500 m. Call/
song: irregular series of “tic” notes. V.
972
145.3 AMAZONIAN BLACK-TYRANT (Pretinho-do-igapó)
Knipolegus poecilocercus L 5.1 in./13 cm. from larger
145.6 (only other black-tyrant in range) by glossy blue-black
(not dull black) plumage. Also cf. 125.11. distinctive in
range, but cf. 145.6b, 138.2, and 144.9. Compare
Black Manakin (125.11). ♣ Vines and thickets in várzea up to
350 m. Call: high “tjue” or very high “pjéeh.”
145.4 BLUE-BILLED BLACK-TYRANT

(Maria-preta-de-bico-azulado) Knipolegus cyanirostris L 5.9
in./15 cm. Note fierce red eyes of both sexes. only
black-tyrant in range without white in open wing. with
stronger, more extensive barring to underparts than 145.2
and 145.8. Also cf. 138.2 and 144.9. ♣ Borders of humid
forest and riverine belts up to 2200 m. Call: extr. high,
staccato “whic.”
973
145.5 RUFOUS-TAILED TYRANT
(Maria-preta-de-cauda-ruiva) Knipolegus poecilurus L 5.9 in./
15 cm. Only Knipolegus tyrant in range and habitat. Differs
from pewees (144.1–144.6) by paler eyes and all-black bill. ♣
Borders of humid forest and second growth, pastures with
some trees. Between 500 and 2500 m. Call: very/extr. high,
soft, raspy “zeet-zeet,” repeated at 0.5-sec intervals.
145.6 RIVERSIDE TYRANT (Maria-preta-ribeirinha)

Knipolegus orenocensis L 5.9 in./15 cm. resembles
145.3. shown of ssp. xinguensis (a, SE part of range) and
more widespread sclateri (b); a unmistakable in range and
habitat, b lacks wing bars of 145.3 (also cf. 144.9). ♣
Semiopen brushy areas at rivers or lakes, with a preference
for river islands. Up to 300 m. Call: very high, stressed
“bic.”
974
145.7 CAATINGA (or Brazilian) BLACK-TYRANT
(Maria-preta-do-nordeste) Knipolegus franciscanus L 6.3 in./
16 cm. No similar black-tyrant in range. ♣ Dry forest. Mainly
near rocky out-crops. En.
145.8 [WHITE-WINGED BLACK-TYRANT

(Maria-preta-bate-rabo) Knipolegus aterrimus] L 7.1 in./18
cm. (not shown) as 145.7. No similar black-tyrant in
range. ♣ Woodland, open scrub, and forest borders. Song:
very/ extr. high, upslurred “sereéh.”
145.9 CRESTED BLACK-TYRANT

(Maria-preta-de-penacho) Knipolegus lophotes L 7.9 in./20
cm. Unmistakable by long, thin crest. ♣ Open grassy areas
with some tree stands. Up to 1100 cm. Usually silent; flight
song very high “téetwee-twee-tweé” (middle “-twee-” lowest
pitched).
975
145.10 VELVETY BLACK-TYRANT
(Maria-preta-de-garganta-vermelha) Knipolegus nigerrimus L
7.1 in./18 cm. Differs from 145.4 by white wing band in
flight. Note unique throat coloring of . ♣ Open montane
areas with some trees and shrub; 1800–2700 m, locally lower.
En.
Tyrants / Black-Tyrants
976
Plate 146
977
146.1 SPECTACLED TYRANT (Viuvinha-deóculos)
Hymenops perspicillatus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Eye wattle and
white in wing diagnostic. ♣ Marsh, natural and cultivated
open areas at water; SL–2000 m. Generally silent; wing
buzzes when displaying.
146.2 DRAB WATER-TYRANT (Maria-da-praia)

Ochthornis littoralis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Cf. 146.4. Note pale
eyebrow and rather uniform underparts. ♣ Perches low,
always at water, esp. at rivers; SL–600 m. Quiet;
occasionally a very high, weak “sweeeh.”
146.3 YELLOW-BROWED TYRANT (Suiriri-pequeno)

Satrapa icterophrys L 6.3 in./16 cm. Unmistakable by unique
yellow eyebrow, combined with wing pattern. Often in
upright stance, like 150.1–150.9. ♣ Edge of forest, lakes,
fields, marsh. Up to 2000 m. Song: short, fast, nervous,
ascending series of 4–5 “wub-wub-weh-weéteet” notes.
978
146.4 LITTLE GROUND-TYRANT (Gaúcha-d”água)
Muscisaxicola fluviatilis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note slight contrast
between belly and chest and white-edged black tail. Cf. 146.2.
♣ Stands erect between bursts of running in open spots in
vegetation near water. Up to 800 m. Usually silent.
146.5 GRAY MONJITA (Primavera) Xolmis cinereus L 9.8

in./25 cm. Unmistakable by red eye and dark malar; as other
monjitas perches exposed and shows white flashes in open
wings. ♣ Grassland and cerrado, occasionally around
settlement. Up to 1200 m. Call: very high, thin “weéh”;
song: very high, soft “weeh-tjuh-teeh.”
979
146.6 BLACK-CROWNED MONJITA (Noivinha-coroada)
Xolmis coronatus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Characterized by black
cap. ♣ Open areas with scattered bush and trees. Up to 1500
m.
146.7 WHITE-RUMPED MONJITA (Noivinha-branca)

Xolmis velatus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Not in range of 146.6; from
146.9 by wing pattern and lack of white scapulars. ♣ Open
areas with scattered bush and trees, usually near water,
occasionally near buildings. Up to 1000 m. Song: nasal,
downslurred “njeh,” repeated at 1-sec intervals.
980
146.8 WHITE MONJITA (Noivinha) Xolmis irupero L 7.1
in./18 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Open areas with scattered bush
and trees, usually near marsh or open water. Up to 1000 m.
Song: nasal, downslurred “njieh,” repeated at 1-sec intervals.
146.9 BLACK-AND-WHITE MONJITA

(Noivinha-de-rabo-preto) Xolmis dominicanus L 7.9 in./20
cm. from 146.8 by wing pattern; has contrasting white
scapulars. ♣ Marshes and nearby grasslands. Locally in
coastal sand dunes. Up to 500 m, occasionally much higher.
Silent. R.
146.10 CHOCOLATE-VENTED TYRANT

(Gaúcho-chocolate) Neoxolmis rufiventris L 7.9 in./20 cm.
Unmistakable ground dweller. ♣ Grassland and open savanna
with some shrub. Also in agricultural areas. Up to 500 m,
occasionally much higher. V.
981
Tyrants / Monjitas
982
Plate 147
983
147.1 STREAMER-TAILED TYRANT (Tesoura-do-brejo)
Gubernetes yetapa L 13.8 in./35 cm (excl. tail streamers).
Unmistakable by size and coloring. ♣ Palm groves, open
grassy and marshy areas with some scrub. Up to 1000 m.
Call: nasal “dzz.”
147.2 SHEAR-TAILED GRAY TYRANT (Tesoura-cinzenta)

Muscipipra vetula L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note long, slender tail. ♣
At borders of humid forest and second growth, mainly
between 1000 and 2200 m. Call: low “duh-djúp.”
147.3 PIED WATER-TYRANT (Lavadeira-do-norte)

Fluvicola pica L 5.1 in./13 cm. No similar bird in its habitat
and range. ♣ At edges of marsh, ponds, lakes; below 450 m,
sometimes much higher. Call: high, very short “wic.”
984
147.4 BLACK-BACKED WATER-TYRANT
(Lavadeira-de-cara-branca) Fluvicola albiventer L 5.5 in./14
cm. Differs from 147.3 by all black mantle. ♣ Marsh, shrub at
rivers and other water. Up to 1000 m. Call: high, dry, very
short “wic.”
147.5 MASKED WATER-TYRANT (Lavadeira-mascarada)

Fluvicola nengeta L 5.9 in./15 cm. Distinctly marked. ♣
Marsh, rice fields, shrub at rivers and other water. Up to 300
m, occasionally much higher. Call: high, sharp “peep.”
985
147.6 WHITE-HEADED MARSH-TYRANT (Freirinha)
Arundinicola leucocephala L 5.1 in./13 cm. Distinctly
marked. Note dark wings and tail of . ♣ Marsh and grassy
areas along water. Up to 500 m. Call: very/extr. high, sharp
“seet.”
147.7 STRANGE-TAILED TYRANT (Tesoura-do-campo)

Alectrurus risora L 7.9 in./20 cm (excl. tail streamers).
unmistakable (throat is white in N-br plumage); from
147.8 by complete breast band. ♣ Grassy areas, marsh, shrub.
Up to 500 m. Probably silent. R.
147.8 COCK-TAILED TYRANT (Galito) Alectrurus tricolor

L 4.7 in./12 cm (excl. tail streamers). unmistakable;
has interrupted breast band. ♣ Open, grassy areas, cerrado,
humid savanna. Up to 1100 m. Mostly silent; soft “tic”
notes in flight. R.
986
147.9 LONG-TAILED TYRANT (Viuvinha) Colonia
colonus L 5.5 in./14 cm (excl. tail streamers). Unmistakable
by pied pattern. ♣ Borders of humid forest, second growth,
and riverine belts. Also in plantations. Up to 1200 m,
sometimes higher. Call: e.g., slightly rising, then
gliding-down “weé-uw”; song: energetic “freéh-rururu” (2nd
part as almost-trill).
147.10 CATTLE TYRANT (Suiriri-cavaleiro) Machetornis

rixosa L 7.9 in./20 cm. Terrestrial behavior and yellow
underparts diagnostic. ♣ Open grassy areas with some bush
and trees. Up to 300 m, sometimes much higher. Call:
very/extr. high “sreep,” single or several joined in fast series
and trills.
987
Tyrants
988
Plate 148
148.1 PIRATIC FLYCATCHER (Bem-te-vi-pirata) Legatus

leucophaius L 6.3 in./16 cm. Differs from 149.4 by rather
989
uniform back, olive rump, and less distinct white wing
edging. Also cf. 149.5. ♣ Forest borders, tall second growth,
woodland, riverine belts, cultivation. Mainly below 1000 m.
Call: very high, rapid “wit-tit-di-do”; also very high,
drawn-out “feeeeh,” repeated irregularly.
148.2 GRAY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER

(Bem-te-vi-de-cabeça-cinza) Myiozetetes granadensis L 6.7
in./17 cm. Crown and nape gray. Note short eyebrow. ♣
Variety of humid habitats with trees and shrub in cultivation,
at forest edge, near settlements, esp. near water. Lowlands up
to 1100 m. Call: mewing “kew” in long series; song: high
“tip-tooh-tetjíw?”
148.3 DUSKY-CHESTED FLYCATCHER

(Bem-te-vi-barulhento) Myiozetetes luteiventris L 5.9 in./15
cm. Small with rather plain uniform brownish head. ♣
Canopy and edge of várzea and terra firme and nearby
990
scrubby clearings. Up to 600 m. Call: very high, strong
“ti-keew”; song: mewing “tjew tjew tí-tí-tjew.”
148.4 RUSTY-MARGINED FLYCATCHER

(Bentevizinho-de-asa-ferrugínea) Myiozetetes cayanensis L
6.7 in./17 cm. Note rufous edging of wing feathers. Differs
from 148.5 by yellow, not red, crown-patch and narrower face
mask. ♣ Forest borders, riverine belts, shrubby areas, suburbs.
Up to 1000 m, locally higher. Call: very high, drawn-out,
nasal “wheeeee.”
148.5 SOCIAL FLYCATCHER

(Bentevizinho-de-penacho-vermelho) Myiozetetes similis L
6.7 in./17 cm. Differs from 148.4 by duller (less black) mask,
more olive (less brown) back, orange-red (not orange-yellow)
crown-patch (often concealed), and lack of rufous edging on
flight feathers. Juv. with rufous edging on flight feathers, but
distinct edging to wing coverts dull and pale (unlike 148.4). ♣
991
Various open to semiopen habitats with some trees, incl. edge
of forest and gardens. Up to 1000 m, occasionally much
higher. Song: very high, sharp, far-carrying
“Wéeuw-Wéeer” and similar variations; also “sjeeuw-sjeeuw”
or explosive “TFéeuw.”
148.6 LESSER KISKADEE (Bentevizinho-do-brejo)

Philohydor (or Pitangus) lictor L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note long,
slender bill. Cf. larger 148.7. ♣ Shrubs and trees near water,
occasionally at mangrove edge. Up to 500 m, locally may be
higher. Call: loud, squeaky, descending
“Wréeh-wrée-wruh.”
148.7 GREAT KISKADEE (Bem-te-vi) Pitangus sulphuratus

L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note large size and long, straight bill. Cf.
148.10. ♣ Any open or semiopen habitat, incl. towns and
borders of forest. Up to 1600 m. Call: loud, plaintive, nasal
992
“Weéeuw”; song: “Kís-ka-dee” (species named after its
song).
148.8 YELLOW-THROATED FLYCATCHER

(Bem-te-vi-da-copa) Conopias parvus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note
yellow throat. Differs from smaller 148.9 by blacker crown,
yellow coronal patch (often concealed), and less contrast
between wings and mantle. ♣ Humid forest. Also in tall trees
in adjacent areas. Up to 1300 m. Call/song: high, liquid,
musical almost-trill, like “Wee-re-re,” diminishing in
strength.
148.9 THREE-STRIPED FLYCATCHER

(Bem-te-vi-pequeno) Conopias trivirgatus L 5.5 in./14 cm.
Note yellow throat and lack of coronal patch. Cf. 148.8. ♣
Canopy and borders of humid forest. Up to 300 m. Call/
song: high, loud, grating “zeeuw,” repeated in irregular series.
In SE Brazil, irregular series of “chew-chew-” notes.
993
148.10 BOAT-BILLED FLYCATCHER (Neinei)
Megarynchus pitangua L 7.9-9.8 in./20–25 cm. Differs from
148.7 by hefty bill with strongly curved culmen and broad
base. ♣ Canopy of várzea at rivers and lakes. Also in a range
of other habitats with varying density of trees, including
woodland, savanna, plantations. Up to 1500 m. Call (in two
voices by the same bird): high, rapid “er-er-er-wuh” with very
low/toneless “zzzzzzzzzr,” Also different vocalizations, such
as a high, nasal “Wéet-dr-reet.”
Flycatchers / Kiskadees
994
Plate 149
995
149.1 STREAKED FLYCATCHER (Bem-te-vi-rajado)
Myiodynastes maculatus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Ssp. solitarius (a)
shown and warmer tawny brown Nom. (b). Differs from
149.2 by white chin. Also cf. 149.4. ♣ Forest, woodland,
riverine belts, mangrove, caatinga, settlements. Up to 1500 m.
Can be very noisy, giving harsh, nasal calls, like “Wit Wit
- -”; dawn song: e.g., strident “Weeh-Weewit.”
149.2 SULPHUR -BELLIED FLYCATCHER

(Bem-te-vi-de-barriga-sulfúrea) Myiodynastes luteiventris L
7.9 in./20 cm. Dark malar stripes meet over chin. underparts
pale yellow. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest and
secondary woodland. Up to 1000 m. Call: short, squeaky
“wirít-jeh”; otherwise silent in South America. V.
149.3 SULPHURY FLYCATCHER

(Suiriri-de-garganta-rajada) Tyrannopsis sulphurea L 7.9 in./
20 cm. Differs from 149.9 by shorter bill, shorter, squarish
996
tail, olive-streaked chest sides, and browner wings. ♣ Often
(but not always) in palms in borders of forest, savanna,
cultivation, towns. Up to 400 m. Song: mid-high,
descending, scratchy, nasal, well-separated “sue sweh tjetjeh”
notes, or high, grating “flee ti-tjer-wer” (“flee” very/extr. high
and well separated from 2nd part).
149.4 VARIEGATED FLYCATCHER (Peitica)

Empidonomus varius L 7.5 in./19 cm. Prominent white wing
edging and rufous tail edging and rump. Smaller billed and
less crisply streaked below than 149.1. ♣ Borders and
clearings of forest, woodland, riverine belts, savanna with
some trees and bushes, suburbs. Occasionally in terra firme.
Up to 1200 m. Call: very/extr. high, thin “feeee-i.”
149.5 CROWNED SLATY FLYCATCHER

(Peitica-de-chapéu-preto) Griseotyrannus (or Empidonomus)
aurantiocristatus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Note flat, distinct black
997
crown with semiconcealed yellow patch. ♣ Canopy of humid
forest and woodland, open savanna with some tall trees, edges
of lowland forest. Up to 1200 m, occasionally higher. Call/
song: extr. high, weak “tseeee” when breeding, otherwise
silent.
149.6 EASTERN KINGBIRD (Suiriri-valente) Tyrannus

tyrannus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Broad white tail tip diagnostic (less
broad in Juv.). ♣ Wide variety of forested and wooded
habitats, incl. towns. Not usually in forest interior. Up to 800
m, locally much higher. Normally silent in South America.
149.7 [GRAY KINGBIRD (Suiriri-cinza) Tyrannus

dominicensis] L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note large bill and white
underparts. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest, savanna,
and mangroves. Call: very high, sharp “pe-Téer.”
998
149.8 WHITE-THROATED KINGBIRD
(Suiriri-de-garganta-branca) Tyrannus albogularis L 7.9 in./
20 cm. Differs from 149.9 by paler head, which contrasts
strongly with the dark mask and white throat. Slight olive cast
to chest. ♣ Various open habitats near water, esp. cerrado,
open savanna, and riverine woodland. Also near towns in
N-br. season. Up to 1000 m. Voice as 149.4, but even
higher and thinner.
149.9 TROPICAL KINGBIRD (Suiriri) Tyrannus

melancholicus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Chest olive. Tail forked as in
other kingbirds, but unlike 149.3 and 147.10. ♣ Can be seen
anywhere, except inside forest, often near water. Up to 1850
m. Call: very high, sharp, slightly descending “seedrr,”
directly continued with sharp, warbling “jtutju---” and similar
variations.
999
149.10 FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER (Tesourinha)
Tyrannus savana L 7.5 in./19 cm (excl. tail streamers).
Unmistakable. No white in tail when streamers have broken
off. ♣ Open areas with scattered trees and bushes, including
gardens, mangrove, reed beds. Up to 1000 m. Call: extr.
high, weak “tic.”
Flycatchers / Kingbirds
1000
1001
Plate 150
150.1 GRAYISH MOURNER (Vissiá) Rhytipterna simplex L

7.9 in./20 cm. Differs from very similar 124.2 by slightly
more reddish eyes, often some pink at base of bill, and
yellowish cast to the belly. ♣ Upperstory of terra firme, up to
800 m or higher. Song: varied, esp. in tempo; normally a
rising series of sharp “ih” notes, ending in some loud,
explosive “Itch” notes. Notes may be well-separated,
run-together as a rattle, or decelerating. Last explosive note
may be omitted.
150.2 PALE-BELLIED MOURNER (Vissiá-cantor)

Rhytipterna immunda L 7.5 in./19 cm. Differs from
150.6–150.9 by flanks tinged rusty-buff and grayer, more
rounded head (no crest). ♣ Wooded savanna, low várzea.
Below 300 m. Song: 2 well-separated “Réet-je” notes
(“Réet” much higher).
1002
150.3 SIRYSTES (Gritador) Sirystes sibilator L 7.1 in./18
cm. Sspp. form two groups: widespread white-rumped group
(a, sspp. albocinereus and subcanescens) and E and SE
gray-rumped group (b, Nom. and atimastus, note clear edging
of wing coverts). ♣ Canopy of forest and woodland. Up to
1000 m. Call: slightly descending
“weeuw-weeuw-weeuw”; song: short, rapid series of 4–7,
slightly ascending, fluted “wuh-wíwi-wuh” notes, the last
note lowered.
150.4 RUFOUS CASIORNIS (Caneleiro) Casiornis rufus L

7.1 in./18 cm. Resembles some Attilas (Pl. 151) but
differently shaped, black bill with pink base. Also cf. Rufous
Twistwing (140.10). ♣ Woodland, wooded cerrado, riverine
belts up to 1500 m. Call: Very high, downslurred “feeeèh.”
150.5 ASH-THROATED CASIORNIS (Caneleiro-enxofre)

Casiornis fuscus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Less uniform rufous, esp.
1003
on upperparts, than 150.4. ♣ Caatinga, wooded cerrado. Up to
500 m. Call: Very high, downslurred “tjef.” En.
150.6 DUSKY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER

(Maria-cavaleira-pequena) Myiarchus tuberculifer L 6.3 in./
16 cm. Note small size and blackish bill. Cap slightly darker
than rest of upperparts. ♣ Interior and clearings of all types of
forest, second growth, plantations. Up to 1300 m. Song:
high, plaintive “féeeuw” whistle.
150.7 SWAINSON’S FLYCATCHER (Irré) Myiarchus

swainsoni L 7.9 in./20 cm. Shown is SE Nom. (a, migrates N
to NE) and ssp. phaeonotus (b, only in extr. N, with all-black
bill). Both sspp. very similar to 150.9, but b with at least base
of lower mandible pale, and localized a with paler belly than
150.9a. ♣ Cerrado, riverine belts, mangrove, and forest. Up to
1800 m. Call: rasping “srruh”; song: impatient-sounding
“put-it-here” (“here” much lower) and variations thereof.
1004
150.8 BROWN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER
(Maria-cavaleira-de-rabo-enferrujado) Myiarchus tyrannulus
L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note rufous in wing and tail (best seen from
below). ♣ Dense and open woodland, riverine belts, cerrado.
Up to 300 m. Call/song:e.g., very high short “weert” or a
fast, nasal, toneless chatter, like “ée-hè-hè.”
150.9 SHORT-CRESTED FLYCATCHER (Maria-cavaleira)

Myiarchus ferox L 7.1 in./18 cm. Dark Nom. (a) and brown
ssp. australis (b, with rufous rump and edges of tail and wing
feathers) shown. Note all-black bill. ♣ Clearings and borders
of forest, woodland, and agricultural areas. Call/song:
short, fine “prrrrih” trill.
1005
Mourners / Sirystes / Casiornises / Flycatchers
1006
1007
Plate 151
151.1 LARGE-HEADED (or Bamboo) FLATBILL

(Maria-cabeçuda) Ramphotrigon megacephalum L 5.1 in./13
cm. Note habitat and two tawny wing bars. Differs from
larger 151.2 by distinct eyebrow. ♣ Interior or edge of humid
forest with bamboo. Song: varied; mournful, slightly
lowered “wéeuw” (lowland), 2-noted “wéeh wuw” (distinctly
separated), or “wéejuw,” 1st note higher, repeated at 1-sec
intervals.
151.2 DUSKY-TAILED FLATBILL (Maria-de-cauca-escura)

Ramphotrigon fuscicauda L 6.3 in./16 cm. Resembles smaller
151.1, but supraloral indistinct. ♣ Dense undergrowth and
bamboo of terra firme and várzea, second growth. Up to 900
m. Call: slow, fluted “tjuuw-weh” (“tjuuw” gliding down,
short “weh” jumping up) or melodious, fluted “pjéeuw
pjeé-pjeé-pjuw” (“pjéeuw” lower pitched and descending; last
3 notes higher).
1008
151.3 RUFOUS-TAILED FLATBILL
(Bico-chato-de-rabo-vermelho) Ramphotrigon ruficauda L
6.3 in./16 cm. Note rufous wing and tail. ♣ Lower levels of
várzea and terra firme. Also in wooded savanna. Up to 600 m.
Song: high, slow, mournful “weaeaea-wur.”
151.4 BRIGHT-RUMPED ATTILA (Capit

o-de-saíra-amarelo) Attila spadiceus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note
streaked breast, and bright rump, which is normally paler than
occasional bright rump of 151.5–151.9. Eyes dark to yellow
(rarely white as in 151.9). Shown are normal (a) and rufous
(b) forms. Latter together with gray form (like a, but gray
head and chest instead of olive) and intermediates form ca.
5% of population. ♣ Clearings and edge of humid forest,
second growth, plantations, woodland, bushy savanna,
riverine belts. Up to 1500 m, occasionally higher. Song:
loud, resounding series of about 6 whistled, doubled
1009
(sometimes tripled) “weéh-duw - -” notes, gaining in strength
and pitch.
151.5 GRAY-HOODED ATTILA (Capit o-de-saíra) Attila

rufus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Two sspp.: Nom. (a) and hellmayri (b,
in Bahia). Ssp. a distinctive; b from 151.6 and 151.7 by small,
white chin. ♣ Humid forest up to 1500 m. Song: slow
series of 4–7 emphasized, fluted “whee” notes, which
gradually rise in pitch and strength before the last one, which
fades out. En.
151.6 RUFOUS-TAILED ATTILA (Capit o-castanho) Attila

phoenicurus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Gray hood more sharply
demarcated than in 151.7. ♣ Humid forest (including
Araucaria) and scrub. Up to 1500 m. Song: short, quick
series of 4 fluted “fee-fee-fífi” notes, the 1st 3 rising in pitch,
the 4th falling off.
1010
151.7 CITRON-BELLIED ATTILA
(Tinguaçu-de-barriga-amarela) Attila citriniventris L 7.1 in./
18 cm. See brighter 151.6. ♣ Interior and edge of humid terra
firme up to 500 m. Song: series of 3–8 fluted, more or less
staccato notes, which gradually rise until the last one, which
falls off, like “piu-piu- - piútwoh.”
151.8 CINNAMON ATTILA (Tinguaçu-ferrugem) Attila

cinnamomeus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by large pale
eye. ♣ Várzea and other types of swamp forest. Also in
plantations and mangrove. At rivers and streams. Up to 500
m. Song: melancholy “pu-peéeeuw” and other similar
notes, given in unstructured, calm series.
1011
151.9 DULL-CAPPED (or White-eyed) ATTILA (Bate-pára)
Attila bolivianus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note large whitish eye. ♣
Riverine belts, várzea, and other types of swamp forest at
rivers and streams. Up to 500 m. Song: slow, rising series
of about 10–15 fluted notes, which level out in the 2nd half.
Flatbills / Flycatcher / Attilas
1012
1013
Plate 152
152.1 TROPICAL PARULA (Mariquita) Parula pitiayumi L

4.3 in./11 cm. Note small size and blue-gray upperparts. ♣
Forest edge, woodland, riverine belts. Up to 2500 m. Song:
variations of very/extr. high, almost-trill, like
“zizizizizsisisi-tuh” or “si-si-si-wrrrr-teweh.”
152.2 ROSE-BREASTED CHAT (Polícia-do-mato)

Granatellus pelzelni L 4.7 in./12 cm. Nom. (a) and ssp.
paraensis (b, with less white on flanks and black restricted to
forehead) shown. has pink vent. ♣ Canopy and borders of
forest and dense woodland. Up to 850 m. Call: high,
slightly nasal “zjuw”; song: rather hurried series of 5–6
evenly spaced “uweet-uweet- -” notes, often heard in
combination.
1014
152.3 AMERICAN REDSTART
(Mariquita-de-rabo-vermelho) Setophaga ruticilla L 4.7 in./
12 cm. Unmistakable by color and pattern of often fanned tail.
♣ Forest edge, woodland, shrubby areas, mangrove. Up to
1500 m, occasionally much higher. Normally silent in
South America. V.
152.4 SLATE-THROATED (Redstart or) WHITESTART

(Mariquita-cinza) Myioborus miniatus L 5.1 in./13 cm.
Unmistakable by often fanned, white-edged tail and all-dark
(brown-crowned) head. ♣ Montane forest and woodland;
600–2000 m. Song: very high, thin “ti-ti-tju-tju-tjuw”
(sometimes restricted to 1st 2 notes).
152.5 TEPUI (Redstart or) WHITESTART

(Mariquita-de-cabeça-parda) Myioborus castaneocapillus L
5.1 in./13 cm. Ssp. duidae (a) and Nom. (b, with yellow
underparts) shown. Tail like 152.4. ♣ Forest, second growth,
1015
woodland; 1200–2200 m. Song: thin, accelerating,
descending chipping, starting extr. high.
152.6 YELLOW WARBLER (Mariquita-amarela) Dendroica

petechia (aestiva) L 5.1 in./13 cm. from 152.8, and
154.1, by yellowish undertail. ♣ Semiopen habitats, esp. near
water. Up to 1000 m, occasionally higher. Call: extr. high,
dry “chip,” but species is probably silent in Brazil.
152.7 BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER

(Mariquita-papo-de-fogo) Dendroica fusca L 5.1 in./13 cm. In
note distinct facial pattern, yellow-tinged throat, and
extensive white of undertail. ♣ Forest, woodland, and
clearings with scattered trees. Mainly above 1000 m.
Probably silent in Brazil. R.
1016
152.8 BLACKPOLL WARBLER (Mariquita-de-perna-clara)
Dendroica striata L 5.5 in./14 cm. Shown are Ad. , 1st
basic (a) and 1st W (b); a and b rather nondescript, but
note wing bars and large white patch on undertail. ♣ Forest
borders, clearings with scattered trees, woodland; 500–2500
m. Probably silent in Brazil.
152.9 [CERULEAN WARBLER (Mariquita-azul) Dendroica

cerulea] L 4.7 in./12 cm. In note distinct wing bars,
blue-green upperparts, and white patch on undertail. ♣
Canopy of forest and woodland; 500–2000 m. Probably
silent in South America.
1017
152.10 [BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER
(Mariquita-de-garganta-preta) Dendroica virens] L 5.1 in./13
cm. from 152.7 by blackish breast sides. Accidental
visitor. Probably silent in South America.
Parula / Chat / Redstart / Whitestarts / Warblers
1018
1019
Plate 153
153.1 CONNECTICUT WARBLER

(Mariquita-de-connecticut) Oporornis agilis L 5.5 in./14 cm.
Complete white eyering diagnostic. ♣ Forest borders and
clearings, woodland. Up to 2000 m. Silent in South
America. V.
153.2 NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH (Mariquita-boreal)

Seiurus noveboracensis L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable by
jizz, habitat, and streaking below. Bobs rear end when
walking. ♣ Mangrove, woodland near water. Up to 2000 m.
Call: very high, metallic “tsic” notes in series of 1 ×/sec. V.
153.3 TWO-BANDED (or Roraima) WARBLER

(Pula-pula-de-duas-fitas) Basileuterus bivittatus L 5.5 in./14
cm. From 153.4 by greener face sides. ♣ Shrubby edges and
undergrowth of humid forest and second growth; 700–1800
1020
m. Song: extr. high, slightly descending and ascending
series, starting with a few stuttered notes, which gradually
accelerate via a trill to a hoarse hiss (2–3 sec).
153.4 GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER (Pula-pula)

Basileuterus culicivorus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note pale gray
eyebrow and yellow underparts. ♣ Understories of humid
forest and second growth. Shaded plantations. Up to 1800 m.
Song: varies regionally; in E Brazil, very high
“tu-tu-twit-twit” (2nd “tu” slightly lower); in N Brazil, very
high, slightly descending, thin “wit-wit-wit-witwit.”
153.5 WHITE-BELLIED WARBLER

(Pula-pula-debarriga-branca) Basileuterus hypoleucus L 5.5
in./14 cm. Note whitish belly and rufous crown. ♣ Woodland,
riverine belts, shrubby foest edges. Song: very/extr. high
“seeh-seeh swuh.”
1021
153.6 WHITE-BROWED (or -rimmed) WARBLER
(Pula-pula-assobiador) Basileuterus leucoblepharus L 5.5 in./
14 cm. Note white supraloral and partial eyering. Underparts
gray and white. ♣ Forest undergrowth, second growth. Often
near water. Up to 1600 m. Song: fairly long series of thin
“fee” notes, which start at extr. high level and then descend
very steeply to 5 notes lower (5–6 sec).
153.7 WHITE-STRIPED WARBLER

(Pla-pula-de-sobrancelhau) Basileuterus leucophrys L 5.5 in./
14 cm. Note white supral-oral and partial eyering. Underparts
gray and white. ♣ Undergrowth at water in riverine belts. Up
to 1000 m. Call: extr. high tinkling; song: series of pure,
fluted notes, some of these as double notes or short trill
“fufu-fuhfuh-prrrr-pruh” and similar series, with notes
varying in sequence and pitch. En.
1022
153.8 FLAVESCENT WARBLER (Canário-do-mato)
Basileuterus flaveolus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note striking yellow
eyebrow. Cf. 154.2. ♣ On and near ground in riverine belts
and shrubby clearings. Up to 1000 m. Song: double-voiced
series, basically an extr. high series of 5–6 notes of
“fífifi-fífifi- -” notes; after the 1st two notes, mid-high
“tjeh-tjeh-tjeh-tjeh” is interwoven.
153.9 (Neotropical) RIVERBANK WARBLER

(Pula-pula-ribeirinho) Phaeothlypis rivularis L 5.5 in./14 cm.
♣ N ssp. mesoleuca (a) and SE Nom. (b) shown. Both have
whitish buff underparts. ♣ Near rivers, streams, or swampy
areas in forest. Song: starting very high and descending
series of “feew” notes; after the 1st 5–7 notes transformed
into forceful, very loud, level, rattled “tjehtjeh---” (about 7 ×
“tjeh”).
1023
153.10 BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER
(Pula-pula-de-cauda-avermelhada) Phaeothlypis fulvicauda L
5.5 in./14 cm. Tail pattern diagnostic. ♣ Near streams and
rivers in forest. Up to 1000 m. Song: starts with 1–4 slow
or fast introductory notes, then changes into a series of 10–15
strong, level “tjewtjew---” notes.
Warblers / Waterthrush
1024
Plate 154
154.1 [PROTHONOTARY WARBLER

(Mariquita-protonotária) Protonotaria citrea] L 5.5 in./14 cm.
1025
Note blue-gray wings and tail. Basal half of undertail with a
white patch, unlike in 152.6. Probably silent in South
America.
154.2 MASKED YELLOWTHROAT (Pia-cobra) Geothlypis

aequinoctialis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note eyering and indistinct
supral-oral of . Gray tinge to head of often absent. ♣
Bushy and grassy fields, marshes, borders of woodland. Often
near water. Up to 1500 m. Song: high, sweet, almost level
series, starting with two slow introductory “swee swee” notes,
followed by 2–3 short, lilting “feedeweet -” notes, and ending
in a distinct flourish, like “wu-wutweet,” together as “swee
swee feedeweet-feedeweet-wu-wutweet,” or variations
thereof (e.g., one note is more warbled).
154.3 [CANADA WARBLER (Mariquita-do-canadá) Wilsonia

canadensis] L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note eyering and gray
1026
upperparts. ♣ Forest undergrowth, second growth; 1000–2000
m. Probably silent in South America.
154.4 RUFOUS-BROWED PEPPERSHRIKE (Pitiguari)

Cyclarhis gujanensis L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable by stout
bill and rufous eyebrow in most sspp. (a), but rufous
restricted to supral-oral in SE ssp. ochrocephala (b). ♣ Wide
variety of wooded and semiopen habitats. Not usually inside
dense humid forest. Up to 1500 m. Song: high, rich,
melodious series, like “tjirre-tjú-wu” or rhythmic
“Tjú-titi-Tjú- -,” each series repeated for several minutes
before changing to another.
154.5 SLATY-CAPPED SHRIKE-VIREO

(Assobiador-do-castanhal) Vireolanius leucotis L 5.5 in./14
cm. Unmistakable by pale eyes and facial pattern. ♣ Canopy
of humid forest. Up to 1800 m. Song: fluted, gliding-down
“téuuw,” constantly repeated at 1 ×/sec.
1027
154.6 RED-EYED (or Chivi) VIREO (Juruviara) Vireo
olivaceus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note black lines bordering
eyebrow. N migrant Nom. (a, eyes red and vent white; Juv. as
b) and resident/local migrant chivi group (b, eyes brown and
vent yellow) shown. Cf. 154.7 and 154.8. ♣ Forest edge,
woodland, shrubby clearings, gardens with tall trees. Up to
1500 m, occasionally much higher. Song (local race): high,
chirped “chrrit” or “cheche,” constantly repeated 1 ×/1.5 sec;
migrant Nom. is silent in South America.
154.7 YELLOW-GREEN VIREO

(Juruviara-verde-amarelada) Vireo flavoviridis L 5.9 in./15
cm. Not always safely separable from 154.6, but flanks are
normally richer yellow and less or no black borders around
eyebrow. ♣ Canopy and edge of forest and woodland. Up to
1500 m. Silent in Brazil. R.
1028
154.8 BLACK- (or Brown-) WHISKERED VIREO
(Juruviara-barbuda) Vireo altiloquus L 5.9 in./15 cm. From
154.6 and 154.7 by narrow dark malar streak, but this is often
difficult to see. ♣ Edge and clearings of forest and second
growth. Up to 1000 m. Silent in South America.
154.9 NORONHA VIREO (Juruviara-de-noronha) Vireo

gracilirostris L 5.5 in./14 cm. Only vireo on Isla de Noronha.
Note long, thin bill and dark eye. ♣ In any habitat on
Noronha. Song: short, chirped “tetjúr.” En, R.
1029
Warblers / Yellowthroat / Peppershrike / Vireos
Plate 155
1030
155.1 RUFOUS-CROWNED GREENLET
(Verdinho-coroado) Hylophilus poicilotis L 5.1 in./13 cm.
Note rufous crown. From 155.4 by distinct dusky ear coverts.
♣ Forest, second growth, woodland, scrub. Up to 1800 m.
Song: rapid, high “teweét-teweét- -” (3–6 ×) or rapid
“swee-swee- -” (4–5 ×).
155.2 GRAY-CHESTED GREENLET (Verdinho-da-várzea)

Hylophilus semicinereus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Differs from 155.3
by gray, not yellow, breast. ♣ Upperstories and edge of humid
forest and clearings up to 400 m. Song: very high, hurried
“wee-wee-wee---” (about 8–20 ×, but often too fast to count).
155.3 LEMON-CHESTED GREENLET (Vite-vite)

Hylophilus thoracicus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Two groups: SE Nom.
(a, Rio de Janeiro Greenlet) and W and N griseiventris group
(b); a unique in range, b from 155.5 by gray restricted to
hindcrown. ♣ In higher levels of the interior and edges of
1031
humid forest; a also in woodland. Mainly below 600 m.
Song: very high, rapid series of 10–15 × upslurred “tu-Weét -
-” notes.
155.4 GRAY-EYED GREENLET (Vite-vite-de-olho-cinza)

Hylophilus amaurocephalus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Ear-patches less
distinct than in 155.1. ♣ Forest, woodland, caatinga, scrub.
Up to 1800 m. Song: high, rather harsh “see-see” or
“teTeé-teTeé-teTeé,” and many other variations. En.
155.5 ASHY-HEADED GREENLET

(Vite-vite-de-cabeça-cinza) Hylophilus pectoralis L 4.7 in./12
cm. Note all-gray head and dark eye. ♣ Woodland, riverine
belts, gardens. Up to 400 m. Song: high, hurried
“Wéetje-Wéetje-Wéetje-,” rapid
“tutjeweé-tutjeweé-tutjeweé,” or loud, sharp “WúTjirrrr.”
1032
155.6 TEPUI GREENLET (Vite-vite-do-tepui) Hylophilus
sclateri L 4.7 in./12 cm. Gray wings and tail diagnostic. ♣
Interior and edge of humid forest; 600–2000 m. Song:
Very high, simple “suwí-tu-èr,” (“suwi” sharp and upslurred,
“tu-èr” lower, but also ascending) or “suuih tuh” (“suuih”
very high, piercing, and gliding down, “tuh” as a low,
well-separated full stop).
155.7 BUFF-CHEEKED (or -breasted) GREENLET

(Vite-vite-camurça) Hylophilus muscicapinus L 4.7 in./12 cm.
Buff face sides and breast diagnostic. ♣ Forest on poor soils.
Up to 600 m. Song: high, warbling “weet-oh-weeréet.”
1033
155.8 BROWN-HEADED GREENLET
(Vite-vite-de-cabeça-marrom) Hylophilus brunneiceps L 4.7
in./12 cm. From 155.10 by grayish (not yellow) underparts. ♣
Sandy-belt forest, edge of várzea, and savanna woodland. Up
to 400 m. Song: series of steeply gliding down, joined
“tiiiiuw- -” notes (about 10 ×).
155.9 TAWNY-CROWNED GREENLET

(Vite-vite-uirapuru) Hylophilus ochraceiceps L 4.7 in./12 cm.
W and C Nom. group (a, pale eyes and distinct tawny
fore-crown) and NE rubrifrons group (b, brown eyes and less
distinctly tawny forecrown) shown. Both are brownish olive
above with browner tail. ♣ Undergrowth in interior of humid
forest and second growth. Up to 800 m, occasionally much
higher. Song: calm series of well-separated, slightly
lowered, drawn-out, penetrating “tieeeh” notes.
1034
155.10 DUSKY-CAPPED GREENLET
(Vite-vite-de-barriga-marela) Hylophilus hypoxanthus L 4.7
in./12 cm. Note brownish head and dull yellowish underparts.
♣ Upperstory of terra firme. Up to 500 m. Song: very high,
cheerful “is-it-so-wit” or “pichí-soweér.”
Greenlets
1035
Plate 156
1036
156.1 WHITE-WINGED SWALLOW (Andorinha-do-rio)
Tachycineta albiventer L 5.5 in./14 cm. White in wing
diagnostic. ♣ Areas near water, incl. rivers, lakes, pastures,
beaches. Up to 500 m. Call: toneless, slightly rising “krch”
or “wrch.”
156.2 WHITE-RUMPED SWALLOW

(Andorinha-de-sobre-branco) Tachycineta leucorrhoa L 5.1
in./13 cm. White eyebrow difficult to see and therefore not
always safely separable from 156.3. ♣ Open and semiopen
areas, often near water. Up to 1000 m. Call: toneless, short
“zzt”; song: jumble of “zzt” and “zr” notes and gurgling,
rapidly descending “pri-ri-ri-row.”
156.3 CHILEAN SWALLOW (Andorinha-chilena)

Tachycineta meyeni L 4.7 in./12 cm. Occasionally with short
white eyebrow, which never extends over bill. ♣ Open and
semiopen areas, often near water. Call: “pripri.”
1037
156.4 BLUE-AND-WHITE SWALLOW
(Andorinha-pequena-de-casa) Pygochelidon (or
Notiochelidon) cyanoleuca L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note dark rump
and vent (S migrant ssp. patagonica has white of belly
extending into black vent). ♣ Open areas in woodland,
savanna, forest clearings, towns. Up to 3000 m. Call: very/
extr. high “see,” very high, downslurred “tjeuw,” and short
twitters.
156.5 WHITE-BANDED SWALLOW (Peitoril) Atticora

fasciata L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ At rivers in forest.
Rarely at lakes and forest clearings. Up to 1000 m. Call:
high “trr”; song: unstructured series of low “prr” notes, or
“tetju.”
1038
156.6 BLACK-COLLARED SWALLOW
(Andoriha-de-coleira) Pygochelidon (or Atticora)
melanoleuca L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note dark chest band, rump,
and vent. ♣ Near rivers, mainly areas with water rapids.
Call/song: unstructured series of “zt” notes.
156.7 BARN SWALLOW (Andorinha-de-bando) Hirundo

rustica L 7.1 in./18 cm. Forked tail with long streamers (often
missing). White spots (usually look like a complete band) in
tail diagnostic. ♣ Any habitat, except forest interior and heavy
woodland. Mostly silent in South America.
1039
156.8 CLIFF SWALLOW (Andorinha-de-dorso-acanelado)
Pterochelidon pyrrhonota L 5.5 in./14 cm. Only swallow with
pale buff rump, combined with tawny throat. ♣ Open areas
near water in woodland, savanna, forest clearings, towns. Up
to 2750 m. Generally silent in South America.
Swallows
1040
Plate 157
1041
157.1 PURPLE MARTIN (Andorinha-azul) Progne subis L
7.5 in./19 cm. not safely separable from 157.3. Note,
however, the presence of the two spp. in opposite seasons.
from 157.2 and 157.3 by grayish nuchal collar and
forehead. ♣ Wide variety of open and semiopen areas. Often
in towns. Mostly silent in South America.
157.2 GRAY-BREASTED MARTIN

(Andorinha-doméstica-grande) Progne chalybea L 6.7 in./17
cm. less glossy blue than . Neck same color as rest of
upperparts. Underparts white, chest and throat gray-brown
(sometimes bluish). ♣ Open areas in woodland, savanna,
forest clearings, towns. Up to 2000 m. Calls: varied; e.g.,
“prrrt-prrrt,” nasal “tjurt,” or gurgling “tjurrt”; song: very/
extr. high, scratchy chirping.
1042
157.3 SOUTHERN MARTIN (Andorinha-do-sul) Progne
elegans L 6.7 in./17 cm. Underparts of dusky brown with
scaly white edging (esp. on lower underparts). Forehead
rarely grayish. ♣ Open and semiopen areas. Also in forest
clearings. Up to 2500 m.
157.4 BANK SWALLOW (or Sand Martin)

(Andorinha-do-barranco) Riparia riparia L 4.7 in./12 cm.
Resembles 157.5, but much smaller. Note distinctive erratic
and fluttering flight. ♣ Open areas near water. Breeds in
freshly cut cliffs, sleeps in reed beds. Call: toneless “zrt” or
“zirrit.”
157.5 BROWN-CHESTED MARTIN (Andorinha-do-campo)

Progne tapera L 6.3 in./16 cm. Large, with brownish
upperparts. Note white throat. ♣ Open and semiopen country
with trees, including towns. Call: very high, sharp, dry
“zrit-zrit.”
1043
157.6 WHITE-THIGHED SWALLOW (Calcinha-branca)
Atticora (or Neochelidon) tibialis L 4.7 in./12 cm. Overall
dusky with inconspicuous white socks. ♣ Clearings and edge
of forest, riverine belts. Up to 1000 m, locally higher. Call:
very high, weak “zip” or “trrrp tiptip.”
157.7 TAWNY-HEADED SWALLOW (Andorinha-morena)

Alopochelidon fucata L 4.7 in./12 cm. Tawny head
diagnostic. ♣ Open areas, esp. grassland near water. Up to
1600 m. Call: extr. high “tjup tjuptup.”
1044
157.8 SOUTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW
(Andorinha-serradora) Stelgidopteryx ruficollis L 5.1 in./13
cm. Uniform brownish above with tawny throat. ♣ Open
country near water, also in forest clearings. Up to 1000 m,
occasionally much higher. Call: rich, gurgled “wrir,”
“wirre-wirre-wir,” or “zirre-zitzit.”
Martins / Swallows
1045
Plate 158
1046
158.1 BLACK-CAPPED DONACOBIUS (Japacanim)
Donacobius atricapilla L 7.9 in./20 cm. Two sspp.:
widespread Nom. (a; Juv. resembles b) and albovittatus (b,
far SW). Unmistakable by yellow eye, buff underparts, and
black-and-white tail. Skin on sides of throat inflatable (b).
Rich repertoire, including high, liquid, rapid “wicwicwic,”
low, calm “woí-woí-woí,” and nasal, mewing
“wrèh-wrèh-wrèh.” Also duets in two-voiced, liquid
“woi-woi-woi” together with toneless scratching, like
“zzeh-zzeh-zzeh.”
158.2 BICOLORED WREN (Garrincha-dos-lhanos)

Campylorhynchus griseus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by
broad white sub-terminal tail band (distinct from below) and
white (pale gray or buff-tinged in Juv.) underparts and
eyebrow. Bold. ♣ Semiarid woodland and scrub (even in
towns). Also palm groves. Song: basically vocalizes in
duet, such as very low, guttural, chattering, mid-high, liquid
“wit-tur-trit- -” or low, guttural, chattering
“wraf-wratter-vraf-wràh- -.”
1047
158.3 THRUSH-LIKE WREN (Catatau) Campylorhynchus
turdinus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Three sspp.: unicolor (a, Pantanal
region), Amazonian hypostictus (b), and E Nom. (not shown,
intermediate between a and b). Note large size, relatively
long bill, pale eyebrow, and rather uniform (a) or
conspicuously dark-spotted (b) underparts. ♣ Canopy and
edge of humid lowland forest and nearby second growth. Also
gallery forest, palm groves, parks. Call: “kets kets
kets-kets,” sounding like 2 pebbles struck together; song: low
“tjow tjów-tjow-tjow” (2nd part also with 2 × “tjow”), given
in duet.
158.4 TOOTH-BILLED WREN (Cambaxirra-cinzenta)

Odontorchilus cinereus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Gnatcatcherlike (Pl.
179), but note barred tail and brownish tinge to crown. ♣
Canopy of humid forest (esp. terra firme). Up to 500 m.
Song: very high, rattling trill (1 sec) or very/extr. high joined
series of 4 “jee” notes.
1048
158.5 SEDGE (or Grass) WREN (Corruíra-do-campo)
Cistothorus platensis L 3.9 in./10 cm. Small. Streaked back
diagnostic. ♣ Cerrado, grassland, marshes. Song:
partitioned or continuous series of short, very/extr. high notes
such as high rattles, sharp trills, sparrowlike “tr-tr-tr-tr,” and
nasal “zèzèzèzè.”
158.6 MOUSTACHED WREN (Garrinch o-pai-avô)

Thryothorus genibarbis L 6.3 in./16 cm. From 158.7 by more
white on face and black-bordered white malar. Differs from
158.8–158.10 by stronger facial markings and plain wings. ♣
Undergrowth of forest, dense vegetation at rivers or lakes,
caatinga, palm groves. Call: nasal, irritated “teeyr”; song:
rapid, varied series–(often in duet) with repetitive notes, most
notes ending with low “tjow-tjow” or “tjow-tjow-tjow”; also
may be “Eeh-wi-tjow-tjow” (3–5 ×) or “fuWeeuh-tjow-tjow”
notes.
1049
158.7 CORAYA WREN (Garrinch o-coraia) Thryothorus
coraya L 5.9 in./15 cm. Black sides of face (usually with faint
white streaks) diagnostic. Chest gray in W. ♣ Undergrowth of
humid forest and second growth. Up to 1850 m.
Vocalizations varied. Call: e.g., short, strong rattle; song:
strong, rich, continuous series with notes such as
characteristic gliding “tuweeit” and short rattles like low,
high, or very high “djipdjip---” or “tjiptjiptjip” notes.
158.8 BUFF-BREASTED WREN (Garrinch

o-de-barriga-vermelha) Thryothorus leucotis L 5.5 in./14 cm.
Note barred wings, distinct white eyebrow, and faintly
black-streaked white cheeks. C ssp. rufiventris shown; N
sspp. less rufescent above. Cf. 158.6, 158.9, and 158.10. ♣
Undergrowth of forest (avoids interior of terra firme),
woodland, second growth, mangrove. Prefers areas near
water. Up to 950 m. Call: “fju-djEw” (“fju” high, inhaled);
1050
song: continuous, vigorous series of 4–6 × repeated, high,
strong, melodious notes, like “Tjer-oh-werrr” or “wur-Tjer.”
158.9 FAWN-BREASTED WREN (Garrincha-do-oeste)

Thryothorus guarayanus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Differs from very
similar 158.8 (limited contact possible) by stronger marked
cheeks, buffier throat, and less rufescent upperparts. ♣
Undergrowth of forest (várzea, semiarid, dry, or riverine),
second growth. Prefers areas near water. Up to 400 m.
Song: 3-stepped, calm “tseew tjew tjew” series (1st thin step
highest).
158.10 LONG-BILLED WREN (Garrinch o-de-bico-grande)

Thryothorus longirostris L 5.9 in./15 cm. Resembles 158.8
(limited contact possible), but bill longer. No overlap with
158.9. ♣ Undergrowth of forest, dense woodland, mangrove,
dense shrub. Up to 900 m. Call:e.g., high, melodious
1051
“turrut”; song: calm series of melodious, repeated (2–8 ×)
notes, like “Tée-tjur” or “Wée-wit-wudr.” En.
Donacobius / Wrens
1052
Plate 159
1053
159.1 GRAY WREN (Garrincha-cinza) Thryothorus griseus
L 4.7 in./12 cm. Distinctively short tailed and gray. ♣ Tangled
undergrowth in clearings and at edge of várzea and woodland.
Up to 200 m. En.
159.2 (Southern) HOUSE WREN (Corruíra) Troglodytes

(aedon) musculus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Small. No distinctive
features, but note faint grayish buff eyebrow and barred wings
and tail. ♣ Virtually any open to semiopen habitat. Often near
humans. Song: highly varied; e.g., short series, often
starting with some soft, mumbled, run-together notes,
finishing with a short, powerful rattle, like nasal
“tju-ru-che-che-WuDDDDR.”
159.3 TEPUI WREN (Corruíra-do-tepui) Troglodytes rufulus

L 4.7 in./12 cm. Gray-throated and gray-breasted ssp.
wetmorei (a, SW part of range) and all-rufous Nom. (b, NE
1054
part of range) shown. Resembles 159.2, but more chestnut. ♣
Undergrowth of forest and brushy areas; 1000–2800 m.
159.4 WHITE-BREASTED WOOD-WREN

(Uirapuru-de-peito-branco) Henicorhina leucosticta L 4.3 in./
11 cm. Distinctive facial pattern and short tail. Not in range of
larger, longer-tailed 158.6. ♣ Undergrowth and borders of
humid forest; second growth. Up to 1100 m. Song: short,
rapid, powerful, rich series of 2–4 × repeated notes, like high,
rapid “fífifi-wruh” (1st part higher) or staccato
“wéeh-wéeh-wéeh.”
159.5 SCALY-BREASTED NIGHTINGALE (or Southern

Nightingale) WREN (Wren) (Uirapuru-veado) Microcerculus
marginatus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Contrasting dark brown above,
white below with scaled, mottled brown flanks. ♣ Low levels
in humid lowland forest. Song: very beautiful, calm, fluted
melody of single, pure notes, as if sung from sheet music.
1055
159.6 FLUTIST WREN (Flautista-do-tepui) Microcerculus
ustulatus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Uniform dark rufous brown with
very short tail. Cf. leaftossers (Pl. 100). ♣ Low levels in
humid forest; 850–2100 m. Song: as 159.5; an
unbelievable songster, fluting as if calmly varying on an
existing song.
159.7 WING-BANDED WREN (Uirapuru-de-asa-branca)

Microcerculus bambla L 4.7 in./12 cm. Generally
unmistakable by wing bands. Cf. 108.5. ♣ Low levels in
humid forest. Up to 1500 m. Song: e.g., a rapid series of
5–7, level-pitched, very beautifully fluted notes, long pause,
one beautiful note, long pause, then a rapid series of fluted
notes.
1056
159.8 MUSICIAN WREN (Uirapuru-verdadeiro)
Cyphorhinus arada L 5.1 in./13 cm. Three groups: W
modulator group (a, with rufous breast, throat, forecrown, and
eyebrow), NE Nom. group (b, with white eyebrow and
distinctive black-and-white collar) and C ssp. griseolateralis
(c, rather intermediate between a and b, but grayer below).
Note barring to wings, unlike leaftossers (Pl. 100) and various
Antbirds. ♣ Low levels in humid forest. Up to 1000 m.
Song: jumble of low, almost toneless gobbles and much
higher series of 4–6 clear, different-pitched, fluted notes.
NOTE: the following 2 species are not members of the wren

family, but belong to the gnatcatcher family (Pl. 179).
159.9 COLLARED GNATWREN

(Bico-assovelado-de-coleira) Microbates collaris L 4.3 in./11
cm. Unmistakable by facial pattern and very long bill. ♣
Undergrowth of terra firme. Up to 500 m. Call/song: very
1057
high, loud, sharp, gliding-down “péeeee”; also “tjeu-tjeu
pueéh-pueéh.”
159.10 LONG- (or Straight-) BILLED GNATWREN

(Bico-assovelado) Ramphocaenus mela nurus L 4.7 in./12
cm. Very long bill. No barring on tail or wings. ♣
Undergrowth of humid forest, woodland, forest borders. Up
to 1500 m. Song: loud, often shrill, rattling
“tu-tututututu---” trill.
Wrens / Gnatwrens
1058
1059
Plate 160
160.1 RUFOUS-BROWN SOLITAIRE (Sabiá-castanho)

Cichlopsis leucogenys L 7.9 in./20 cm. Overall rufous-brown
with cinnamon throat and buff vent. Upper mandible black;
lower mandible yellow-orange. ♣ Arboreal in humid forest at
elevations around 800 m in E; higher in the tepuis. Song:
rapid sequences of inhaled “fff,” single “tjuw” and “tjeeh”
notes, extr. high “see,” and trills and rattles, each sequence
2–3 sec; completely different sequences starting at intervals
of 1–1.5 sec. R.
160.2 VEERY (Sabiá-norte-americano) Catharus fuscescens

L 7.1 in./18 cm. Differs from 160.3 and 160.4 by more
rufescent color and less distinct spotting below. ♣
Undergrowth of forest, secondary woodland; occasionally
cerrado. Shy. Call: loud, downslurred “weuw.” Does not
sing in South America.
1060
160.3 GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH (Sabiá-de-cara-cinza)
Catharus minimus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Cf. 106.4. ♣ Undergrowth
of forest and second growth. Shy. Call: very/extr. high,
thin, slightly raspy “veer.” Does not sing in South America.
160.4 SWAINSON’S THRUSH (Sabiá-de-óculos) Catharus

ustulatus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Differs from 160.3 by bold buff
eyering and lores (“spectacles”) and brownish (not grayish)
cheeks, but has similar distinct spots on chest. As 160.2 and
160.3, has pale bar (a) across underside of wing. ♣ Mid- to
lower levels of forest (esp. near edge), second growth. Shy.
Call: high liquid “wic”; song: e.g., very high, liquid
“wir-oh-wir-sreeh-sreeh” and variations.
160.5 YELLOW-LEGGED THRUSH (Sabiá-una) Turdus (or

Platycichla) flavipes L 7.9 in./20 cm. unmistakable. with
plain olive-brown upperparts, faintly streaked throat, and
yellow eyering. ♣ Mainly arboreal in humid forest, woodland,
1061
and shaded plantations. Up to 2000 m (only above 1000 m in
N). Song: short series (2–8 notes) at 1-sec intervals, like
“wioh-wir wee” or “fee-tje-wee fee-tje-wee,” many with
sharp, extr. high “sjee” overtones; all series loud and
energetic, but often rather squeaky.
160.6 PALE-EYED THRUSH (Sabiá-preto) Turdus (or

Platycichla) leucops L 7.9 in./20 cm. unmistakable.
resembles 160.5, but iris pale gray (or light brown: juv?)
and lacks eyering, streaks on throat, and olive tinge above.
Also cf. 160.8. ♣ Mainly arboreal in humid forest and
woodland; 1000–1800 m. Song: very/extr. high, short
series at 1- to 2-sec intervals; each series mainly as a twittered
sizzle, occasionally mixed with some lower notes.
160.7 EASTERN SLATY-THRUSH (Sabiá-ferreiro) Turdus

(nigriceps) subalaris L 7.9 in./20 cm. gray (sometimes
1062
tinged olive); throat distinctly streaked and with white
crescent below. resembles 161.1 (no overlap), but with
narrow yellow eyering and bill yellowish brown. Also cf.
161.7b. ♣ Arboreal in forest (incl. Araucaria), tall woodland,
high trees in gardens, plantations. Mainly below 1000 m.
Call: e.g., high, slightly upslurred “tweet”; song: short series
of 2–6 descending, weak, squeaky notes, given at 5- to 6-sec
intervals, like “twee twee sri-sri-sri” or
“turrit-twee-twee-twee.”
160.8 BLACK-HOODED THRUSH (Sabiá-de-cabeça-preta)

Turdus olivater L 9.8 in./25 cm. distinctive. as 160.5,
but underparts uniform (belly not paler). ♣ Humid forest,
second growth; 900–2600 m. Call: high, short “twec”;
song: double notes like extr. high “seesee” or high, slightly
nasal “wecwec” at intervals of 1 sec.
1063
160.9 RUFOUS-BELLIED THRUSH (Sabiá-laranjeira)
Turdus rufiventris L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by rufous
belly. ♣ Woodland, savanna, second growth, forest edge,
shrub, riverine growth, parks, gardens, agricultural areas. Up
to 2200 m. Song: rather long, calm series of fluted notes
(like “tju-tju-tjeé tjutu- -,” 7–18 sec) at intervals of 2–5 sec.
Note: This species is the national bird of Brazil.
160.10 PALE-BREASTED THRUSH (Sabiá-barranco)

Turdus leucomelas L 9.8 in./25 cm. Grayish head contrasting
with olive-brown back diagnostic, but some without or
little gray to head (a). ♣ Woodland, second growth, wooded
savanna, forest edge, shrub, riverine growth, palm groves,
plantations, parks, gardens. Up to 1500 m, locally higher.
Song: as 160.9, but most notes repeated two or three times.
Solitaire / Veery / Thrushes
1064
Plate 161
1065
161.1 BLACK-BILLED THRUSH (Caraxué-de-bico-preto)
Turdus ignobilis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Dull olive-brown with
faintly streaked throat, blackish bill, and no yellow eyering.
Cf. 160.7, 161.2, and 161.7b. ♣ Forest edge, woodland,
wooded areas in savanna, plantations, parks, gardens. Up to
2000 m. Call: soft “wuc” or “wic”; song: loud, shrill,
hurried “turre,” “tu-re-weét” and similar phrases in series
lasting 3–25 sec.
161.2 CREAMY-BELLIED THRUSH (Sabiá-poca) Turdus

amaurochalinus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Dull olive-brown with
diagnostic dark lores. Throat strongly streaked with white
crescent below. Bill yellow (a) to dusky (b). ♣ Woodland,
savanna, second growth, forest edge, shrub, parks, gardens,
agricultural areas. Mainly in lowlands. Song: simple, little
varied, yet musical series with short notes, like “tjurre,”
“wurr,” “tjeeh,” and “tjut-tjeé.”
1066
161.3 LAWRENCE’S THRUSH (Caraxué-de-bico-amarelo)
Turdus lawrencii L 7.9 in./20 cm. Resembles 161.5, but
darker and with yellow eyering and bill (bill dusky in ). ♣
Mainly arboreal in humid forest. Inconspicuous. Up to 800 m.
Song: loud, calm, melodious, richly varied series of short
and longer notes, mainly perfect imitations of other bird
species. May sing for many hours.
161.4 COCOA THRUSH (Sabiá-da-mata) Turdus fumigatus

L 7.9 in./20 cm. Rich rufous overall with faintly streaked
throat, dusky bill, and no eyering. ♣ Humid forest, woodland,
shaded plantations, gardens. Inconspicuous. Up to 1000 m.
Song: very long series of short, musical but little-varied,
yodeling notes like “tju-you-widuh,” without intervals.
161.5 HAUXWELL’S THRUSH (Sabiá-bicolor) Turdus

hauxwelli L 7.9 in./20 cm. Very similar to 161.4 (limited
overlap), but less rufescent overall, and vent and belly usually
1067
whiter. Also cf. 161.3. ♣ Humid forest and woodland.
Inconspicuous. Up to 800 m. Song: long series of simple,
one- or two-noted fluted notes and trills, like “yuyu,” “wheét”
and “bee-bíh,” with very short intervals.
161.6 SPECTACLED (or bare- or yellow- eyed-) THRUSH

(Caraxué) Turdus nudigenis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by
broad yellow eyering. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, open areas
with scattered woods, plantations, gardens. Up to 1000 m.
Call: squeaky, stepping-up “wur-hèh”; song: series of
little-varied notes, like “tjuwur-wirwur” (2nd part higher),
given in groups of three.
161.7 WHITE-NECKED THRUSH (Sabiá-coleira) Turdus

albicollis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Two groups: S and E Nom. group
(a, with at least lower mandible yellow and flanks rufous;
tawny in NE) and Amazonian phaeopygus group (b, with
dusky bill and gray chest/flanks contrasting with brown
1068
upperparts). Both with strongly streaked throat with white
crescent below and yellow or orange eyering. ♣ Low levels in
forest, woodland, second growth. Up to 1500 m. Song:
listless series of hardly varied “wuhuh tíuh” (“tíuh” higher
pitched).
161.8 TROPICAL MOCKINGBIRD (Sabiá-da-praia) Mimus

gilvus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Upperparts uniform pale gray. ♣
Semi-open country, savanna, scrub, towns. Mainly near the
coast, but up to 1300 m in Roraima. Call: high, sharp,
staccato “tjiptjip”; song: series of short, hurried, 4–6-noted,
2–4 × repeated phrases, like “t’peet-t’peet,” “peétje-durr,” or
“peepeepee-pirreép.”
161.9 CHALK-BROWED MOCKINGBIRD

(Sabiá-do-campo) Mimus saturninus L 9.8 in./25 cm.
Browner, more mottled than 161.8 and with distinct blackish
postocular streak. Often brownish buff below. ♣ Open areas
1069
with trees, scrub, towns. Up to 1000 m. Call: slightly
upslurred “tjer”; song: slow series of high, one-noted to much
longer notes, like “wir,” “kruts,” “wrrrir-wrrrir-wrrrir,”
“drip-drip,” and “uche-uche-uche” at 0.5- to 1-sec intervals.
161.10 WHITE-BANDED MOCKINGBIRD

(Calhandra-de-tr s-rabos) Mimus triurus L 7.9 in./20 cm.
Note wing pattern and rufes-cent rump. ♣ Open woodland,
open country with scattered trees and bush, settlements. Up to
500 m. Sustained, leisurely series of upslurred “wrrrh”
notes, almost-rattles, squeaks, like “èèèh,” shrieks, short rolls,
like “trrrr,” loud “wééééh” notes, nasal “wèh” notes, and very
high “wééh-wééh” notes.
Thrushes / Mockingbirds
1070
1071
Plate 162
NOTE: Oropendolas and Caciques: nests distinctive and

pendulous. All except 162.7 and 162.9 are colonial. Note
yellow in tail of the oropendolas (most distinctive from below
and in flight).
162.1 GREEN OROPENDOLA (Japu-verde) Psarocolius

viridis L 19.7 in./50 cm ( ), 13.8 in./35 cm ( ). Mainly
yellowish olive with pale bill. ♣ Canopy of humid forest. Up
to 500 m. Call: varied; e.g., “tjak tjaktjak” notes; song: fast,
rising, gobbling “rrrrrrrrrúh,” ending in gurgling
“ronc-ronc-ronc-ronc.”
162.2 BAND-TAILED OROPENDOLA

(Japu-de-rabo-verde) Cacicus latirostris L 13.8 in./35 cm (
), 9.8 in./25 cm ( ). Note black terminal band on tail and
brown nape. Some birds lack gray on the upper mandible. ♣
River islands and várzea. Up to 300 m.
1072
162.3 RUSSET-BACKED OROPENDOLA (Japu-pardo)
Psarocolius angustifrons L 17.7 in./45 cm ( ), 13.8 in./35 cm
( ). Dark brownish olive. Note black bill. ♣ Interior and
clearings of humid forest, esp. along rivers. Up to 800 m.
Song: short, rapid series of 4 ascending liquid notes
“oup-op-pup-póp” (like dripping water).
162.4 CASQUED OROPENDOLA (Japu-de-capacete)

Cacicus oseryi L 13.8 in./35 cm ( ), 11.8 in./30 cm ( ).
Uniform chestnut upperparts. Note swollen pale bill. ♣
Mainly in canopy of terra firme, less so in várzea. Up to 400
m. Call: varied; e.g., “ugh,” like a hoarse, barking dog or a
chicken in distress, or parrotlike shrieks, starting very high,
then lowered, like “sree-eh” or a liquid “clokclok-wít-je-wèr.”
1073
162.5 CRESTED OROPENDOLA (Japu) Psarocolius
decumanus L 17.7 in./45 cm ( ), 13.8 in./35 cm ( ). Large.
Very dark with contrasting pale bill and yellow tail, esp. in
flight. ♣ Humid forest, woodland, agricultural land with
scattered trees. Up to 1200 m. Song: very complex,
including very high, rapid, staccato flutes and liquid curls.
Also “blobblob-Tjée-ow” (1st part deeply gobbled).
162.6 OLIVE (or Amazonian) OROPENDOLA (Japuaçu)

Psarocolius bifasciatus L 19.7 in./50 cm ( ), 15.7 in./40 cm (
). Three sspp.: yuracares (a, widespread) and Nom. Pará
Oropendola (b, near Belém) shown. Not shown ssp. neivae
(Río Tocantins area) intermediate. Note orange-tipped dark
bill and pink cheeks. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest,
mainly terra firme. Up to 500 m. Call: liquid, hiccupping
“wec”; song: rapid, liquid “wdrdrdr-di-drrów” (1st part esp.
hard to describe; soft, very short “di” slightly lower).
1074
162.7 SOLITARY BLACK CACIQUE
(Iraúna-de-bico-branco) Procacicus (or Cacicus) solitarius L
9.8 in./25 cm. Dark eyes diagnostic. ♣ Dense vegetation at
lower levels of edges of forest and woodland, esp. along
rivers and lakes. Up to 500 m. Call: high, sudden
“wrèèew”; also short, hoarse rattles; song: series of short,
incoherent rattles and very high, squeaky
“tjew-tjew-tjee-tjow-tjeh- -.”
162.8 RED-RUMPED CACIQUE (Guaxe) Cacicus

haemorrhous L 11.8 in./30 cm ( ), 7.1 in./25 cm ( ). cm.
Note bluish eyes (brown in Imm.) and red rump (often
difficult to see when perched). ♣ Forest canopy and borders,
woodland. Up to 1000 m. Call/song: unstructured series of
high, hoarse “sreek sreek -” notes (not unlike barking of small
dog).
1075
162.9 GOLDEN-WINGED CACIQUE (Tecel o) Cacicus
chrysopterus L 7.9 in./20 cm ( ), 7.1 in./18 cm ( ). Limited
overlap with 162.10, which has yellow vent and blue eyes.
Also cf. 165.1. ♣ Woodland, riverine belts, humid forest. Up
to 2000 m. Call: varied; e.g., mewing “èyeh” or thin,
slightly upslurred “whee”; song: short series of liquid single
and double notes, often completed by a very high, sharp
“sheeshee.”
162.10 YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE (Xexéu) Cacicus

cela L 11.8 in./30 cm ( ), 7.1 in./25 cm ( ). Note yellow
vent and basal third of tail. ♣ Forest borders (esp. várzea),
woodland, and areas with scattered trees (incl. towns). Up to
900 m. Song: unstructured series of single or double croaks
and parrotlike chatters.
1076
Oropendolas / Caciques
1077
1078
Plate 163
163.1 FORBES’S BLACKBIRD (Anumará) Curaeus forbesi

L 9.8 in./25 cm. Differs from slightly more glossy 163.2 by
straighter, longer bill without groove. ♣ Forest edge, marshes,
and sugarcane plantations up to 600 m. Noisy. Call / song:
short, dry rattles and series of chattering “twets” notes, often
sounding like clicking pebbles. En, R.
163.2 CHOPI BLACKBIRD (Graúna) Gnorimopsar chopi L

9.8 in./25 cm. Like 163.1 with lanceolated feathers on nape
and slightly curved bill with groove in lower mandible. ♣
Cultivation, pastures, fields, marsh. Up to 1000 m. Call/
song: loud, explosive “tjouw,” single or in unstructured series
at varying pitch.
163.3 VELVET-FRONTED GRACKLE (Iraúna-velada)

Lampropsar tanagrinus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Black with slight
1079
bluish gloss above. Tail rather long. Note range and habitat. ♣
Várzea, marshy lake edges. Up to 400 m. Call: dry croaks
and “tjew” notes; song: repetitions and variations of very
high, rather sharp, yet liquid “tjuw wutwut-tjuweét.”
163.4 MOUNTAIN (or Golden-tufted) GRACKLE

(Iraúna-da-guiana) Macroagelaius imthurni L 11.8 in./30 cm
( ), 9.8 in./25 cm ( ). Note long tail. Tufts diagnostic (often
hidden when perched). ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest on
the tepuis. Song: high, ascending, gurgling, flowing
“tjirrder-t1eh-de-Wúr.”
163.5 SCREAMING COWBIRD (Vira-bosta-picum )

Molothrus rufoaxillaris L 7.5 in./19 cm. Sexes similar. Very
like 163.6, but less glossy and bill shorter. Juv. as 164.1. ♣
Shrubby areas, pastures, towns. Up to 1000 m. Call: nasal
1080
“chat” or very high “scree”; song: “pruk si-sleé” (1st part
low-pitched).
163.6 SHINY COWBIRD (Vira-bosta) Molothrus

bonariensis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Usually in groups that contain
both the strongly violet-glossed and the dull brownish
gray (rarely black) . If seen singly (infrequent), cf. to
163.2, 163.3, 163.5, and Tachyphonus Tanagers (Pl. 169);
cf. to 164.9. ♣ Wide variety of semiopen and open
habitats, incl. towns. Spreading with forest clearance. Up to
2000 m. Song: unstructured, rather quiet series of soft
bubbling and very high “sree” notes in hurried phrases.
163.7 GIANT COWBIRD (Iraúna-grande) Molothrus

oryzivorus L 15.7 in./40 cm ( ), 11.8 in./30 cm ( ). Large
size and thick-necked jizz diagnostic. Eyes pale yellow (a) or
dark red (b). ♣ Wide variety of wooded and forested habitats.
1081
Often at river banks. Associated with oropendola and cacique
ssp., which it parasitizes. Song: generally silent,
occasionally series of low notes, often transposed in extr.
high, loud, chattering “wèh wèhwèh tsjeéptsjeép,” or very
high, rhythmic, piped “peeeeh pee-dee-pih.”
163.8 CARIB GRACKLE (Iraúna-do-norte) Quiscalus

lugubris L 9.8 in./25 cm. ( ), 7.9 in./20 cm. ( ).
Unmistakable by wedge-shaped tail. Juv. with dark eyes. ♣
Semiopen areas near the coast, incl. mangrove and towns. Up
to 300 m. Song: very high, gliding-down, partly mewing
“tjeeuw” notes, often in “tjeeuw-tjewtjewtjew” series.
163.9 YELLOW-WINGED BLACKBIRD (Sargento)

Agelasticus (or Chrysomus) thilius L 7.1 in./18 cm. Yellow
shoulder of diagnostic (no overlap with similar sspp. of
165.1), but yellow area often small and inconspicuous.
1082
heavily streaked. ♣ Reed beds at marshes and lakes. Song:
varied; short, nasal, hurried phrases, like “titi-tjeuh” or
“tiwi-tjew.”
163.10 UNICOLORED BLACKBIRD (Carret o) Agelasticus

(or Chrysomus) cyanopus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Note long, straight
bill. uniform glossy black (all races). variable; SC
Nom. (a, yellowish below, upperparts black and rufous), NE
ssp. xenicus (b, dark brownish black. Imm. male similar), and
SE atroolivaceus (c, brownish with yellow-buff throat).
from other blackbirds and grackles by bill shape and habitat.
distinctive; amount of dusky streaking below of Nom.
variable between none and more dense than shown. ♣ Reed
beds. Up to 500 m. Song: calm or hurried series of “chew”
notes.
Blackbirds / Grackles / Cowbirds
1083
1084
Plate 164
164.1 BAY-WINGED COWBIRD (Asa-de-telha)

Agelaioides badius L 7.5 in./19 cm. Generally unmistakable,
but Juv. 163.5 very similar. No overlap with 164.2. ♣ Scrubby
areas, pastures, open woodland. Call: high, sharp “wits”;
song: 4–5 sec series of very high twittering, interspersed with
short, inhaled trills. En.
164.2 PALE BAYWING (Asa-de-telha-pálido) Agelaioides

fringillarius L 7.5 in./19 cm. Often considered a ssp. of 164.1
(no overlap), but paler. ♣ Caatinga forest and woodland,
scrubby areas. Call: sharp “ritz” (as 164.5). En.
164.3 RED-BREASTED BLACKBIRD

(Polícia-inglesa-do-norte) Sturnella militaris L 7.5 in./19 cm.
Cf. 164.4. ♣ Grassland, pastures, rice fields. Spreading with
forest clearance. Up to 1200 m. Voice similar to 164.12.
1085
164.4 WHITE-BROWED BLACKBIRD
(Polícia-inglesa-do-sul) Sturnella superciliaris L 7.1 in./18
cm. from 164.3 by white eye-stripe. resembles a
large, streaked sparrow with barred tail and reddish tinge
below; not reliably separable from 164.3. Compare 164.6
and 164.7. ♣ Grasslands, usually damp. Spreading with forest
clearance. Up to 2000 m. Song: normally starting with
“t-zeeeeeee,” followed by loose assemblages of soft yet
emphasized nasal “thit” and “tjew” notes, toneless, inhaled
hisses, and extr. high “seet” notes.
164.5 EASTERN MEADOWLARK (Pedro-ceroulo)

Sturnella magna L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by jizz and
general color pattern. ♣ Open areas, mainly grassland.
Call: soft, almost toneless “wwwwrwttttu-tjew” trill; song:
very high, descending, soft “fee-fee-tju-wuw” and variations.
1086
164.6 PAMPAS (or Lesser Red-breasted) MEADOWLARK
(Peito-vermelho-grande) Sturnella defilippii L 7.9 in./20 cm.
Note long bill and red underparts (less in ). ♣ Grassland,
susceptible to overgrazing. Up to 500 m.
164.7 BOBOLINK (Triste-pia) Dolichonyx oryzivorus L 7.1

in./18 cm. arrive in Brazil in N-br plumage, but moult
into Br plumage during northbound migration from March
onward. differ from 164.3 and 164.4 by unbarred
tails. Note sharp points of tail feathers in all plumages. ♣
Marsh, rice fields, tall grass. Up to 2500 m, normally lower.
Call: metallic-sounding “pink.”
1087
164.8 YELLOW-HOODED BLACKBIRD (Iratauá-pequeno)
Chrysomus icterocephalus L 7.1 in./18 cm. unmistakable;
has diagnostic yellow throat. ♣ Marsh and tall grass at or
near rivers. Up to 400 m and above. Call: low or high
“shit”; song: high to extr. high, scratchy or shrill, partly
inhaled or nasal phrases, like “sreeeeet-tuituitui.”
164.9 CHESTNUT-CAPPED BLACKBIRD (Garibaldi)

Chrysomus ruficapillus L 7.5 in./19 cm. unmistakable.
nondescript, but note ochre-buff throat, unlike 163.6. ♣
Marshes, reed beds, rice fields. Up to 850 m. Call: “chew”
and slow chatter; song: “tip-tip cheeeeeeer” (1st part soft and
low, 2nd descending part very/extr. high).
1088
164.10 SCARLET-HEADED BLACKBIRD
(Cardeal-do-banhado) Amblyramphus holosericeus L 9.8 in./
25 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern. ♣ Extensive reed beds.
Call: soft “cheh cheh -”; song: short phrases like “viti-tju
viddertjuuh” (“vi” extr. high and sharp, “tju” slightly nasal).
Cowbird / Baywing / Blackbirds / Bobolink /

Meadowlarks
1089
Plate 165
1090
165.1 EPAULET ORIOLE (Encontro) Icterus cayanensis L
7.9 in./20 cm. Five sspp.: Amazonian Nom. (a), E tibialis (b),
and interior SE valenciobuensi (c) shown; not shown are S
pyrrhopterus and periporphyrus, which resemble c. Bill
blackish, unlike in caciques (Pl. 162). Rufous-brown shoulder
of c often inconspicuous. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, and
riverine belts up to 900 m. Call varied, often harsh “sreeh”
or very high “tue”; song: slow series of single notes, like
“tjeeuw,” “tih,” “tjeu,” “swee,” or “prrru,” continuous or
organized in 5- to 8-noted groups, given at 1–2 sec intervals.
165.2 MORICHE ORIOLE (Rouxinol-do-rio-negro) Icterus

chrysocephalus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by color
pattern. Occasional hybrids with 165.1 occur. ♣ Woodland,
forest borders, riverine belts. Associated with palm trees. Up
to 900 m. Song: slow series of often repeated phrases with
joined, high/very high “tju,” “tutwee,” or “wuut” notes.
1091
165.3 YELLOW ORIOLE (Jo o-pinto-amarelo) Icterus
nigrogularis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern.
♣ Arid scrub, woodland, riverine belts, edge of mangrove. Up
to 500 m. Song: melodious series of any length with high
to extr. high, fluted notes, joined together or separately
emphasized.
165.4 BALTIMORE ORIOLE (Corrupião-de-baltimore)

Icterus galbula L 7.9 in./20 cm. with olive upperparts and
striking white wing bars. ♣ Accidental visitor. Call: high,
decisive “wíc!” or dry rattle. Does not or hardly sings in
South America. V.
165.5 CAMPO TROUPIAL (Corrupi o) Icterus jamacaii L

9.8 in./25 cm. Differs from 165.6 by black (not orange)
crown. Note pale eye and white wing-patch. ♣ Forest edge
and borders, caatinga woodland. Call: “prru”; song: long,
1092
slightly out-of-tune series of beautifully fluted, high to very
high single notes, sometimes in short, rapid crescendos. En.
165.6 ORANGE-BACKED TROUPIAL (Jo o-pinto) Icterus

croconotus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note black scapulars and orange
crown, nape, and mantle. ♣ Várzea, swamps and other areas
near water. In SC also in woodland, even far from water. Up
to 500 m.
165.7 SAFFRON-COWLED BLACKBIRD (Veste-amarela)

Xanthopsar flavus L 7.5 in./19 cm. unmistakable. Note
yellowish underparts, eyebrow, and shoulder of . ♣ Open
marsh and grassland, pastures, fields. Up to 1000 m. Call:
soft, muttered “chuk chukchuk - -”; song: high, unobtrusive,
3-noted phrases, like “t”jee-ohwee.” R.
1093
165.8 ORIOLE BLACKBIRD (Iratauá-grande) Gymnomystax
mexicanus L 11.8 in./30 cm ( ), 9.8 in./25 cm ( ).
Unmistakable by size and color pattern. ♣ Marshes and
semiopen areas near rivers (incl. river islands). Up to 1000 m.
Call: decisive “tsick”; song: unstructured scratchy,
drawn-out, rising screeches.
165.9 YELLOW-RUMPED MARSHBIRD

(Chopim-do-brejo) Pseudoleistes guirahuro L 9.8 in./25 cm.
Differs from 165.10 by all-yellow flanks and rump. ♣ Marsh
and grassland up to 1100 m. Song: short series of
alternating loud “wheeet,” nasal “tjuh” notes, and short trills.
1094
165.10 BROWN-AND-YELLOW MARSHBIRD (Drag o)
Pseudoleistes virescens L 9.8 in./25 cm. Underparts yellow
with broad brown flanks. No rump-patch, unlike 165.1. ♣
Marsh, moist grassland, fields. Up to 300 m. Call: low,
soft, muttering “pup-purrít-pup-purrít- -.”
Orioles / Troupial / Blackbirds / Marshbirds
1095
1096
Plate 166
166.1 BROWN TANAGER (Sanhaçu-pardo) Orchesticus

abeillei L 7.1 in./18 cm. Unusually colored for a tanager.
Differs from 98.7 by stubby bill. ♣ Upperstory of humid
forest. Sometimes in tall garden trees; 750–1600 m. Call:
“tsit”; song: extr. high, twittering, like “tittsi-tseeh.” En, R.
166.2 CINNAMON TANAGER (Bico-de-veludo)

Schistochlamys ruficapillus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Unmistakable by
color pattern and black mask. ♣ Scrub in caatinga and
cerrado, edge of woodland patches, gardens. Up to 1100 m.
Call: nasal “njè”; song: high, simple, fluted “weét-weé-we
weét-weé-we - -” (“we” lower).
166.3 BLACK-FACED TANAGER (Sanhaçu-de-coleira)

Schistochlamys melanopis L 7.1 in./18 cm. Ad. unmistakable.
Imm. (a) has yellow belly and partial eyering. ♣ Semiopen
1097
areas with scattered trees and bush, cerrado, woodland
borders. Up to 1500 m. Song: high, simple “Weeé
wewéetju-wi-wéetju - -” (not always starting with much
higher, strong “Weeé”).
166.4 WHITE-BANDED TANAGER (Cigarra-do-campo)

Neothraupis fasciata L 6.3 in./16 cm. Ad. unmistakable. Imm.
(a, shown at smaller scale) brown above, yellowish buff
below. ♣ Cerrado between 500 and 1100 m. Call: extr.
high, excited but soft “chip” notes given by groups; song:
simple, cheerful, very high, fluted series including “- -
ti-wi-wur - -.” R.
166.5 BLACK-GOGGLED TANAGER (Ti -de-topete)

Trichothraupis melanops L 6.3 in./16 cm. Unmistakable by
color pattern. ♣ Undergrowth of forest, second growth, and
riverine belts. Below 1200 m. Call: extr. high, sharp,
emphasized “tcip” or upslurred “pseee”; song: “tseee
1098
wer-sit-je” (1st part extr. high, 2nd part mid-high; each note
emphasized). Also very long series with buzzes, whistles,
short “ps” notes; the same note often repeated many times.
166.6 WHITE-RUMPED TANAGER (Bandoleta) Cypsnagra

hirundinacea L 6.3 in./16 cm. Paler SW ssp. pallidigula (a,
with short eyebrow) and C rufous-throated Nom. (b) shown.
♣ Cerrado and grassland with scattered low trees. Up to 1200
m. Call: very high, staccato “tchut”; song: excited duets of
slightly nasal “tu-Tjúw” from one and a slow rattle from the
other bird of a pair.
166.7 MAGPIE TANAGER (Tietinga) Cissopis leverianus L

11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable by size and pattern. SE ssp.
major (not shown) has more black on back. ♣ Forest edge and
clearings. Up to 1400 m. Call: sweeping “Péet”; song: e.g.,
very/extr. high “tsee-ter-tsee-tseet- -,” as repeated series.
1099
166.8 BLACK-AND-WHITE TANAGER (Ti
-preto-e-branco) Conothraupis speculigera L 6.3 in./16 cm.
with gray rump and flanks. Differs from smaller 182.1 by
bill shape. rather nondescript with pale yellow underparts
and faintly streaked breast. ♣ Woodland, forest edge. Up to
1400 m. Song: series of stressed “chic-up” notes and
“sree-sree” double notes. R.
166.9 CONE-BILLED TANAGER (Ti -bicudo)

Conothraupis mesoleuca L 5.5 in./14 cm. from 166.8 by
range, black flanks, and gray-white bill. Uniform dark
brown with heavy bill. ♣ Gallery woodland, cerrado.
Voice: insufficient information; recording withheld to avoid
luring this critically endangered species by playback. En, R.
1100
166.10 RED-BILLED PIED TANAGER
(Pipira-de-bico-vermelho) Lamprospiza melanoleuca L 6.7
in./17 cm. Unmistakable by pied pattern and red bill (dusky in
Juv.) ♣ Canopy and borders of várzea up to 600 m. Call:
e.g., very high “zeezee” or “zeezee-tju” (much lower “tju”
probably the answer of the bird’s mate).
Tanagers
1101
Plate 167
1102
167.1 ORANGE-HEADED TANAGER (Saí-canário)
Thlypopsis sordida L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note orange head and
gray upperparts. Underparts gray in W. ♣ Riverine belts,
woodland, cerrado. Up to 800 m. Song: e.g., slow, slightly
descending series of “chif chef chif chef chih” notes.
167.2 SCARLET-THROATED TANAGER (Carret o)

Compsothraupis loricata L 7.9 in./20 cm. Differs from
blackbirds (Pl. 163–165) by bill shape. ♣ Caatinga, riverine
belts, semiopen areas near water. Up to 700 m. Call/song:
slow, unstructured series of harsh “tchaw” notes, given by
group. En.
167.3 CHESTNUT-HEADED TANAGER

(Cabecinha-castanha) Pyrrhocoma ruficeps L 5.5 in./14 cm.
unmistakable. olivaceous above with cinnamon-rufous
head. ♣ Undergrowth of forest. Up to 1100 m. Call: extr.
1103
high, thin “sit”; song: extr. high, slightly descending
“tsee-tsee-tsee-sui-sui.”
167.4 HOODED TANAGER (Saíra-de-chapéu-preto)

Nemosia pileata L 5.1 in./13 cm. unmistakable. Note
bicolored bill and pale lores of . ♣ Open woodland, riverine
belts, clearings with scattered trees, plantations. Up to 600 m.
Call: extr. high, thin “tsi”; dawn song: short, very high,
thin, rapidly descending “ti-ti-ti-si-sui-sui-seeh.”
167.5 CHERRY-THROATED TANAGER

(Saíra-apunhalada) Nemosia rourei L 5.5 in./14 cm.
Unmistakable. ♣ Canopy of humid forest. En, R.
1104
167.6 GUIRA TANAGER (Saíra-de-papo-preto)
Hemithraupis guira L 5.1 in./13 cm. unmistakable. Note
faint yellow eyering of ; not safely separable from
167.7.♣ Borders of humid forest, woodland, riverine belts. Up
to 1500 m, locally higher. Song: very high, sharp, rapidly
descending series of “feet” notes, at the end slowing down to
a level “tju-tju-tju.”
167.7 RUFOUS-HEADED TANAGER (Saíra-ferrugem)

Hemithraupis ruficapilla L 5.1 in./13 cm. unmistakable.
similar to 166.6. ♣ Forest borders, open woodland, second
growth. Up to 1100 m. Call: very high, dry “zip”; song:
very high, level, hurried series of “sisi---” notes, slowing
down slightly at the end. En.
1105
167.8 YELLOW-BACKED TANAGER (Saíra-galega)
Hemithraupis flavicollis L 5.1 in./13 cm. with varying
amount of blackish mottling to breast and flank sides
unmistakable. from 166.6 and 166.7 by yellower
underparts and yellow edging of wing feathers. ♣ Forested
mountain slopes; 900–1800 m. Call/song: single or series
of nasal, upslurred “sreeeh” notes.
167.9 FULVOUS SHRIKE-TANAGER (Pipira-parda) Lanio

fulvus L 7.1 in./18 cm. unmistakable. most likely
confused with Tachyphonus tanagers (Pl. 169). No
overlap with 167.10. ♣ Humid forest, mainly terra firme. Up
to 1300 m. Call: descending “tieuw” or “ti-tieuw.”
1106
167.10 WHITE-WINGED SHRIKE-TANAGER
(Pipira-de-asa-branca) Lanio versicolor L 6.3 in./16 cm.
unmistakable. resembles various Tachyphonus
tanagers (Pl. 169). No overlap with 167.9. ♣ High levels of
terra firme. Up to 900 m. Call: extr. high “sweéh”; song:
very high “tjee-tje-wit-je-neet?”
Tanagers / Shrike-Tanagers
1107
1108
Plate 168
168.1 OLIVE-GREEN TANAGER (Catirumbava)

Orthogonys chloricterus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Rather large;
uniform olive above, yellow below. ♣ Atlantic forest up to
1400 m. Call: short “tríp” or very high “sreee”; song: short,
sometimes prolonged, rapid, mid-high twitter, like “wititi---.”
En.
168.2 GRAY-HEADED TANAGER (Pipira-da-taoca)

Eucometis penicillata L 7.1 in./18 cm. Twosspp.: SC
albicollis (shown) and Amazonian Nom., with grayer throat
and darker bill. Differs from smaller 169.5 by crest. ♣
Undergrowth of várzea, woodland, riverine belts. Usually
near water. Mainly below 600 m. Call: soft, snappy “bits”
notes; song: short, high, musical “wic vri-oh-vri-oh” or longer
series of nasal “fuh-tjutju-weeh-te-tju-tetrit- -” notes.
1109
168.3 MASKED CRIMSON TANAGER (Pipira-de-máscara)
Ramphocelus nigrogularis L 7.1 in./18 cm. Unmistakable.
slightly duller than . ♣ Várzea, shrubby areas. Mainly near
water. Call: sharp, thin “dzu”; song: high, happy-sounding
“tja-tjowee-tja.”
168.4 SILVER-BEAKED TANAGER (Pipira-de-máscara)

Ramphocelus carbo L 6.7 in./17 cm. unmistakable; throat
of browner than 168.5 and darker than 173.9. ♣
Forest borders and clearings, towns. Often near water. Up to
1000 m. Call: high, snappy “chink”; song: very high,
hurried, nasal “wutjeweét-tju-tjutju,” immediately repeated.
168.5 BRAZILIAN TANAGER (Ti -sangue) Ramphocelus

bresilius L 7.1 in./18 cm. unmistakable. differs from
168.4 by grayer throat. ♣ Forest borders and clearings (esp.
1110
near water), towns. Up to 1000 m. Call: staccato “tju,”
single or in series.
168.6 BLUE-GRAY TANAGER (Sanhaçu-da-amazônia)

Thraupis episcopus L 6.3 in./16 cm. N Nom. (a) and C ssp.
coelestis (b) shown; a unique in range; b differs-from 168.7
by whitish shoulder. ♣ Semiopen areas, second growth, forest
borders, savanna, towns. Up to 1500 m, occasionally highrer.
Call: partly inhaled, extr. high and nasal notes, like “fuee,”
“fui-tji” or “tjuw”; song: rapid, nasal twittering, like
“tji-the-fu-the-feeéééh-tje-tju.”
168.7 SAYACA TANAGER (Sanhaçu-cinzento) Thraupis

sayaca L 6.7 in./17 cm. Grayish blue with greenish blue
flight-feathers. Cf. 168.6b and 168.8. ♣ Open woodland,
cultivated areas, towns. Up to 2000 m. Song: unstructured
series of very diverse quality, length, and pitch.
1111
168.8 AZURE-SHOULDERED TANAGER
(Sanhaçu-de-encontro-azul) Thraupis cyanoptera L 7.1 in./18
cm. Bill relatively heavy. Not in range of 168.6. Differs from
168.7 by deep blue shoulder (often concealed), dusky lores,
generally bluer above (incl. flight feathers), and turquoise
tinge to flanks. ♣ Humid forest and nearby clearings. Up to
1600 m. Song: e.g., fluted “tweetwee,” as a rhythmic
interruption of long series of very high, soft twittering. Also
slow medleys of “see” and other notes of varying pitch. En,
R.
168.9 GOLDEN-CHEVRONED TANAGER

(Sanhaçu-de-encontro-amarelo) Thraupis ornata L 7.1 in./18
cm. Yellow shoulders diagnostic. ♣ Humid forest and nearby
clearings, gardens. Up to 1750 m. Song: very/extr. high
bursts of short, nervous twittering. En.
1112
168.10 PALM TANAGER (Sanhaçu-do-coqueiro) Thraupis
palmarum L 6.7 in./17 cm. Wing pattern with dark flight
feathers diagnostic. ♣ Forest, open woodland, second growth,
esp. where there are palm trees, towns. Up to 1200 m, locally
higher. Song: bursts of extr. high twittering.
Tanagers
1113
Plate 169
1114
169.1 FLAME-CRESTED TANAGER (Ti -galo)
Tachyphonus cristatus L 6.3 in./16 cm. unmistakable by
orange-red crest and small throat-patch. buffy ochre below
with whiter throat. Resembles larger 167.9 and 168.1,
but smaller billed and belly less yellowish. ♣ Middle and
upperlevels of terra firme and várzea. Also nearby clearings.
Up to 800 m. Call: extr. high “tee-tee-tee” or “see-see”;
song: very/extr. high “see-see-see-turrr-tirr” series.
169.2 NATTERER’S TANAGER (Pipira-de-natterer)

Tachyphonus nattereri L 5.9 in./15 cm. To date (2007) only
known from two male specimens. Probably a variant of 169.1,
but white shoulder-patch larger and throat black. ♣ Unknown.
En.
169.3 YELLOW-CRESTED TANAGER

(Tem-tem-de-crista-amarela) Tachyphonus rufiventer L 5.9
1115
in./15 cm. Unmistakable. Dark chest band sometimes
missing. Note ochre-yellow underparts and tawny rump of .
♣ Middle and upperstories of terra firme and várzea. Up to
1200 m.
169.4 FULVOUS-CRESTED TANAGER

(Tem-tem-de-topete-ferrugíneo) Tachyphonus surinamus L
6.3 in./16 cm. Crest of often concealed. has conspicuous
broken eyering and gray head. ♣ Lower and middle strata of
humid forest. Also adjacent clearings. Up to 900 m. Call:
low “turr-turr tjudr truit” and similar notes.
169.5 WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER

(Tem-tem-de-dragona-branca) Tachyphonus luctuosus L 5.5
in./14 cm. unmistakable by conspicuous white shoulder.
has yellow underparts and gray hood. Cf. larger 168.2. ♣
Middle and higher levels of terra firme and várzea, second
1116
growth, clearings with scattered trees. Up to 1100 m. Call/
song: extr. high “sfeesfeesfee” and very/extr. high, nasal
“wheer wheer - -weersrup - -.”
169.6 RUBY-CROWNED TANAGER (Ti -preto)

Tachyphonus coronatus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note bicolored bill.
Ruby crown of rarely visible. White underwings show in
flight. Note relatively dull head and inconspicuous breast
streaks of . ♣ Open woodland, dense second growth,
plantations, suburbs. Up to 1200 m. Call: high, bouncing
“trit-trit trit- -”; song: simple, high chirping “tjur wdit tjur -
-.”
169.7 WHITE-LINED TANAGER (Pipira-preta)

Tachyphonus rufus L 6.7 in./17 cm. similar to 169.6, but
no crown-patch; is uniform rufous. ♣ Semi-open areas with
thickets, shrub, and scattered trees. Lowlands–1500 m.
1117
Call: high, sharp “chik”; song: slow, high, sharp “tju-tjed-tju-
-.”
169.8 RED-SHOULDERED TANAGER

(Tem-tem-de-dragona-vermelha) Tachyphonus phoeniceus L
5.9 in./15 cm. similar to 169.7, but with red spot on
shoulder (usually concealed); gray (back often browner)
with whitish throat. ♣ Savanna, open woodland, riverine
belts. Up to 400 m, locally much higher. Call: low, soft, yet
staccato “tuh teh tuh - -.”
169.9 BLUE-AND-YELLOW TANAGER

(Sanhaçu-papa-laranja) Thraupis bonariensis L 6.3 in./16 cm.
unmistakable; has stubby, bicolored bill, dull
ochre-olive underparts, and faint bluish tinge to crown. ♣
Woodland, riverine belts, savanna, agricultural land, towns.
1118
Up to 2000 m. Song: very high, weak
“tut-trrit-tut-trree-trut-trrit.”
169.10 BLUE-BACKED TANAGER (Pipira-azul)

Cyanicterus cyanicterus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable by
color pattern. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest.
Occasionally in savanna woodland. Up to 500 m. Call:
very high, sharp “feet-feet” or “feet-feet-feet.”
Tanagers
1119
Plate 170
1120
170.1 BLACK-BACKED TANAGER (Saíra-sapucaia)
Tangara peruviana L 5.9 in./15 cm. Differs from 170.2 by
black mantle. not safely separable from 170.2. ♣ Coastal
forest, woodland, and scrub. Up to 700 m. Call: extr. high
“si.” En, R.
170.2 CHESTNUT-BACKED TANAGER (Saíra-preciosa)

Tangara preciosa L 5.9 in./15 cm. unmistakable; note
dusky lores of 170.1 and 170.2. ♣ Forest (often with
Araucaria), second growth. Up to 1000 m. Call: extr. high
“seeee”; song: very/extr. high “tututututu---tsrrrr,” starting as
fast stutter and changing to rattled, slightly downslurred trill.
170.3 BURNISHED-BUFF TANAGER (Saíra-amarela)

Tangara cayana L 5.5 in./14 cm. Two main groups; flava
group (a, widespread) and Nom. group (b, N of Ri.
Amazonas). duller and lack black of . ♣ Cerrado,
1121
with scattered trees, riverine belts, forest borders, gardens. Up
to 1800 m. Call: extr. high, down-gliding “seeee”; song:
“trup tree see-si-si---,” accelerating to an almost-trill.
170.4 BRASSY-BREASTED TANAGER (Saíra-lagarta)

Tangara desmaresti L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by green
coloring of upperparts and by brassy breast. ♣ Humid Atlantic
forest, second growth. Mainly 500–1800 m. Call: extr. high
“feefee-wi”; song: extr. high “iiiiiiiii.” En.
170.5 GILT-EDGED TANAGER (Saíra-douradinha)

Tangara cyanoventris L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by
yellow head and turquoise-blue breast. ♣ Humid Atlantic
forest, second growth; 400–1000 m. Call: extr. high “tseé”
and soft twittering. En.
1122
170.6 GREEN-AND-GOLD TANAGER (Saíra-ouro)
Tangara schrankii L 4.7 in./12 cm. Distinctly patterned and
colored. Note complicated face mask. ♣ Canopy and borders
of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings. Up to
900 m. Call: extr. high “zit”; song: series of “zit” notes,
occasionally changing in tempo.
170.7 YELLOW-BELLIED TANAGER

(Saíra-de-barriga-amarela) Tangara xanthogastra L 4.7 in./12
cm. Note yellow belly and overall spotting. ♣ Canopy and
borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings.
Up to 1000 m. Call: extr. high “sit-sit- -.”
1123
170.8 SPOTTED TANAGER (Saíra-negaça) Tangara
punctata L 4.7 in./12 cm. Differs from 170.7 by whitish belly.
Differs from 170.9 by bluish white ocular area. ♣ Canopy and
borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings;
500–1500 m. Call: extr. high “tip.”
170.9 SPECKLED TANAGER (Saíra-pintada) Tangara

guttata L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note uniform turquoise wing edging
and yellow head. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and
várzea; also in adjacent clearings. Mainly 700–1700 m.
Call: extr. high (just audible) “tic” notes and short trills.
1124
170.10 DOTTED TANAGER (Saíra-carijó) Tangara varia L
4.3 in./11 cm. Small. has bluish wings and faint spots on
chest. uniformly green with slightly yellow-tinged belly.
Juv. 170.7 has yellower underparts, and Juvs. 170.8 and
1790.9 have paler underparts (esp. chest). Also cf. 176.5. ♣
Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent
clearings. Up to 300 m. Call: extr. high (just within ear
reach) “tic” notes and “sisisi.”
Tanagers
1125
Plate 171
1126
171.1 BLACK-HEADED TANAGER (Saíra-de-cabeçapreta)
Tangara cyanoptera (whitelyi) L 5.1 in./13 cm. distinctly
patterned; with gray streaks on throat and breast. ♣ Forest
borders, clearings with scattered trees, second growth,
plantations; 700–2300 m. Call: extr. high, rapid,
descending “pic-pic-pic.”
171.2 BLUE-NECKED TANAGER (Saíra-de-cabeça-azul)

Tangara cyanicollis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by color
pattern. ♣ Woodland, gardens, cultivations. Up to 2000 m.
Call: extr. high “tsee tsee-tsee - -” at varying speed.
171.3 MASKED TANAGER (Saíra-mascarada) Tangara

nigrocincta L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern. ♣
Forest borders, shrubby clearings. Up to 900 m. Call: extr.
high “tic tic - -.”
1127
171.4 OPAL-RUMPED TANAGER (Saíra-diamante)
Tangara velia L 5.1 in./13 cm. NE Nom. (a, with dark
underparts) and SE ssp. cyanomelas Silvery-breasted Tanager
(b, with straw-yellow front and pale blue underparts). Rufous
belly diagnostic. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest. Also
in nearby clearings. Up to 500 m, rarely higher. Call: extr.
high, fine “tic tic - -.”
171.5 OPAL-CROWNED TANAGER (Saíra-opala) Tangara

callophrys L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable by pale front,
eyebrow, and rump. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and
várzea; also in adjacent clearings. Up to 500 m.
1128
171.6 PARADISE TANAGER (Sete-cores-da-amazônia)
Tangara chilensis L 5.1 in./13 cm. NE ssp. paradisea (a, NW
coelicolor similar) and W Nom. (b, with all-red rump) shown.
♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in
adjacent clearings. Up to 1500 m. Call: extr. high, slighly
rising, inhaled “feeee”; also communal chirping.
171.7 SEVEN-COLORED TANAGER (Pintor-verdadeiro)

Tangara fastuosa L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable in its small
range. ♣ Humid forest up to 550 m. Call: high, nasal “tjeu”
and chattering in duet. En, R.
1129
171.8 GREEN-HEADED TANAGER (Saíra-sete-cores)
Tangara seledon L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable in its range.
♣ Humid forest interior and borders, second growth, gardens.
Up to 1300 m. Call: soft, extr. high twittering; also nasal
contact calls.
171.9 RED-NECKED TANAGER (Saíra-militar) Tangara

cyanocephala L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by red neck.
Nom. (a) and isolated ssp. cearensis (b, smaller, with dark
throat-patch and blue uppertail coverts) shown. ♣ Humid
forest and forest borders. Mainly 400–1000 m. Call: extr.
high, sharp twittering, sometimes developing into a short,
rolling song.
171.10 SWALLOW TANAGER (Saí-andorinha) Tersina

viridis L 5.9 in./15 cm. and unmistakable by general
color pattern and by flank barring. Erratic, sometimes
numerous but may be absent for more than a year. ♣ Humid
1130
forest borders, woodland. Up to 1500 m, occasionally higher.
Call: extr. high, slightly rising “sreee” or “t’sreee”; song:
rapid series of alternating, extr. high “fee” and low, dry “teh.”
Tanagers
1131
Plate 172
1132
172.1 DIADEMED TANAGER (Sanhaçu-frade)
Stephanophorus diadematus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Unmistakable
by small red crest in front of white cap. ♣ Borders of montane
forest, woodland, gardens, tall bush in marsh. Up to 2400 m.
Call: dry “witch”; song: high, rich, slightly hurried, short
series with notes of varying pitch, in which “tjú-o”Weét” is
frequently used, esp. as ending (4–5 sec).
172.2 FAWN-BREASTED TANAGER (Saíra-viúva)

Pipraeidea melanonota L 5.5 in./14 cm. Distinctly colored
and patterned. Note all-buff underparts. ♣ Forest, woodland,
riverine belts, bushy pastures. Up to 2050 m. Song: extr.
high, rather slow series of “si” notes (2–3 sec).
172.3 TURQUOISE TANAGER (Saíra-de-bando) Tangara

mexicana L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable by yellow to creamy
yellow underparts. ♣ Forest borders and clearings, woodland,
1133
gardens, plantations. Up to 500 m, higher in the tepuis.
Call: extr. high, almost inaudible “si” at about 1-sec intervals.
172.4 WHITE-BELLIED TANAGER (Cambada-de-chaves)

Tangara brasiliensis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable. Often
considered a ssp. of 172.3 (no overlap), but underparts
whitish. ♣ Forest borders and clearings, woodland, gardens,
plantations. Up to 500 m. Call: extr. high “stri” at about
1-sec intervals.
172.5 BAY-HEADED TANAGER

(Saíra-de-cabeça-castanha) Tangara gyrola L 4.7 in./12 cm.
NE Nom. (a; W S sspp. rather similar) and C ssp. albertinae
(b) shown. Essentially unmistakable. ♣ Canopy and borders
of humid forest, clearings, and gardens with tall trees. Up to
1600 m. Call: soft “tjeu” or rapid “trip-trip-trip”; song:
rapid “tictictic-tjùw.”
1134
172.6 RED-CRESTED CARDINAL (Cardeal) Paroaria
coronata L 7.5 in./19 cm. Note crest and gray back. ♣
Semiopen areas with scrub and scattered trees. Often near
water. Up to 500 m. Song: slow series of repeated and
varied “tuweet you tutju-ru-ru” (intervals of about 1 sec
within and between notes).
172.7 RED-CAPPED CARDINAL (Cardeal-da-amazônia)

Paroaria gularis L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note bicolored bill. C ssp.
cervicalis (not shown) as a, but lacks black around the eyes.
Juv. (b) with dark bill, browner back, and buffy brown face
and throat. ♣ Open and semiopen areas near water. Up to 400
m. Dawn song: “weé-tju.”
1135
172.8 RED-COWLED CARDINAL (Cardeal-do-nordeste)
Paroaria dominicana L 7.1 in./18 cm. Only cardinal in its
range. Note pied pattern on back and wings. Juv. as Juv.
172.7, but with paler bill. ♣ Caatinga woodland and scrubby
areas. Up to 1200 m. Song: series of high, strong, clear
“tju, weetju” notes and short almost-rolls. En (also introduced
to Fernando de Noronha).
172.9 YELLOW-BILLED CARDINAL (Cavalaria) Paroaria

capitata L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note pinkish orange bill and legs
and near-complete white collar. Juv. resembles Juv. 172.7. ♣
Marsh, flooded grassland, lake shores, river edges. Up to 500
m. Very high, continuous
“tju-weé-tju-tju-weé-tju-tju-weé-tju.”
1136
172.10 CRIMSON-FRONTED CARDINAL
(Cardealde-goiás) Paroaria baeri L 6.7 in./17 cm. Nom. (a)
and black-throated ssp. exinguensis (b) shown. Sides of neck
lack white. Red in head pattern rather obscure. ♣ Open and
semiopen areas near water. Up to 400 m. En.
Tanagers / Cardinals
1137
1138
Plate 173
173.1 BANANQUIT (Cambacica) Coereba flaveola L 4.3 in./

11 cm. Note pronounced eyebrow and down-curved bill. ♣
Any habitat with trees (incl. towns). Avoids interior of dense
humid forest. Up to 2000 m. Song: very/extr. high, rapid
twittering with a lot of inhaled and nasal notes.
173.2 DULL-COLORED GRASSQUIT (Cigarra-parda)

Tiaris obscurus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Sexes alike. Resembles
173.3, but paler grayish brown and bill usually bicolored
(dark above, yellowish below). Does not usually associate
with seedeaters; look for groups or pairs that only contain
-plumaged individuals. ♣ Shrubby clearings and borders of
woodland. Song: simple, very/extr. high, hurried
“seesee-fili-sree.” R.
1139
173.3 SOOTY GRASSQUIT (Cigarra-do-coqueiro) Tiaris
fuliginosus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Sooty, not glossy black; dull
olive-brown with whitish belly; bill slender and conical
(compared to Sporophila seedeaters) and usually dark,
occasionally bicolored. Cf. 173.2. ♣ Shrubby or grassy
clearings of woodland and forest. Up to 1500 m. Song:
simple, extr. high, fast variations on “zizi-tsuur-sjree.”
173.4 OLIVE-BACKED TANAGER (Pipira-olivácea)

Mitrospingus oleagineus L 7.5 in./19 cm. No similar bird in
its range. Note gray extending over bill. ♣ Humid forest on
the tepuis; 900–1800 m. Call/song: single notes or series of
nasal, upslurred “sreeeh” notes.
173.5 HEPATIC TANAGER (Sanhaçu-de-fogo) Piranga

flava L 7.1 in./18 cm. Widespread flava group Lowland
Hepatic Tanager shown. Not shown darker lutea group
Highland Hepatic Tanager (NW Roraima and N Amazonas)
1140
with clear, dark lores. Note bicolored bill (blackish above,
bone-gray below). ♣ Open forest, woodland, open areas with
scattered trees, cerrado. Up to 2000 m. Voice varies
geographically; call: in N, “chuh” or rapid, descending, dry
“chu-tr-ti-tr-ti”; in rest of Brazil is soft “tjeh”; song: slow,
unstructured series of “tjuw,” “tjep,” and “weeh” notes.
173.6 SUMMER TANAGER (Sanhaçu-vermelho) Piranga

rubra L 7.1 in./18 cm. Differs from 173.5 by longer, dusky
horn-colored bill. Lacks dark lores of highland form of 173.5.
Often recorded 1st year male (a) shown. ♣ Open woodland,
tall second growth, riverine belts, suburbs, parks. Lower
mountain slopes. Call: descending, dry, almost-rattle, like
“pi-tri-chi-chu-chuh.”
173.7 SCARLET TANAGER (Sanhaçu-escarlate) Piranga

olivacea L 6.7 in./17 cm. changes from N-br (a) to red Br
plumage between January and April. from 173.5 and
1141
173.6 by dusky wings. ♣ Woodlands, suburbs, orchards. Up
to 2200 m. Call: “chi-ding” (1st part toneless, 2nd part high
with sound quality of two softly colliding bottles).
173.8 WHITE-WINGED TANAGER

(Sanhaçu-de-asa-branca) Piranga leucoptera L 4.7 in./12 cm.
Unmistakable by wing bars. ♣ Canopy and edge of forest,
woodland, clearings with scattered trees; 1000–2000. Call:
e.g., “wutsweeét” note (1st part almost toneless, 2nd part
much higher); song: slow series of extr. high “seeet” notes.
173.9 RED-CROWNED ANT-TANAGER (Ti

-do-mato-grosso) Habia rubica L 7.1 in./18 cm. Shown are
brick-red , C ssp. hesterna (a), and E Nom. group (b).
Note orange crown-patch (sometimes hidden) and whitish
underparts in a (underparts buffier in NW rhodinolaema,
dingy olive-brown in SW peruviana). b lacks whitish
1142
throat of 169.1 and streaked chest of 169.6. ♣
Undergrowth and borders of humid forest. Up to 900 m.
Call: “chatchat,” given singly or in fast series; dawn song:
slow series of alternating high “wi” notes and low “wu” notes
(each note single or doubled, or long series of low “wu”
notes).
173.10 YELLOW CARDINAL (Cardeal-amarelo)

Gubernatrix cristata L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by crest.
♣ Open woodland, semiopen scrub. Up to 700 m. Song:
slow, loud series of high “weé-tjou” and “tou-weé-tjou.” R.
Bananquit / Grassquits / Tanagers / Ant-Tanager
1143
1144
Plate 174
174.1 BLACK-BACKED GROSBEAK (Rei-do-bosque)

Pheucticus aureoventris L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by
general color pattern. ♣ Areas with scattered trees and scrub
and woodland. Up to 2000 m and higher. Call: high,
slightly hoarse “djip”; song: high, lilting “weé-de-weét wir
weé-oh-wír” and variations. V.
174.2 YELLOW-GREEN GROSBEAK (Furriel)

Caryothraustes canadensis L 7.1 in./18 cm. Black-fronted
ssp. frontalis (a) and yellow-fronted brasiliensis (b) shown.
Unmistakable by small face mask. ♣ Upperstory of humid
forest. Up to 900 m. Call: high, slightly nasal “tjew-tjew”
or “njew”; song: high, level, nasal “weetje-weetju.”
174.3 YELLOW-SHOULDERED GROSBEAK

(Furriel-de-encontro) Parkerthraustes humeralis L 6.3 in./16
1145
cm. Unmistakable by head pattern and yellow shoulder. ♣
Canopy and edge of humid forest; 200–1000 m. Call: extr.
high, thin “feetjuh.”
174.4 RED-AND-BLACK GROSBEAK (Bicudo-encarnado)

Periporphyrus erythromelas L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note black
hood. ♣ Lower levels of humid forest. Up to 1000 m. Song:
mid-high, rich, fluted “tuweé-tjuh-tejèh-tjuh” (“weé” and
“jèh” emphasized and drawn out).
174.5 SLATE-COLORED GROSBEAK (Bico-encarnado)

Saltator grossus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by
combination of white bib and red bill. ♣ Mainly upperstory in
interior of humid forest. Up to 1200 m. Song:
“weetju-weetju-tjuwí” (1st “weetju” higher, “tjuwí” drawn
up) or “weetju-Witwuh.”
1146
174.6 BLACK-THROATED GROSBEAK (Piment o)
Saltator fuliginosus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Differs from 174.5 by
black throat and different range. ♣ Mainly upperstory of
humid Atlantic forest. Up to 1200 m. Song: often in two
parts with long interval, “Weétju-pjerur tjur -wur wír”
(“Weét” in 1st and “wír” in 2nd part highest).
174.7 GLAUCOUS-BLUE (or Indigo) GROSBEAK

(Azulinho) Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note
short bill. Note male plumage suffused with gray and stubby
bill. from 174.9 and 184.1 by bill shape. ♣ Forest
borders, second growth. Up to 900 m. Song: very high,
short, hurried warbling (2–4 sec).
1147
174.8 BLUE-BLACK GROSBEAK (Azul o-da-amazônia)
Cyanocompsa cyanoides L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note habitat.
from 183.7 by slightly heavier bill and straighter culmen.
uniform chocolate brown. Cf. 184.2 and 184.4. ♣
Undergrowth of humid forest and woodland. Up to 1000 m.
Call: dry, short “bits”; song: descending series, starting
very high with some piercing notes, changing to fluted notes,
and ending in a short warble, together as
“fee-fee-feet-witwit-witwit-sifsif-tji-rèr.”
174.9 ULTRAMARINE GROSBEAK (Azul o)

Cyanocompsa brissonii L 6.3 in./16 cm. very like 174.8.
from 174.7 by bill shape and from 174.8 by paler
fulvous-brown underparts. Also cf. 184.4. ♣ Semiarid
woodland and scrub. Up to 1500 m. Call: nasal “tjiw”;
1148
song: very high, level at first or gradually descending,
melodious, warbling series, with “tju-sweét” note.
Grosbeaks
1149
1150
Plate 175
175.1 GRAYISH SALTATOR (Sabiá-congá) Saltator

coerulescens L 7.9 in./20 cm. Several S and C sspp. (a) and N
sspp. (b). Differs from other saltators by short eyebrow and
gray upperparts. ♣ Dry woodland, pastures with scattered
trees, riverine belts, second growth. Up to 1000 m. Song:
beautiful and very varied phrases of about 4–8 strong, clear
notes given at 10-sec intervals, like “tjuw-tjuw-tjuw-wú”
(repeated “tjuw” characteristic).
175.2 BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR (Tempera-viola)

Saltator maximus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Differs from 175.4 by short
eyebrow. ♣ Forest borders and canopy, scrubby clearings,
second growth. Up to 1200 m. Song: long series of
variations on high “tjúrewur wutjewúr.”
1151
175.3 GOLDEN-BILLED SALTATOR (Bico-duro) Saltator
aurantiirostris L 7.9 in./20 cm. White eyebrow starts just
above eye. ♣ Dry woodland and scrub. Up to 1500 m.
Song: very high “witjer-Weétjer” and slight variations
thereof.
175.4 GREEN-WINGED SALTATOR

(Trinca-ferro-verdadeiro) Saltator similis L 7.9 in./20 cm.
Less brilliant green above than 175.2. Differs from 175.2 by
long eyebrow. Also cf. 175.5. ♣ Woodland; forest borders,
and clearings. Up to 1200 m. Song: loud
“djeu-TjewTjew-Tjéu” and variations, some notes with nasal
quality.
175.5 THICK-BILLED SALTATOR (Bico-grosso) Saltator

maxillosus L 7.9 in./20 cm. From 175.4 by buff (not white)
throat, greener ear coverts, and heavier bill. ♣ Canopy and
borders of humid forest and woodland. Up to 2200 m. Rare in
1152
lowlands. Call: high, quiet “wicwic”; song: high, clear
“wir-te-Jú-wir-tjuh-Wír” (ending abruptly).
175.6 BLACK-THROATED SALTATOR (Bico-de-pimenta)

Saltator atricollis L 7.9 in./20 cm. No other bird with its
pattern in range. ♣ Cerrado and caatinga; 700–1300 m.
Call: high “bits,” sounding like as clicking pebbles; song:
very high, hurried, mellow warbling “weet-jewir-p-weetjewir
-” (the total 3 sec).
175.7 EUROPEAN GOLDFINCH (Pintassilgo-europeu)

Carduelis carduelis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by pattern
and voice. ♣ Gardens, agricultural areas with scattered trees
and shrub. Song: high, fast, very liquid, mellow warbling.
I.
1153
175.8 [EUROPEAN GREENFINCH (Verdilhão-comum)
Carduelis chloris] L 5.9 in./15 cm. Bulky appearance and
striking yellow wingstripe in flight diagnostic. ♣ Agricultural
areas with woodland and tree patches, gardens. Call:
hoarse “sreeeeeh.” I.
175.9 HOUSE SPARROW (Pardal) Passer domesticus L 5.9

in./15 cm. unmistakable. Note long, pale eyebrow of .♣
Urban areas. Call/song: well-known chirping “ching.” I.
1154
175.10 COMMON WAXBILL (Bico-de-lacre) Estrilda
astrild L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable by small size and color
pattern. ♣ Urban areas. I.
Saltators / Goldfinch / Greenfinch / Old World Sparrow /

Waxbill
1155
1156
Plate 176
176.1 WHITE-BELLIED DACNIS (Saí-de-barriga-branca)

Dacnis albiventris L 4.3 in./11 cm. Yellow-eyed darker
blue than 176.2 and with edged wing feathers. from
176.2 by pale brownish eyes, greener upperparts, and
yellower underparts. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest.
Up to 400 m. Call/song: probably extr. high, very fine
twittering.
176.2 BLACK-FACED DACNIS (Saí-de-máscara-preta)

Dacnis lineata L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note yellow eyes.
unmistakable by black nape and white mid-belly. brownish
above with buff-white to white belly. ♣ Canopy and edge of
humid forest, clearings with scattered trees, woodland. Up to
1400 m.
1157
176.3 YELLOW-BELLIED DACNIS (Saí-amarela) Dacnis
flaviventer L 4.7 in./12 cm. unmistakable; note breast
mottling and red eye of . ♣ Canopy and borders of terra
firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings with scattered
trees. Up to 500 m, sometimes higher. Call: high, rather
loud, upslurred “weéh.”
176.4 BLACK-LEGGED DACNIS (Saí-de-pernas-pretas)

Dacnis nigripes L 4.3 in./11 cm. from 176.5 by more
solid blue in wings and by dusky legs. unmistakable in
range. ♣ Humid forest and woodland. Up to 1700 m. En, R.
176.5 BLUE DACNIS (Saí-azul) Dacnis cayana L 4.7 in./12

cm. Note pinkish legs. Broad blue edging to wing feathers of
. green with bluish head. ♣ Forest borders, second
growth, woodland, riverine belts. Up to 1400 m. Call: high
“tjit.”
1158
176.6 GREEN HONEYCREEPER (Saí-verde) Chlorophanes
spiza L 5.1 in./13 cm. unmistakable. green with
bicolored bill. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and
várzea, second growth. Up to 1500 m. Call: high to
mid-high twittering “tit” or “tit-wut.”
176.7 SHORT-BILLED HONEYCREEPER

(Saí-de-bico-curto) Cyanerpes nitidus L 3.5 in./9 cm. Legs
reddish. with blue mantle and black “beard.” from
176.8 by dark lores and blue supral-oral. ♣ Canopy and
borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings
with scattered trees. Up to 400 m.
1159
176.8 PURPLE HONEYCREEPER (Saí-de-perna-amarela)
Cyanerpes caeruleus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Yellowish legs
diagnostic; note blue moustache of . ♣ Canopy and borders
of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings with
scattered trees. Up to 1200 m. Call: extr. high “zrree.”
176.9 RED-LEGGED HONEYCREEPER (Saíra-beija-flor)

Cyanerpes cyaneus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Yellow underwings
diagnostic. shows blue throat and contrasting cap. has no
blue or buff on head. ♣ Forest borders, second growth,
clearings with scattered trees, shaded plantations, gardens. Up
to 2000 m. Call/song: high, nasal, slightly lowered “tjew.”
1160
Dacnises / Honeycreepers / Bunting
1161
Plate 177
1162
177.1 PLUMBEOUS EUPHONIA (Gaturamo-an o)
Euphonia plumbea L 3.5 in./9 cm. Small. More gray than
blue, not cobalt blue as 177.10. ♣ Savanna woodland, forest
edge. Up to 1000 m. Call: very high “swee-swee”; song:
series of “swee-swee,” alternating with short jumbles of rapid,
rich twitters.
177.2 PURPLE-THROATED EUPHONIA (Fim-fim)

Euphonia chlorotica L 3.9 in./10 cm. with yellow
underparts and crown-patch extending back to rear edge of
eye. Nom. (a) has yellow forehead and grayish underparts
with yellowish flanks and vent. Nape/crown often tinged
gray. ssp. cyanophora (b; far NW) with less white below.
♣ Forest edge, second growth, riverine belts, caatinga, scrub.
Up to 1200 m, locally much higher. Call/song: rapid or
drawn-out high, clear “feebee.”
1163
177.3 FINSCH’S EUPHONIA (Gaturamo-capim) Euphonia
finschi L 3.9 in./10 cm. has yellow up to above eye and no
white in tail. with yellow-tinged forehead, unlike 177.4.
♣ Forest interior and borders. Up to 1200 m. Song: very
high, clear “fee-bee-bee.”
177.4 VIOLACEOUS EUPHONIA (Gaturamo-verdadeiro)

Euphonia violacea L 4.3 in./11 cm. with yellow throat and
white in undertail. Cf. 177.5. not safely separable from
177.5, but thicker-billed than 177.2b and 177.3. ♣
Forest borders, riverine belts, gardens. Seldom in open, arid
areas. Up to 1000 m. Call: very high, sharp “tweet”; song:
varied; e.g., very high, sharp “fee-fee-fee-fee”; also high,
rapid twittering with nasal “tjew” and short trills and rattles.
177.5 THICK-BILLED EUPHONIA

(Gaturamo-de-bico-grosso) Euphonia laniirostris L 4.3 in./11
1164
cm. Note yellow throat. SC Nom. (a, undertail like 177.4) and
W and NC ssp. melanura (b, with all-dark undertail and
richer yellow underparts) shown. Both with cap that extends
farther back (past the eye) than in 177.4. of the two
sspp. not reliably separable from 177.4. ♣ Humid and arid
areas. Forest borders, woodland, gardens, agricultural areas
with scattered trees. Up to 1200 m, occasionally higher.
Call: sudden, sharp “wit”; song: series of staccato “wic”
rattles and other rapid sequences of “wuc” and “wee” notes.
177.6 GREEN-THROATED (or -chinned) EUPHONIA

(Cais-cais) Euphonia chalybea L 4.3 in./11 cm. with dark
chin, yellow throat, and small yellow forehead patch. Note
thick bill, gray from ear patch to belly, and olive-yellow chin,
flanks, and vent in . ♣ Forest borders and clearings with tall
trees. Up to 500 m. Call: mid-high, dry, rapid “ditditditdit”;
song: short, simple warble with partly inhaled “tif” notes. R.
1165
177.7 GOLDEN-RUMPED EUPHONIA (Gaturamo-rei)
Euphonia cyanocephala L 4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable by
blue crown. ♣ Forest borders and clearings with tall trees,
gardens; 500–2800 m, occasionally lower. Call: very high
“teeuw” or low, nasal “tjur”; song: level series of “tjur,”
mixed with and alternating with very high twittering.
177.8 WHITE-VENTED EUPHONIA

(Gaturamo-de-barriga-branca) Euphonia minuta L 3.5 in./9
cm. White vent diagnostic. Yellow on forehead stops just
before eye. with complete yellow chest band and white
throat and vent. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and
várzea; also in adjacent clearings. Up to 1000 m. Song:
short, very high, rich “tuweét-ver-ver” or “weet-weet-vr.”
177.9 ORANGE-BELLIED EUPHONIA (Fim-fim-grande)

Euphonia xanthogaster L 4.3 in./11 cm. with orange-tinged
1166
underparts and forecrown patch extending past eyes. Note
buff-yellow vent, gray nape and orange cast to forehead of .
♣ Humid forest, second growth. Up to 2000. Call/song:
rapid, nasal “wutwutwutwut” or “djeu-djeu.”
177.10 RUFOUS-BELLIED EUPHONIA

(Gaturamo-do-norte) Euphonia rufiventris L 4.3 in./11 cm.
with yellow-orange underparts and no forehead patch. Note
tawny vent of . ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and
várzea. Up to 1100 m. Call: very high, rapid, dry, scratchy
“scree-scree-scree.”
Euphonias
1167
Plate 178
1168
178.1 GOLDEN-BELLIED (or White-lored) EUPHONIA
(Gaturamo-verde) Euphonia chrysopasta L 4.3 in./11 cm.
Unmistakable by white lores, which make bill look heavier. ♣
Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent
clearings. Up to 900 m. Call: very high, sharp “wits”; song:
e.g., high, mellow, rapid “wiwi-ju-wer-wur-wur” or explosive
“tjú-wer-whé-wer.”
178.2 GOLDEN-SIDED EUPHONIA (Gaturamo-preto)

Euphonia cayennensis L 4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable by
yellow flanks, contrasting with remaining all-black plumage.
with pale grayish central underparts incl. vent. ♣ Canopy
and borders of humid forest. Up to 600 m. Call: dry,
rattling “sree-sree” or slightly rising, rapid
“wuh-wuh-wuh-wú.”
178.3 CHESTNUT-BELLIED EUPHONIA (Ferro-velho)

Euphonia pectoralis L 4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable by rufous
1169
underparts of and tawny vent of . ♣ Canopy and borders
of forest. Up to 1300 m. Call: low, rattling, scratchy
“wru-wru-wru-wru-wru.”
178.4 BLUE-NAPED CHLOROPHONIA (Bandeirinha)

Chlorophonia cyanea L 4.7 in./12 cm. Nom. (a) and
green-fronted ssp. cyanea (b) shown. Unmistakable by
thickset jizz and color pattern. ♣ Canopy and borders of
humid forest; also in adjacent clearings; 500–2000 m. Call:
high, plaintive “pweeeh.”
178.5 GREATER FLOWER-PIERCER (Fura-flor-grande)

Diglossa major L 6.7 in./17 cm. No similar bird in range.
Note rufous vent. ♣ Humid forest and shrubby clearings in the
tepuis; 1300–2800 m. Call: extr. high, fine “fi”; song: duet;
one bird giving low, scratchy notes, the other giving high,
tinkling notes.
1170
178.6 SCALED FLOWER-PIERCER (Fura-flor-escamado)
Diglossa duidae L 5.5 in./14 cm. No similar bird in range;
note bill shape. ♣ Humid forest and shrubby clearings in the
tepuis; 1400–2300 m.
178.7 CHESTNUT-VENTED CONEBILL

(Figuinha-de-rabo-castanho) Conirostrum speciosum L 4.3
in./11 cm. of S and E Nom. (a) and N ssp. amazonum (b)
shown. Chestnut vent of diagnostic. with olivaceous
back and grayish head. ♣ Open woodland, riverine belts,
várzea. Up to 1000 m. Call/song: soft “sru-tee-sru-tee - -.”
1171
178.8 BICOLORED CONEBILL (Figuinha-do-mangue)
Conirostrum bicolor L 4.7 in./12 cm. Bluer above than 178.9
and with buff cast to underparts. Juv. (not shown) resembles
154.1, but duller and without white undertail patch. Also
cf. 152.6. ♣ Mangrove, open woodland, shrub at rivers. Up
to 200 m. Call: high “bits”; song: unstructured twittering,
including “- -fjeu tjeuw - -.”
178.9 PEARLY-BREASTED CONEBILL

(Figuinha-amazônica) Conirostrum margaritae L 4.7 in./12
cm. Underparts pure gray. ♣ Woodland and scrub near rivers.
Up to 100 m.
Euphonias / Chlorophonia / Flower-Piercers / Conebills
1172
Plate 179
1173
179.1 TROPICAL GNATCATCHER
(Balança-rabo-de-chapéu-preto) Polioptila plumbea L 4.7 in./
12 cm. unmistakable by cap and slender jizz. of NE ssp.
atricapilla (not shown) very like 179.6. Differs from 179.2
by different range. ♣ Open woodland, forest borders,
clearings with scattered trees, mangrove. Up to 1200 m.
Call: mewing “neuh”; song: varies by region; e.g., very high,
hurried series of sharp “seep” notes (sometimes less rapid and
slightly descending at the end).
179.2 CREAMY-BELLIED GNATCATCHER

(Balança-rabo-leitoso) Polioptila lactea L 4.7 in./12 cm. Not
in range of 179.1 ♣ Canopy and borders of forest and
woodland. Up to 500 m. Call: nasal, slightly lowered
“njeuh”; song: series of 6–7 thin “weet” notes. R.
NOTE: The following three species (179.3–179.5) were

considered conspecific until 2007. Note lack of white in wing.
1174
No overlap in ranges. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest up
to 500 m.
179.3 GUIANAN GNATCATCHER Polioptila guianensis L

4.3 in./11 cm. Distinct eyering, contrasting gray breast, and
all-white outer tail feathers. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid
forest up to 500 m.
179.4 PARÀ GNATCATCHER Polioptila paraensis L 4.3

in./11 cm. Very pale overall, indistinct eyering, breast and
throat white, inner webs of outer two pair of tail feathers
black at base. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest up to 500
m. Call: “wheet” or “wheet’r.”
179.5 RIO NEGRO GNATCATCHER Polioptila facilis L 4.3

in./11 cm. No eyering, pale gray throat, partly black outer tail
feathers. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest up to 500 m.
1175
179.6 MASKED GNATCATCHER
(Balança-rabo-de-máscara) Polioptila dumicola L 5.1 in./13
cm. Two sspp.: S Nom. (a) and C ssp. berlepschi (b,
shown). unmistakable by black mask. from 179.1
ssp. atricapilla by white lores and supraloral. ♣ Cerrado, open
woodland, riverine belts. Up to 2400 m. Song: varied; e.g.,
very/ extr. high, almost level, rapid “fu-fu-fu-fu-fi-fi-” or
slower “fee-fee-fee- -.”
179.7 ORANGE-FRONTED YELLOW-FINCH

(Canário-do-amazonas) Sicalis columbiana L 4.7 in./12 cm.
Two sspp. in Brazil: EC leopoldinae (a) and Amazonian
goeldii (b). Differs from 179.11 by size, dusky lores, and
virtual lack of streaking (even in and Imms.). ♣ Riverine
belts, settlements. Forages on ground. Up to 300 m. Call:
high, nasal “sjirp,” “tjirip,” or very high, clear “tjic.”
1176
179.8 STRIPE-TAILED YELLOW-FINCH
(Canário-rasteiro) Sicalis citrina L 4.7 in./12 cm. White
patches in undertail of both sexes diagnostic. Note
un-streaked yellow crown of . with yellowish underparts
and streaks on chest and flanks. Juv. similar to , but yellow
only on central underparts. ♣ Savanna, grassland, and open
farmland. Up to 3000 m. Song: hurried, slightly nasal
series in two parts; 1st very high, sharp “tseeptseep- -” (3–5
×), 2nd lower-pitched, clearer “tue-tue- -” (4–8 ×).
179.9 GRASSLAND YELLOW-FINCH (Tipio) Sicalis

luteola L 4.7 in./12 cm. Very like 179.10, but chest more
olive and no overlap in range. ♣ Grassland, edge of marshes,
fields. Mainly near sea level, but up to 2000 m in far NW.
Song: simple, very high, decelerating series of 7–9 “teuw”
notes, starting as almost-trill.
1177
179.10 MISTO YELLOW-FINCH Sicalis luteiventris L 5.1
in./13 cm. with finely streaked crown and yellow
supraloral and ocular region. Differs from 179.7 (which is
often considered a ssp.) by distribution and by more distinct
grayish olive tinge to chest. Also cf. 179.8. with
streaked upperparts and plain underparts; similar to 179.9.
♣ Open to semiopen areas with grass. Up to 2500 m.
179.11 SAFFRON FINCH (Canário-da-terra-verdadeiro)

Sicalis flaveola L 5.5 in./14 cm. Relatively large. Two sspp: E
brasiliensis (a, shown; is duller and has no orange on
crown) and SE and SC ssp. pelzelni (b, and ). In b,
note whitish underparts with streaked chest and flanks. Juv. of
both sspp. resemble b. Imm. with yellow collar. ♣
Semiopen areas with scattered bush and trees, agricultural
land, suburbs, cities. Up to 1000 m, locally higher. Song:
calm, simple series of single and double notes with an
1178
occasional short trill, like
“tjuw-tjew-witju-zree-u”u-wèh-djuw- -.”
Gnatcatchers / Yellow-Finches / Saffron-Finch
1179
1180
Plate 180
180.1 PURPLISH JAY (Gralha-do-pantanal) Cyanocorax

cyanomelas L 15.7 in./40 cm. Dull purplish (often appears all
dark). ♣ Woodland, riverine belts, scrub. Up to 1000 m.
Call: series of mid-high, raucous “wreh-wreh” (“wreh” up to
4 ×/phrase).
180.2 AZURE JAY (Gralha-azul) Cyanocorax caeruleus L

15.7 in./40 cm. Shiny azure-blue (sometimes greener). ♣
Humid forest, often with Araucaria. Up to 1000 m. Call:
noisy, high “eur eur eur tjef-tjef-tjef- -,” “tjef” much higher.”
R.
180.3 VIOLACEOUS JAY (Gralha-violácea) Cyanocorax

violaceus L 15.7 in./40 cm. Note whitish nape. No similar jay
in range. ♣ Várzea, mainly at edges and in clearings with tree
1181
stands, often along rivers and lakes. Up to 1000 m. Call:
very high, loud, ringing, lowered “djeeuw-djeeuw-djeeuw.”
180.4 AZURE-NAPED JAY (Gralha-de-nuca-azul)

Cyanocorax heilprini L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note white tail tips. ♣
Forest edge, second growth, woodland, wooded savanna. Up
to 250 m. Call as 180.3, but might be slightly higher
pitched.
180.5 CURL-CRESTED JAY (Gralha-do-campo)

Cyanocorax cristatellus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note dark eye and
stiff crest. ♣ Cerrado, riverine belts, savanna with low trees.
Up to 1100 m. Call; loud, descending “wèèèèuh” shrieks.
1182
180.6 CAYENNE JAY (Gralha-da-guiana) Cyanocorax
cayanus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Not in range of 180.7 and 180.8. ♣
Wooded savanna, humid forest. Up to 1100 m. Call: high,
loud, slightly downslurred “tjuwtjuw tjuwtjuw -.”
180.7 PLUSH-CRESTED JAY (Gralha-picaça) Cyanocorax

chrysops L 13.8 in./35 cm. Nom. (a) and dark-necked ssp.
diesingii (b) shown. Note crest on hind crown, esp. large in b.
♣ Woodland and nearby scrub, forest. Up to 1100 m. Call:
very high “tjuw?” or bouncing, rapid “rututut.”
1183
180.8 WHITE-NAPED JAY (Gralha-canc ) Cyanocorax
cyanopogon L 13.8 in./35 cm. No overlap with 180.6. Differs
from 180.7 by duller upperparts and whiter nape. ♣
Woodland, scrub, riverine belts or patches. Up to 1100 m.
Call: e.g., series of a high “creucreu” notes. En.
Jays
1184
1185
Plate 181
NOTE: of most Sporophila species in full plumage are

normally outnumbered by individuals that look like ; this
is because attain full Ad. plumage only after 2–3 years,
but it might also be possible that some keep the
plumage for life.
181.1 BUFFY-FRONTED SEEDEATER (Pixoxó)

Sporophila frontalis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Large with indistinct
wing bars in both sexes. Lower mandible significantly higher
than upper mandible. Imm. lacks white forehead of Ad. .
♣ Forest and adjacent second growth, mainly with bamboo.
Up to 1500 m. Song: loud, fast, staccato “tje-te-tetrrít.” R.
181.2 TEMMINCK’S SEEDEATER (Cigarra-verdadeira)

Sporophila falcirostris L 4.3 in./11 cm. Both sexes very like
181.3 (no overlap), but usually without malar. Differs from
181.5a by bill shape and less distinct wing markings in . ♣
Forest edge and second growth, often with bamboo. Up to
1200 m. Song: very/extr. high, buzzing “t’tsrrrrrr” trill
(1–1.5 sec). R.
1186
181.3 SLATE-COLORED SEEDEATER
(Cigarrinha-donorte) Sporophila schistacea L 4.3 in./11 cm.
Lower mandible twice as high as upper. Culmen slightly
curved or straight. with rich yellow bill and (usually) a
white malar and single wing bar. with blackish bill and
whitish buff belly. Cf. 181.4 and 181.5. ♣ Woodland, forest
edge and clearings, often with bamboo or seeding grasses. Up
to 1500 m. Song: extr. high almost-rattle, like
“wseeef-sisisisitititititeh.”
181.4 GRAY SEEDEATER (Papa-capim-cinza) Sporophila

intermedia L 4.3 in./11 cm. Culmen strongly curved. with
yellow or flesh-colored bill. Rarely with white malar, but
never shows wing bar. with blackish bill and whitish-buff
belly. Cf. 181.3 and 181.5. ♣ Open grassy and bushy habitats,
less at forest borders and in clearings. Up to 500 m. Song:
continuous, rapid, very high warbling in which every note is
1187
repeated 3–4 × (e.g., “tjitjitji” or “weetweetweet”) or replaced
by short trills.
181.5 PLUMBEOUS SEEDEATER (Patativa) Sporophila

plumbea L 4.3 in./11 cm. with black bill (often yellow in
SE, a) and white chin. with dark bill (lower mandible often
paler) and whitish buff belly. Cf. 181.2–181.4. ♣ Savanna,
edge of riverine forest. Mainly near water. Up to 1400 m.
Song: very high warbling in short series including 2–3
repeated notes such as “tjeutjeu,” “kuwerber,” “sisisi,” or
“witje-witje.”
181.6 CAQUETA SEEDEATER (Papa-capim-de-caquetá)

Sporophila murallae L 4.3 in./11 cm. from 181.7 by
faint wing bars and range. like 181.7. ♣ Grassy and
shrubby areas, forest borders, river islands. Up to 400 m.
1188
Song: very high, up-and-down series of single, slightly
hurried, nasal “tju”, “tji”, “wir,” and “sir” notes.
181.7 WING-BARRED SEEDEATER (Coleiro-do-norte)

Sporophila americana L 4.3 in./11 cm. with broad upper
wing bar and narrow, faint lower wing bar. Black collar often
incomplete. Cf. 181.6 and 183.8. resembles 182.2, but
darker and belly whitish buff. ♣ Grassy and shrubby areas,
fields, towns. Up to 400 m. Voice as 181.6.
181.8 RUSTY-COLLARED SEEDEATER (Coleiro-dobrejo)

Sporophila collaris L 4.7 in./12 cm. Nom. (a) and ssp.
malanocephalo (b) shown. Unmistakable by general color
pattern and black pectoral band. with two wing bars,
whitish wing speculum, and contrasting whitish throat. ♣
Grassy and shrubby areas near water. Rarely on the ground.
1189
Up to 500 m. Song: rather slow series of nasal “tjer,”
“tjih,” and “tjuw” notes.
181.9 LESSON’S SEEDEATER (Estrela-do-norte)

Sporophila bouvronides L 4.3 in./11 cm. as 181.10, but
no white in crown and upper chest often mottled black. as
181.10. ♣ Grassy and shrubby places, esp. at water. Up to
800 m. Song: high, slightly accelerating “tjetjetuter’r’rr,”
trill but might be silent in Brazil.
181.10 LINED SEEDEATER (Bigodinho) Sporophila lineola

L 4.3 in./11 cm. with white cheeks and crown stripe.
with yellowish bill (upper mandible usually darker) and
contrasting whitish belly; from 181.9 only by range/
season. Also cf. 182.5. ♣ Grassy and shrubby areas, often
near water. Up to 1200 m Song: rapid descending series,
1190
starting very high, the total sounding as
“tweettweet-tititi’tw’tirrr.”
Seedeaters
1191
Plate 182
182.1 BLACK-AND-WHITE SEEDEATER

(Papa-capimpreto-e-branco) Sporophila luctuosa L 4.3 in./11
1192
cm. black above with white wing speculum and spot below
eye. Cf. 182.2 and 166.8. like 182.2. ♣ Grassy and
shrubby areas. Song: e.g., “wreu-chi-checheche” (1st part
raspy, 2nd part soft and modest).
182.2 YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER (Baiano)

Sporophila nigricollis L 4.3 in./11 cm. with
yellowish-white underparts, black hood, and olive back. Cf.
182.3 and 182.4. (with dark bill and yellowish buff
belly) inseparable from 182.1 and 182.3. Song: short,
descending series of 5–7 notes in a sort of up-and-down
cadence, starting very high, like “wheeét-jtutju-wír
tjutju-wírwirr” (last “wirr” characteristically low).
182.3 DUBOIS’S SEEDEATER

(Papa-capim-de-costascinzas) Sporophila ardesiaca L 4.3 in./
11 cm. from 182.2 by gray back and white belly; of
1193
the two inseparable. ♣ Shrubby and grassy places, roadsides.
Up to 800 m. En.
182.4 HOODED SEEDEATER (Papa-capim-do-bananal)

Sporophila melanops L 4.3 in./11 cm. from 182.2 by
black hood not extending to chest. unknown. ♣ Unknown.
Note: Only known from a single specimen; possibly a hybrid
or a variant of 182.2. En, possibly extinct.
182.5 DOUBLE-COLLARED SEEDEATER (Coleirinho)

Sporophila caerulescens L 4.3 in./11 cm. with bicolored
bill (dusky above, yellowish below) and whitish buff belly.
Cf. 181.10 and 173.3. ♣ Semiopen and shrubby areas,
agricultural land. Rare in extensive grassland. Up to 1200 m.
Song: short, rapid, very high warble, occasionally with an
inhaled rattle.
1194
182.6 WHITE-THROATED SEEDEATER (Golinho)
Sporophila albogularis L 4.3 in./11 cm. with white throat
and black collar. with dark bill and whitish belly. ♣
Caatinga, shrubby woodland borders. Up to 1200 m. Song:
high, short series of “tuteé,” “tjif,” and “tjew” notes. En.
182.7 BLACK-AND-TAWNY SEEDEATER

(Caboclinho-do-sert o) Sporophila nigrorufa L 3.9 in./10 cm.
distinctly bicolored. similar to 182.10, but bill slightly
heavier. ♣ Grassy areas, mainly near water. Lowlands.
Song: slow phrases of 1–7 notes, like high “tjuuuh,”
“tjiwtjiwtjiw,” “fjeeh,” and “tjuh-tureeh.” R.
1195
182.8 WHITE-BELLIED SEEDEATER (Chor o) Sporophila
leucoptera L 4.7 in./12 cm. Nom. (a) and gray-flanked ssp.
cinereola (b) shown. Rather large. distinctly bicolored with
a yellow to pink bill. with heavy, dark bill and whitish
belly. ♣ Grassy areas with scattered bush. Mainly near water.
Up to 800 m. Song: long series of drawn-out, gliding-up
“tuweét” notes.
182.9 RUDDY-BREASTED SEEDEATER

(Caboclinholindo) Sporophila minuta L 3.9 in./10 cm.
from 182.10 and 183.5 by lack of wing speculum, gray
extending over ear coverts, and range. with yellowish
brown bill and no wing speculum. Cf. 183.4. ♣ Open grassy
fields, savanna, roadsides. Up to 1600 m. Song: short series
of very high, variable notes, like
“weelee-weelee-diterleeweelee.”
1196
182.10 TAWNY-BELLIED SEEDEATER
(Caboclinho-de-barriga-vermelha) Sporophila hypoxantha L
3.9 in./10 cm. with rufous-tawny underparts and rump;
paler than 183.5. with buff underparts, white wing
speculum, and yellowish dusky bill; virtually inseparable
from 183.1, 183.2, 183.4, 183.6, and 183.8. ♣ Tall grass,
roadsides, marsh. Up to 1100 m. Call: varied; e.g., “ziu,”
tsee,” or “zreee” notes; song: short, calm series of 6–9 varied,
high to very high, raspy “weetju wee-tzju sher-tju-sisi” notes.
Seedeaters
1197
1198
Plate 183
183.1 DARK-THROATED SEEDEATER

(Caboclinho-de-papo-escuro) Sporophila ruficollis L 4.3 in./
11 cm. unmistakable by dark throat. like 182.10. ♣
Tall grass, open shrubby areas. Often near water. Up to 1200
m. R.
183.2 MARSH SEEDEATER (Caboclinho-de-papobranco)

Sporophila palustris L 3.9 in./10 cm. unmistakable by
white throat. like 182.10. ♣ Tall grass near marsh. Up to
1100 m. Song: short series of varied, very high notes, like
“sjee wee-tju-wee-tju.” R.
183.3 [NAROSKY’S SEEDEATER

(Caboclinho-de-coleira-branca) Sporophila zelichi] L 3.9 in./
1199
10 cm. Resembles 183.2, but mantle and edges of wing
feathers rufous. ♣ Grassland at water.
183.4 CHESTNUT-BELLIED SEEDEATER

(Caboclinho-de-peito-castanho) Sporophila castaneiventris L
3.9 in./10 cm. with median underparts rufous. resembles
182.9. ♣ Grassy and bushy clearings, marsh, lawns. Up to
500 m. Song: rapid, rather long, varied series, starting with
very high, clear warbling, then slightly descending to more
nasal twittering.
183.5 RUFOUS-RUMPED (or Gray-and-chestnut)

SEEDEATER (Caboclinho-de-sobreferrugem) Sporophila
hypochroma L 3.9 in./10 cm. mainly chestnut; from
183.9b by gray cap. like 182.10. ♣ Tall grassland and
savanna, mainly near water. Up to 1100 m. ♣ Tall grass near
1200
marsh. Up to 1100 m. Song: series of very high, varied,
clear notes, like “teetje wee-wir tee-tji-wee.” R.
183.6 CHESTNUT SEEDEATER (Caboclinho-de-

chapéucinzento) Sporophila cinnamomea L 3.9 in./10 cm.
mainly chestnut; from 183.9b by gray cap. like
182.10. ♣ Tall grass near marsh. Up to 1100 m. R.
183.7 BLACK-BELLIED SEEDEATER

(Caboclinho-de-barriga-preta) Sporophila melanogaster L 3.9
in./10 cm. Unmistakable by coloring of underparts. like
182.10. ♣ Tall grassland (incl. marshes) and scrub. Up to
1100 m. Call: “see-u”; song: very high twittering,
interspersed with “see-u” call. En, R.
1201
183.8 WHITE-NAPED SEEDEATER
(Papa-capim-decoleira) Dolospingus fringilloides L 5.5 in./14
cm. Large. Pointed and conical bill pale in , dark in . Cf.
181.7. ♣ Open scrubby forest and nearby savanna. Up to
250 m. Song: rapid strings of double or triplet notes, like
“wee-wee-wee-sree-sree-sree-tuweé-tuweé-tuweé.”
183.9 CAPPED SEEDEATER (Caboclinho) Sporophila

bouvreuil L 3.9 in./10 cm. range from whitish to rufous
according to age and race, but note black cap. Shown are
Imm. ssp. pileata (a, in S) and Ad. Nom. (b, in E and N).
like 182.10. ♣ Savanna with tall grass, open cerrado. Up
to 1100 m. Song: calm series of mostly double notes with
distinct intervals, like “wree-wree wru-wru tjee-tju surr
tjer-tjer- -.”
1202
183.10 CHESTNUT-BELLIED (or Lesser) SEED-FINCH
(Curió) Sporophila (or Oryzoborus) angolensis L 5.1 in./13
cm. unmistakable. with less heavy bill than 184.1
and 184.3 and upperparts tinged olive, unlike 184.1,
174.7, and 174.9. ♣ Scrubby and grassy clearings and edge of
forest or woodland. Up to 1500 m. Song: series mainly
based on strong “- - tjeu-tjeu-tjeu - -.”
Seedeaters / Seed-Finch
1203
Plate 184
1204
184.1 BLACKISH-BLUE SEEDEATER (Negrinho-do-mato)
Amaurospiza moesta L 5.1 in./13 cm. Bill rather conical.
slaty blue; cf. 184.5. warm tawny-brown; cf. 183.10
and 174.7. ♣ Undergrowth of forest and woodland, mainly
with bamboo. Up to 1600 m. Song: short, rapid warble,
like “tjeu-tjeu-wi-tutju.” R.
184.2 LARGE-BILLED SEED-FINCH (Bicudinho)

Sporophila (or Oryzoborus) crassirostris L 5.5 in./14 cm.
Very similar to larger 184.4. ♣ Tall grassland and scrub, incl.
forest borders. Often near water. Up to 500 m. Song: short,
animated series of rather nasal twittering, often introduced by
a few “fjeu- -” notes.
184.3 PARAMO SEEDEATER (Patativa-da-amazônia)

Catamenia homochroa L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note rufous vent in
both sexes. slaty gray, streaked above (also below in
1205
imm.). ♣ Low stunted forest and scrubby growth; 1600–2500
m. Song: calm, peculiar series of 2–6 very long, fluted
“puuuh-piiiih- -” notes, level or very differently pitched.
184.4 GREAT-BILLED (or Greater Large-billed)

SEED-FINCH (Bicudo) Sporophila (or Oryzoborus)
maximiliani L 6.3 in./16 cm. Bill enormous. Very similar to
184.2, but slightly larger bill with a dull, bony texture (not
shiny smooth). with olive tinge above, unlike 174.8
and 174.9. Also cf. 183.10. ♣ Tall grass and scrub in damp
or wet places. Up to 1100 m. Song: calm series of very
high, varied notes, trills, and rattles. R.
184.5 BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT (Tiziu) Volatinia

jacarina L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note pointed bill. glossy
blue-black with white underwing often evident in flight; cf.
184.1, 173.3, and larger Tachyphonus tanagers (Pl. 169).
1206
Sub-Ad. (a) variably speckled. with streaked chest and
flanks; cf. 185.2 and 185.3. ♣ Various open to semiopen
habitats, incl. towns. Up to 2000 m. Song: simple, 2-noted
“zeé-dji,” repeated constantly.
184.6 COAL-CRESTED FINCH (Mineirinho) Charitospiza

eucosma L 4.7 in./12 cm. unmistakable. Note
cinnamon-buff underparts and laid-back crest in . ♣ Cerrado
up to 1200 m. Song: simple, very high, hurried, warbled
“sree-o-wee,” repeated at 1-sec intervals. R.
184.7 (Gray) PILEATED FINCH (Tico-tico-rei-cinza)

Coryphospingus pileatus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note striking
eyering and gray coloring above. ♣ Dry scrub, woodland,
forest borders, roadsides; 1000 m. Song: calm, 2-noted
phrase, 1st part extr. high, fast gliding-up “sweéf,” 2nd part
1207
mid-high “trru” or “tudu,” together as “sweéf-trru,” repeated
8–10 ×.
184.8 RED-CRESTED FINCH (Tico-tico-rei)

Coryphospingus cucullatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Eyering and
reddish overall coloring diagnostic. ♣ Arid scrub, dry
woodland, agricultural land. Up to 1500 m. Song: structure
as 184.7, but 1st part much lower pitched and 2nd part more
sounding like a short “turr” trill
184.9 MOURNING SIERRA-FINCH (Canário-andino-negro)

Phrygilus fruticeti L 7.1 in./18 cm. Unmistakable by size,
color pattern, and striking wing bars. Note rufescent ear
coverts of . ♣ Arid scrub. Song: simple series of 3–6
“t’weet-nrrr-t’weet-ehhh-uch-trr” notes (“t’weet” very high,
fluted; “nrrr” and “ehhh” with peculiar nasal quality). V.
1208
Seedeaters / Seed-Finches / Grassquit / Finches
1209
1210
Plate 185
185.1 BLACK-MASKED FINCH

(Tico-tico-de-máscara-negra) Coryphaspiza melanotis L 5.5
in./14 cm. unmistakable. with yellow shoulder and
white-tipped tail (easily visible from below). ♣ Tall grassland,
often with bushes. Up to 1200 m. Song: simple, hurried
“witwit-sre-sreésreéje” (“witwit” high, rest extr. high). R.
185.2 UNIFORM FINCH (Cigarra-bambu) Haplospiza

unicolor L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note habitat. Uniform gray
unique. from 184.5 by more conical bill and streaked
throat.♣ Bamboo-rich undergrowth of humid forest. Up to
1400 m. Song: extr. high, 2-noted, rapid “swee-wee.”
185.3 BLUE (or Yellow-billed Blue) FINCH (Campainhaazul)

Porphyrospiza caerulescens L 5.1 in./13 cm. unmistakable.
1211
Note yellowish bill (culmen dusky), rufes-cent back and
streaked underparts of . ♣ Open cerrado. Up to 1100 m.
Song: simple but pleasant, calm, very high “feét-feétteu
feét-feét-teu” (“teu” lower pitched). R.
185.4 COMMON DIUCA-FINCH (Diuca) Diuca diuca L 6.7

in./17 cm. Unmistakable by general pattern. slightly more
brown than . ♣ Shrub, cultivation, gardens. Song: calm,
high, slightly rising, fluted “tuit weet weet-tui”; each note
emphasized. V.
185.5 WEDGE-TAILED GRASS-FINCH Canário-do-campo

Emberizoides herbicola L 7.9 in./20 cm. From 185.7 and
185.8 by strongly pointed tail feathers, buffier underparts, and
yellower (less orange) bill. Compare 185.6. ♣ Areas with tall
grass and some scattered bush. Up to 1500 m. Song:
simple, varied, clear series of 2–4 very high level, upslurred,
or lowered “teet-weer” or “zt-toweeé” notes.
1212
185.6 LESSER (or Gray-cheeked) GRASS-FINCH
Canário-do-brejo Emberizoides ypiranganus L 7.1 in./18 cm.
Resembles 185.5, but grayer cheeks contrast with white
throat. ♣ Marsh and wet grassland. Up to 900 m. Song:
mid-high, raspy, rapid “ch-ch-ch-ch- -” (about 10 × “ch”; the
total slightly lowered at the end).
185.7 GREAT PAMPA-FINCH (Sabiá-do-banhado)

Embernagra platensis L 8.7 in./22 cm. Note dusky face. ♣
Tall grassland, often with bushes. Song: 2-noted series of
soft “tut” notes, followed by very high, slightly descending
“tjeeert” or “tut-téer-téer.”
1213
185.8 PALE- (or Buff-) THROATED PAMPA- (or Serra-)
FINCH (Rabo-mole-da-serra) Embernagra longicauda L 8.7
in./22 cm. From 185.7 by white partial eyering and supraloral.
Also cf. 185.5. ♣ Dry scrub, lightly wooded areas,
agricultural land with scattered palms. Often in rocky areas;
700–1300 m. Song: 2-noted, strong “tut-twieer” (“tut” soft,
“twieer” higher and upslurred). En, R.
185.9 RUFOUS-COLLARED SPARROW (Tico-tico)

Zonotrichia capensis L 5.9 in./15 cm. Rufous collar
diagnostic, but lacking in Imm., which has spotted chest. ♣
Any open to semiopen habitat, incl. towns. Up to 3000 m.
Call: high “tjip”; song: calm, very high series of 4–6 notes,
like “tu-tjeé-tuwu-weé” or “tju-weeét tjutju.”
1214
Finches / Grass-Finches / New World Sparrow /
Pampa-Finches
1215
Plate 186
1216
186.1 BLACK-AND-RUFOUS WARBLING-FINCH
(Quem-te-vestiu) Poospiza nigrorufa L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note
mainly rufous underparts and long eyebrow. No overlap with
186.2a. ♣ Usually near water in open woodland; also in
gardens. Up to 900 m. Song: “sweet-sweet-je
sweet-sweet-je sweet-sweet-je” (“sweet” extr. high and
sharp).
186.2 RED-RUMPED WARBLING-FINCH (Quete)

Poospiza lateralis L 5.9 in./15 cm. Two sspp.: Nom.
Buff-throated Warbling-Finch (a; N part of range; supraloral
often faint) and ssp. cabanisi, Gray-throated Warbling-Finch
(b; N to São Paulo). Red rump diagnostic. Imm. b (shown)
with yellow throat and eyebrow. ♣ Forest borders, open
woodland. Up to 1800 m; Nom. not in lowlands. Song:
very high chirping, like “tseep-típ-teh-tsíp- -.”
1217
186.3 BLACK-CAPPED WARBLING-FINCH (Capacetinho)
Poospiza melanoleuca L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable in
range. Imm. resembles 186.4, best distinguished by range. ♣
Dry woodland and shrub, often near water. Song: simple
“tweet treet weet treet - -” chirping.
186.4 CINEREOUS WARBLING-FINCH

(Capacetinho-do-oco-do-pau) Poospiza cinerea L 5.1 in./13
cm. Note small, dark mask. Cf. 179.6. ♣ Deciduous
woodland, cerrado; 600–1100 m. Song: very high
“tip-chik-chik-tip-chik- -.” En, R.
186.5 BAY-CHESTED WARBLING-FINCH (Peitopinh o)

Poospiza thoracica L 5.5 in./14 cm. From 186.2 by different
facial pattern and gray rump. ♣ Montane forest, esp. at edges
and clearings with scattered trees and bush; 800–1500 m.
Call: extr. high, weak “tsic tsic - -” at irregular intervals. En.
1218
186.6 GRASSLAND SPARROW (Tico-tico-do-campo)
Ammodramus humeralis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Eyering and yellow
supral-oral diagnostic. ♣ Tall grassy savanna, cerrado. Up to
1700 m. Song: variable; 1 or 2 drawn-out, nasal, fluted
notes at 2-sec intervals, sometimes followed by a short,
tinkling trill.
186.7 YELLOW-BROWED SPARROW

(Cigarrinha-do-campo) Ammodramus aurifrons L 5.5 in./14
cm. From 186.6 by extensive yellow of face and no white
eyering. ♣ Open grassy habitats, roadsides, large clearings.
Up to 1000 m, locally higher. Song: soft, toneless, buzzing
“zrrr-zrrrr” trill.
1219
186.8 DICKCISSEL (Papa-capim-americano) Spiza
americana L 5.9 in./15 cm. Sparrow-like, esp. in 1st basic
plumage (a, note indistinct streaks on chest), but yellow
eyebrow in all plumages. Note rusty shoulder of adults (less
in ). Black bib reduced or lacking in N-br. . ♣ Grassy
areas up to 1000 m. Call: raspy “drrt” or “bzzt.” V.
Warbling-Finches / New World Sparrows / Dicksissel
1220
Plate 187
187.1 BLACK-STRIPED SPARROW (Tico-tico-cantor)

Arremonops conirostris L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable by
head patttern. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid woodland,
1221
weedy fields, shaded plantations. Up to 1500 m. Song:
nice, musical, fluted series, starting with “weét tjuw -,”
followed by several “weét-trill” and “weét-tjuwtjuwtjuw”
notes.
187.2 TEPUI BRUSH-FINCH (Tico-tico-do-tepui) Atlapetes

personatus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Distinctive in range. Nom.
(shown) only ssp. confirmed in Brazil, but rufous-throated
and rufous-chested jugularis may occur in extr. N Amazonas.
♣ Mainly at forest borders and in clearings; 1000–2500 m.
Song: very high “Tjiu-chachacha” (“cha” rapid, 2–4 ×) or
“Tjuw-sisisisi”; these and other vocalisations often as duet.
187.3 YELLOW-FACED SISKIN (Pintassilgo-do-nordeste)

Carduelis yarrellii L 3.9 in./10 cm. From 187.4 by smaller
black area on head; by yellower underparts and more
uniform greenish head. ♣ Caatinga, second growth, forest
1222
edge, plantations, towns. Up to 550 m. Song: low, hurried,
nasal warbling with chatters, soft rattles, and trills (3–20 sec).
En, R.
187.4 HOODED SISKIN (Pintassilgo) Carduelis magellanica

L 4.3 in./11 cm. Cf. 187.3. More extensive range. ♣
Woodland, grassland with scattered trees, towns. Up to 2500
m. Song: long series of rather low, hurried, chattered
warbling, like(“wur-wirre-tsjetsje- -.”
187.5 LONG-TAILED REED-FINCH

(Tico-tico-do-banhado) Donacospiza albifrons L 5.9 in./15
cm. Note facial pattern and long tail. shows slightly more
distinct streaks on mantle. ♣ Reed beds and scrubby areas
near water. Up to 900 m.
1223
187.6 SAFFRON-BILLED SPARROW
(Tico-tico-de-bico-amarelo) Arremon flavirostris L 6.3 in./16
cm. Combination of black chest band and orange-yellow bill
with black culmen diagnostic. Nom. (a, N part of range), SE
ssp. polionotus (b) and ssp. devillei (c, SW part of range)
shown. ♣ Dry woodland and shrub. Up to 1400 m. Song:
extr. high, rapid “tjew sjew-sjew-sjew-sjew.”
187.7 PECTORAL SPARROW (Tico-tico-de-bico-preto)

Arremon taciturnus L 5.9 in./15 cm. All-black bill diagnostic.
Yellow shoulder-patch relatively large. ♣ Undergrowth of
humid forest and second growth. Up to 1500 m; mainly in
lowlands in area of overlap with 187.9. Song: extr. high,
hissed “ssee-ssee-ssee.”
1224
187.8 HALF-COLLARED SPARROW (Tico-tico-do-mato)
Arremon semitorquatus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Upper mandible
black, lower mandible yellow. From 187.9 also by grayer
flanks and larger black spots on sides of chest. ♣
Undergrowth of humid forest and second growth. Up to 1200
m; usually not in lowlands in area of overlap with 187.8.
Song: very to extr. high “zui-zee” and variations. En.
187.9 SAO FRANCISCO SPARROW (Tico-tico-do-s

o-francisco) Arremon franciscanus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Bill
yellow with black culmen. Cf. 187.8. ♣ Thick scrub in
caatinga. Song: extr. high “tsutititi---” (“tititi---” as
almost-trill). En, R.
1225
Sparrows / Brush-Finch / Reed-Finch / Siskins
1226
1227
1228
Protected Areas of Brazil
The protected areas of Brazil are organized into a system of
about 60 national parks, 23 biological reserves, 7 ecological
reserves, 21 ecological stations, 19 environmental protection
areas, and 48 national forests (as of July 2007). The map
indicates the national parks (NPs); a list of the other
categories of protected areas can be found on the Internet
(http://www.parks.it/world/BR/Eindex.html). A survey of
National Parks and Nature Reserves, that is regularly updated,
can be found on the Web site
http://www.nationalparks-worldwide.info/brazil.htm. You
might also want to check Arthur Grosset’s Web site
(http://www.arthurgrosset.com/sitenotes/brazil.html), which
gives site notes for Brazil.
1229
1. Abrolhos Marine NP
2. Amazônia NP
3. Aparados da Serra NP
4. Araguaia NP
5. Araucárias NP
6. Brasília NP
7. Cabo Orange NP
8. Campos Gerais NP
9. Caparaó NP
10. Cavernas do Peruaçu NP
1230
11. Chapada das Mesas NP
12. Chapada Diamantina NP
13. Chapada dos Guimarães NP
14. Chapada dos Veadeiros NP
15. Descobrimento NP
16. Emas NP
17. Fernado de Noronha Marine NP
18. Grande Sertão Veredas NP
19. Iguaçu NP
20. Ilha Grande NP
21. Itatiaia NP
22. Jaú NP
23. Jericoacoara NP
24. Lagoa do Peixe NP
25. Lençóis Maranhenses NP
26. Monte Pascoal NP
27. Monte Roraima NP
28. Nascentes do Rio Parnaíba NP
29. Pacaás Novos NP
30. Pantanal Matogrossense NP
31. Pau Brasil NP
32. Pedra Azul NP
33. Pico da Neblina NP
34. Pontões Capixabas NP
35. Restinga de Jurubatiba NP
36. Saint-Hilaire/Lange NP
37. São Joaquim NP
38. Sempre Vivas NP
39. Serra da Bocaina NP
40. Serra da Bodoquena NP
41. Serra da Canastra NP
42. Serra da Capivara NP
43. Serra da Cutia NP
1231
44. Serra da Mocidade NP
45. Serra das Confusões NP
46. Serra de Itabaiana NP
47. Serra do Cipó NP
48. Serra do Divisor NP
49. Serra do Itajaí NP
50. Serra do Pardo NP
51. Serra dos Órgãos NP
52. Serra Geral NP
53. Sete Cidades NP
54. Superagüi NP
55. Tijuca NP
56. Tumucumaque NP
57. Ubajara NP
58. Vale do Catimbau NP
59. Viruá NP
60. Xingu NP
1232
1233
National & International
Organizations
Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia (SBO)
(http://www.ararajuba.org.br/sbo_eng/index_eng.htm)
The Brazilian Ornithological Society (SBO) was founded in

1987, with the mission of promoting the scientific study and
conservation of Brazilian birds. The society is open to the
participation of anyone, in Brazil or abroad, interested in
Brazilian birds. The SBO publishes the periodical Revista
Brasileira de Ornitologia (The Brazilian Journal of
Ornithology), every 6 months. It is a scientific journal
committed exclusively to articles and notes on aspects of the
biology of Brazilian birds. The journal is intended to promote
the flow of information among the members.
Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO)

(http://www.cbro.org.br/CBRO/map.htm)
The Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee (CBRO)

was created as a forum to discuss and publish data related to
the distribution of birds in Brazil. The CBRO reviews and
updates available information about avian distribution in
Brazil and consolidates and publishes its conclusions on the
Internet in the form of a checklist. There is no need to join the
CBRO formally. Anyone can take part in the CBRO’s work
as a collaborator, joining in the discussions of the matters on
the agenda, publicizing the work of the committee, writing
notes for publication, and carrying out the CBRO’s
recommendations.
1234
Museums in Brazil
The following museums have very large and important

collections of bird skins:
• Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo

(MZUSP) (http://www.usp.br/prc/catalogomuseus/
english/mz_apresentacao.htm)
• Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi
(http://www.museu-goeldi.br/)
• Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro
(http://www.museum.com/jb/museum?id=23121)
Sociedade para a Conservação das Aves do Brasil—SAVE
Brasil (www.savebrasil.org.br)
Sociedade para a Conservação das Aves do Brasil—SAVE

Brasil—is a not-for-profit civil society, based in São Paulo,
with special emphasis on the conservation of birds in Brazil.
SAVE Brasil is part of the BirdLife International alliance,
present
in more than 100 countries and territories worldwide.
Following BirdLife International principles, SAVE Brasil
works through a participatory approach and develops and
implements conservation strategies and actions involving
scientific research, raising awareness, environmental
education, sustainable development, and public policies,
especially related to the creation of protected areas. In 2006
SAVE Brasil published the book Important Bird Areas in
Brazil: Part I, Atlantic Forest Region, which describes the
163 most important sites for birds (IBAs) along 15 Brazilian
states within the Atlantic Forest Domain. Eighty-three percent
of Brazilian threatened species occur in these states. BirdLife/
1235
SAVE Brasil identified 16 priority areas for immediate action
because they hold significant numbers of one or more species
at risk of extinction. Current efforts brought a renewed
attention to some of these areas and the hope of survival for
some of the most threatened species in the world.
BirdLife International (http://www.birdlife.org/)
Birdlife International is a global partnership of conservation

organizations that strives to conserve birds, their habitats, and
global biodiversity, working with people toward sustainable
use of natural resources. BirdLife partners operate in more
than 100 countries and territories worldwide
The American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU)

(http://www.aou.org/)
Founded in 1883, the American Ornithologists’ Union is the

oldest and largest organization in the New World devoted to
the scientific study of birds. Although the AOU primarily is a
professional organization, its membership of about 4,000
includes many amateurs dedicated to the advancement of
ornithology. AOU publishes The Auk, a quarterly journal of
ornithology that presents articles dealing with ornithological
research.
South American Classification Committee, American

Ornithologists’ Union (http://www.museum.lsu.edu:80/
~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html)
The South American Classification Committee is an official

committee of the American Ornithologists’ Union, whose
mission is to create a standard classification, with English
1236
names, for the bird species of South America. This
classification is subject to constant revision by the proposal
system to allow incorporation of new data.
Neotropical Bird Club (NBC)

(www.neotropicalbirdclub.org)
The NBC aims to
• Foster an interest in the birds of the Neotropics

among birdwatchers throughout the world
• Increase awareness of the importance of support for
conservation in the Neotropics
• Mobilize the increasing number of enthusiastic
birdwatchers active in the region to contribute to the
conservation of Neotropical birds
• Provide a forum for the publication of articles and
notes about Neotropical birds, their identification,
and their conservation and thus enhance information
exchange
• Channel efforts toward priority species and sites,
drawing attention to conservation needs
• Publicize the activities of local groups and
individuals and improve liaison and collaboration
between these people and other birdwatchers.
The journal Cotinga features news, notices, recent

publications, expedition results, reviews, and preliminary or
interim publication of studies on Neotropical birds by
contributors from all parts of the world in English, Spanish,
and Portuguese. The NBC also publishes an annual birding
1237
magazine, Neotropical Birding, which includes articles on
identification and good birding sites across the region. The
NBC is open to all, and the club welcomes new members.
Further details can be obtained from the secretary at
secretary@neotropicalbirdclub.org.
NatureServe (http://www.natureserve.org/index.jsp)
NatureServe is an organization that provides, on a nonprofit

basis, scientific information for conservation action in the
United States, Canada, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
1238
1239
Bibliography and Further References
FIELD GUIDES
Robert S. Ridgely, Guy Tudor. The Birds of South America

(New York: Oxford University Press)
Volume I, Jays – Finches (1989)
Volume II, Ovenbirds – Cotingas (1994)
Tomas Sigrist. Aves do Brasil (AvisBrasilis, 2006)
Deodato Souza. All the Birds of Brazil (Dall, 2002)
FIELD GUIDES FOR ADJACENT REGIONS
James F. Clements, Naom Shany, Dana Gardner, and Eustace

Barnes. A Field Guide to the Birds of Peru (Barcelona: Lynx
Edicions, 2001)
Steven L. Hilty, William L. Brown, Guy Tudor. A Guide to

the Birds of Colombia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 1986)
Steven L. Hilty, John A. Gwynne, Guy Tudor. Birds of

Venezuela (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003)
Alvaro Jaramillo, Peter Burke, and David Beadle. Birds of

Chile (London: Christopher Helm, 2003)
1240
Tito Narosky and Dario Yzurieta. Birds of Argentina &
Uruguay, A Field Guide (Buenos Aires: Vazquez Mazzini,
2003)
Robert S. Ridgely, Paul J. Greenfield. The Birds of Ecuador

(London: Christopher Helm, 2001)
Homas S. Schulenberg, Douglas F. Stotz, Daniel F. Lane,

John P. O’Neill, Theodore A. Parker III: Birds of Peru
David Sibley. The North American Bird Guide (Kent, UK:

Pica Press, 2000)
HANDBOOKS
J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. Christie, eds. Handbook

of the Birds of the World (Barcelona: Lynx Edicions)
Vol. 1, Ostrich – Ducks (1992)
Vol. 2, New World Vultures – Guineafowl (1994)
Vol. 3, Hoatzin – Auks (1996)
Vol. 4, Barn-owls – Hummingbirds (1997)
Vol. 5, Sandgrouse – Cuckoos (1999)
Vol. 6, Mousebirds – Hornbills (2001)
Vol. 7, Jacamars – Woodpeckers (2002)
1241
Vol. 8, Broadbills – Tapaculos (2003)
Vol. 9, Cotingas – Pipits and Wagtails (2004)
Vol. 10, Cuckoo-shrikes – Thrushes (2005)
Vol. 11, Old World Flydatchers – Old World Warblers (2006)
Vol. 12, Picathartes – Tits and Chickadees (2007)
(Other volumes yet to be published.)
Helmut Sick. Birds in Brazil (Princeton, NJ: Princeton

University Press, 1993)
BOOKS ON BIRD GROUPS
David Brewer, Barry Kent MacKay. Wrens, Dippers and

Thrashers (London: Christopher Helm, 2001)
Michael Brooke, John Cox. Albatrosses and Petrels across

the World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004)
C. Byers, U. Olsson, and J. Curson. Buntings and Sparrows

(Kent, UK: Pica Press, 1995)
P. Chantler and G. Driessens. Swifts (Kent, UK: Pica Press,

1995)
N. Cleere and D. Nurney. Nightjars (Kent, UK: Pica Press,

1998)
1242
P. Clement, A. Harris, and J. Davis, Finches and Sparrows
Peter Clement and Ren Hathway. Thrushes (Helm, 2000)
Jon Curson, David Quinn, and David Beadle. New World

Warblers (London: Christopher Helm, 1995)
James Ferguson-Lees and David A. Christie. Raptors of the

World (London: Christopher Helm, 2001)
C. H. Fry, K. Fry, and A. Harris. Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and

Rollers (London: Christopher Helm, 1992)
David Gibbs, Eustace Barnes, and John Cox, Pigeons and

Doves (Kent, UK: Pica Press, 2001)
Rolf Grantsau, Die Kolibris Brasiliens (Espressão e cultura,

1988)
J. Hancock and J. Kushlan. The Herons Handbook (London:

Croom Helm, 1984)
S. Harrap and D. Quinn. Tits, Nuthatches & Treecreepers

P. Harrison. Seabirds (London: Croom Helm, 1983)
P. Hayman, J. Marchant, and T. Prater. Shorebirds (London:

Christopher Helm, 1986)
Morton L. Isler and Phyllis R. Isler. Tanagers (London:

1243
Alvaro Jaramillo and Peter Burke. New World Blackbirds
Tony Jupiter and Mike Parr. Parrots (Kent, UK: Pica Press,
1998)
Claus König, Friedhelm Weick, and Jan-Hendrik Becking.

Owls (Kent, UK: Pica Press, 1999)
S. Madge and H. Burn. Wildfowl (London: Christopher Helm,

1988)
S. Madge and H. Burn. Crows and Jays (London: Christopher

Helm, 1999)
K. M. Olsen and H. Larsson. Skuas and Jaegers (Kent, UK:

Pica Press, 1997)
Lester Short, Jennifer Horne, and Albert E. Gilbert. Toucans,

Barbets and Honeyguides (New York: Oxford University
Press, 2001)
B. Taylor and B. van Perlo. Rails (Kent, UK: Pica Press,

1998)
Angela Turner and C. Rose, Swallows and Martins (London:

H. Winkler, D. A. Christie, and D. Nurney. Woodpeckers

(Kent, UK: Pica Press, 1995)
BIRD SOUNDS
1244
Peter Boesman. Birds of Brazil MP3 Sound Collection
(Westernieland: Birdsounds.nl, 2006. MP3-CD)
Peter Boesman. Birds of Venezuela MP3 Sound Collection

(Westernieland: Birdsounds.nl, 2006. MP3-CD)
Niels Krabbe and Jonas Nilsson. Birds of Ecuador

(Westernieland: Birdsongs BV, 2003. DVD-ROM)
Curtis A. Marantz and Kevin J. Zimmer. Bird Voices of Alta

Floresta and Southeastern Amazonian Brazil (Ithaca NY:
Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 2006.S. Set of 6 CDs)
Sjoerd Mayer. Birds of Bolivia 2.0 (Westernieland: Birdsongs

BV, 2000. CD-ROM)
John V. Moore, Paul Coopmans, Robert S. Ridgely, and

Mitch Lysinger. The Birds of Northwest Ecuador, Vol. 1: The
Upper Foothills and Subtropics (San Jose CA: John V. Moore
Nature Recordings, 1999. Set of 3 CDs)
Houghton Mifflin and the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology/

Interactive Audio: Peterson Field Guides, Westen Bird Songs
(Ithaca NY: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 1990. Set of
2 CD’s)
Heinz Remold. The Land Birds of Southeast Brazil, Disc 2:

Furnarids – Sharpbill (Brookline NY: Heinz Remold, 2001.
CD-ROM)
Heinz Remold. The Land Birds of Southeast Brazil, Disc 3:

Swallows – Icterids with the Pigeons, Parrots and
1245
Woodpeckers (Brookline NY: Heinz Remold, 2006.
CD-ROM)
Thomas S. Schulenberg, Curtis A. Marantz, and Peter H.

English. Voices of Amazonian Birds; Birds of the Rainforest
of Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia, Vol. 1: Tinamous
through Barbets (Ithaca NY: Cornell Laboratory of
Ornithology, 2000. CD)

of Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia, Vol. 2: Toucans
through Antbirds (Ithaca NY: Cornell Laboratory of

of Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia, Vol. 3: Ground
Antbirds through Jays (Ithaca NY: Cornell Laboratory of
THE INTERNET
Arthur Grosset’s Web page. http://www.arthurgrosset.com/

(photos of neotropical and other birds)
Atualidades Ornithologicas. http://www.ao.com.br/ (Brazilian

Ornithological Web Site)
Checklist of the Birds of Brazil. Comitê Brasileiro de

Registros Ornitológicos. http://www.cbro.org.br/CBRO/
map.htm
1246
Classification of the bird species of South America. South
American Classification Committee, American
Ornithologists’ Union. Composite species list with Scientific
and English names created by Sjoerd Mayer. Updated
November 16, 2008. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/
SACCList.html
Fatbirder. http://www.fatbirder.com/links_geo/america_south/
brazil.html (birding in Brazil)
Handbook of Birds of the World, Lynx Edicions.

http://www.hbw.com/ibc/ (video clips of birds worldwide)
Mango Verde. http://www.mangoverde.com/birdsound/

index.html (photos of birds worldwide)
NatureServe. http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/
(distribution maps of neotropical birds)
Xeno-Canto America. http://www.xeno-canto.org/

perc_map.php (voice recordings of neotropical birds)
Information and photos of almost every bird species can also

be found on the Internet by typing its English, Portuguese, or
scientific name in the dialog window of any search engine.
1247
1248
APPENDIX 1
The Endemics of Brazil
TINAMOUS
27.8 Yellow-legged Tinamou (Crypturellus noctivagus)
26.9 Lesser Nothura (Nothura minor)
CURRASOW & GUANS
30.3 Buff-browed Chachalaca (Ortalis superciliaris)
29.1 White-crested Guan (Penelope pileata)
29.2 Chestnut-bellied Guan (Penelope ochrogaster)
29.3 White-browed Guan (Penelope jacucaca)
31.2 Alagoas Curassow (Mitu mitu)
31.7 Red-billed Curassow (Crax blumenbachii)
EAGLES, HAWKS & ALLIES
1249
19.2 White-collared Kite (Leptodon forbesi)
20.5 White-necked Hawk (Leucopternis lacernulatus)
RAILS
34.1 Little Wood-Rail (Aramides mangle)
PIGEONS & DOVES
44.5 Blue-eyed Ground-Dove (Columbina cyanopis)
PARROTS
47.2 Indigo Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari)
47.4 Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii)
47.8 Golden Parakeet (Guarouba guarouba)
48.3 Jandaya Parakeet (Aratinga jandaya)
48.4 Golden-capped Parakeet (Aratinga auricapillus)
48.8 Cactus Parakeet (Aratinga cactorum)
1250
49.1 Blue-throated Parakeet (Pyrrhura cruentata)
49.4 Pearly Parakeet (Pyrrhura lepida)
49.7 White-eared Parakeet (Pyrrhura leucotis)
49.9 Gray-breasted Parakeet (Pyrrhura griseipectus)
50.1 Hellmayr’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura amazonum)
50.2 Deville’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura lucianii)
50.4 Pfrimer’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura pfrimeri)
51.8 Brown-backed Parrotlet (Touit melanonota)
51.9 Golden-tailed Parrotlet (Touit surdus)
52.1 Plain Parakeet (Brotogeris tirica)
54.6 Vulturine Parrot (Gypopsitta vulturina)
54.7 Bald Parrot (Gypopsitta aurantiocephala)
53.4 Red-browed Parrot (Amazona rhodocorytha)
1251
53.5 Red-tailed Parrot (Amazona brasiliensis)
52.8 Kawall’s Parrot (Amazona kawalli)
CUCKOOS
55.8 Scaled Ground-Cuckoo (Neomorphus squamiger)
OWLS
57.9 Pernambuco Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium mooreorum)
NIGHTJARS
61.1 Bahian Nighthawk (Nyctiprogne vielliardi)
62.4 Pygmy Nightjar (Caprimulgus hirundinaceus)
HUMMINGBIRDS
64.3 Margaretta’s Hermit (Phaethornis margarettae)
64.8 Dusky-throated Hermit (Phaethornis squalidus)
65.2.2 Maranhão Hermit (Phaethornis maranhaoensis)
1252
65.5 Minute Hermit (Phaethornis idaliae)
65.6 Broad-tipped Hermit (Anopetia gounellei)
65.10 Hook-billed Hermit (Glaucis dohrnii)
66.1 Saw-billed Hermit (Ramphodon naevius)
67.4 Long-tailed Woodnymph (Thalurania watertonii)
69.8 Sombre Hummingbird (Aphantochroa cirrochloris)
70.8 Brazilian Ruby (Clytolaema rubricauda)
71.3 Hooded Visorbearer (Augastes lumachella)
71.4 Hyacinth Visorbearer (Augastes scutatus)
71.8 Stripe-breasted Starthroat (Heliomaster squamosus)
JACAMARS
75.5 Three-toed Jacamar (Jacamaralcyon tridactyla)
NEW WORLD BARBETS
1253
76.4 Brown-chested Barbet (Capito brunneipectus)
PUFFBIRDS
75.9 Chestnut-headed Nunlet (Nonnula amaurocephala)
78.4 Spot-backed Puffbird (Nystalus maculates)
78.7 Crescent-chested Puffbird (Malacoptila striata)
WOODPECKERS
81.7 Spotted Piculet (Picumnus pygmaeus)
81.8 Varzea Piculet (Picumnus varzeae)
82.3 Tawny Piculet (Picumnus fulvescens)
82.4 Ochraceous Piculet (Picumnus limae)
83.7 Yellow-eared Woodpecker (Veniliornis maculifrons)
84.8 Kaempfer’s Woodpecker (Celeus obrieni)
OVENBIRDS (INCL. WOODCREEPERS)
1254
87.3 Brigida’s Woodcreeper (Hylexetastes brigidai)
87.6 Carajás Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes carajaensis)
87.8 Moustached Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes

falcirostris)
88.1 Hoffmann’s Woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes

hoffmannsi)
88.10 Spix’s Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus spixii)
89.4 Scaled Woodcreeper (Lepidocolaptes squamatus)
89.5 Wagler’s Woodcreeper (Lepidocolaptes wagleri)
90.2 Striolated Tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura striolata)
90.4 Itatiaia Spinetail (Oreophylax moreirae)
90.6 Cipo Canastero (Asthenes luizae)
91.4 Long-tailed Cinclodes (Cinclodes pabsti)
91.6 Wing-banded Hornero (Furnarius figulus)
1255
92.1 Pinto’s Spinetail (Synallaxis infuscata)
92.3 Bahia Spinetail (Synallaxis whitneyi)
93.4b Araguaia Spinetail (Synallaxis simoni)
94.1 Pallid Spinetail (Cranioleuca pallida)
94.5 Gray-headed Spinetail (Cranioleuca semicinerea)
94.7 Scaled Spinetail (Cranioleuca muelleri)
95.1 Red-shouldered Spinetail (Gyalophylax hellmayri)
95.2 Striated Softtail (Thripophaga macroura)
95.7 Orange-eyed Thornbird (Phacellodomus

erythrophthalmus)
96.8 Pink-legged Graveteiro (Acrobatornisfonsecai)
97.1 Caatinga Cachalote (Pseudoseisura cristata)
97.8 White-collared Foliage-gleaner (Anabazenops

fuscus)
1256
97.10 Pale-browed Treehunter (Cichlocolaptes leucophrus)
98.9 Alagoas Foliage-gleaner (Philydor novaesi)
99.3 Pará Foliage-gleaner (Automolus paraensis)
100.10 Great Xenops (Megaxenops parnaguae)
ANTBIRDS
102.2 Silvery-cheeked Antshrike (Sakesphorus cristatus)
102.3 Glossy Antshrike (Sakesphorus luctuosus)
103.3 Caatinga Barred Antshrike (Thamnophilus

capistratus)
104.9 Planalto Slaty Antshrike (Thamnophilus pelzelni)
104.10 Sooretama Slaty Antshrike (Thamnophilus

ambiguus)
105.2 Rondonia Bushbird (Clytoctantes atrogularis)
105.5 Rufous-backed Antvireo (Dysithamnus

xanthopterus)
1257
105.6 Plumbeous Antvireo (Dysithamnus plumbeus)
106.1 Klages’s Antwren (Myrmotherula klagesi)
106.7 Star-throated Antwren (Myrmotherula gularis)
107.4 Rio de Janeiro Antwren (Myrmotherula fluminensis)
107.7 Salvadori’s Antwren (Myrmotherula minor)
107.9 Unicolored Antwren (Myrmotherula unicolor)
107.10 Alagoas Antwren (Myrmotherula snowi)
108.3 Band-tailed Antwren (Myrmotherula urosticta)
108.9 Orange-bellied Antwren (Terenura sicki)
109.1 Bahia Antwren (Herpsilochmus pileatus)
109.7 Pectoral Antwren (Herpsilochmus pectoralis)
109.10 Caatinga Antwren (Herpsilochmus sellowi)
110.1 Narrow-billed Antwren (Formicivora iheringi)
1258
110.4 Serra Antwren (Formicivora serrana)
110.5 Restinga Antwren (Formicivora littoralis)
110.6 Black-hooded Antwren (Formicivora erythronotos)
110.8 Sincorá Antwren (Formicivora grantsaui)
110.9 Paraná Antwren (Stymphalornis acutirostris)
110.10 São Paulo Antwren (Stymphalornis sp.)
111.1 Ferruginous Antbird (Drymophila ferruginea)
111.3 Rufous-tailed Antbird (Drymophila genei)
111.4 Ochre-rumped Antbird (Drymophila ochropyga)
111.7 Scaled Antbird (Drymophila squamata)
111.10 Fringe-backed Fire-eye (Pyriglena atra)
112.2 Rio de Janeiro Antbird (Cercomacra brasiliana)
112.5 Bananal Antbird (Cercomacra ferdinandi)
1259
113.1 Slender Antbird (Rhopornis ardesiacus)
113.6f Spix’s Warbling Antbird (Hypocnemis striata)
114.6c Rufous-faced Antbird (Schistocichla rufifascies)
114.10 Pale-faced Antbird (Skutchia borbae)
115.2 White-bibbed Antbird (Myrmeciza loricata)
115.3 Squamate Antbird (Myrmeciza squamosa)
116.3 Scalloped Antbird (Myrmeciza ruficauda)
117.3 Harlequin Antbird (Rhegmatorhina berlepschi)
117.6 White-breasted Antbird (Rhegmatorhina hoffmannsi)
117.7 Bare-eyed Antbird (Rhegmatorhina gymnops)
ANTPITTAS
118.3 Such’s Antthrush (Chamaeza meruloides)
119.6 White-browed Antpitta (Hylopezus ochroleucus)
1260
GNATEATERS
118.7 Hooded Gnateater (Conopophaga roberti)
118.9 Black-cheeked Gnateater (Conopophaga melanops)
118.10 Black-bellied Gnateater (Conopophaga

melanogaster)
TAPACULOS
120.2 Serra do Mar Tapaculo (Scytalopus speluncae)
120.4 Marsh Tapaculo (Scytalopus iraiensis)
120.5 Diamantina Tapaculo (Scytalopus diamantinensis)
120.6 Bahia Tapaculo (Scytalopus psychopompus)
120.7 White-breasted Tapaculo (Scytalopus indigoticus)
120.8 Brasilia Tapaculo (Scytalopus novacapitalis)
120.10 Slaty Bristlefront (Merulaxis ater)
120.11 Stresemann’s Bristlefront (Merulaxis stresemanni)
1261
COTINGAS
121.1 White-winged Cotinga (Xipholena atropurpurea)
121.2 White-tailed Cotinga (Xipholena lamellipennis)
121.8 Banded Cotinga (Cotinga maculata)
122.3 Black-and-gold Cotinga (Tijuca atra)
122.4 Gray-winged Cotinga (Tijuca condita)
124.3 Cinnamon-vented Piha (Lipaugus lanioides)
124.5 Kinglet Calyptura (Calyptura cristata)
124.8 Hooded Berryeater (Carpornis cucullata)
124.9 Black-headed Berryeater (Carpornis melanocephala)
129.5 Buff-throated Purpletuft (Iodopleura pipra)
MANAKINS
123.6 Araripe Manakin (Antilophia bokermanni)
1262
123.7 Pin-tailed Manakin (Ilicura militaris)
126.5 Opal-crowned Manakin (Lepidothrix iris)
126.6 Golden-crowned Manakin (Lepidothrix vilasboasi)
127.1 Eastern Striped Manakin (Machaeropterus regulus)
127.6 Wied’s Tyrant-Manakin (Neopelma aurifrons)
127.7 Serra do Mar Tyrant-Manakin (Neopelma

chrysolophum)
TYRANT-FLYCATCHERS
131.5 Gray-capped Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias griseocapilla)
132.3 Noronha Elaenia (Elaenia ridleyana)
133.8 Gray-backed Tachuri (Polystictus superciliaris)
135.10 Minas Gerais Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes roquettei)
136.2 Oustalet’s Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes oustaleti)
136.3 Serra do Mar Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes difficilis)
1263
136.4 Alagoas Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes ceciliae)
136.6 Restinga Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes kronei)
136.7 Bahia Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes beckeri)
139.1 Eye-ringed Tody-Tyrant (Hemitriccus orbitatus)
139.4 Hangnest Tody-Tyrant (Hemitriccus nidipendulus)
139.7 Buff-breasted Tody-Tyrant (Hemitriccus mirandae)
139.8 Kaempfer’s Tody-Tyrant (Hemitriccus kaempferi)
139.9 Fork-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant (Hemitriccus furcatus)
141.2 Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher (Poecilotriccus

senex)
141.8 Atlantic Royal Flycatcher (Onychorhynchus

swainsoni)
142.2 Yellow-lored Tody-Flycatcher (Todirostrum

poliocephalum)
145.7 Caatinga Black-Tyrant (Knipolegus franciscanus)
1264
145.9 Velvety Black-Tyrant (Knipolegus nigerrimus)
150.5 Ash-throated Casiornis (Casiornis fuscus)
151.5 Gray-hooded Attila (Attila rufus)
NEW WORLD WARBLERS
153.7 White-striped Warbler (Basileuterus leucophrys)
VIREOS & ALLIES
154.9 Noronha Vireo (Vireo gracilirostris)
155.4 Gray-eyed Greenlet (Hylophilus amaurocephalus)
WRENS
158.10 Long-billed Wren (Thryothorus longirostris)
159.1 Gray Wren (Thryothorus griseus)
NEW WORLD BLACKBIRDS
163.1 Forbes’ Blackbird (Curaeus forbesi)
1265
164.1 Pale Baywing (Agelaioides fringillarius)
165.5 Campo Troupial (Icterus jamacaii)
TANAGERS
166.1 Brown Tanager (Orchesticus abeillei)
166.9 Cone-billed Tanager (Conothraupis mesoleuca)
167.2 Scarlet-throated Tanager (Compsothraupis loricata)
167.5 Cherry-throated Tanager (Nemosia rourei)
167.7 Rufous-headed Tanager (Hemithraupis ruficapilla)
168.1 Olive-green Tanager (Orthogonys chloricterus)
168.8 Azure-shouldered Tanager (Thraupis cyanoptera)
169.2 Natterer’s Tanager (Tachyphonus nattereri)
170.1 Black-backed Tanager (Tangara peruviana)
170.4 Brassy-breasted Tanager (Tangara desmaresti)
1266
170.5 Gilt-edged Tanager (Tangara cyanoventris)
171.7 Seven-colored Tanager (Tangara fastuosa)
172.4 White-bellied Tanager (Tangara brasiliensis)
172.8 Red-cowled Cardinal (Paroaria dominicana)
172.10 Crimson-fronted Cardinal (Paroaria baeri)
176.4 Black-legged Dacnis (Dacnis nigripes)
CROWS & ALLIES
180.8 White-naped Jay (Cyanocorax cyanopogon)
BUNTINGS & NEW WORLD SPARROWS
182.3 Dubois’s Seedeater (Sporophila ardesiaca)
182.4 Hooded Seedeater (Sporophila melanops)
182.6 White-throated Seedeater (Sporophila albogularis)
1267
183.7 Black-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila melanogaster)
185.8 Pale-throated Pampa-Finch (Embernagra longicauda)
186.4 Cinereous Warbling-Finch (Poospiza cinerea)
186.5 Bay-chested Warbling-Finch (Poospiza thoracica)
187.8 Half-collared Sparrow (Arremon semitorquatus)
187.9 São Francisco Sparrow (Arremon franciscanus)
FINCHES
187.3 Yellow-faced Siskin (Carduelis yarrellii)
1268
1269
APPENDIX 2
English-Portuguese Dictionary
See also
• The Portuguese names in the species accounts

• The key to the distribution maps (p. 15)
• “Parts of a Bird” (p. xiii)
• “Symbols. Abbreviations, and Glossary” (p. 25)
The following is a small collection of the main terms and
words used in the captions for features and habitat. Note that
the basic form of the words is presented with addition of the
most frequent suffixes or endings in parentheses.
(Inglês–Português)
Veja também
• os nomes do português das espécies descritas

• a chave dos mapas de distribuição (p. 15)
• ‘partes de um pássaro’ (p. xiii)
• ‘símbolos e abreviaturas’ (p. 25)
O seguinte é uma relação dos termos e das palavras principais
usados nos subtítulos de cada espécie, suas características e
habitat. Note que a relação de palavras básicas está seguida
dos sufixos mais freqüentes entre parênteses.
above acima de
1270
absence/absent ausência
abundant abundante
accent(uate, ed) ênfase, acentuado
accident(al, ally) acidente
active ativo
adjacent adjacente
age idade
always sempre
amber âmbar
among entre
ant formiga
any alguns
appear(s, ance) aparecer
1271
arid árido
army ants grupo grande formigas
around em torno
attain(ed, ing) alcancar
average média
avoid(s) evitar
away afastado
azure azul
backside parte traseira
band(s) faixa
bar(s, red, ring) barra
bare descoberto
beach(es) praia
1272
beat(s) batida
because porque
become(s) tornar-se
before antes
begin(ning) comecar
behavior comportamento
behind atrás de
below abaixo
belt(s) correia
bend curvatura
between entre
beware cuidado
beyond além de
1273
bill(s, ed) bico
bird(s) pássaro
bit pedacinho
black(ish, er, est) preto
blotch(es, ed) mancha
blue/bluish azul
blurry desfocado
body corpo
bold(er) bem definido
bordered limitado
border(s) margem
both ambos
brackish água suavemente salgada
1274
branch filial
brassy amarelo metálico
breed(s, er, ing) raça
bright(er, est) claro
brilliant brilhante
broad(er, est, ly) largo
broken quebrado
brown(er, est, ish) marrom
brush(y) arbusto baixo denso
buff(ier, iest, y, ish) lustre
build configuração
bulky volumoso
burned queimado
1275
bush(es, y) arbusto
call(s) atendimento
calm calma
canopy dossel
cap topo da cabeça
case(s) caso
cast molde
cattle gado
caused causado
change/changing mudar
characterize(d) caracterizar
chestnut castanha
chocolate chocolate
1276
cinnamon canela
city/cities) cidade
clean limpo
clearing(s) clareiro
cliff(s) penhasco
close (r, st,ly) próximo
coast(al) costa
cocked ?
collar colar
colony/colonies/colonial colônia
color(s, ed, ing) cor
common(er, est, ly) comum
compact compacto
1277
compare(d) comparar com
complete(ly) completo
complicate(d) complicado
conceal(ed) escondir
consider(ed) considerar
conspicuous conspìcuo
contrast(s, ing) contraste
coppery cúprico
corner(s) esquina
correct(ly) correto
country paìs
cover tampa
crescent(s) crescente
1278
crosswise transversalmente
crown(ed) coroa
cryptic enigmático
cultivation(s) cultivo
curve(d) curva
cut(ting) corte
dark(er, est, ish) escuro
dead morto
deep(er) profundo
dense (r, ly) denso
depict(ed) descrever
differ(s, ent, ently, ing, ence) difirir
direct(ly) direto
1279
discover(ed) descobrir
distance distância
distinct(ly, ive, ively) distinto
ditch(es) valeta
dot(ted) pintas
double dobro
doubtful(ly) duvidoso
down para baixo
drop(s) gota
dry/drier/driest seco
due esperado
dull(er, est) sem graça
dusky/duskier/duskiest meio escuro
1280
dweller morador
e.g. por exemplo
each cada um
earth terra
easy/easily fácil
edge,(s, ed)/edging borda
elegant elegante
emerald verde esmeralda
entire inteiro
erect ereto
eroded erosão
even uniforme
example(s) exemplo
1281
exclusive(ly) exclusivo
expose(d) exposto
extend(s, ing) estender
extension(s) extensão
extensive(ly) extensivo
face/facial cara
fact fato
faint(ly) fraco
fair(ly) razoável
fall(en) queda
fan(ned) leque
far distante
farmland terra de cultivo
1282
fast rápido
feather(s, ing) pena
featureless sem caracterìsticas
feed(s, ing) alimentação
feel sentir
feet pés
fern(s) samambaia
few(er) poucos
field(s) campo
fierce feroz
find/found encontrar
fine(ly) delicado
fish(es, ing) peixes
1283
flash(es) claráo
flat(ter, est) plano
flesh pele
fly(ing)/flies voar
flight vôo
flooded inundado
flood plains alagado
floor fundo
fold(ed) dobra
foliage folhagem
follow(s) seguir
foreside fachada
forest(s, ed) floresta
1284
fork(ed) bifurcação
form(s, ed, ing) forma
frequent freqüente
fresh fresco
fringe/fringing franja
from/by de/par
front parte dianteira
full(y) completo
gallery galeria
garden(s) jardim
general(ly) geralmente
give/giving dar
glide(s)/gliding deslizar
1285
glossy/glossier lustroso
golden dourado
grass(es, y, land) grama/campo
gray(er, est, ish) cinzento
green(er, est) verde
groove(s) ranhura
ground(s) chão
group(s) grupo
grove(s) bosque
grow(th) crescer
half meio
halfway na metade
hang(s, ing) pendurar
1286
harbor(s) porto
hard(ly) duro
head(s) cabeça
hear(s, d) ouvir
heavy/heavier/heaviest) pesado
hedge(s) cerca viva
hence por isso
hidden escondido
high(er, est) elevado
highlands paises montanhosos
hind traseiro
hold/held segurar
hood capa
1287
humid úmido
hunt(s, ing) caçar
hybrid(s) híbrido
illustrated ilustrado
immediate(ly) imediatamente
include(s)/including Incluir, inclusive
incomplete incompleto
inconspicuous discreto
inland interior
inner interno
insect(s) inseto
inseparable inseparável
inspect inspecionar
1288
intersect(s) cruzar-se
involve(d) envolver
island(s) ilha
joint(ed) conjunto
just somente
keel(ed) quilha
keep(s, ing) deter
know(n) saber
labeled etiquetado
lack(s, ing) faltar
lagoon(s) lagoa
lake(s) lago
land terra
1289
landscape(s) paisagem
large(r, st) grande
last/latter último
layer(s) camada
lead(s, ing) na frente
least menos
leave(s) deixar
leg(s) perna
lengthwise longitudinalmente
less menos
level(s) nível
life vida
light(er, est, ly) claro
1290
like como
limit(ed) limitar
line(s)/lining linha
little pouco
local(ly) local
localize(d) localizado
long(er, est) longo
look(s, ing) olhar
low(er, est, ed) baixo
lowland(s) planície
main(ly) principal
margin(s) margem
mark(ing, ings) marca
1291
maroon marrom
marsh(es, y) pântano
mask máscara
may pode ser que
medium mediano
meet(s) encontrar
method método
mid- no meio de
middle médio
might poder (possibilidade)
migrate(s) migrar
miss(ing) perder
moist úmido
1292
montane montanha
more mais
most(ly) a maioria
mottle(d)/mottling cores misturadas
moult(s, ing) mudar de penas
mountain(s) montanha
much muito
mud lama
mud flat planìcie enlameada
narrow(er, est, ly) estreito
near(ly, by) perto
nest(s) ninho
never nunca
1293
night noite
nocturnal noturno
notched entalhado
number número
obvious óbvio
occur(s) ocorrer
ochraceous alaranjado
ochre cor de ocre
ocular ocular
offshore sobre o mar
often frequentemente
old(er, est) velho
olive verde-oliva
1294
only somente
open aberto
orange laranja
other(wise) se não
out fora de
outcrop(s) saliencia
outer(most) exterior
outnumber(ed) exceder em número
outside fora
over sobre
overall total
overgrown coberto de vegetação
overhanging pender sobre
1295
overlap sobreposto
paint(ed) pintura
pair par
pale(r, st) pálido
palm(s) palmito
panel painel
park(s) parque
part(s) parte
partial parcial
partly em parte
pasture(s) pasto
patch(es) manchas
patrol(s) patrulha
1296
pattern(s, ed, ing) desenho
peak(s) pico
pearl pérola
perch(es, ed) poleiro
pied multicor
pink(ish) cor-de-rosa
plac(s, d) lugar
plain liso
plantation(s) plantação
plant(s) planta
point(ed) ponto
pond(s) lagoa
pool(s) poça
1297
poor deficiente
positive(ly) positivo
possible/possibly possível
prefer(s, ring) prefirir
probable/probably provável
project(s, ing) projetar
pump(ing) bomba
purple/purplish roxo
quite quase
raise(d) levantar
ranch(land) rancho
range(s) área
rapid rápido
1298
rare(r, st, ly) raro
rather um tanto
reach(es, ing) alcançar
rear parte traseira
reason(s) razão
recall(ing) recordar
record(s, ing) gravar
red(der, dest, dish) vermelho
reduce(d) reduzir
reed beds habitat com juncos
reed(s, y) junco
reef(s) recife
region(s) região
1299
relative(ly) relativo
reliable/reliably) confiável
remarkable notável
replace(d) substituir
resemble(s, ing) parecer com
respond responder
retain(ed) reter
retract(ed) retratar
rich(er, est, ly) rico
ridge(s) cume
rim(s, med) borda
ring(ed) anel
river(s) rio
1300
riverine vale
roadside(s) beira da estrada
rock(s, y) rocha
roof(s) telhado
roost(s, ing) pernoitar
round(er, est, ed) redondo
Rufous, rufescent vermelho marronzado
run(s, ning) correr
rush(es) junco
rusty oxidado
safe(ly) seguro
saline salgado
sally(ing) voar com objetivo
1301
salty salgada
same mesmo
sand(y) areia
sandbar(s) banco de areia
scale(d)/scaling pintadinho
scallop(ed, ing) tipo de marcação
scarce(ly) escasso
scatter(ed) dispersar
scrub(bed, by) cerrado
sea mar
seam emenda
season estação
second(ly) segundo
1302
secretive meio escondido
sedge(s) junco
see(s, n) ver
seed(ing) semente
seem(s, ingly) parecer
settlement(s) estabelecimento
several diversos
shade(d) máscara
shadow sombra
shaft(s) haste
shallow raso
shape(d) forma
share(s, d) dividir
1303
sharp(ly) afiado
shelf prateleira
shiny brilhante
ship(s) barco
shore(s) costa
short(er, est) curto
should deve
shoulder ombro
show(s, n, ing) mostrar
shrub(by) arbusto
shrubbery moite de arbustos
shut fechado
shy tímido
1304
side(s) lado
similar semelhante a
single solteiro
size(s, d) tamanho
skin pele
slender delgado
slight(ly) um pouco
slope(s) inclinação
small(er, est) pequeno
smear/smudge mancha
soar(s, ing) pairar
soil(s) terra
solid sólido
1305
some alguns
sometimes às vezes
somewhat um tanto
song canção
sooty sooty
space(s) espaço
sparse(ly) escasso
species espécie
speckle(s, d) salpico
spectacles óculos
spot(s, ted, ting, ty) pintadinho
spread(s, ing) espelhar
square/squarish quadrado
1306
stage(s) estágio
stance postura
stand(s) posição
staring olhar fixamente
start(s, ing) começar
status categoria
steep íngreme
stem(s) caule
stiff duro
still ainda
stony pedregoso
(upper-, under-)story/stories andar
straight(er, est) em linha reta
1307
strat(um, a) camada
straw palha
streak(s, ed, ing, y) listras
stream(s) córrego
strict(ly) estrito
striking impressionante
stripe(s, ing) listra
strong(ly) forte
stubb(y, ier, iest) pequeno
stunted atrofiado
subterminal subterminal
surface superfìcie
surrounding(s) arredores
1308
sustain(ed) sustentar
swamp(s, y) pãntano
swarm(s) enxame
swim(s) nadar
tail(s, ed) cauda
tall(er, est) alto
tangle(s, d) emaranhado
tawny tipo de marrom
thick densamente
thicket(s) grosso
thickset troncudo
thigh(s) coxa
thin fino
1309
throat(s, ed) garganta
through através
throughout durante todo
tidal movimento das marés
tinge(d) matiz
tiny minúsculo
tip(s, ped) ponta
together junto
tone(s, d) tom
touch(es) tocar
town(s) cidade
trail(ing) arrastar
translucent translúcido
1310
trawler(s) traineira
tree(s) árvore
treeless sem árvores
tuft(s) tufo
turquoise turquesa
twice duas vezes
type(s) tipo
typical(ly) típico
un- des-/in-
under- sob-
undergrowth plantas baixas
underneath debaixo de
underside lado de baixo
1311
undulating ondulante
unless a menos que
unlike(ly) desigual/diferente
unmistakable inconfundível
upper superior
upright ereto
upturned virado para cima
urban urbano
use usar
vagrant visitante
variable variável
variation variação
variety variedade
1312
vary/varies/varying variar
very muito
vinaceous cor de vinho
vine(s) planta trepadeira
violet violeta
virtually praticamente
visible visível
visitor visitante
voice voz
walk(s, ing) andar
warm morno
wash/thin layer of color revestimento fino
water(s) água
1313
web(s) of feather vexilo
wedge cunha
well bem
wet molhado
wetlands pantanais
whereas visto que
which qual
while enquanto
whisker(s) bigodes
white, (r, st)/whitish) branco
wide largamente
widespread espalhado
window(s) janela
1314
wing(s, ed) asa
wire(s) fio
wood(s, ed) madeira/bosque
woodland mata
world mundo
wrist(s) pulso
year(s) ano
yellow(er, est, ish) amarelo
1315
1316
Index
The first part of a number refers to the plate number, and the
second part to the number of a species on that plate. The
names are printed as in the captions, with English names in
bold capitals, Portuguese in regular type, and scientific names
in italics.
abeillei, Orchesticus 166.1
Abre-asa 137.1
Abre-asa-da-mata 137.2
Abre-asa-de-cabeça-cinza 137.3
Aburria 29
Açan -preta 32.8
Acau 24.9
Accipiter 19
accipitrinus, Deroptyus 50.9
Acrobata 96.8
Acrobatornis 96
Actitis 37
1317
Acurana 60.5
acuta, Anas 15.9
acuticaudata, Aratinga 48.1
acutipennis, Chordeiles 60.8
acutipennis, Pseudocolopteryx 135.3
acutirostris, Stymphalornis 110.9
adusta, Roraimia 96.7
Aegolius 58
aenea, Chloroceryle 73.8
aequinoctialis, Buteogallus 22.5
aequinoctialis, Geothlypis 154.2
aequinoctialis, Procellaria 4.9
Aeronautes 63
aestiva, Amazona 53.8
aethereus, Nyctibius 59.6
aethereus, Phaethon 6.7
aethiops, Thamnophilus 103.7
1318
affinis, Veniliornis 83.6
Agachadeira-mirim 35.10
agami, Agamia 12.5
Agamia 12
Agelaioides 164
agilis, Oporornis 153.1
Águia-chilena 23.1
Águia-cinzenta 23.2
Águia-pescadora 17.1
Agulha-de-garganta-branca 75.4
ajaja, Platalea 12.9
alaudina, Coryphistera 96.5
alba, Ardea 11.5
alba, Calidris 39.2
alba, Gygis 40.9
alba, Procnias 122.8
alba, Tyto 59.3
1319
ALBATROSS, BLACK-BROWED 1.6
GRAY-HEADED 2.2
LIGHT-MANTLED 2.3
NORTHERN ROYAL 1.3
SHY 1.5
SOOTY 2.4
SOUTHERN ROYAL 1.4
TRISTAN 1.2
WANDERING 1.1
YELLOW-NOSED 2.1
Albatroz-arisco 1.5
Albatroz-de-cabeça-cinza 2.2
Albatroz-de-nariz-amarelo 2.1
Albatroz-de-sobrancelha 1.6
Albatroz-gigante 1.1
Albatroz-gigante 1.2
Albatroz-real 1.4
1320
Albatroz-real-do-norte 1.3
albescens, Synallaxis 92.5
albicaudatus, Buteo 21.6
albiceps, Elaenia 132.4
albicollis, Leucochloris 70.10
albicollis, Leucopternis 20.6
albicollis, Nyctidromus 61.4
albicollis, Porzana 33.4
albicollis, Turdus 161.7
albicollis, Xiphocolaptes 87.7
albifrons, Donacospiza 187.5
albifrons, Pithys 114.9
albigularis, Sclerurus 100.3
albigularis, Synallaxis 92.7
albilora, Synallaxis 93.4
albilora, Synallaxis 93.4a
albinucha, Xenopsaris 130.2
1321
albirostris, Galbula 74.1
albiventer, Fluvicola 147.4
albiventer, Tachycineta 156.1
albiventris, Dacnis 176.1
albogularis, Brachygalba 75.4
albogularis, Contopus 144.6
albogularis, Sporophila 182.6
albogularis, Tyrannus 149.8
albolineatus, Lepidocolaptes 89.8
albonotatus, Buteo 22.1
albosquamatus, Picumnus 81.10
albus, Chionis 30.10
alector, Crax 31.5
Alectrurus 147
Alegrinho 134.7
Alegrinho-balança-rabo 135.6
Alegrinho-de-barriga-branca 134.8
1322
Alegrinho-de-garganta-branca 134.4
Alegrinho-do-chaco 137.7
Alegrinho-trinador 134.9
Alegrio-do-rio 134.6
Alipiopsitta 53
Alma-de-gato 56.10
Alma-de-mestre 6.1
Alma-negra 4.7
alnorum, Empidonax 144.7
Alopochelidon 157
altiloquus, Vireo 154.8
Amarelinho 137.8
Amarelinho-da-amazônia 137.9
Amarelinho-do-junco 135.2
amaurocephala, Nonnula 75.9
amaurocephalus, Hylophilus 155.4
amaurocephalus, Leptopogon 137.4
1323
amaurochalinus, Turdus 161.2
Amaurolimnas 32
Amaurospiza 184
amaurotis, Anabacerthia 96.10
Amazilia 67–69
Amazona 52–53
amazona, Chloroceryle 73.7
Amazonetta 15
amazonica, Amazona 52.7
amazonicus, Thamnophilus 104.1
amazonum, Pyrrhura 50.1
ambigua, Myrmotherula 105.10
ambiguus, Thamnophilus 104.10
Amblyramphus 164
americana, Chloroceryle 73.9
americana, Mycteria 12.6
americana, Rhea 26.1
1324
americana, Spiza 186.8
americana, Sporophila 181.7
americanus, Coccyzus 56.2
americanus, Ibycter 24.11
amethystina, Calliphlox 71.10
Ammodramus 186
Anabacerthia 96
Anabazenops 97
Anac 50.9
anaca, Pyrrhura 49.9
analis, Formicarius 117.9
Anambé-azul 121.4
Anambé-brancao-de-rabo-preto 129.8
Anambé-branco-de-bochecha-parda 129.10
Anambé-branco-de-máscara-negra 129.9
Anambé-de-asa-branca 121.1
Anambé-de-cara-preta 121.9
1325
Anambé-de-coroa 129.7
Anambé-de-peito-roxo 121.6
Anambé-de-rabo-branco 121.2
Anambé-de-whitely 122.5
Anambé-fusco 129.6
Anambé-militar 123.3
Anambé-pombo 123.1
Anambé-pompadora 121.3
Anambé-preto 122.6
Anambé-uma 123.2
Anambezinho 129.5
Anas 15
Ancistrops 97
Andarilho 91.1
andinus, Phoenicopterus 13.5
Andoriha-de-coleira 156.6
Andorinha-azul 157.1
1326
Andorinha-chilena 156.3
Andorinha-de-bando 156.7
Andorinha-de-dorso-acanelado 156.8
Andorinha-de-sobre-branco 156.2
Andorinha-do-barranco 157.4
Andorinha-do-campo 157.5
Andorinha-doméstica-grande 157.2
Andorinha-do-rio 156.1
Andorinha-do-sul 157.3
Andorinha-morena 157.7
Andorinh o-da-amazônia 63.6
Andorinh o-de-chapman 63.5
Andorinh o-de-rabo-curto 63.7
Andorinh o-de-sobre-branco 63.1
Andorinhão-de-sobre-cinzento 63.3
Andorinh o-do-temporal 63.8
Andorinh o-estofador 63.11
1327
Andorinh o-migrante 63.4
Andorinh o-serrano 63.9
Andorinha-pequena-de-casa 156.4
Andorinha-serradora 157.8
andrei, Taeniotriccus 140.8
angolensis, Sporophila 183.10
angulata, Gallinula 34.7
angustifrons, Psarocolius 162.3
angustirostris, Lepidocolaptes 89.3
Anhima 13
Anhinga 9
ANHINGA 9.1
anhinga, Anhinga 9.1
Anhuma 13.8
ani, Crotophaga 55.2
ANI, GREATER 55.1
SMOOTH-BILLED 55.2
1328
annumbi, Anumbius 96.4
Anodorhynchus 47
anomalus, Eleothreptus 60.1
Anopetia 65
Anous 40
antarcticus, Stercorarius 43.7
ANTBIRD, AMAZONAS 114.3
ASH-BREASTED 113.4
BANANAL 112.5
BANDED 108.5
BAND-TAILED 113.9
BARE-EYED 117.7
BERTONI’S 111.2
BICOLORED 117.2
BLACK 112.6
BLACK-AND-WHITE 113.10
BLACK-CHINNED 113.8
1329
BLACK-FACED 113.5
BLACK-HEADED 114.4
BLACKISH 112.4
BLACK-TAILED 113.2
BLACK-THROATED 116.1
CAURA 114.5
CHESTNUT-CRESTED 117.4
DOT-BACKED 116.6
DUSKY 112.3
DUSKY-TAILED 111.6
FERRUGINOUS 111.1
FERRUGINOUS-BACKED 116.2
GOELDI’S 115.9
GRAY 112.1
GRAY-BELLIED 115.5
GUIANAN WARBLING 113.6a
HAIRY-CRESTED 117.5
1330
HARLEQUIN 117.3
HUMAITA 114.6B
IMERI WARBLING 113.6b
MANU 112.8
MATO GROSSO 112.9
OCHRE-RUMPED 111.4
PALE-FACED 114.10
PERUVIAN WARBLING 113.6c
PLUMBEOUS 115.7
RIO BRANCO 112.7
RIO DE JANEIRO 112.2
RONDONIA WARBLING 113.6e
RORAIMAN 114.7
RUFOUS-FACED 114.6C
RUFOUS-TAILED 111.3
RUFOUS-THROATED 116.4
SCALE-BACKED 116.8
1331
SCALED 111.7
SCALLOPED 116.3
SILVERED 114.1
SLATE-COLORED 114.2
SLENDER 113.1
SOOTY 115.10
SOUTHERN CHESTNUT-TAILED 115.6
SPIX’S WARBLING 113.6f
SPOT-BACKED 116.7
SPOT-WINGED 114.6A
SQUAMATE 115.3
STRIATED 111.5
STRIPE-BACKED 108.6
WARBLING 113.6
WHITE-BELLIED 115.1
WHITE-BIBBED 115.2
WHITE-BREASTED 117.6
1332
WHITE-BROWED 113.3
WHITE-LINED 114.8
WHITE-PLUMED 114.9
WHITE-SHOULDERED 115.8
WHITE-THROATED 116.5
WILLIS’S 112.10
WING-BANDED 117.1
YAPACANA 115.4
YELLOW-BREASTED WARBLING 113.6d
YELLOW-BROWED 113.7
anthracinus, Buteogallus 22.4
Anthus 128
antillarum, Sternula 41.9
Antilophia 123
ANTPIPIT, RINGED 128.3
SOUTHERN 128.4
ANTPITTA, AMAZONIAN 119.5
1333
ELUSIVE 119.2
SCALED 119.3
SPECKLE-BREASTED 119.7
SPOTTED 119.4
TEPUI 119.8
THRUSH-LIKE 119.9
VARIEGATED 119.1
WHITE-BROWED 119.6
ANTSHRIKE, ACRE 104.2
AMAZONIAN 104.1
BAMBOO 101.2
BAND-TAILED 103.1
BARRED 103.2
BLACK-CRESTED 102.1
BLACKISH-GRAY 103.5
BLUISH-SLATE 102.9
1334
CAATINGA BARRED 103.4
CASTELNAU’S 103.6
CHESTNUT-BACKED 103.3
CINEREOUS 102.8
DUSKY-THROATED 102.7
FASCIATED 101.1
GIANT 101.4
GLOSSY 102.3
GREAT 101.9
LARGE-TAILED 101.6
MOUSE-COLORED 103.9
PEARLY 102.5
PLAIN-WINGED 103.8
RUFOUS-CAPPED 104.3
RUFOUS-WINGED 104.4
SATURNINE 102.6
SILVERY-CHEEKED 102.2
1335
SPOT-BACKED 101.3
SPOT-WINGED 102.10
STREAK-BACKED 103.10
TUFTED 101.5
UNDULATED 101.8
VARIABLE 104.5
WHITE-BEARDED 102.4
ANT-TANAGER, RED-CROWNED 173.9
ANTTHRUSH, BLACK-FACED 117.9
RUFOUS-CAPPED 117.8
RUFOUS-FRONTED 117.10
RUFOUS-TAILED 118.4
SHORT-TAILED 118.1
STRIATED 118.2
SUCH’S 118.3
ANTVIREO, PLAIN 105.4
1336
PLUMBEOUS 105.6
RUFOUS-BACKED 105.5
SPOT-BREASTED 105.3
ANTWREN, ALAGOAS 107.10
AMAZONIAN STREAKED 106.2
ASH-WINGED 108.11
BAHIA 109.1
BAND-TAILED 108.3
BLACK-BELLIED 110.3
BLACK-CAPPED 109.2
BLACK-HOODED 110.6
BROWN-BELLIED 106.8
CAATINGA 109.10
CHERRIE’S 106.4
CHESTNUT-SHOULDERED 108.10
DOT-WINGED 108.7
GRAY 108.4
1337
GUIANAN STREAKED 106.3
IHERING’S 107.8
KLAGES’S 106.1
LARGE-BILLED 109.8
LEADEN 108.1
LONG-WINGED 107.6
MOUSTACHED 105.8
NARROW-BILLED 110.1
ORANGE-BELLIED 108.9
ORNATE 107.1
PARANA 110.9
PECTORAL 109.7
PLAIN-THROATED 106.5
PLAIN-WINGED 108.2
PYGMY 105.7
RESTINGA 110.5
RIO DE JANEIRO 107.4
1338
RIO SUNO 107.5
RORAIMAN 109.6
RUFOUS-BELLIED 106.6
RUFOUS-TAILED 107.2
RUFOUS-WINGED 109.9
RUSTY-BACKED 110.7
SALVADORI’S 107.7
SAO PAULO 110.10
SCLATER’S 105.9
SERRA 110.4
SINCORÁ 110.8
SPOT-BACKED 109.5
SPOT-TAILED 109.3
STAR-THROATED 106.7
STIPPLE-THROATED 106.10
STREAK-CAPPED 108.8
TODD’S 109.4
1339
UNICOLORED 107.9
WHITE-EYED 106.9
WHITE-FLANKED 107.3
WHITE-FRINGED 110.2
YELLOW-THROATED 105.10
Anu-branco 55.3
Anu-coroca 55.1
Anumará 163.1
Anumbius 96
Anu-preto 55.2
Anurolimnas 32
Aphantochroa 69
Aptenodytes 8
Apuim-de-asa-vermelha 51.6
Apuim-de-cauda-amarela 51.9
Apuim-de-costas-azuis 51.7
Apuim-de-costas-pretas 51.8
1340
aquila, Fregata 7.7
Aquilucho Común 21.7
Ara 46–47
ARACARI, BLACK-NECKED 79.5
BROWN-MANDIBLED 79.6
CHESTNUT-EARED 79.7
CURL-CRESTED 79.9
GREEN 79.2
IVORY-BILLED 79.4
LETTERED 79.1
MANY-BANDED 79.8
RED-NECKED 79.3
aracari, Pteroglossus 79.5
Araçari-banana 79.10
Araçari-castanho 79.7
Araçari-de-bico-branco 79.5
Araçari-de-bico-de-marfim 79.4
1341
Araçari-de-bico-marrom 79.6
Araçari-de-cinta-dupla 79.8
Araçari-de-pescoço-vermelho 79.3
Araçari-miudinho 79.2
Araçari-miudinho-de-bico-riscado 79.1
Araçari-mulato 79.9
Araçari-negro 80.3
Araçari-poca 80.7
Aracu 30.1
Aracu -de-sobrancelhas 30.3
Aracu -do-pantanal 30.4
Aracu -pequeno 30.2
arada, Cyphorhinus 159.8
Aramides 34
Aramus 28
Arapaçu- 88.9
Arapaçu-assobiador 89.1
1342
Arapaçu-barrado 87.10
Arapaçu-beija-flor 89.10
Arapaçu-da-taoca 86.3
Arapaçu-de-barriga-pintada 87.1
Arapaçu-de-bico-branco 88.4
Arapaçu-de-bico-comprido 86.9
Arapaçu-de-bico-curvo 89.9
Arapaçu-de-bico-de-cunha 86.7
Arapaçu-de-bico-torto 89.11
Arapaçu-de-bico-vermelho 87.4
Arapaçu-de-Cerrado 89.3
Arapaçu-de-garganta-amarela 89.2
Arapaçu-de-garganta-branca 87.7
Arapaçu-de-garganta-pintada 86.5
Arapaçu-de-listras-brancas 89.8
Arapaçu-deloro-cinza 87.3
Arapaçu-de-spix 88.10
1343
Arapaçu-de-wagler 89.5
Arapaçu-do-campo 87.9
Arapaçu-do-carajás 87.6
Arapaçu-do-nordeste 87.8
Arapaçu-elegante 88.11
Arapaçu-escamado 89.4
Arapaçu-escamado-do-sul 89.6
Arapaçu-ferrugem 88.5
Arapaçu-galinha 86.10
Arapaçu-grande 88.3
Arapaçu-liso 86.2
Arapaçu-listrado 89.7
Arapaçu-marrom 88.1
Arapaçu-meio-barrado 88.2
Arapaçu-ocelado 88.8
Arapaçu-pardo 86.1
Arapaçu-platino 86.8
1344
Arapaçu-rabudo 86.4
Arapaçu-rajado 88.7
Arapaçu-riscado 88.6
Arapaçu-uniforme 87.2
Arapaçu-verde 86.6
Arapaçu-vermelho 87.5
Arapapá 10.7
Araponga 122.10
Araponga-da-amazônia 122.8
Araponga-do-horto 124.7
Araponga-do-nordeste 122.9
Arara-azul-de-lear 47.2
Arara-azul-grande 47.1
Arara-azul-pequena 47.3
Araracanga 47.6
Arara-canindé 47.5
Ararajuba 47.8
1345
ararauna, Ara 47.5
Arara-vermelha-grande 47.7
Ararinha-azul 47.4
Aratinga 47–48
Aratinga-de-testa-azul 48.1
Ardea 11–12
Ardeola 11
ardesiaca, Rhopornis 113.1
ardesiaca, Sporophila 182.3
ardesiacus, Thamnomanes 102.7
Arenaria 37
ariel, Fregata 7.9
Ariramba-bronzeada 74.7
Ariramba-da-capoeira 74.8
Ariramba-da-mata 74.2
Ariramba-de-barba-branca 74.9
Ariramba-de-bico-amarelo 74.1
1346
Ariramba-de-cauda-ruiva 74.3
Ariramba-de-cauda-verde 74.10
Ariramba-do-paraíso 74.5
Ariramba-preta 75.3
Ariramba-vermelha 75.1
Ariramba-violácea 74.6
armillata, Fulica 35.1
arminjoniana, Pterodroma 5.3
Arrabio 15.9
Arredio 94.3
Arredio-de-papo-manchado 94.9
Arredio-de-peito-branco 94.10
Arredio-do-rio 94.6
Arredio-oliváceo 94.4
Arredio-pálido 94.1
Arremon 187
Arremonops 187
1347
Arundinicola 147
Asa-branca 14.1
Asa-de-sabre-canela 66.4
Asa-de-sabre-cinza 66.3
Asa-de-sabre-de-peito-camurça 66.5
Asa-de-telha 164.1
Asa-de-telha-pálido 164.2
Asio 58
Assadinho-de-cauda-preta 142.7
Assanhadinho 142.6
assimilis, Myrmotherula 108.1
assimilis, Puffinus 4.5
assimilis, Tolmomyias 143.3
Assobiador-do-castanhal 154.5
Asthenes 90
astrild, Estrilda 175.10
Atalotriccus 140
1348
ater, Daptrius 24.10
ater, Merulaxis 120.10
aterrimus, Knipolegus 145.8
Athene 58
atlanticus, Larus 42.2
Atlapetes 187
Atobá-australiano 7.1
Atobá-de-pé-vermelho 7.5
Atobá-do-cabo 7.2
Atobá-grande 7.3
Atobá-pardo 7.4
atra, Monasa 77.2
atra, Pyriglena 111.10
atra, Tijuca 122.3
atratus, Coragyps 16.1
atricapilla, Donacobius 158.1
atricapilla, Heteronetta 15.12
1349
atricapilla, Megascops 57.2
atricapillus, Herpsilochmus 109.2
atricapillus, Philydor 98.8
atricaudus, Myiobius 142.7
atricilla, Leucophaeus 42.7
atricollis, Saltator 175.6
atrocapillus, Crypturellus 27.2
atrogularis, Clytoctantes 105.2
atronitens, Xenopipo 125.11
atropurpurea, Xipholena 121.1
atrothorax, Myrmeciza 116.1
Atticora 156–157
Attila 151
ATTILA, BRIGHT-RUMPED 151.4
CINNAMON 151.8
CITRON-BELLIED 151.7
DULL-CAPPED 151.9
1350
GRAY-HOODED 151.5
RUFOUS-TAILED 151.6
Augastes 71
Aulacorhynchus 80
aura, Cathartes 16.2
aurantiaca, Metopothrix 96.6
aurantiirostris, Saltator 175.3
aurantiivertex, Heterocercus 123.10
aurantiocephala, Gypopsitta 54.7
aurantiocristatus, Griseotyrannus 149.5
auratus, Capito 76.3
aurea, Aratinga 48.6
aureola, Pipra 125.1
aurescens, Heliodoxa 70.7
aureus, Jacamerops 74.4
auricapillus, Aratinga 48.4
auricollis, Primolius 46.9
1351
auricularis, Myiornis 140.1
auriculata, Zenaida 45.3
aurifrons, Ammodramus 186.7
aurifrons, Neopelma 127.6
aurifrons, Picumnus 81.1
aurita, Conopophaga 118.6
auritus, Heliothryx 71.5
aurovirens, Capito 76.1
aurulentus, Piculus 82.8
Automolus 99
autumnalis, Amazona 53.2
autumnalis, Dendrocygna 14.1
averano, Procnias 122.9
Avocettula 68
AWLBILL, FIERY-TAILED 68.1
axillaris, Myrmotherula 107.3
azara, Pteroglossus 79.4
1352
Azul o 174.9
Azul o-da-amazônia 174.8
Azulinho 174.7
Azulona 26.3
Bacurau 61.4
Bacurau-chint 62.1
Bacurau-da-praia 60.7
Bacurau-da-telha 61.8
Bacurau-de-asa-fina 60.8
Bacurau-de-cauda-barrada 61.2
Bacurau-de-cauda-branca 61.9
Bacurau-de-lajeado 62.2
Bacurau-de-rabo-branco 60.2
Bacurau-de-rabo-maculado 61.10
Bacurau-do-s o-francisco 61.1
Bacurau-dos-tepuis 62.3
Bacurau-norte-americano 60.9
1353
Bacurau-ocelado 61.5
Bacurau-rabo-de-seda 61.7
Bacurau-tesoura 60.3
Bacurau-tesoura-gigante 60.4
Bacurauzinho 60.6
Bacurauzinho-da-caatinga 62.4
badius, Agelaioides 164.1
baeri, Asthenes 90.5
baeri, Paroaria 172.10
Bagageiro 134.10
bahamensis, Anas 15.8
Baiano 182.2
bailloni, Pteroglossus 79.10
bairdii, Calidris 39.6
Balança-rabo-canela 65.10
Balança-rabo-de-bico-torto 65.7
Balança-rabo-de-chapéu-preto 179.1
1354
Balança-rabo-de-garganta-preta 65.9
Balança-rabo-de-máscara 179.6
Balança-rabo-do-rio-negro 179.5
Balança-rabo-escuro 65.8
Balança-rabo-guianense 179.3
Balança-rabo-leitoso 179.2
Balança-rabo-paraense 179.4
bambla, Microcerculus 159.7
BAMBOOWREN, SPOTTED 118.11
BANANAQUIT 173.1
Bandeirinha 178.4
Bandeirinha 68.9
Bandoleta 166.6
barbatus, Myiobius 142.6
BARBET, BLACK-GIRDLED 76.5
BLACK-SPOTTED 76.2
BROWN-CHESTED 76.4
1355
GILDED 76.3
LEMON-THROATED 76.6
SCARLET-CROWNED 76.1
SCARLET-HOODED 76.7
BARBTAIL, RORAIMAN 96.7
BARBTHROAT, PALE-TAILED 65.9
SOOTY 65.8
Barbudinho 135.9
Barbudinho-do-tepui 135.8
Barbudo-de-coleira 78.8
Barbudo-de-pescoço-ferrugem 78.10
Barbudo-pardo 78.9
Barbudo-rajado 78.7
BARE-EYE, BLACK-SPOTTED 116.9
REDDISH-WINGED 116.10
barrabandi, Gypopsitta 54.4
Barranqueiro-camurça 99.1
1356
Barranqueiro-de-coroa-castanha 99.8
Barranqueiro-de-olho-branco 99.4
Barranqueiro-de-roraima 99.5
Barranqueiro-de-topete 97.9
Barranqueiro-do-pará 99.3
Barranqueiro-escuro 99.6
Barranqueiro-ferrugem 99.7
Barranqueiro-pardo 99.2
bartletti, Crypturellus 28.2
Bartramia 37
Barulhento 133.9
Baryphthengus 73
Basileuterus 153
Batara101
Bate-bico 96.1
Bate-pára 151.9
Batuíra-bicuda 38.4
1357
Batuíra-de-bando 38.1
Batuíra-de-coleira 38.5
Batuíra-de-coleira-dupla 38.6
Batuíra-de-espor o 37.7
Batuíra-de-papo-ferrugíneo 38.8
Batuíra-de-peito-tijolo 38.7
Batuíra-melodiosa 38.3
Batuiruçu 37.9
Batuiruçu-de-axila-preta 37.10
BAYWING, PALE 164.2
beauharnaesii, Pteroglossus 79.9
BECARD, BLACK-CAPPED 130.6
CHESTNUT-CROWNED 130.4
CINEREOUS 130.8
CRESTED 130.10
GLOSSY-BACKED 130.7
GREEN-BACKED 130.3
1358
PINK-THROATED 130.9
WHITE-WINGED 130.5
beckeri, Phylloscartes 136.7
behni, Myrmotherula 108.2
Beija-flor-azul-de-rabo-branco 67.1
Beija-flor-brilho-de-fogo 70.2
Beija-flor-cinza 69.8
Beija-flor-de-banda-branca 67.10
Beija-flor-de-barriga-branca 69.3
Beija-flor-de-barriga-verde 69.5
Beija-flor-de-bico-curvo 69.9
Beija-flor-de-bico-preto 67.9
Beija-flor-de-bico-virado 68.1
Beija-flor-de-bochecha-azul 71.5
Beija-flor-de-cabeça-azul 69.6
Beija-flor-de-cauda-dourada 67.6
Beija-flor-de-costas-violetas 67.4
1359
Beija-flor-de-fronte-violeta 67.5
Beija-flor-de-garganta-azul 69.7
Beija-flor-de-garganta-verde 69.1
Beija-flor-de-gravata-verde 71.4
Beija-flor-de-gravata-vermelha 71.3
Beija-flor-de-leque-canela 68.4
Beija-flor-de-orelha-violeta 66.8
Beija-flor-de-papo-branco 70.10
Beija-flor-de-peito-azul 69.2
Beija-flor-de-topete 68.2
Beija-flor-de-veste-preta 66.10
Beija-flor-de-veste-verde 66.9
Beija-flor-dourado 70.9
Beija-flor-estrela 70.7
Beija-flor-marrom 66.6
Beija-flor-pintado 71.2
Beija-flor-preto 67.2
1360
Beija-flor-rajado 66.1
Beija-flor-roxo 67.8
Beija-flor-rubi 70.8
Beija-flor-safira 67.7
Beija-flor-tesoura 71.1
Beija-flor-tesoura-verde 67.3
Beija-flor-verde 69.10
Beija-flor-verde-e-branco 69.4
Beija-flor-vermelho 68.3
Beija-flor-violeta 66.7
belcheri, Pachyptila 3.3
BELLBIRD, BARE-THROATED 122.10
BEARDED 122.9
WHITE 122.8
Bem-te-vi 148.7
Bem-te-vi-barulhento 148.3
Bem-te-vi-da-copa 148.8
1361
Bem-te-vi-de-barriga-sulfúrea 149.2
Bem-te-vi-de-cabeça-cinza 148.2
Bem-te-vi-pequeno 148.9
Bem-te-vi-pirata 148.1
Bem-te-vi-rajado 149.1
Benedito-de-testa-amarela 85.2
Benedito-de-testa-vermelha 85.3
Bentevizinho-de-asa-ferrugínea 148.4
Bentevizinho-de-penacho-vermelho 148.5
Bentevizinho-do-brejo 148.6
berlepschi, Hylopezus 119.5
berlepschi, Rhegmatorhina 117.3
Berlepschia 96
BERRYEATER, BLACK-HEADED 124.9
HOODED 124.8
Besour o-de-bico-grande 64.2
Besour o-de-sobre-amarelo 65.2
1362
Besourinho-de-bico-vemelho 70.4
Biatas 102
Bichoita 90.9
Bico-assovelado 159.10
Bico-assovelado-de-coleira 159.9
Bico-chato-amarelo 143.5
Bico-chato-da-copa 143.3
Bico-chato-de-cabeça-cinza 143.4
Bico-chato-de-orelha-preta 143.2
Bico-chato-de-rabo-vermelho 151.3
Bico-chato-grande 143.1
Bico-de-lacre 175.10
Bico-de-lança 66.2
Bico-de-pimenta 175.6
Bico-de-veludo 166.2
Bico-duro 175.3
Bico-encarnado 174.5
1363
Bico-grosso 175.5
bicolor, Accipiter 19.7
bicolor, Conirostrum 178.8
bicolor, Dendrocygna 14.3
Bico-reto-azul 71.9
Bico-reto-cinzento 71.7
Bico-reto-de-banda-branca 71.8
Bico-virado-carijó 100.9
Bico-virado-da-caatinga 100.10
Bico-virado-da-copa 100.6
Bico-virado-fino 100.7
Bico-virado-miúdo 100.8
Bicudinho 184.2
Bicudinho-do-brejo 110.9
Bicudinho-do-brejo-paulista 110.10
Bicudo 184.4
Bicudo-encarnado 174.4
1364
bidentatus, Harpagus 18.3
bifasciatus, Psarocolius 162.6
Bigodinho 181.10
Biguá 9.2
Biguá-das-shetland 9.3
Biguatinga 9.1
bilophus, Heliactin 71.6
biscutata, Streptoprocne 62.11
bistriatus, Burhinus 35.8
bitorquatus, Pteroglossus 79.3
BITTERN, LEAST 10.1
PINNATED 10.3
STRIPE-BACKED 10.2
bivittatus, Basileuterus 153.3
BLACKBIRD, CHESTNUT-CAPPED 164.9
CHOPI 163.2
FORBES’S 163.1
1365
ORIOLE 165.8
RED-BREASTED 164.3
SAFFRON-COWLED 165.7
SCARLET-HEADED 164.10
UNICOLORED 163.10
WHITE-BROWED 164.4
YELLOW-HOODED 164.8
YELLOW-WINGED 163.9
BLACK-TYRANT, AMAZONIAN 145.3
BLUE-BILLED 145.4
CAATINGA 145.7
CRESTED 145.9
HUDSON’S 145.2
VELVETY 145.10
WHITE-WINGED 145.8
blumenbachii, Crax 31.7
bobo-de-cauda-curta 4.3
1366
Bobo-escuro 4.2
Bobo-grande 5.1
Bobo-grande-de-sobre-branco 4.1
BOBOLINK 164.7
Bobo-pequeno 4.4
BOBWHITE, CRESTED 30.5
Boininha 95.10
bokermanni, Antilophia 123.6
bolivianus, Attila 151.9
bonariensis, Molothrus 163.6
bonariensis, Thraupis 169.9
BOOBY, BROWN 7.4
MASKED 7.3
RED-FOOTED 7.5
boraquira, Nothura 26.10
borbae, Skutchia 114.10
Borboletinha-baiana 136.7
1367
Borboletinha-do-mato 136.5
Borboletinha-guianense 136.8
borealis, Numenius 36.6
Borralhara 101.5
Borralhara-assobiadora 101.6
Borralhara-do-norte 101.7
Borralhara-ondulada 101.8
Borrelho-grande-de-coleiro 38.2
Botaurus 10
bourcieri, Phaethornis 64.6
bouvreuil, Sporophila 183.9
bouvronides, Sporophila 181.9
Brachygalba 75
brachyura, Chaetura 63.7
brachyura, Myrmotherula 105.7
brachyurus, Buteo 21.4
brachyurus, Graydidascalus 54.8
1368
bracteatus, Nyctibius 59.5
bransfieldensis, Phalacrocorax 9.3
brasiliana, Cercomacra 112.2
brasilianum, Glaucidium 57.10
brasilianus, Phalacrocorax 9.2
brasiliensis, Amazona 53.5
brasiliensis, Amazonetta 15.2
brasiliensis, Tangara 172.4
bresilius, Ramphocelus 168.5
brevirostris, Amazilia 67.9
brevirostris, Crypturellus 28.1
brevirostris, Lugensa 3.7
bridgesii, Drymornis 86.8
brigidai, Hylexetastes 87.3
Brilhante-de-garganta-preta 70.6
Brilhante-veludo 70.5
BRILLIANT, BLACK-THROATED 70.6
1369
VELVET-BROWED 70.5
brissonii, Cyanocompsa 174.9
BRISTLEFRONT, SLATY 120.10
STRESEMANN’S 120.11
BRISTLE-TYRANT, CHAPMAN’S 135.8
SOUTHERN 135.9
Brotogeris 52
brunneiceps, Hylophilus 155.8
brunneipectus, Capito 76.4
BRUSH-FINCH, TEPUI 187.2
BRUSHRUNNER, LARK-LIKE 96.5
Bubo 58
Bubulcus 11
Bucco 76–78
buckleyi, Micraster 25.5
budytoides, Stigmatura 135.6
buffoni, Circus 17.6
1370
Bulweria 4
bulwerii, Bulweria 4.7
Burhinus 35
burmeisteri, Phyllomyias 131.2
burrovianus, Cathartes 16.3
Busarellus 22
BUSHBIRD, BLACK 105.1
RONDONIA 105.2
Buteo 21–24
Buteogallus 22
Butorides 10
BUZZARD-EAGLE, BLACK-CHESTED 23.1
cabanisi, Synallaxis 92.10
Cabeça-branca 126.1
Cabeça-de-ouro 125.4
Cabeça-de-prata 126.5
Cabeça-encarnada 125.5
1371
Cabeça-seca 12.6
Cabecinha-castanha 167.3
Cabeçudo 137.4
Caboclinho 183.9
Caboclinho-de-barriga-preta 183.7
Caboclinho-de-barriga-vermelha 182.10
Caboclinho-de-chapéu-cinzento 183.6
Caboclinho-de-coleira-branca 183.3
Caboclinho-de-papo-branco 183.2
Caboclinho-de-papo-escuro 183.1
Caboclinho-de-peito-castanho 183.4
Caboclinho-de-sobre-ferrugem 183.5
Caboclinho-do-sert o 182.7
Caboclinho-lindo 182.9
Caburé 57.10
Caburé-acanelado 58.2
Caburé-da-amazônia 57.7
1372
Caburé-de-pernambuco 57.9
Caburé-miudinho 57.8
Cacaué 47.10
cachinnans, Herpetotheres 24.9
CACHOLOTE, BROWN 97.2
CAATINGA 97.1
RUFOUS 97.3
Cacicus 162
CACIQUE, GOLDEN-WINGED 162.9
RED-RUMPED 162.8
SOLITARY BLACK 162.7
YELLOW-RUMPED 162.10
cactorum, Aratinga 48.8
cactorum, Melanerpes 85.4
Caçula 140.2
caerulea, Egretta 11.3
caerulea, Halobaena 3.8
1373
caerulescens, Geranospiza 20.1
caerulescens, Porphyrospiza 185.3
caerulescens, Sporophila 182.5
caerulescens, Thamnophilus 104.5
caerulescens, Theristicus 9.8
caeruleus, Cyanerpes 176.8
caeruleus, Cyanocorax 180.2
Caga-sebinho-de-penacho 140.6
caica, Gypopsitta 54.5
Cairina 14
Cais-cais 177.6
cajanea, Aramides 34.3
Calcinha-branca 157.6
Calhandra-de-tr s-rabos 161.10
Calidris 39
Calliphlox 71
Callonetta 15
1374
callophrys, Tangara 171.5
Calonectris 5
calopterus, Aramides 34.2
Calyptura 124
CALYPTURA, KINGLET 124.5
Cambacica 173.1
Cambada-de-chaves 172.4
Cambaxirra-cinzenta 158.4
Caminheiro-de-barriga-acanelada 128.7
Caminheiro-de-espora 128.5
Caminheiro-de-unha-curta 128.6
Caminheiro-grande 128.9
Caminheiro-zumbidor 128.8
Campainha-azul 185.3
campanisona, Chamaeza 118.1
campanisona, Myrmothera 119.9
Campephilus 85
1375
campestris, Colaptes 83.10
campestris, Uropelia 45.2
Camptostoma 134
Campylopterus 66
Campylorhamphus 89
Campylorhynchus 158
canadensis, Caryothraustes 174.2
canadensis, Sakesphorus 102.1
canadensis, Wilsonia 154.3
Canário-andino-negro 184.9
Canário-da-terra-verdadeiro 179.11
Canário-do-amazonas 179.7
Canário-do-brejo 185.6
Canário-do-campo 185.5
Canário-do-mato 153.8
Canário-rasteiro 179.8
CANASTERO, CIPO 90.6
1376
HUDSON’S 90.7
SHARP-BILLED 90.8
SHORT-BILLED 90.5
candicans, Eleothreptes 60.2
candidus, Melanerpes 85.1
Caneleirinho-de-chapéu-preto 128.1
Caneleiro 130.4
Caneleiro 150.4
Caneleiro-bordado 130.6
Caneleiro-cinzento 130.8
Caneleiro-da-guiana 130.7
Caneleiro-de-chapéu-preto 130.10
Caneleiro-enxofre 150.5
Caneleiro-pequeno 130.9
Caneleiro-preto 130.5
Caneleiro-verde 130.3
caniceps, Myiopagis 131.8
1377
canicollis, Ortalis 30.4
Cantador-amarelo 113.7
cantator, Hypocnemis 113.6, 113.6a
canutus, Calidris 39.1
Capacetinho 186.3
Capacetinho-do-oco-do-pau 186.4
capense, Daption 3.6
capensis, Bucco 76.8
capensis, Morus 7.2
capensis, Zonotrichia 185.9
capistratus, Thamnophilus 103.3
capitalis, Poecilotriccus 141.1
Capit o-castanho 151.6
Capitão-de-bigode-carijó 76.2
Capit ode-bigode-lim o 76.6
Capitão-de-cinta 76.5
Capit o-de-colar-amarelo 76.7
1378
Capit o-de-coroa 76.1
Capitão-de-fronte-dourada 76.3
Capit o-de-peito-marrom 76.4
Capit o-de-saíra 151.5
Capit o-de-saíra-amarelo 151.4
capitata, Paroaria 172.9
Capito 76
Capororoca 13.9
Caprimulgus 61–62
Capsiempis 133
CAPUCHINBIRD 122.7
capueira, Odontophorus 30.7
Caracara 25
Caracará 25.8
CARACARA, BLACK 24.10
CHIMANGO 25.10
CRESTED 25.7
1379
RED-THROATED 24.11
SOUTHERN 25.8
YELLOW-HEADED 25.9
Caracará-do-norte 25.7
Caracoleiro 19.3
Cara-dourada 135.10
carajaensis, Xiphocolaptes 87.6
Caranguejeiro 22.5
Car o 28.9
Cara-pintada 136.4
Caraúna-de-cara-branca 9.6
Caraxué 161.6
Caraxué-de-bico-amarelo 161.3
Caraxué-de-bico-preto 161.1
carbo, Ramphocelus 168.4
carbonaria, Cercomacra 112.7
Cardeal 172.6
1380
Cardeal-amarelo 173.10
Cardeal-da-amazônia 172.7
Cardeal-de-goiás 172.10
Cardeal-do-banhado 164.10
Cardeal-do-nordeste 172.8
CARDINAL, CRIMSON-FRONTED 172.10
RED-CAPPED 172.7
RED-COWLED 172.8
RED-CRESTED 172.6
YELLOW 173.10
YELLOW-BILLED 172.9
Carduelis 175, 187
carduelis, Carduelis 175.7
Cariama 30
caripensis, Steatornis 59.9
carnifex, Phoenicircus 122.2
Carpornis 124
1381
Carqueja-de-bico-amarelo 35.3
Carqueja-de-bico-manchado 35.1
Carqueja-de-escudo-vermelho 35.2
Carrapateiro 25.9
Carret o 163.10, 167.2
Caryothraustes 174
Casaca-de-couro-amarelo 91.7
Casaca-de-couro-da-caatinga 97.1
Casaca-de-couro-da-lama 91.6
Casaca-de-couro-de-crista-cinza 97.3
Casiornis 150
CASIORNIS, ASH-THROATED 150.5
RUFOUS 150.4
casiquiare, Crypturellus 28.5
cassini, Veniliornis 83.5
castaneiceps, Anurolimnas 32.3
castaneiventris, Sporophila 183.4
1382
castaneocapillus, Myioborus 152.5
castaneus, Pachyramphus 130.4
castanotis, Pteroglossus 79.7
castelnau, Picumnus 82.6
castro, Oceanodroma 6.3
Catamenia 184
Catatau 158.3
Cathartes 16
Catharus 160
Catirumbava 168.1
Catraca 138.8
Caturrita 50.8
caudacuta, Culicivora 138.3
caudacutus, Sclerurus 100.4
caudata, Chiroxiphia 126.9
caudata, Inezia 137.9
caudatus, Theristicus 9.9
1383
Cauré 24.5
caurensis, Schistocichla 114.5
cauta, Thalassarche 1.5
Cavalaria 172.9
cayana, Cotinga 121.4
cayana, Dacnis 176.5
cayana, Piaya 56.10
cayana, Tangara 170.3
cayana, Tityra 129.8
cayanensis, Icterus 165.1
cayanensis, Leptodon 19.1
cayanensis, Myiozetetes 148.4
cayanus, Cyanocorax 180.6
cayanus, Vanellus 37.7
cayennensis, Caprimulgus 61.9
cayennensis, Euphonia 178.2
cayennensis, Mesembrinibis 9.10
1384
cayennensis, Panyptila 63.11
cayennensis, Patagioenas 45.8
ceciliae, Phylloscartes 136.4
cela, Cacicus 162.10
Celeus 84
Cephalopterus 122
Cercibis 9
Cercomacra 112
certhia, Dendrocolaptes 87.10
Certhiaxis 93
cerulea, Dendroica 152.9
CHACHALACA, BUFF-BROWED 30.3
CHACO 30.4
SPECKLED 30.1
VARIABLE 30.2
chacuru, Nystalus 78.3
Chaetura 63
1385
chalcothorax, Galbula 74.6
chalybea, Euphonia 177.6
chalybea, Progne 157.2
chalybeus, Lophornis 68.7
Chamaeza 118
chapmani, Chaetura 63.5
chapmani, Phylloscartes 135.8
Charadrius 38
Charitospiza 184
CHAT, ROSE-BREASTED 152.2
Chauá 53.4
Chauna 13
Chelidoptera 76
cheriway, Caracara 25.7
cherriei, Myrmotherula 106.4
cherriei, Synallaxis 93.7
Chibum 132.10
1386
Chifre-de-ouro 71.6
chihi, Plegadis 9.6
chilensis, Phoenicopterus 13.4
chilensis, Stercorarius 43.6
chilensis, Tangara 171.6
chilensis, Vanellus 37.8
chimachima, Milvago 25.9
Chimango 25.10
chimango, Milvago 25.10
Chinco -de-bico-vermelho 56.9
Chinco -pequeno 56.8
Chionis 30
chionogaster, Amazilia 69.4
chiriquensis, Elaenia 132.10
chiriri, Brotogeris 52.3
Chiroxiphia 126
Chlidonias 40
1387
Chlorestes 69
chloricterus, Orthogonys 168.1
chloris, Carduelis 175.8
chloris, Piprites 128.2
chlorocercus, Leucippus 71.2
Chloroceryle 73
chloromeros, Pipra 125.6
Chlorophanes 176
Chlorophonia 178
CHLOROPHONIA, BLUE-NAPED 178.4
chloropterus, Ara 47.7
chloropus, Gallinula 34.8
chlororhynchos, Thalassarche 2.1
Chlorostilbon 70
chlorotica, Euphonia 177.2
Choca-barrada 103.2
Choca-bate-cabo 104.6
1388
Choca-canela 104.1
Choca-cantadora 102.10
Choca-da-bolívia 104.8
Choca-d’água 102.3
Choca-da-mata 104.5
Choca-de-acre 104.2
Choca-de-asa-vermelha 104.4
Choca-de-cauda-pintada 103.1
Choca-de-chapéu-vermelho 104.3
Choca-de-garganta-preta 105.2
Choca-de-natterer 104.7
Choca-de-oho-vermelho 103.8
Choca-de-roraima 103.10
Choca-de-sooretama 104.10
Choca-do-bambu 101.2
Choca-do-nordeste 102.2
Choca-do-planalto 104.9
1389
Choca-lisa 103.7
Choca-listrada 103.4
Choca-murina 103.9
Choc o-carijó 101.3
Choca-pintada 102.5
Choca-preta 105.1
Choca-preta-e-cinza 103.5
Choca-selada 103.6
choliba, Megascops 57.1
Chondrohierax 19
chopi, Gnorimopsar 163.2
Chopim-do-brejo 165.9
Choquiha-de-garganta-amarela 105.9
Choquinha-carijó 111.6
Choquinha-chumbo 105.6
Choquinha-cinzenta 107.9
Choquinha-da-serra 111.3
1390
Choquinha-da-várzea 108.1
Choquinha-de-alagoas 107.10
Choquinha-de-asa-comprida 107.6
Choquinha-de-asa-ferrugem 105.5
Choquinha-de-asa-lisa 108.2
Choquinha-de-barriga-parda 106.8
Choquinha-de-barriga-ruiva 106.6
Choquinha-de-bico-curto 105.8
Choquinha-de-cauda-ruiva 107.2
Choquinha-de-coroa-listrada 105.10
Choquinha-de-dorso-vermelho 111.4
Choquinha-de-flanco-branco 107.3
Choquinha-de-garganta-carijó 106.10
Choquinha-de-garganta-cinza 108.4
Choquinha-de-garganta-clara 106.5
Choquinha-de-garganta-pintada 106.7
Choquinha-de-ihering 107.8
1391
Choquinha-de-olho-branco 106.9
Choquinha-de-peito-pintado 105.3
Choquinha-de-peito-riscado 106.4
Choquinha-de-rabo-cintado 108.3
Choquinha-do-oeste 107.5
Choquinha-do-tapajós 106.1
Choquinha-estriada 106.3
Choquinha-estriada-da-amazônia 106.2
Choquinha-fluminense 107.4
Choquinha-lisa 105.4
Choquinha-miúda 105.7
Choquinha-ornada 107.1
Choquinha-pequena 107.7
Chorá-boi 102.1
Chora-chuva-de-asa-branca 77.2
Chora-chuva-de-bico-amarelo 77.4
Chora-chuva-de-cara-branca 77.3
1392
Chora-chuva-preto 77.1
Chor o 182.8
Chordeiles 60
Choró-boi 101.9
Chorona-cinza 129.4
Chororá-escuro 112.3
Chororó-cinzento 112.2
Chororó-de-goiás 112.5
Chororó-de-manu 112.8
Chororó-didi 112.10
Chororó-do-pantanal 112.9
Chororó-do-rio-branco 112.7
Chororó-negro 112.4
Chororó-pocuá 112.1
Chororó-preto 112.6
Chorozinho-da-caatinga 109.10
Chorozinho-de-asa-vermelha 109.9
1393
Chorozinho-de-bico-comprido 109.8
Chorozinho-de-cabeça-pintada 109.4
Chorozinho-de-cauda-pintada 109.3
Chorozinho-de-chapéu-preto 109.2
Chorozinho-de-costas-manchadas 109.5
Chorozinho-de-papo-preto 109.7
Chorozinho-de-roraima 109.6
Chroicocephalus 42
chrysocephalum, Neopelma 127.3
chrysocephalus, Icterus 165.2
chrysochloros, Piculus 82.11
chrysocome, Eudyptes 8.4
chrysocrotaphum, Todirostrum 142.5
Chrysolampis 68
chrysolophum, Neopelma 127.7
chrysolophus, Eudyptes 8.3
Chrysomus 164
1394
chrysopasta, Euphonia 178.1
chrysops, Cyanocorax 180.7
chrysoptera, Brotogeris 52.5
chrysopterus, Cacicus 162.9
chrysostoma, Thalassarche 2.2
chrysura, Hylocharis 70.9
Chrysuronia 67
chunchotambo, Xiphorhynchus 88.9
Chupa-dente 118.5
Chupa-dente-de-capuz 118.7
Chupa-dente-de-cinta 118.6
Chupa-dente-do-peru 118.8
Chupa-dente-grande 118.10
Cichlocolaptes 97
Cichlopsis 160
Ciconia 12
Cigana 28.10
1395
Cigarra-bambu 185.2
Cigarra-do-campo 166.4
Cigarra-do-coqueiro 173.3
Cigarra-parda 173.2
Cigarra-verdadeira 181.2
Cigarrinha-do-campo 186.7
Cigarrinha-do-norte 181.3
Cinclodes 91
CINCLODES, BAR-WINGED 91.3
LONG-TAILED 91.4
cincta, Dichrozona 108.5
cinerascens, Cercomacra 112.1
cinerascens, Synallaxis 93.1
cinerea, Ardea 12.2
cinerea, Batara 101.4
cinerea, Poospiza 186.4
cinerea, Procellaria 4.8
1396
cinereiventris, Chaetura 63.3
cinereum, Todirostrum 142.3
cinereus, Circus 17.5
cinereus, Micrococyx 56.4
cinereus, Contopus 144.4
cinereus, Crypturellus 27.1
cinereus, Odontorchilus 158.4
cinereus, Xenus 37.5
cinereus, Xolmis 146.5
cinnamomea, Neopipo 127.8
cinnamomea, Sporophila 183.6
cinnamomeus, Attila 151.8
cinnamomeus, Certhiaxis 93.9
circumcincta, Spiziapteryx 24.8
Circus 17
cirratus, Picumnus 82.1
cirrocephalus, Chroicocephalus 42.5
1397
cirrochloris, Aphantochroa 69.8
Cisne-de-pescoço-preto 13.10
Cisqueiro 95.9
Cissopis 166
Cistothorus 158
citrea, Protonotaria 154.1
citrina, Sicalis 179.8
citriniventris, Attila 151.7
clamator, Rhinoptynx 58.3
Claravis 44
Clibanornis 95
climacocerca, Hydropsalis 60.5
Clytoctantes 105
Clytolaema 70
Cnemotriccus 142
Cnipodectes 140
Coccycua 56
1398
Cochicho 96.4
Cochlearius 10
cochlearius, Cochlearius 10.7
COCK-OF-THE-ROCK, GUIANAN 121.10
cocoi, Ardea 12.3
Cocoruta 132.3
Codorna-amarela 26.8
Codorna-do-nordeste 26.10
Codorna-mineira 26.9
Coereba 173
coerulescens, Saltator 175.1
Colaptes 82
Colegial 144.10
Coleirinho 182.5
Coleiro-do-brejo 181.8
Coleiro-do-norte 181.7
Colhereiro 12.9
1399
Colhereiro-europeu 12.10
Colibri 66
Colinus 30
collaris, Charadrius 38.5
collaris, Microbates 159.9
collaris, Sporophila 181.8
collaris, Trogon 72.2
colma, Formicarius 117.8
Colonia 147
colonus, Colonia 147.9
Columba 45
columbarius, Falco 24.6
columbiana, Sicalis 179.7
Columbina 44–45
Combatente 39.10
Compsothraupis 167
concolor, Amaurolimnas 32.9
1400
condita, Tijuca 122.4
CONDOR, ANDEAN 16.6
Condor-dos-andes 16.6
CONEBILL, BICOLORED 178.8
CHESTNUT-VENTED 178.7
PEARLY-BREASTED 178.9
Conioptilon 121
conirostris, Arremonops 187.1
Conirostrum 178
Conopias 148
Conopophaga 118
Conothraupis 166
conspicillata, Procellaria 4.10
contaminatus, Heliobletus 99.10
Contopus 144
cooperi, Contopus 144.1
COOT, RED-FRONTED 35.2
1401
RED-GARTERED 35.1
WHITE-WINGED 35.3
Coperete 97.2
COQUETTE, DOT-EARED 68.5
FESTIVE 68.7
FRILLED 68.6
PEACOCK 68.8
RACKET-TAILED 68.9
TUFTED 68.4
Coragyps 16
Corapipo 126
coraya, Thryothorus 158.7
CORMORANT, NEOTROPIC 9.2
Corneteiro-da-mata 120.1
cornuta, Anhima 13.8
cornuta, Pipra 125.7
Coroa-de-fogo 123.8
1402
Corocochó 124.8
Coró-coró 9.10
coronata, Lepidothrix 126.2
coronata, Paroaria 172.6
coronatus, Harpyhaliaetus 23.2
coronatus, Onychorhynchus 141.9
coronatus, Platyrinchus 143.8
coronatus, Tachyphonus 169.6
coronatus, Xolmis 146.6
Corozinho-de-boné 109.1
Corredor-crestudo 96.5
correndera, Anthus 128.5
Corruíra 159.2
Corruíra-do-campo 158.5
Corruíra-do-tepui 159.3
Corrupi o 165.5
Corrupião-de-baltimore 165.4
1403
Corta-ramos 124.1
Coruc o 60.10
Coruja-buraqueira 58.1
Coruja-da-igreja 59.3
Coruja-de-crista 58.10
Coruja-do-mato 58.8
Coruja-orelhuda 58.3
Coruja-preta 58.9
Corujinha-de-roraima 57.5
Corujinha-do-mato 57.1
Corujinha-do-sul 57.6
Corujinha-orelhuda 57.4
Corujinha-relógio 57.3
Corujinha-sapo 57.2
coruscans, Colibri 66.7
Coryphaspiza 185
Coryphistera 96
1404
Coryphospingus 184
Corythopis 128
Coscoroba 13
coscoroba, Coscoroba 13.9
Cotinga 121
COTINGA, BANDED 121.8
BLACK-AND-GOLD 122.3
BLACK-FACED 121.9
GRAY-WINGED 122.4
PLUM-THROATED 121.5
POMPADOUR 121.3
PURPLE-BREASTED 121.6
PURPLE-THROATED 121.7
SHRIKE-LIKE 130.1
SPANGLED 121.4
SWALLOW-TAILED 124.6
WHITE-TAILED 121.2
1405
WHITE-WINGED 121.1
cotinga, Cotinga 121.6
Cotinga-azul 121.5
Cotinga-de-garganta-encarnada 121.7
Coturnicops 32
couloni, Primolius 46.7
COWBIRD, BAY-WINGED 164.1
GIANT 163.7
SCREAMING 163.5
SHINY 163.6
CRAKE, ASH-THROATED 33.4
BLACK-BANDED 32.5
CHESTNUT-HEADED 32.3
DOT-WINGED 33.3
GRAY-BREASTED 32.7
OCELLATED 32.2
PAINT-BILLED 33.6
1406
RED-AND-WHITE 33.1
RUFOUS-FACED 33.2
RUFOUS-SIDED 32.6
RUSSET-CROWNED 32.4
UNIFORM 32.9
YELLOW-BREASTED 33.5
Cranioleuca 94
crassirostris, Sporophila 184.2
Crax 31
Crejoá 121.8
crepitans, Psophia 28.6
CRESCENT-CHEST, COLLARED 120.9
Cricrió 124.2
Cricrió-de-cinta-vermelha 124.4
cristata, Calyptura 124.5
cristata, Cariama 30.9
cristata, Elaenia 132.8
1407
cristata, Gubernatrix 173.10
cristata, Lophostrix 58.10
cristata, Pseudoseisura 97.1
cristata, Rhegmatorhina 117.4
cristatellus, Cyanocorax 180.5
cristatus, Colinus 30.5
cristatus, Oxyruncus 124.7
cristatus, Sakesphorus 102.2
cristatus, Tachyphonus 169.1
croconotus, Icterus 165.6
Crotophaga 55
cruentata, Pyrrhura 49.1
cruentatus, Melanerpes 85.3
cryptoleucus, Thamnophilus 103.6
Crypturellus 27–28
cryptus, Cypseloides 62.5
CUCKOO, ASH-COLORED 56.4
1408
BLACK-BELLIED 56.9
BLACK-BILLED 56.5
DARK-BILLED 56.7
DWARF 56.3
GUIRA 55.3
LITTLE 56.8
MANGROVE 56.1
PAVONINE 55.4
PEARLY-BREASTED 56.6
PHEASANT 55.5
SQUIRREL 56.10
STRIPED 55.6
YELLOW-BILLED 56.2
cucullata, Carpornis 124.8
cucullatus, Coryphospingus 184.8
Cuitel o 75.5
Cuiú-cuiú 54.3
1409
Cujubi 29.8
cujubi, Aburria 29.8
Culicivora 138
culicivorus, Basileuterus 153.4
cumanensis, Aburria 29.9
cunicularia, Athene 58.1
cunicularia, Geositta 91.2
Curaeus 163
CURASSOW, ALAGOAS 31.2
BARE-FACED 31.8
BLACK 31.5
CRESTLESS 31.4
NOCTURNAL 31.1
RAZOR-BILLED 31.3
RED-BILLED 31.7
WATTLED 31.6
Curiango-do-banhado 60.1
1410
Curica 52.7
Curicaca 9.9
Curica-caica 54.5
Curica-de-bochecha-laranja 54.4
Curica-urubu 54.6
Curica-verde 54.8
Curió 183.10
CURLEW, ESKIMO 36.6
Curriqueiro 91.2
curucui, Trogon 72.8
Curutié 93.9
curvirostris, Limnornis 96.2
Cuspidor-de-máscara-preta 118.9
cyanea, Chlorophonia 178.4
Cyanerpes 176
cyanescens, Galbula 74.8
cyaneus, Cyanerpes 176.9
1411
cyanicollis, Galbula 74.2
cyanicollis, Tangara 171.2
Cyanicterus 169
cyanicterus, Cyanicterus 169.10
cyanirostris, Knipolegus 145.4
cyanocephala, Euphonia 177.7
cyanocephala, Tangara 171.9
Cyanocompsa 174
Cyanocorax 180
cyanoides, Cyanocompsa 174.8
cyanoleuca Pygochelidon 156.4
Cyanoloxia 174
cyanomelas, Cyanocorax 180.1
cyanopis, Columbina 44.5
cyanopogon, Cyanocorax 180.8
Cyanopsitta 47
cyanoptera, Anas 15.5
1412
cyanoptera, Brotogeris 52.4
cyanoptera, Tangara 171.1
cyanoptera, Thraupis 168.8
cyanopus, Agelasticus 163.10
cyanoventris, Tangara 170.5
cyanus, Hylocharis 67.8
Cyclarhis 154
Cygnus 13
Cymbilaimus 101
Cyphorhinus 159
Cypseloides 62
Cypsnagra 166
dabbenena, Diomedea 1.2
dachilleae, Nannopsittaca 51.5
Dacnis 176
DACNIS, BLACK-FACED 176.2
BLACK-LEGGED 176.4
1413
BLUE 176.5
WHITE-BELLIED 176.1
YELLOW-BELLIED 176.3
dactylatra, Sula 7.3
Dançador-de-cauda-graduada 125.6
Dançador-de-coroa-dourada 126.6
Dançador-de-crista 125.7
Dançador-do-tepui 126.4
Dançarino-de-crista-amarela 123.9
Dançarino-de-crista-laranja 123.10
Dançarino-de-garganta-branca 126.10
Dançarino-oliváceo 125.10
Daption 3
Daptrius 24
dayi, Capito 76.5
dayi, Elaenia 133.3
dea, Galbula 74.5
1414
decaocto, Streptopelia 45.6
Deconychura 86
decumanus, Psarocolius 162.5
defilippii, Sturnella 164.6
deiroleucus, Falco 24.4
delalandi, Corythopis 128.4
delawarensis, Larus 42.9
delphinae, Colibri 66.6
demissa, Cranioleuca 94.2
Dendrexetastes 86
Dendrocincla 86
Dendrocolaptes 87–88
dendrocolaptoides, Clibanornis 95.9
Dendrocygna 14
Dendroica 152
derbianus, Aulacorhynchus 80.2
Deroptyus 50
1415
desmaresti, Tangara 170.4
desolata, Pachyptila 3.2
devillei, Drymophila 111.5
devillei, Pyrrhura 49.2
diadematus, Stephanophorus 172.1
diamantinensis, Scytalopus 120.5
Dichropogon 116
Dichrozona 108
DICKCISSEL 186.8
dicolorus, Ramphastos 80.11
difficilis, Phylloscartes 136.3
Diglossa 178
dimidiata, Syndactyla 98.3
dinelliana, Pseudocolopteryx 135.4
diodon, Harpagus 18.4
Diomedea 1
diomedea, Calonectris 5.1
1416
diops, Hemitriccus 138.7
Diopsittaca 46
discors, Anas 15.4
Discosura 68
disjuncta, Myrmeciza 115.4
Diuca 185
Diuca 185.4
diuca, Diuca 185.4
DIUCA-FINCH, COMMON 185.4
DIVING-PETREL, MAGELLANIC 3.5
divisorius, Thamnophilus 104.2
Dixiphia 126
dohrnii, Glaucis 65.10
doliatus, Thamnophilus 103.2
Dolichonyx 164
Dolospingus 183
domesticus, Passer 175.9
1417
dominica, Pluvialis 37.9
dominicana, Paroaria 172.8
dominicanus, Larus 42.3
dominicanus, Xolmis 146.9
dominicensis, Tyrannus 149.7
dominicus, Nomonyx 14.5
dominicus, Tachybaptus 8.5
Donacobius 158
DONACOBIUS, BLACK-CAPPED 158.1
Donacospiza 187
DORADITO, CRESTED 135.1
DINELLI’S 135.4
SUBTROPICAL 135.3
WARBLING 135.2
dorsalis, Anabazenops 97.9
dorsimaculatus, Herpsilochmus 109.5
Doryfera 66
1418
DOTTEREL, RUFOUS-CHESTED 38.7
TAWNY-THROATED 38.8
dougallii, Sterna 41.3
DOVE, EARED 45.3
GRAY-FRONTED 45.5
SCALED 45.1
WHITE-TIPPED 45.4
DOWITCHER, LONG-BILLED 36.1
SHORT-BILLED 36.2
Drag o 165.10
Dromococcyx 55
Drymophila 111
Drymornis 86
Dryocopus 85
DUCK, AMERICAN COMB 14.8
BLACK-HEADED 15.12
LAKE 14.6
1419
MASKED 14.5
MUSCOVY 14.7
dufresniana, Amazona 53.3
duidae, Campylopterus 66.5
duidae, Crypturellus 27.9
duidae, Diglossa 178.6
dumicola, Polioptila 179.6
Dysithamnus 105
EAGLE, CRESTED 23.3
CROWNED 23.2
HARPY 23.4
ecaudatus, Myiornis 140.2
egregia, Chaetura 63.2
egregia, Pyrrhura 50.5
EGRET, CATTLE 11.8
GREAT 11.5
LITTLE 11.6
1420
SNOWY 11.4
Egretta 11
Elaenia 132–133
ELAENIA, BROWNISH 132.7
FOREST 131.7
GRAY 131.8
GREAT 133.3
GREENISH 131.10
HIGHLAND 133.1
LARGE 132.2
LESSER 132.10
NORONHA 132.3
OLIVACEOUS 132.6
PLAIN-CRESTED 132.8
RUFOUS-CROWNED 132.9
SIERRAN 133.2
SMALL-BILLED 132.5
1421
WHITE-CRESTED 132.4
YELLOW-CROWNED 131.9
Elanoides 17
Elanus 17
elatus, Tyrannulus 134.1
Electron 73
elegans, Celeus 84.3
elegans, Laniisoma 130.1
elegans, Progne 157.3
elegans, Xiphorhynchus 88.11
Eleothreptes 60
eludens, Grallaria 119.2
Ema 26.1
Emberizoides 185
Embernagra 185
EMERALD, BLUE-GREEN 69.6
1422
BLUE-TAILED 70.3
GLITTERING-BELLIED 70.4
GLITTERING-THROATED 69.1
PLAIN-BELLIED 69.3
SAPPHIRE-SPANGLED 69.2
VERSICOLORED 67.10
WHITE-CHESTED 67.9
Empidonax 144
Empidonomus 149
Encontro 165.1
Enferrujadinho 127.8
Enferrujado 142.9
Entufado 120.10
Entufado-baiano 120.11
Epinecrophylla 106–107
episcopus, Thraupis 168.6
epomophora, Diomedea 1.4
1423
erythrocephala, Pipra 125.4
erythrocercum, Philydor 98.4
erythromelas, Periporphyrus 174.4
erythronotos, Formicivora 110.6
erythrophthalma, Netta 14.10
erythrophthalmus, Phacellodomus 95.7
erythrops, Neocrex 33.6
erythroptera, Phlegopsis 116.10
erythropterum, Philydor 98.5
erythropthalmus, Coccyzus 56.5
erythropus, Crypturellus 27.6
erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus 13.1
erythrura, Epinecrophylla 107.2
erythrurus, Terenotriccus 141.10
Esmeralda-de-cauda-azul 70.3
Esmerilh o 24.6
Estalador 128.4
1424
Estalador-do-norte 128.3
Estalinho 136.3
Estrela-do-norte 181.9
Estrelinha-ametista 71.10
Estrelinha-preta 93.6
Estrilda 175
Eubucco 76
Eucometis 168
eucosma, Charitospiza 184.6
Eudocimus 9
Eudyptes 8
euleri, Coccyzus 56.6
euleri, Lathrotriccus 142.9
eulophotes, Lophotriccus 140.5
Eupetomena 71
Euphonia 177–178
EUPHONIA, CHESTNUT-BELLIED 178.3
1425
FINSCH’S 177.3
GOLDEN-BELLIED 178.1
GOLDEN-RUMPED 177.7
GOLDEN-SIDED 178.2
GREEN-THROATED 177.6
PLUMBEOUS 177.1
THICK-BILLED 177.5
VIOLACEOUS 177.4
WHITE-VENTED 177.8
eurynome, Phaethornis 64.4
Eurypyga 35
Euscarthmus 133
exilis, Ixobrychus 10.1
exilis, Laterallus 32.7
1426
exilis, Picumnus 81.4
eximius, Phylloscartes 135.9
exulans, Diomedea 1.1
facilis, Polioptila 179.5
Faig o-de-bico-corto 3.4
Faig o-de-bico-fino 3.3
Faig o-de-bico-largo 3.1
Faig o-rola 3.2
FAIRY, BLACK-EARED 71.5
Falaropo-de-bico-grosso 38.10
Falc o-caburé 25.1
Falc o-críptico 25.3
Falc o-de-asa-pintada 24.8
Falc o-de-buckley 25.5
Falc o-de-coleira 24.3
Falc o-de-peito-laranja 24.4
Falc o-mateiro 25.2
1427
Falc o-peregrino 24.7
Falc o-relógio 25.4
falcinellus, Lepidocolaptes 89.6
falcirostris, Sporophila 181.2
falcirostris, Xiphocolaptes 87.8
Falco 24
FALCON, APLOMADO 24.3
BAT 24.5
LAUGHING 24.9
ORANGE-BREASTED 24.4
PEREGRINE 24.7
FALCONET, SPOT-WINGED 24.8
falcularius, Campylorhamphus 89.11
falklandicus, Charadrius 38.6
farinosa, Amazona 52.9
fasciata, Atticora 156.5
fasciata, Neothraupis 166.4
1428
fasciata, Patagioenas 46.4
fasciatum, Tigrisoma 10.9
fasciatus, Anurolimnas 32.5
fasciatus, Myiophabus 138.2
fasciatus, Phyllomyias 131.1
fasciicauda, Pipra 125.2
fasciolata, Crax 31.8
fastuosa, Tangara 171.7
fedoa, Limosa 36.5
Felipe-do-tepui 138.1
femoralis, Falco 24.3
ferdinandi, Cercomacra 112.5
ferox, Myiarchus 150.9
Ferreirinho-da-capoeira 141.7
Ferreirinho-de-cara-parda 141.5
Ferreirinho-de-sobrancelha 142.4
Ferreirinho-de-testa-parda 141.6
1429
Ferreirinho-estriado 142.1
Ferreirinho-ferrugem 141.3
Ferreirinho-pintado 142.5
Ferreirinho-relógio 142.3
Ferro-velho 178.3
ferruginea, Drymophila 111.1
ferruginea, Hirundinea 142.8
ferruginea, Myrmeciza 116.2
ferrugineigula, Phacellodomus 95.8
festiva, Amazona 53.6
Figuinha-amazônica 178.9
Figuinha-de-rabo-castanho 178.7
Figuinha-do-mangue 178.8
figulus, Furnarius 91.6
filicauda, Pipra 125.3
Filipe 138.2
fimbriata, Amazilia 69.1
1430
Fim-fim 177.2
Fim-fim-grande 177.9
FINCH, BLACK-MASKED 185.1
BLUE 185.3
COAL-CRESTED 184.6
PILEATED 184.7
RED-CRESTED 184.8
SAFFRON 179.11
UNIFORM 185.2
finschi, Euphonia 177.3
FIRE-EYE, FRINGE-
BACKED 111.10
WHITE-BACKED 111.8
FIREWOOD-GATHERER 96.4
Flamingo 13.3
FLAMINGO, ANDEAN 13.5
1431
CHILEAN 13.4
GREATER 13.3
PUNA 13.6
Flamingo-chileno 13.4
Flamingo-da-puna 13.6
Flamingo-grande-dos-andes 13.5
flammeus, Asio 58.5
flammulatus, Hemitriccus 138.6
FLATBILL, DUSKY-TAILED 151.2
LARGE-HEADED 151.1
OLIVACEOUS 143.1
RUFOUS-TAILED 151.3
Flautim 129.3
Flautim-marrom 129.2
Flautim-pardo 140.9
Flautim-rufo 140.10
Flautim-ruivo 129.1
1432
Flautista-do-tepui 159.6
flava, Piranga 173.5
flaveola, Capsiempis 133.6
flaveola, Coereba 173.1
flaveola, Sicalis 179.11
flaveolus, Basileuterus 153.8
flavescens, Celeus 84.5
flavescens, Hypocnemis 113.6b
flavicollis, Hemithraupis 167.8
flavifrons, Melanerpes 85.2
flavigula, Piculus 82.10
flavipes, Tringa 36.9
flavipes, Turdus 160.5
flavirostris, Anas 15.7
flavirostris, Arremon 187.6
flavirostris, Manasa 77.4
flavirostris, Phibalura 124.6
1433
flavirostris, Porphyrio. 34.9
flaviventer, Dacnis 176.3
flaviventer, Porzana 33.5
flaviventris, Pseudocolopteryx 135.2
flaviventris, Tolmomyias 143.5
flavivertex, Heterocercus 123.9
flavivertex, Myiopagis 131.9
flavogaster, Elaenia 132.1
flavoviridis, Vireo 154.7
flavus, Celeus 84.6
flavus, Xanthopsar 165.7
FLICKER, CAMPO 83.10
Florisuga 67
FLOWER-PIERCER, GREATER 178.5
SCALED 178.6
fluminensis, Myrmotherula 107.4
fluviatilis, Muscisaxicola 146.4
1434
Fluvicola 147
FLYCATCHER, ALDER 144.7
AMAZON ROYAL 141.9
ATLANTIC ROYAL 141.8
BLACK-TAILED 142.7
BOAT-BILLED 148.10
BRAN-COLORED 138.2
BROWN-CRESTED 150.8
CHAPADA 133.5
CLIFF 142.8
CROWNED SLATY 149.5
DUSKY-CAPPED 150.6
DUSKY-CHESTED 148.3
EULER’S 142.10
FORK-TAILED 149.10
FUSCOUS 142.9
GRAY-CAPPED 148.2
1435
GRAY-HOODED 137.3
MACCONNELL’S 137.2
OCHRE-BELLIED 137.1
OLIVE-SIDED 144.1
PIRATIC 148.1
RORAIMAN 138.1
RUDDY-TAILED 141.10
RUSTY-MARGINED 148.4
SEPIA-CAPPED 137.4
SHORT-CRESTED 150.9
SOCIAL 148.5
STREAKED 149.1
SUIRIRI 133.4
SULPHUR-BELLIED 149.2
SULPHURY 149.3
SWAINSON’S 150.7
THREE-STRIPED 148.9
1436
VARIEGATED 149.4
VERMILION 144.9
WHISKERED 142.6
WILLOW 144.8
foetidus, Gymnoderus 123.1
Fogo-apagou 45.1
FOLIAGE-GLEANER, ALAGOAS 98.9
BLACK-CAPPED 98.8
BROWN-RUMPED 99.6
BUFF-BROWED 97.4
BUFF-FRONTED 98.7
BUFF-THROATED 99.1
CHESTNUT-CAPPED 99.9
CHESTNUT-CROWNED 99.8
CHESTNUT-WINGED 98.5
CINNAMON-RUMPED 98.2
1437
DUSKY-CHEEKED 97.9
GRAY-CROWNED 143.4
OCHRE-BREASTED 98.6
OLIVE-BACKED 99.2
PARA 99.3
RUDDY 99.7
RUFOUS-RUMPED 98.4
RUFOUS-TAILED 98.1
RUSSET-MANTLED 98.3
WHITE-BROWED 96.10
WHITE-COLLARED 97.8
WHITE-EYED 99.4
WHITE-THROATED 99.5
YELLOW-BREASTED 143.5
YELLOW-MARGINED 143.3
YELLOW-OLIVE 143.2
fonsecai, Acrobatornis 96.8
1438
For migueiro-cinza 114.2
forbesi, Curaeus 163.1
forbesi, Leptodon 19.2
forcipata, Macropsalis 60.4
FOREST-FALCON, BARRED 25.1
BUCKLEY’S 25.5
COLLARED 25.4
CRYPTIC 25.3
LINED 25.2
SLATY-BACKED 25.6
forficatus, Elanoides 17.2
Formicarius 117
Formicivora 110
Formigueiro-assobiador 115.2
Formigueiro-chumbo 115.7
Formigueiro-da-serra 110.4
Formigueiro-de-asa-pintada 114.6A
1439
Formigueiro-de-barriga-branca 115.1
Formigueiro-de-barriga-cinza 115.5
Formigueiro-de-barriga-preta 110.3
Formigueiro-de-cabeça-negra 110.6
Formigueiro-de-cabeça-preta 114.4
Formigueiro-de-cara-preta 113.5
Formigueiro-de-cauda-castanha 115.6
Formigueiro-de-cauda-ruiva 116.3
Formigueiro-de-goeldi 115.9
Formigueiro-de-peito-preto 116.1
Formigueiro-de-pelzeln 114.3
Formigueiro-de-rabo-preto 113.2
Formigueiro-de-roraima 114.7
Formigueiro-de-taoca 115.10
Formigueiro-de-yapacana 115.4
Formigueiro-do-bambu 114.8
Formigueiro-do-caura 114.5
1440
Formigueiro-do-litoral 110.5
Formigueiro-do-nordeste 110.1
Formigueiro-ferrugem 116.2
Formigueiro-grande 115.8
Formigueiro-liso 113.4
Formigueiro-preto-e-branco 113.10
Forpus 51
fortis, Myrmeciza 115.10
Fraca-da-guiné 31.10
franciscanus, Arremon 187.9
franciscanus, Knipolegus 145.7
Frango-d’água-menor 34.7
Frango-d’água-azul 34.10
Frango-d’água-carijó 34.6
Frango-d’água-comum 34.8
1441
Frango-d’água-pequeno 34.9
Frederickena 101
Fregata 7
Freirinha 147.6
Freirinha-amarelada 75.7
Freirinha-de-cabeça-castanha 75.9
Freirinha-de-coroa-castanha 75.8
FRIGATEBIRD, ASCENSION 7.7
GREAT 7.8
LESSER 7.9
MAGNIFICENT 7.6
fringillarius, Agelaioides 164.2
fringilloides, Dolospingus 183.8
frontalis Pyrrhura 49.3
frontalis, Sporophila 181.1
frontalis, Synallaxis 92.4
FRUITCROW, BARE-NECKED 123.1
1442
CRIMSON 123.3
RED-RUFFED 123.4
FRUITEATER, RED-BANDED 122.5
fruticeti, Phrygilus 184.9
Fruxu 127.7
Fruxu-baiano 127.6
Fruxu-de-barriga-amarela 127.4
Fruxu-do-carrasco 127.3
Fruxu-do-cerrad o 127.5
fucata, Alopochelidon 157.7
Fulica 35
fulica, Heliornis 35.5
fulicarius, Phalaropus 38.10
fuliginosa, Dendrocincla 86.1
fuliginosus, Saltator 174.6
fuliginosus, Tiaris 173.3
1443
FULMAR, SOUTHERN 5.2
Fulmarus 5
fulvescens, Picumnus 82.3
fulvicauda, Phaeothlypis 153.9
fulvus, Lanio 167.9
fumifrons, Poecillotriccus 141.6
fumigatus, Contopus 144.2
fumigatus, Cypseloides 62.7
fumigatus, Turdus 161.4
Fura-barreira 99.9
Fura-bucho-de-cara-cinza 5.4
Fura-flor-escamado 178.6
Fura-flor-grande 178.5
furcata, Thalurania 67.3
furcatus, Anthus 128.6
furcatus, Hemitriccus 139.9
furcifer, Heliomaster 71.9
1444
Furnarius 91
Furriel 174.2
Furriel-de-encontro 174.3
fusca, Dendroica 152.7
fusca, Florisuga 67.2
fusca, Iodopleura 129.6
fusca, Malacoptila 78.9
fusca, Phoebetria 2.4
fuscatus, Cnemotriccus 142.10
fuscatus, Onychoprion 40.4
fuscescens, Catharus 160.2
fuscicauda, Ramphotrigon 151.2
fusciceps, Thripophaga 95.3
fuscicollis, Calidris 39.5
fuscus, Anabazenops 97.8
fuscus, Casiornis 150.5
fuscus, Cinclodes 91.3
1445
fuscus, Larus 42.4
fuscus, Picumnus 81.5
fuscus, Pionus 53.10
fuscus, Xiphorhynchus 88.7
Fuselo 36.4
gaimardii, Myiopagis 131.7
Gaivota-alegre 42.7
Gaivota-de-asa-escura 42.4
Gaivota-de-bico-manchado 42.9
Gaivota-de-cabeça-cinza 42.5
Gaivota-de-franklin 42.8
Gaivota-de-Olorg 42.2
Gaivota-maria-velha 42.6
Gaivot o 42.3
Galbalcyrhynchus 75
Galbula 74
galbula, Galbula 74.10
1446
galbula, Icterus 165.4
galeata, Antilophia 123.5
galeatus, Dryocopus 85.5
galeatus, Lophotriccus 140.6
Galinha-do-mato 117.8
Galinha-doméstica 31.9
Galito 147.8
Gallinago 40
Gallinula 34
GALLINULE, AZURE 34.9
COMMON 34.8
PURPLE 34.10
SPOT-FLANKED 34.6
Gallus 31
gallus, Gallus 31.9
Galo-da-serra 121.10
Gampsonyx 17
1447
GANNET, AUSTRALASIAN 7.1
CAPE 7.2
Garça-azul 11.3
Garça-azul-grande 12.1
Garça-branca-grande 11.5
Garça-branca-pequena 11.4
Garça-branca-pequena-européia 11.6
Garça-caranguejeira 11.9
Garça-da-mata 12.5
Garça-moura 12.3
Garça-negra 11.7
Garça-real 11.10
Garça-real-européia 12.2
Garça-roxa 12.4
Garça-tricolor 11.2
Garça-vaqueira 11.8
Garibaldi 164.9
1448
Garrincha-chorona 90.4
Garrincha-cinza 159.1
Garrincha-do-oeste 158.9
Garrincha-dos-lhanos 158.2
Garrinch o-coraia 158.7
Garrinch o-de-barriga-vermelha 158.8
Garrinch o-de-bico-grande 158.10
Garrinch o-pai-avô 158.6
garzetta, Egretta 11.6
Gaturamo-an o 177.1
Gaturamo-capim 177.3
Gaturamo-de-barriga-branca 177.8
Gaturamo-de-bico-grosso 177.5
Gaturamo-do-norte 177.10
Gaturamo-preto 178.2
Gaturamo-rei 177.7
Gaturamo-verdadeiro 177.4
1449
Gaturamo-verde 178.1
Gaúcha-d’água 146.4
Gaúcho-chocolate 146.10
Gavi o-asa-de-telha 22.7
Gavi o-azul 20.2
Gavi o-belo 22.8
Gavi o-bombachinha 18.4
Gavi o-bombachinha-grande 19.7
Gavi o-branco 20.6
Gavi o-caboclo 22.3
Gavi o-caramujeiro 18.1
Gavi o-caranguejeiro-preto 22.4
Gavi o-carijó 22.2
Gavi o-cinza 17.5
Gavi o-de-anta 24.10
Gavi o-de-asa-larga 21.2
Gavi o-de-cabeça-cinza 19.1
1450
Gavi o-de-cara-preta 20.3
Gavi o-de-cauda-curta 21.4
Gavi o-de-penacho 23.7
Gavi o-de-pescoço-branco 19.2
Gavi o-de-rabo-barrado 22.1
Gavi o-de-rabo-branco 21.6
Gavi o-de-sobre-branco 21.3
Gavi o-do-banhado 17.6
Gavi o-do-igapó 18.2
Gavi o-miudinho 19.5
Gavi o-miúdo 19.6
Gavi o-papa-gafanhoto 21.5
Gavi o-pato 23.6
Gavi o-pedr s 21.1
Gavi o-pega-macaco 23.5
Gavi o-peneira 17.3
Gavi o-pernilongo 20.1
1451
Gavi o-pombo-grande 20.7
Gavi o-pombo-pequeno 20.5
Gavi o-preto 22.6
Gavi o-real 23.4
Gavi o-ripina 18.3
Gavi o-tesoura 17.2
Gavi o-vaqueiro 20.4
Gavi ozinho 17.4
Gelochelidon 42
genei, Drymophila 111.3
genibarbis, Thryothorus 158.6
geoffroyi, Neomorphus 55.7
georgica, Anas 15.10
Geositta 91
Geothlypis 154
Geotrygon 44
Geranospiza 20
1452
GIANT-PETREL, NORTHERN 2.6
SOUTHERN 2.5
Gib o-de-couro 142.8
giganteus, Macronectes 2.5
gilvicollis, Micrastur 25.2
gilvus, Mimus 161.8
glacialoides, Fulmarus 5.2
Glareola 35
Glaucidium 57
Glaucis 65
glaucocaerulea, Cyanoloxia 174.7
glaucopis, Thalurania 67.5
glaucus, Anodorhynchus 47.3
globulosa, Crax 31.6
Glyphorynchus 86
GNATCATCHER, CREAMY-BELLIED 179.2
GUIANAN 179.3
1453
MASKED 179.6
PARÀ 179.4
RIO NEGRO 179.5
TROPICAL 179.1
GNATEATER, ASH-THROATED 118.8
BLACK-BELLIED 118.10
BLACK-CHEEKED 118.9
CHESTNUT-BELTED 118.6
HOODED 118.7
RUFOUS 118.5
GNATWREN, COLLARED 159.9
LONG-BILLED 159.10
Gnorimopsar 163
godefrida, Claravis 44.7
GODWIT, BAR-TAILED 36.4
HUDSONIAN 36.3
MARBLED 36.5
1454
goeldii, Myrmeciza 115.9
GOLDEN-PLOVER, AMERICAN 37.9
GOLDENTHROAT, GREEN-TAILED 69.10
WHITE-TAILED 69.9
GOLDFINCH, EUROPEAN 175.7
Golinho 182.6
GOOSE, ORINOCO 14.4
gouldii, Lophornis 68.5
gouldii, Selenidera 80.4
gounellei, Anopetia 65.6
gracilipes, Zimmerius 135.7
gracilirostris, Vireo 154.9
GRACKLE, CARIB 163.8
MOUNTAIN 163.4
VELVET-FRONTED 163.3
Gralha-azul 180.2
Gralha-canc 180.8
1455
Gralha-da-guiana 180.6
Gralha-de-nuca-azul 180.4
Gralha-do-campo 180.5
Gralha-do-pantanal 180.1
Gralh o 24.11
Gralha-picaça 180.7
Gralha-violácea 180.3
Grallaria 119
grallaria, Fregetta 6.5
grammicus, Celeus 84.1
granadensis, Myiozetetes 148.2
Granatellus 152
grandis, Nyctibius 59.8
grantsaui, Formicivora 110.8
GRASS-FINCH, LESSER 185.6
WEDGE-TAILED 185.5
GRASSQUIT, BLUE-BLACK 184.5
1456
DULL-COLORED 173.2
SOOTY 173.3
Graúna 163.2
Gravatazeiro 113.1
Graveteiro 95.6
GRAVETEIRO, PINK-
LEGGED 96.8
gravis, Puffinus 4.1
Graydidascalus 54
Grazina 40.9
Grazina-de-barriga-branca 5.9
Grazina-de-bico-curto 3.7
Grazina-de-cabeça-branca 5.5
Grazina-de-coroa-preta 5.7
Grazina-de-trindade 5.3
Grazina-mole 5.6
GREBE, GREAT 8.9
1457
LEAST 8.5
PIED-BILLED 8.8
SILVERY 8.7
WHITE-TUFTED 8.6
GREENFINCH, EUROPEAN 175.8
GREENLET, ASHY-HEADED 155.5
BROWN-HEADED 155.8
BUFF-CHEEKED 155.7
DUSKY-CAPPED 155.10
GRAY-CHESTED 155.2
GRAY-EYED 155.4
LEMON-CHESTED 155.3
RUFOUS-CROWNED 155.1
TAWNY-CROWNED 155.9
TEPUI 155.6
Grimpeirinho 90.2
Grimpeiro 90.3
1458
grisea, Formicivora 110.2
griseicapillus, Sittasomus 86.6
griseiceps, Phyllomyias 131.6
griseipectus, Hemitriccus 139.10
griseocapilla, Phyllomyias 131.5
griseogularis, Phaethornis 65.4
Griseotyrannus 149
griseus, Campylorhynchus 158.2
griseus, Limnodromus 36.2
griseus, Nyctibius 59.7
griseus, Puffinus 4.2
griseus, Thryothorus 159.1
Gritador 150.3
GROSBEAK, BLACK-BACKED 174.1
BLUE-BLACK 174.8
GLAUCOUS-BLUE 174.7
1459
RED-AND-BLACK 174.4
SLATE-COLORED 174.5
ULTRAMARINE 174.9
YELLOW-GREEN 174.2
YELLOW-SHOULDERED 174.3
grossus, Saltator 174.5
GROUNDCREEPER, CANEBRAKE 95.9
GROUND-CUCKOO, REDBILLED 55.10
RUFOUS-VENTED 55.7
RUFOUS-WINGED 55.9
SCALED 55.8
GROUND-DOVE, BLUE 44.6
BLUE-EYED 44.5
COMMON 44.1
LONG-TAILED 45.2
PICUI 44.4
PLAIN-BREASTED 44.2
1460
PURPLE-WINGED 44.7
RUDDY 44.3
GROUND-TYRANT, LITTLE 146.4
gryphus, Vultur 16.6
Guácharo 59.9
guainumbi, Polytmus 69.9
GUAN, CHESTNUT-BELLIED 29.2
DUSKY-LEGGED 29.7
MARAIL 29.4
RUSTY-MARGINED 29.5
SPIX’S 29.6
WHITE-BROWED 29.3
WHITE-CRESTED 29.1
Guará 9.4
Guaracava-cinzenta 131.8
Guaracava-de-barriga-amarela 132.1
Guaracava-de-bico-curto 132.5
1461
Guaracava-de-crista-alaranjada 131.10
Guaracava-de-crista-branca 132.4
Guaracava-de-penacho-amarelo 131.9
Guaracava-de-topete-uniforme 132.8
Guaracava-de-topete-vermelho 132.9
Guaracava-do-rio 132.7
Guaracava-gigante 133.3
Guaracava-grande 132.2
Guaracava-modesta 137.5
Guaracava-serrana 133.2
Guaracavuçu 142.10
guarauna, Aramus 28.9
guarayanus, Thryothorus 158.9
Guarda-floresta 116.8
Guarda-várzea 116.6
Guarouba 47
guarouba, Guarouba 47.8
1462
guatemalae, Megascops 57.5
guatimalensis, Grallaria 119.3
Guaxe 162.8
Gubernatrix 173
Gubernetes 147
guianensis, Morphnus 23.3
guianensis, Polioptila 179.3
GUINEAFOWL, HELMETED 31.10
Guira 55
guira, Guira 55.3
guira, Hemithraupis 167.6
guirahuro, Pseudoleistes 165.9
gujanensis, Cyclarhis 154.4
gujanensis, Odontophorus 30.6
gujanensis, Synallaxis 93.3
gularis, Egretta 11.7
gularis, Myrmotherula 106.7
1463
gularis, Paroaria 172.7
GULL, BROWN-HEADED 42.6
FRANKLIN’S 42.8
GRAY-HEADED 42.5
KELP 42.3
LAUGHING 42.7
LESSER BLACK-BACKED 42.4
OLROG’S 42.2
RING-BILLED 42.9
guttata, Myrmotherula 106.6
guttata, Ortalis 30.1
guttata, Tangara 170.9
guttatus, Hypoedaleus 101.3
guttatus, Psilorhamphus 118.11
guttatus, Tinamus 26.6
guttatus, Xiphorhynchus 89.2
gutturalis, Corapipo 126.10
1464
gutturalis, Epinecrophylla 106.8
gutturata, Cranioleuca 94.8
Gyalophylax 95
Gygis 40
Gymnoderus 123
Gymnomystax 165
Gymnopithys 116–117
gymnops, Rhegmatorhina 117.7
Gypopsitta 54
gyrola, Tangara 172.5
Habia 173
haemastica, Limosa 36.3
Haematoderus 123
haematonota, Epinecrophylla 106.10
Haematopus 35
haemorrhous, Cacicus 162.8
haliaetus, Pandion 17.1
1465
halli, Macronectes 2.6
Halobaena 3
hamatus, Helicolestes 18.2
Haplospiza 185
hardyi, Glaucidium 57.7
Harpagus 18
Harpia 23
Harpyhaliaetus 23
harpyja, Harpia 23.4
HARRIER, CINEREOUS 17.5
LONG-WINGED 17.6
harrisii, Aegolius 58.2
hasitata, Pterodroma 5.7
hauxwelli, Myrmotherula 106.5
hauxwelli, Turdus 161.5
HAWK, BICOLORED 19.7
BLACK-COLLARED 22.8
1466
BLACK-FACED 20.3
BROAD-WINGED 21.2
COMMON BLACK- 22.4
CRANE 20.1
GRAY 21.1
GRAY-BELLIED 19.4
GREAT BLACK- 22.6
HARRIS’S 22.7
MANTLED 20.7
RED-BACKED 21.7
ROADSIDE 22.2
RUFOUS CRAB 22.5
SAVANNA 22.3
SHARP-SHINNED 19.6
SHORT-TAILED 21.4
SLATE-COLORED 20.2
SWAINSON’S 21.5
1467
TINY 19.5
WHITE 20.6
WHITE-BROWED 20.4
WHITE-NECKED 20.5
WHITE-RUMPED 21.3
WHITE-TAILED 21.6
ZONE-TAILED 22.1
HAWK-EAGLE, BLACK 23.5
ORNATE 23.7
heilprini, Cyanocorax 180.4
Heliactin 71
hellas, Eurypyga 35.4
Helicolestes 18
Heliobletus 99
Heliodoxa 70
Heliomaster 71
1468
Heliornis 35
Heliothryx 71
hellmayri, Anthus 128.7
hellmayri, Gyalophylax 95.1
hemileucus, Myrmochanes 113.10
hemimelaena, Myrmeciza 115.6
Hemithraupis 167
Hemitriccus 138–139
Henicorhina 159
herbicola, Emberizoides 185.5
HERMIT, BROAD-TIPPED 65.6
BUFF-BELLIED 65.1
CINNAMON-THROATED 65.2
DUSKY-THROATED 64.8
EASTERN LONG-TAILED 64.1
GRAY-CHINNED 65.4
GREAT-BILLED 64.2
1469
HOOK-BILLED 65.10
MARANHAO 65.2
MARGARETTA’S 64.3
MINUTE 65.5
NEEDLE-BILLED 64.7
PLANALTO 64.10
REDDISH 65.3
RUFOUS-BREASTED 65.7
SAW-BILLED 66.1
SCALE-THROATED 64.4
STRAIGHT-BILLED 64.6
STREAK-THROATED 64.9
WHITE-BEARDED 64.5
herodias, Ardea 12.1
HERON, AGAMI 12.5
BOAT-BILLED 10.7
CAPPED 11.10
1470
COCOI 12.3
GRAY 12.2
GREAT BLUE 12.1
LITTLE BLUE 11.3
PURPLE 12.4
SQUACCO 11.9
STRIATED 10.8
TRICOLORED 11.2
WESTERN REEF 11.7
WHISTLING 11.1
ZIGZAG 10.4
Herpetotheres 24
Herpsilochmus 109
Heterocercus 123
Heteronetta 15
Heterospizias 22
heterurus, Caprimulgus 62.1
1471
hiaticula, Charadrius 38.2
Himantopus 35
himantopus, Calidris 39.8
hirsutus, Glaucis 65.7
hirundinacea, Cypsnagra 166.6
hirundinacea, Sterna 41.4
hirundinaceus, Caprimulgus 62.4
Hirundinea 142
Hirundo 156
hirundo, Sterna 41.5
hispidus, Phaethornis 64.5
HOATZIN 28.10
hoazin, Opisthocomus 28.10
hoffmannsi, Dendrocolaptes 88.1
hoffmannsi, Rhegmatorhina 117.6
holosericeus, Amblyramphus 164.10
homochroa, Catamenia 184.3
1472
HONEYCREEPER, RED-LEGGED 176.9
GREEN 176.6
PURPLE 176.8
SHORT-BILLED 176.7
HOOKBILL, CHESTNUT-
WINGED 97.6
HORNERO, LESSER 91.5
PALE-BILLED 91.8
PALE-LEGGED 91.7
RUFOUS 91.9
WING-BANDED 91.6
hudsoni, Asthenes 90.7
hudsoni, Knipolegus 145.2
huetii, Touit 51.6
huhula, Strix 58.9
humaythae, Schistocichla 114.6B
humeralis, Ammodramus 186.6
1473
humeralis, Parkerthraustes 174.3
humeralis, Terenura 108.10
HUMMINGBIRD, COPPER-TAILED 69.5
GILDED 70.9
OLIVE-SPOTTED 71.2
RUBY-TOPAZ 68.3
SOMBRE 69.8
SWALLOW-TAILED 71.1
WHITE-BELLIED 69.4
hyacinthinus, Anodorhynchus 47.1
Hydropsalis 60
Hylexetastes 87
Hylocharis 67&70
Hylocryptus 99
Hyloctistes 97
Hylopezus 119
1474
Hylophilus 155
Hylophylax 116
Hymenops 146
hyperrhynchus, Notharchus 77.6
hyperythra, Myrmeciza 115.7
hyperythrus, Campylopterus 66.4
hypochroma, Sporophila 183.5
Hypocnemis 113
Hypocnemoides 113
Hypoedaleus 101
hypoleuca, Serpophaga 134.6
hypoleucus, Basileuterus 153.5
hypopyrra, Laniocera 129.4
hypospodia, Synallaxis 92.8
hypoxantha, Hypocnemis 113.7
hypoxantha, Sporophila 182.10
hypoxanthus, Hylophilus 155.10
1475
ibis, Bubulcus 11.8
IBIS, BARE-FACED 9.5
BUFF-NECKED 9.9
GREEN 9.10
PLUMBEOUS 9.8
SCARLET 9.4
SHARP-TAILED 9.7
WHITE-FACED 9.6
Ibycter 24
icterocephalus, Chrysomus 164.8
icterophrys, Satrapa 146.3
Icterus 165
Ictinia 18
idaliae, Phaethornis 65.5
ignobilis, Turdus 161.1
iheringi, Formicivora 110.1
iheringi, Myrmotherula 107.8
1476
Ilicura 123
immunda, Rhytipterna 150.2
imthurni, Macroagelaius 163.4
incerta, Pterodroma 5.9
inda, Chloroceryle 73.6
indigoticus, Scytalopus 120.7
inerme, Ornithion 134.2
Inezia 137
infuscata, Synallaxis 92.1
infuscatus, Automolus 99.2
infuscatus, Phimosus 9.5
Inhambu-anhangá 27.5
Inhambu-anhangai 28.2
Inhambu-carape 26.2
Inhambu-carijo 28.1
Inhambu-chint 28.4
Inhambu-chororo 28.3
1477
Inhambu-de-cabeça-vermelha 26.4
Inhambu-de-coroa-preta 27.2
Inhambu-de-pe-cinza 27.9
Inhambu-de-perna-vermelha 27.6
Inhambu-galinha 26.6
Inhambuguaçu 27.3
Inhambu-preto 27.1
Inhambu-relogio 27.10
inornata, Inezia 137.7
inornatus, Hemitriccus 139.6
inquisitor, Tityra 129.10
inscriptus, Pteroglossus 79.1
insignis, Thamnophilus 103.10
intermedia, Sporophila 181.4
interpres, Arenaria 37.1
involucris, Ixobrychus 10.2
Iodopleura 129
1478
iohannis, Hemitriccus 139.2
Ipecuá 102.8
iraiensis, Scytalopus 120.4
Iratauá-grande 165.8
Iratauá-pequeno 164.8
Iraúna-da-guiana 163.4
Iraúna-de-bico-branco 162.7
Iraúna-do-norte 163.8
Iraúna-grande 163.7
Iraúna-velada 163.3
Irer 14.2
iris, Lepidothrix 126.5
Irré 150.7
irupero, Xolmis 146.8
isabellae, Iodopleura 129.7
islerorum, Suiriri 133.5
Ixobrychus 10
1479
Jabiru 12
JABIRU 12.8
JACAMAR, BLUE-CHEEKED 74.2
BLUISH-FRONTED 74.8
BRONZY 74.7
BROWN 75.3
GREAT 74.4
GREEN-TAILED 74.10
PARADISE 74.5
PURPLISH 74.6
PURUS 75.2
RUFOUS-TAILED 74.3
THREE-TOED 75.5
WHITE-CHINNED 74.9
WHITE-EARED 75.1
WHITE-THROATED 75.4
YELLOW-BILLED 74.1
1480
Jacamaraçu 74.4
Jacamaralcyon 75
Jacamerops 74
Jacamim-de-costas-brancas 28.7
Jacamim-de-costas-cinzentas 28.6
Jacamim-de-costas-verdes 28.8
Jacana 32
Jaçan 32.10
jacana, Jacana 32.10
JACANA, WATTLED 32.10
jacarina, Volatinia 184.5
JACOBIN, BLACK 67.2
WHITE-NECKED 67.1
jacquacu, Penelope 29.6
Jacuaçu 29.7
Jacucaca 29.3
jacucaca, Penelope 29.3
1481
Jacu-de-barriga-castanha 29.2
Jacu-de-spix 29.6
Jacu-estalo 55.7
Jacu-estalo-de-asa-vermelha 55.9
Jacu-estalo-de-bico-vermelho 55.10
Jacu-estalo-escamoso 55.8
Jacumirim 29.4
Jacupemba 29.5
Jacupiranga 29.1
Jacurutu 58.6
Jacutinga 29.10
jacutinga, Aburria 29.10
Jacutinga-de-garganta-azul 29.9
JAEGER, LONG-TAILED 43.2
PARASITIC 43.1
POMARINE 43.3
jamacaii, Icterus 165.5
1482
jamaicensis, Laterallus 32.8
jamesi, Phoenicoparrus 13.6
Jandaia-amarela 47.9
Jandaia-de-testa-vermelha 48.4
Jandaia-verdadeira 48.3
jandaya, Aratinga 48.3
Jaó 27.4
Jaó-do-sul 27.8
Japacanim 158.1
Japu 162.5
Japuaçu 162.6
Japu-de-capacete 162.4
Japu-de-rabo-verde 162.2
Japu-pardo 162.3
Japu-verde 162.1
JAY, AZURE 180.2
AZURE-NAPED 180.4
1483
CAYENNE 180.6
CURL-CRESTED 180.5
PLUSH-CRESTED 180.7
PURPLISH 180.1
VIOLACEOUS 180.3
WHITE-NAPED 180.8
JEWELFRONT, GOULD’S 70.7
Jo o-baiano 92.3
Jo o-bobo 78.3
Jo o-botina-da-mata 95.7
Jo o-botina-do-brejo 95.8
Jo o-chique-chique 95.1
Jo o-corta-pau 61.6
Jo o-da-canarana 93.10
Jo o-de-barba-grisalha 93.5
Jo o-de-barriga-branca 93.2
Jo o-de-barro 91.9
1484
Jo o-de-bico-pálido 91.8
Jo o-de-cabeça-cinza 94.5
Jo o-de-pau 95.4
Jo o-de-peito-escuro 92.7
Jo o-de-rabo-comprido 90.8
Jo o-de-roraima 96.7
Jo o-do-araguaia 93.4b
Jo o-do-norte 92.10
Jo o-do-pantanal 93.4
Jo o-do-pantanal 93.4a
Jo o-do-tepui 94.2
Jo o-escamoso 94.7
Jo o-escuro 92.9
Jo o-folheiro 96.6
Jo o-grilo 92.8
Jo o-liso 95.3
Jo o-pintado 94.8
1485
Jo o-pinto 165.6
Jo o-pinto-amarelo 165.3
Jo o-platino 90.7
Jo o-pobre 134.5
Jo o-porca 98.10
Jo o-teneném 92.6
Jo o-teneném-becuá 93.3
Jo o-teneném-castanho 93.8
Jo ozinho 91.5
johannae, Doryfera 66.2
josephinae, Hemitriccus 138.5
jubata, Neochen 14.4
JUNGLEFOWL, RED 31.9
Junqueiro-de-bico-curvo 96.2
Junqueiro-de-bico-reto 96.3
Juriti-gemedeira 45.5
Juriti-pupu 45.4
1486
Juriti-safira 44.8
Juriti-vermelha 44.9
Juruva-ruiva 73.2
Juruva-verde 73.3
Juruviara 154.6
Juruviara-barbuda 154.8
Juruviara-de-noronha 154.9
Juruviara-verde-amarelada 154.7
kaempferi, Hemitriccus 139.8
kawalli, Amazona 52.8
KESTREL, AMERICAN 24.1
EURASIAN 24.2
kienerii, Xiphorhynchus 88.5
KINGBIRD, EASTERN 149.6
GRAY 149.7
TROPICAL 149.9
1487
KINGFISHER, AMAZON 73.7
AMERICAN PYGMY 73.8
GREEN 73.9
GREEN-AND-RUFOUS 73.6
RINGED 73.5
kirkii, Veniliornis 83.4
KISKADEE, GREAT 148.7
LESSER 148.6
KITE, DOUBLE-TOOTHED 18.3
GRAY-HEADED 19.1
HOOK-BILLED 19.3
MISSISSIPPI 18.5
PEARL 17.4
PLUMBEOUS 18.6
RUFOUS-THIGHED 18.4
SLENDER-BILLED 18.2
SNAIL 18.1
1488
SWALLOW-TAILED 17.2
WHITE-COLLARED 19.2
WHITE-TAILED 17.3
klagesi, Myrmotherula 106.1
Knipolegus 145
KNOT, RED 39.1
koeniswaldiana, Pulsatrix 59.2
kollari, Synallaxis 93.5
kronei, Phylloscartes 136.6
kuhli, Leucopternis 20.4
lacernulatus, Leucopternis 20.5
lactea, Amazilia 69.2
lactea, Polioptila 179.2
laeta, Cercomacra 112.10
lafresnayi, Picumnus 81.2
lalandi, Stephanoxis 68.2
lamellipennis, Xipholena 121.2
1489
Lampropsar 163
Lamprospiza 166
LANCEBILL, BLUE-FRONTED 66.2
lanceolata, Micromonacha 76.10
langsdorffi, Discosura 68.10
laniirostris, Euphonia 177.5
Laniisoma 130
Lanio 167
Laniocera 129
lanioides, Lipaugus 124.3
lapponica, Limosa 36.4
LAPWING, PIED 37.7
SOUTHERN 37.8
largipennis, Campylopterus 66.3
Larus 42
lateralis, Poospiza 186.2
Laterallus 32
1490
Lathrotriccus 142
latirostris, Cacicus 162.2
latirostris, Poecillotriccus 141.5
Lavadeira-de-cara-branca 147.4
Lavadeira-do-norte 147.3
Lavadeira-mascarada 147.5
lawrencii, Turdus 161.3
leachii, Mackenziaena 101.6
LEAFTOSSER, BLACK-TAILED 100.4
GRAY-THROATED 100.3
SHORT-BILLED 100.2
TAWNY-THROATED 100.1
leari, Anodorhynchus 47.2
Legatus 148
lemosi, Cypseloides 62.6
Lenheiro 90.5
1491
Lenheiro-da-serra-do-cipó 90.6
lepida, Pyrrhura 49.4
Lepidocolaptes 89
Lepidothrix 126
Leptasthenura 90
Leptodon 19
Leptopogon 137
Leptotila 45
lepturus, Phaethon 6.9
Lessonia 144
lessonii, Pterodroma 5.5
leucaspis, Gymnopithys 117.2
Leucippus 71
leucoblepharus, Basileuterus 153.6
leucocephala, Arundinicola 147.6
Leucochloris 70
leucogaster, Amazilia 69.3
1492
leucogaster, Pionites 54.1
leucogaster, Sula 7.4
leucogastra, Galbula 74.7
leucogenys, Cichlopsis 160.1
leucolaemus, Piculus 82.7
leucomelas, Turdus 160.10
leuconota, Pyriglena 111.8
Leucophaeus 42
leucophaius, Legatus 148.1
leucophrus, Cichlocolaptes 97.10
leucophrys, Basileuterus 153.7
leucophrys, Callonetta 15.1
leucophrys, Mecocerculus 134.4
leucophrys, Myrmoborus 113.3
leucophthalma, Aratinga 48.2
leucophthalma, Epinecrophylla 106.9
leucophthalmus, Automolus 99.4
1493
leucopogon, Campephilus 85.10
leucops, Turdus 160.6
leucoptera, Fulica 35.3
leucoptera, Piranga 173.8
leucoptera, Psophia 28.7
leucoptera, Pyriglena 111.9
leucoptera, Sporophila 182.8
Leucopternis 20
leucopterus, Nyctibius 59.4
leucopus, Furnarius 91.7
leucopyga, Nyctiprogne 61.2
leucopyrrhus, Laterallus 33.1
leucorhoa, Oceanodroma 6.6
leucorodia, Platalea 12.10
leucorrhoa, Tachycineta 156.2
leucorrhous, Percnohierax 21.3
leucoryphus, Platyrinchus 143.10
1494
leucosticta, Henicorhina 159.4
leucostigma, Schistocichla 114.6A
leucotis, Galbalcyrhynchus 75.1
leucotis, Pyrrhura 49.7
leucotis, Thryothorus 158.8
leucotis, Vireolanius 154.5
leucurus, Elanus 17.3
leucurus, Threnetes 65.9
leveriaus, Cissopis 166.7
lherminieri, Puffinus 4.6
lichtensteini, Philydor 98.6
lictor, Philohydor 148.6
limae, Picumnus 82.4
Limnoctites 96
Limnodromus 36
Limnornis 96
Limosa 36
1495
Limpa-folha-coroado 98.8
Limpa-folha-de-asa-castanha 98.5
Limpa-folha-de-bico-virado 97.5
Limpa-folha-de-cauda-ruiva 98.1
Limpa-folha-de-sobre-ruivo 98.4
Limpa-folha-de-testa-baia 98.7
Limpa-folha-do-brejo 98.3
Limpa-folha-do-buriti 96.9
Limpa-folha-do-nordeste 98.9
Limpa-folha-miúdo 96.10
Limpa-folha-ocráceo 98.6
Limpa-folha-picanço 97.6
Limpa-folha-riscado 97.7
Limpa-folha-vermelho 98.2
LIMPKIN 28.9
lineata, Conopophaga 118.5
lineata, Dacnis 176.2
1496
lineatum, Tigrisoma 10.10
lineatus, Cymbilaimus 101.1
lineatus, Dryocopus 85.7
lineola, Sporophila 181.10
linteatus, Heterocercus 123.8
Liosceles 120
Lipaugus 124
littoralis, Formicivora 110.5
littoralis, Ochthornis 146.2
livia, Columba 45.7
Lochmias 98
longicauda, Bartramia 37.2
longicauda, Deconychura 86.4
longicauda, Embernagra 185.8
longicaudus, Discosura 68.9
longicaudus, Stercorarius 43.2
longipennis, Myrmotherula 107.6
1497
longipes, Myrmeciza 115.1
longirostris, Caprimulgus 61.8
longirostris, Heliomaster 71.7
longirostris, Herpsilochmus 109.8
longirostris, Nasica 86.9
longirostris, Rallus 33.7
longirostris, Thryothorus 158.10
Lophornis 68
Lophostrix 58
lophotes, Knipolegus 145.10
lophotes, Percnostola 114.8
lophotes, Pseudoseisura 97.2
Lophotriccus 140
loricata, Compsothraupis 167.2
loricata, Myrmeciza 115.2
lucianii, Pyrrhura 50.2
lucidus, Chlorostilbon 70.4
1498
luctuosa, Sporophila 182.1
luctuosus, Sakesphorus 102.3
luctuosus, Tachyphonus 169.5
Lugensa 3
lugubris, Brachygalba 75.3
lugubris, Celeus 84.4
lugubris, Myrmoborus 113.4
lugubris, Quiscalus 163.8
luizae, Asthenes 90.6
lumachella, Augastes 71.3
Lurocalis 61
luteiventris, Myiodynastes 149.2
luteiventris, Myiozetetes 148.3
luteiventris, Sicalis 179.10
luteola, Sicalis 179.9
lutescens, Anthus 128.8
macao, Ara 47.6
1499
Maçarico-acanelado 39.9
Maçarico-branco 39.2
Maçarico-de-asa-branca 36.10
Maçarico-de-bico-comprido 36.1
Maçarico-de-bico-fino 39.6
Maçarico-de-bico-virado 36.3
Maçarico-de-colete 39.7
Maçarico-de-costas-brancas 36.2
Maçarico-de-papo-vermelho 39.1
Maçarico-de-perna-amarela 36.9
Maçarico-de-perna-vermelha 37.6
Maçarico-de-sobre-branco 39.5
Maçarico-do-campo 37.2
Maçarico-esquimó 36.6
Maçarico-galego 36.7
Maçarico-grande-de-perna-amarela 36.8
Maçarico-marmóreo 36.5
1500
Maçarico-pernilongo 39.8
Maçarico-pintado 37.3
Maçarico-rasteirinho 39.3
Maçarico-real 9.8
Maçarico-solitário 37.4
Maçarico-sovela 37.5
Maçariquinho 39.4
MACAW, BLUE-AND-YELLOW 47.5
BLUE-HEADED 46.7
BLUE-WINGED 46.8
CHESTNUT-FRONTED 46.5
GLAUCOUS 47.3
HYACINTH 47.1
RED-AND-GREEN 47.7
RED-BELLIED 46.6
RED-SHOULDERED 46.10
SCARLET 47.6
1501
SPIX’S 47.4
VARIABLE 47.2
YELLOW- COLLARED 46.9
macconnelli, Mionectes 137.2
macconnelli, Synallaxis 92.9
maccormicki, Stercorarius 43.5
Machaeropterus 125
Machetornis 147
Mackenziaena 101
Macroagelaius 163
macrodactylus, Bucco 78.1
Macronectes 2
Macropsalis 60
macroptera, Pterodroma 5.4
macrorhynchos, Notharchus 77.5
macroura, Eupetomena 71.1
macroura, Thripophaga 95.2
1502
Macuco 26.5
macularius, Actitis 37.3
macularius, Hylopezus 119.4
maculata, Cotinga 121.8
maculata, Terenura 108.8
maculatum, Todirostrum 142.1
maculatus, Myiodynastes 149.1
maculatus, Nystalus 78.4
maculatus, Pardirallus 33.10
maculicauda, Hypocnemoides 113.9
maculicaudus, Caprimulgus 61.10
maculifrons, Veniliornis 83.7
maculipennis, Chroicocephalus 42.6
maculirostris, Selenidera 80.7
maculosa, Nothura 26.8
maculosa, Patagioenas 46.3
Macuquinho 120.7
1503
Macuquinho-baiano 120.6
Macuquinho-da-várzea 120.4
Macuru 75.6
Macuru-de-barriga-castanha 77.7
Macuru-de-peito-marrom 77.8
Macuru-de-pescoço-branco 77.6
Macuru-de-testa-branca 77.5
Macuru-papa-mosca 76.10
Macuru-pintado 77.9
M e-da-lua 59.7
M e-da-lua-gigante 59.8
M e-da-lua-parda 59.6
M e-de-taoca 116.9
M e-de-taoca-arlequim 117.3
M e-de-taoca-avermelhada 116.10
M e-de-taoca-bochechuda 117.2
M e-de-taoca-cabeçuda 117.5
1504
M e-de-taoca-cristada 117.4
M e-de-taoca-de-cara-branca 117.7
M e-de-taoca-de-cauda-barrada 116.5
M e-de-taoca-de-garganta-vermelha 116.4
M e-de-taoca-dourada 114.10
M e-de-taoca-papuda 117.6
magellani, Pelecanoides 3.5
magellanica, Carduelis 187.4
magellanicus, Spheniscus 8.2
magna, Sturnella 164.5
magnificens, Fregata 7.6
magnificus, Lophornis 68.6
magnirostris, Rupornis 22.2
Maguari 12.7
maguari, Ciconia 12.7
Maitaca-de-cabeça-azul 54.9
Maitaca-roxa 53.10
1505
Maitaca-verde 54.10
major, Crotophaga 55.1
major, Diglossa 178.5
major, Podiceps 8.9
major, Schiffornis 129.1
major, Taraba 101.9
major, Tinamus 26.4
major, Xiphocolaptes 87.9
malachitacea, Triclaria 50.10
Malacoptila 78
malaris, Phaethornis 64.2
malura, Drymophila 111.6
maluroides, Spartonoica 95.10
Manacus 125
manacus, Manacus 125.8
MANAKIN, ARARIPE 123.6
BAND-TAILED 125.2
1506
BLACK 125.11
BLUE 126.9
BLUE-BACKED 126.8
BLUE-CROWNED 126.2
CRIMSON-HOODED 125.1
EASTERN STRIPED 127.1
FIERY-CAPPED 125.9
FLAME-CROWNED 123.8
GOLDEN-CROWNED 126.6
GOLDEN-HEADED 125.4
HELMETED 123.5
OLIVE 125.10
OPAL-CROWNED 126.5
ORANGE-CROWNED 123.10
PIN-TAILED 123.7
RED-HEADED 125.5
1507
ROUND-TAILED 125.6
SCARLET-HORNED 125.7
SNOW-CAPPED 126.7
WESTEN STRIPED 127.2
WHITE-BEARDED 125.8
WHITE-CROWNED 126.1
WIRE-TAILED 125.3
MANAKIN-TYRANT, CINNAMON 127.8
Mandri o-antártico 43.7
Mandri o-chileno 43.6
Mandri o-de-cauda-comprida 43.2
Mandri o-do-sul 43.5
Mandri o-grande 43.4
Mandri o-parasítico 43.1
Mandri o-pomarino 43.3
1508
mangle, Aramides 34.1
MANGO, BLACK-THROATED 66.10
GREEN-THROATED 66.9
manilata, Orthopsittaca 46.6
manu, Cercomacra 112.8
maracana, Primolius 46.8
Maracan -de-cabeça-azul 46.7
Maracan -de-colar 46.9
Maracanã-do-buriti 46.6
Maracan -guaçu 46.5
Maracan -pequena 46.10
Maracan -verdadeira 46.8
marail, Penelope 29.4
maranhaoensis, Phaethornis 65.2
margarettae, Phaethornis 64.3
margaritaceiventer, Hemitriccus 139.5
margaritae, Conirostrum 178.9
1509
margaritatus, Megastictus 102.5
marginatus, Microcerculus 159.5
marginatus, Pachyramphus 130.6
Maria-bicudinha 138.5
Maria-bonita 140.8
Maria-cabeçuda 151.1
Maria-catarinense 139.8
Maria-cavaleira 150.9
Maria-cavaleira-de-rabo-enferrujado 150.8
Maria-cavaleira-pequena 150.6
Maria-corruíra 133.10
Maria-da-campina 139.6
Maria-da-praia 146.2
Maria-da-restinga 136.6
Maria-de-barriga-branca 139.10
Maria-de-cauca-escura 151.2
Maria-de-olho-branco 138.9
1510
Maria-de-olho-claro 140.7
Maria-de-peito-machetado 138.6
Maria-de-testa-preta 136.9
Maria-do-madeira 141.2
Maria-do-nordeste 139.7
mariae, Pteroglossus 79.6
Maria-faceira 11.1
Maria-fibiu 144.8
Maria-fiteira 140.4
Maria-leque 141.9
Maria-leque-do-sudeste 141.8
Maria-mirim 138.10
Marianinha-amarela 133.6
Marianinha-de-cabeça-amarela 54.1
Marianinha-de-cabeça-preta 54.2
Maria-pechim 131.7
Maria-pequena 136.10
1511
Maria-peruviana 139.2
Maria-picaça 141.1
Maria-preta-acinzentada 145.1
Maria-preta-bate-rabo 145.8
Maria-preta-de-bico-azulado 145.4
Maria-preta-de-cauda-ruiva 145.5
Maria-preta-de-garganta-vermelha 145.9
Maria-preta-de-penacho 145.10
Maria-preta-do-nordeste 145.7
Maria-preta-do-sul 145.2
Maria-preta-ribeirinha 145.6
Maria-sebinha 138.4
Maria-te-viu 134.1
Maria-topetuda 140.5
marina, Pelagodroma 6.2
Mariquita 152.1
Mariquita-amarela 152.6
1512
Mariquita-azul 152.9
Mariquita-boreal 153.2
Mariquita-cinza 152.4
Mariquita-de-cabeça-parda 152.5
Mariquita-de-connecticut 153.1
Mariquita-de-perna-clara 152.8
Mariquita-de-rabo-vermelho 152.3
Mariquita-do-canadá 154.3
Mariquita-papo-de-fogo 152.7
Mariquita-protonotária 154.1
Marreca-caneleira 14.3
Marreca-colhereira 15.6
Marreca-colorada 15.5
Marreca-cricri 15.11
Marreca-de-asa-azul 15.4
Marreca-de-bico-roxo 14.5
Marreca-de-cabeça-preta 15.12
1513
Marreca-de-coleira 15.1
Marrec o 14.9
Marreca-oveira 15.3
Marreca-parda 15.10
Marreca-pardinha 15.7
Marreca-pé-na-bunda 14.6
Marreca-toicinho 15.8
MARSHBIRD, BROWN-AND-YELLOW 165.10
YELLOW-RUMPED 165.9
MARSH-TYRANT, WHITE-HEADED 147.6
martii, Baryphthengus 73.2
Martim-pescador-da-mata 73.6
Martim-pescador-grande 73.5
Martim-pescador-pequeno 73.9
Martim-pescador-verde 73.7
MARTIN, BROWN-CHESTED 157.5
GRAY-BREASTED 157.2
1514
PURPLE 157.1
SOUTHERN 157.3
Martinho 73.8
martinica, Porphyrio 34.10
Matrac o 101.4
Maú 122.7
Maxalalagá 32.2
maxillosus, Saltator 175.5
maximiliani, Pionus 54.10
maximiliani, Sporophila 184.4
maximus, Saltator 175.2
maximus, Thalasseus 41.1
maynana, Cotinga 121.5
mcilhennyi, Conioptilon 121.9
MEADOWLARK, EASTERN 164.5
PAMPAS 164.6
Mecocerculus 134
1515
megacephalum, Ramphotrigon 151.1
Megaceryle 73
Megarynchus 148
Megascops 57
Megastictus 102
Megaxenops 100
Meia-lua-do-cerrado 120.9
melacoryphus, Coccyzus 56.7
melambrotus, Cathartes 16.4
melanaria, Cercomacra 112.9
melancholicus, Tyrannus 149.9
Melanerpes 85
melanocephala, Carpornis 124.9
melanocephalus, Pionites 54.2
melanoceps, Myrmeciza 115.8
melanochloros, Colaptes 83.9
melanocoryphus, Cygnus 13.10
1516
melanogaster, Conopophaga 118.10
melanogaster, Formicivora 110.3
melanogaster, Piaya 56.9
melanogaster, Sporophila 183.7
melanoleuca, Lamprospiza 166.10
melanoleuca, Poospiza 186.3
melanoleuca, Pygochelidon 156.6
melanoleuca, Tringa 36.8
melanoleucos, Campephilus 85.9
melanoleucus, Buteo 23.1
melanoleucus, Spizaetus 23.6
melanonota, Pipraeidea 172.2
melanonotus, Touit 51.8
Melanopareia 120
melanopezus, Automolus 99.6
melanophaius, Laterallus 32.6
melanophris, Thalassarche 1.6
1517
melanopis, Schistochlamys 166.3
melanopogon, Hypocnemoides 113.8
melanops, Conopophaga 118.9
melanops, Gallinula 34.6
melanops, Leucopternis 20.3
melanops, Phleocryptes 96.1
melanops, Sporophila 182.4
melanops, Trichothraupis 166.5
melanosticta, Rhegmatorhina 117.5
melanothorax, Thamnophilus 103.1
melanotis, Coryphaspiza 185.1
melanotos, Calidris 39.7
melanura, Pyrrhura 50.6
melanurus, Myrmoborus 113.2
melanurus, Ramphocaenus 159.10
melanurus, Trogon 72.5
meleagris, Numida 31.10
1518
mellisugus, Chlorostilbon 70.3
mellivora, Florisuga 67.1
melodus, Charadrius 38.3
meloryphus, Euscarthmus 133.9
menetriesii, Myrmotherula 108.4
menstruus, Pionus 54.9
mentalis, Dysithamnus 105.4
MERGANSER, BRAZILIAN 14.11
Mergulh o-caçador 8.8
Mergulh o-de-orelha-amarela 8.7
Mergulh o-de-orelha-branca 8.6
Mergulh o-grande 8.9
Mergulh o-pequeno 8.5
Mergus 14
meridionalis, Chaetura 63.8
meridionalis, Heterospizias 22.3
MERLIN 24.6
1519
merula, Dendrocincla 86.3
Merulaxis 120
meruloides, Chamaeza 118.3
Mesembrinibis 9
mesoleuca, Conothraupis 166.9
mesoleuca, Elaenia 132.6
Metopothrix 96
mexicana, Tangara 172.3
mexicanus, Gymnomystax 165.8
mexicanus, Himantopus 35.7
mexicanus, Sclerurus 100.1
meyeni, Tachycineta 156.3
Micraster 25
Microbates 159
Microcerculus 159
Micrococcyx 56.4
Micromonacha 76
1520
Micropygia 32
Microrhopias 108
militaris, Haematoderus 123.3
militaris, Ilicura 123.7
militaris, Sturnella 164.3
milleri, Xenops 100.6
Milvago 25
Mimus 161
Mineirinho 184.6
MINER, CAMPO 91.1
COMMON 91.2
miniatus, Myioborus 152.4
minimus, Catharus 160.3
minimus, Hemitriccus 138.10
minor, Chordeiles 60.9
minor, Coccyzus 56.1
minor, Fregata 7.8
1521
minor, Furnarius 91.5
minor, Hemitriccus 138.4
minor, Myrmotherula 107.7
minor, Nothura 26.9
minor, Pachyramphus 130.9
minor, Percnostola 114.3
mintoni, Micraster 25.3
minuta, Coccycua 56.8
minuta, Columbina 44.2
minuta, Euphonia 177.8
minuta, Sporophila 182.9
minutilla, Calidris 39.4
minutissimum, Glaucidium 57.8
minutus, Anous 40.8
minutus, Xenops 100.8
Mionectes 137
mirandae, Hemitriccus 139.7
1522
mirandollei, Micrastur 25.6
mississippiensis, Ictinia 18.5
Mitrospingus 173
Mitu 31
mitu, Mitu 31.2
Miudinho 140.1
mixtus, Veniliornis 83.1
Mocho-diabo 58.4
Mocho-dos-banhados 58.5
MOCKINGBIRD, CHALK-BROWED 161.9
TROPICAL 161.8
WHITE-BANDED 161.10
modestus, Charadrius 38.7
modestus, Forpus 51.3
modestus, Sublegatus 137.5
moesta, Amaurospiza 184.1
molinae, Pyrrhura 49.6
1523
mollis, Pterodroma 5.6
Molothrus 163
momota, Momotus 73.4
Momotus 73
monachus, Myiopsitta 50.8
Monasa 77
MONJITA, BLACK-AND-WHITE 146.9
BLACK-CROWNED 146.6
GRAY 146.5
WHITE 146.8
WHITE-RUMPED 146.7
MONKLET, LANCEOLATED 76.10
montana, Geotrygon 44.10
montivagus, Aeronautes 63.9
mooreorum, Glaucidium 57.9
MOORHEN, LESSER 34.7
moreirae, Oreophylax 90.4
1524
Morphnus 23
morphoeus, Monasa 77.3
Morus 7
moschata, Cairina 14.7
mosquitus, Chrysolampis 68.3
motmot, Ortalis 30.2
MOTMOT, BLUE-CROWNED 73.4
BROAD-BILLED 73.1
RUFOUS 73.2
RUFOUS-CAPPED 73.3
MOURNER, CINEREOUS 129.4
GRAYISH 150.1
PALE-BELLIED 150.2
muelleri, Cranioleuca 94.7
multostriata, Myrmotherula 106.2
munda, Serpophaga 134.8
murallae, Sporophila 181.6
1525
murina, Phaeomyias 134.10
murinus, Thamnophilus 103.9
Murucututu 59.1
Murucututu-de-barriga-amarela 59.2
muscicapinus, Hylophilus 155.7
Muscipipra 147
Muscisaxicola 146
musculus, Troglodytes 159.2
mustelinus, Certhiaxis 93.10
Mutum-cavalo 31.3
Mutum-de-bico-vermelho 31.7
Mutum-de-fava 31.6
Mutum-de-penacho 31.8
Mutum-do-nordeste 31.2
Mutum-do-norte 31.4
Mutum-poranga 31.5
Mycteria 12
1526
mycteria, Jabiru 12.8
Myiarchus 150
Myiobius 142
Myioborus 152
Myiodynastes 149
Myiopagis 131
Myiophobus 138
Myiopsitta 50
Myiornis 140
Myiozetetes 148
myotherinus, Myrmoborus 113.5
Myrmeciza 115–116
Myrmoborus 113
Myrmochanes 113
Myrmorchilus 108
Myrmornis 117
Myrmothera 119
1527
Myrmotherula 105–108
mystaceus, Platyrinchus 143.7
nacunda, Podager 60.10
naevia, Sclateria 114.1
naevia, Tapera 55.6
naevius, Hylophylax 116.8
naevius, Ramphodon 66.1
Nandayus 48
Nannopsittaca 51
nanus, Taoniscus 26.2
N o-pode-parar 136.1
napensis, Stigmatura 135.5
Narceja-de-bico-torto 40.3
Narcej o 40.2
Narceja-sul-americana 40.1
Nasica 86
nattereri, Anthus 128.9
1528
nattereri, Hylopezus 119.7
nattereri, Lepidothrix 126.7
nattereri, Phaethornis 65.2
nattereri, Selenidera 80.5
nattereri, Tachyphonus 169.2
nebulosus, Picumnus 82.5
neglecta, Pterodroma 5.8
Negrinho-do-mato 184.1
NEGRITO, AUSTRAL 144.10
Neinei 148.10
nematura, Lochmias 98.10
Nemosia 167
nenday, Nandayus 48.9
nengeta, Fluvicola 147.5
Neochen 14
Neocrex 33
Neoctantes 105
1529
Neomorphus 55
Neopelma 127
Neopipo 127
Neothraupis 166
Neoxolmis 146
Netta 14
nidipendulus, Hemitriccus 139.4
niger, Capito 76.2
niger, Chlidonias 40.5
niger, Neoctantes 105.1
niger, Rynchops 40.10
niger, Threnetes 65.8
nigerrimus, Knipolegus 145.9
NIGHTHAWK, BAHIAN 61.1
BAND-TAILED 61.2
COMMON 60.9
LEAST 60.6
1530
LESSER 60.8
NACUNDA 60.10
SAND-COLORED 60.7
SHORT-TAILED 61.3
NIGHT-HERON, BLACK-CROWNED 10.5
YELLOW-CROWNED 10.6
NIGHTINGALE-WREN, SCALY-BREASTED 159.5
NIGHTJAR, SANTA MARIA 62.1
BAND-WINGED 61.8
BLACKISH 62.2
LADDER-TAILED 60.5
LITTLE 62.1
LONG-TRAINED 60.4
PYGMY 62.4
RORAIMAN 62.3
RUFOUS 61.6
SCISSOR-TAILED 60.3
1531
SICKLE-WINGED 60.1
SILKY-TAILED 61.7
SPOT-TAILED 61.10
WHITE-TAILED 61.9
WHITE-WINGED 60.2
nigrescens, Caprimulgus 62.2
nigrescens, Cercomacra 112.4
nigrescens, Contopus 144.5
nigricans, Pardirallus 33.9
nigricans, Serpophaga 134.5
nigricollis, Anthracothorax 66.10
nigricollis, Busarellus 22.8
nigricollis, Phoenicircus 122.1
nigricollis, Sporophila 182.2
nigrifrons, Monasa 77.1
nigrifrons, Phylloscartes 136.9
nigripes, Dacnis 176.4
1532
nigrocincta, Tangara 171.3
nigrocinereus, Thamnophilus 103.5
nigrogularis, Icterus 165.3
nigrogularis, Ramphocelus 168.3
nigromaculata, Phlegopsis 116.9
nigropectus, Biatas 102.4
nigrorufa, Poospiza 186.1
nigrorufa, Sporophila 182.7
nilotica, Gelochelidon 42.1
nitidus, Buteo 21.1
nitidus, Cyanerpes 176.7
nobilis, Chamaeza 118.2
nobilis, Diopsittaca 46.10
noctivagus, Crypturellus 27.8
NODDY, BLACK 40.8
BROWN 40.7
Noivinha 146.8
1533
Noivinha-branca 146.7
Noivinha-coroada 146.6
Noivinha-de-rabo-preto 146.9
Nomonyx 14
Nonnula 75
notata, Chlorestes 69.7
notatus, Coturnicops 32.1
Notharchus 77
Nothocrax 31
Nothura 26
NOTHURA, LESSER 26.9
SPOTTED 26.8
WHITE-BELLIED 26.10
novacapitalis, Scytalopus 120.8
novaesi, Philydor 98.9
noveboracensis, Seiurus 153.2
nudicollis, Procnias 122.10
1534
nudigenis, Turdus 161.6
Numenius 36
Numida 31
NUNBIRD, BLACK 77.2
BLACK-FRONTED 77.1
WHITE-FRONTED 77.3
YELLOW-BILLED 77.4
NUNLET, CHESTNUT-HEADED 75.9
FULVOUS-CHINNED 75.7
RUFOUS-CAPPED 75.8
RUSTY-BREASTED 75.6
Nyctanassa 10
Nyctibius 59
Nycticorax 10
nycticorax, Nycticorax 10.5
Nycticryphes 40
Nyctidromus 61
1535
Nyctiphrynus 61
Nyctiprogne 61
Nystalus 78
obrieni, Celeus 84.8
obscura, Elaenia 133.1
obscura, Myrmotherula 105.8
obscura, Penelope 29.7
obscurior, Sublegatus 137.6
obscurus, Tiaris 173.2
obsoleta, Cranioleuca 94.4
obsoletum, Camptostoma 134.3
obsoletus, Crypturellus 27.3
obsoletus, Hemitriccus 138.8
obsoletus, Xiphorhynchus 88.6
occidentalis, Pelecanus 13.2
occipitalis, Podiceps 8.7
oceanicus, Oceanites 6.1
1536
Oceanites 6
Oceanodroma 6
ocellatus, Nyctiphrynus 61.5
ocellatus, Xiphorhynchus 88.8
ochraceiceps, Hylophilus 155.9
ochrocephala, Amazona 53.9
ochrogaster, Penelope 29.2
ochrogyna, Hypocnemis 113.6e
ochrolaemus, Automolus 99.1
ochroleucus, Hylopezus 119.6
ochropyga, Drymophila 111.4
Ochthornis 146
octosetaceus, Mergus 14.11
Odontophorus 30
Odontorchilus 158
oenone, Chrysuronia 67.6
OILBIRD 59.9
1537
oleagineus, Mionectes 137.1
oleagineus, Mitrospingus 173.4
Olho-falso 138.7
olivacea, Piranga 173.7
olivaceus, Rhynchocyclus 143.1
olivaceus, Vireo 154.6
olivater, Turdus 160.8
Onychoprion 40
Onychorhynchus 141
Opisthocomus 28
Oporornis 153
orbitatus, Hemitriccus 139.1
Orchesticus 166
ordii, Notharchus 77.8
orenocensis, Knipolegus 145.6
Oreopholus 38
Oreophylax 90
1538
ORIOLE, BALTIMORE 165.4
EPAULET 165.1
MORICHE 165.2
YELLOW 165.3
ornata, Epinecrophylla 107.1
ornata, Thraupis 168.9
ornatus, Cephalopterus 122.6
ornatus, Lophornis 68.4
ornatus, Spizaetus 23.7
Ornithion 134
OROPENDOLA, BAND-TAILED 162.2
CASQUED 162.4
CRESTED 162.5
GREEN 162.1
OLIVE 162.6
RUSSET-BACKED 162.3
Ortalis 30
1539
Orthogonys 168
Orthopsittaca 46
oryzivorus, Dolichonyx 164.7
oryzivorus, Molothrus 163.7
oseryi, Cacicus 162.4
OSPREY 17.1
oustaleti, Phylloscartes 136.2
OWL, BARN 59.3
BLACK-BANDED 58.9
BUFF-FRONTED 58.2
BURROWING 58.1
CRESTED 58.10
GREAT HORNED 58.6
MOTTLED 58.8
SHORT-EARED 58.5
SPECTACLED 59.1
STRIPED 58.3
1540
STYGIAN 58.4
TAWNY-BROWED 59.2
oxycerca, Cercibis 9.7
Oxyruncus 124
Oxyura 14
OYSTERCATCHER, AMERICAN 35.6
pabsti, Cinclodes 91.4
pachecoi, Scytalopus 120.3
Pachyptila 3
Pachyramphus 130
Painho-da-ilha-da-Madeira 6.3
Painho-de-barriga-branca 6.5
Painho-de-barriga-preta 6.4
Painho-de-cauda-furcada 6.6
Painho-de-ventre-branco 6.2
PAINTED-SNIPE, SOUTH AMERICAN 40.3
pallatangae, Elaenia 133.2
1541
pallescens, Neopelma 127.5
palliatus, Haematopus 35.6
palliatus, Thamnophilus 103.4
pallida, Cranioleuca 94.1
palmarum, Thraupis 168.10
PALMCREEPER, POINT-TAILED 96.9
PALM-SWIFT, FORK-TAILED 63.10
palpebrata, Phoebetria 2.3
palustris, Sporophila 183.2
PAMPA-FINCH, GREAT 185.7
PALE-THROATED 185.8
Pandion 17
panychlora, Nannopsittaca 51.4
Panyptila 63
papa, Sarcoramphus 16.5
Papa-capim-americano 186.8
Papa-capim-cinza 181.4
1542
Papa-capim-de-caquetá 181.6
Papa-capim-de-coleira 183.8
Papa-capim-de-costas-cinzas 182.3
Papa-capim-do-bananal 182.4
Papa-capim-preto-e-branco 182.1
Papa-formiga-barrado 101.1
Papa-formiga-cantador 113.6
Papa-formiga-de-bando 108.7
Papa-formiga-de-grota 115.3
Papa-formiga-de-sobrancelha 113.3
Papa-formiga-de-topete 114.9
Papa-formiga-do-igarapé 114.1
Papa-formiga-do-sincorá 110.8
Papa-formiga-pardo 110.2
Papa-formiga-vermelho 110.7
Papagaio-campeiro 53.9
Papagaio-char o 53.1
1543
Papagaio-da-várzea 53.6
Papagaio-de-bochecha-azul 53.3
Papagaio-de-cabeça-laranja 54.7
Papagaio-de-cara-roxa 53.5
Papagaio-de-peito-roxo 52.10
Papagaio-diadema 53.2
Papagaio-dos-garbes 52.8
Papagaio-galego 53.7
Papagaio-moleiro 52.9
Papagaio-verdadeiro 53.8
Papa-lagarta-acanelado 56.7
Papa-lagarta-cinzento 56.4
Papa-lagarta-de-asa-vermelha 56.2
Papa-lagarta-de-bico-preto 56.5
Papa-lagarta-de-euler 56.6
Papa-lagarta-de-papo-ferrugem 56.3
Papa-lagarta-do-mangue 56.1
1544
Papa-moscas-canela 133.7
Papa-moscas-cinzento 144.4
Papa-moscas-de-alder 144.7
Papa-moscas-de-costas-cinzentas 133.8
Papa-moscas-de-olheiras 136.2
Papa-moscas-do-campo 138.3
Papa-moscas-do-sert o 135.5
Papa-moscas-estrela 139.9
Papa-moscas-uirapuru 141.10
Papa-piri 137.10
Papa-taoca 111.8
Papa-taoca-da-bahia 111.10
Papa-taoca-do-sul 111.9
Papinho-amarelo 128.2
Papo-branco 102.4
Parabuteo 22
paradisaea, Sterna 41.6
1545
paraensis, Polioptila 179.4
paraensis, Automolus 99.3
paraguaiae, Gallinago 40.1
PARAKEET, BLACK-CAPPED 50.7
BLAZE-WINGED 49.2
BLUE-CROWNED 48.1
BLUE-THROATED 49.1
BROWN-THROATED 48.7
CACTUS 48.8
CANARY-WINGED 52.2
COBALT-WINGED 52.4
CRIMSON-BELLIED 49.5
DEVILLE’S 50.2
DUSKY-HEADED 48.5
FIERY-SHOULDERED 50.5
GOLDEN 47.8
GOLDEN-CAPPED 48.4
1546
GOLDEN-WINGED 52.5
GRAY-BREASTED 49.9
GREEN-CHEEKED 49.6
JANDAYA 48.3
MADEIRA 49.8
MAROON-BELLIED 49.3
MAROON-TAILED 50.6
MONK 50.8
NANDAY 48.9
PAINTED 50.3
PEACH-FRONTED 48.6
PEARLY 49.4
PFRIMER’S 50.4
PLAIN 52.1
RED-CROWNED 49.10
SANTAREM 50.1
SULPHUR-BREASTED 47.10
1547
SUN 47.9
TUI 52.6
WHITE-EARED 49.7
WHITE-EYED 48.2
YELLOW-CHEVRONED 52.3
Pararu-azul 44.6
Pararu-espelho 44.7
parasiticus, Stercorarius 43.1
Pardal 175.9
pardalotus, Xiphorhynchus 89.1
Pardela-cinza 4.8
Pardela-de-asa-larga 4.6
Pardela-de-óculos 4.10
Pardel o-prateado 5.2
Pardela-pequena 4.5
Pardela-preta 4.9
Pardirallus 33
1548
pareola, Chiroxiphia 126.8
Pariri 44.10
Parkerthraustes 174
parnaguae, Megaxenops 100.10
Paroaria 172
PARROT, BALD 54.7
BLACK-HEADED 54.2
BLUE-BELLIED 50.10
BLUE-CHEEKED 53.3
BLUE-FRONTED 53.8
BLUE-HEADED 54.9
CAICA 54.5
DUSKY 53.10
FESTIVE 53.6
KAWALL’S 52.8
MEALY 52.9
ORANGE-CHEEKED 54.4
1549
ORANGE-WINGED 52.7
RED-BROWED 53.4
RED-CAPPED 54.3
RED-FAN 50.9
RED-LORED 53.2
RED-SPECTACLED 53.1
RED-TAILED 53.5
SCALY-HEADED 54.10
SHORT-TAILED 54.8
VINACEOUS 52.10
VULTURINE 54.6
WHITE-BELLIED 54.1
YELLOW-CROWNED 53.9
YELLOW-FACED 53.7
PARROTLET, AMAZONIAN 51.5
BLUE-WINGED 51.2
BROWN-BACKED 51.8
1550
DUSKY-BILLED 51.3
GOLDEN-TAILED 51.9
GREEN-RUMPED 51.1
SAPPHIRE-RUMPED 51.7
SCARLET-SHOULDERED 51.6
TEPUI 51.4
Parula 152
PARULA, TROPICAL 152.1
parvirostris, Crypturellus 28.3
parvirostris, Elaenia 132.5
parvulus, Caprimulgus 62.1
parvus, Conopias 148.8
Passer 175
passerina, Columbina 44.1
passerinus, Forpus 51.1
passerinus, Veniliornis 83.2
Patagioenas 45–46
1551
patagonicus, Aptenodytes 8.1
Patativa 181.5
Patativa-da-amazônia 184.3
Patinho 143.7
Patinho-de-coroa-branca 143.9
Patinho-de-coroa-dourada 143.8
Patinho-escuro 143.6
Patinho-gigante 143.10
Pato-corredor 14.4
Pato-de-crista 14.8
Pato-do-mato 14.7
Pato-mergulh o 14.11
Paturi-preta 14.10
paulista, Phylloscartes 136.1
PAURAQUE, COMMON 61.4
Pav ozinho-do-pará 35.4
Pavó 123.4
1552
pavoninus, Dromococcyx 55.4
pavoninus, Lophornis 68.8
pavoninus, Pharomachrus 72.1
pectoralis, Euphonia 178.3
pectoralis, Herpsilochmus 109.7
pectoralis, Hylophilus 155.5
pectoralis, Polystictus 133.7
Pedreiro 91.4
Pedreiro-dos-andes 91.3
Pedro-ceroulo 164.5
Peitica 149.4
Peitica-de-chapéu-preto 149.5
Peito-pinh o 186.5
Peitoril 156.5
Peito-vermelho-grande 164.6
Peixe-frito-pavonino 55.4
Peixe-frito-verdadeiro 55.5
1553
pelagica, Chaetura 63.4
Pelagodroma 6
Pelecanoides 3
Pelecanus 13
PELICAN, AMERICAN WHITE 13.1
BROWN 13.2
Pelicano-branco 13.1
Pelicano-pardo 13.2
pella, Topaza 70.2
pelzelni, Elaenia 132.7
pelzelni, Granatellus 152.2
pelzelni, Myrmeciza 115.5
pelzelni, Thamnophilus 104.9
Peneireiro-de-dorso-malhado 24.2
Penelope 29
PENGUIN, KING 8.1
MACARONI 8.3
1554
MAGELLANIC 8.2
ROCKHOPPER 8.4
penicillata, Eucometis 168.2
peposaca, Netta 14.9
PEPPERSHRIKE, RUFOUS-BROWED 154.4
Percnohierax 21
Percnostola 114
Perdiz 26.7
Perdiz-do-mar 35.9
peregrinus, Falco 24.7
Periporphyrus 174
Periquit o-maracan 48.2
Periquito-da-amazônia 51.5
Periquito-da-caatinga 48.8
Periquito-de-asa-azul 52.4
Periquito-de-asa-branca 52.2
Periquito-de-asa-dourada 52.5
1555
Periquito-de-bochecha-parda 48.7
Periquito-de-cabeça-preta 48.9
Periquito-de-cabeça-suja 48.5
Periquito-de-encontro-amarelo 52.3
Periquito-dos-tepuis 51.4
Periquito-rei 48.6
Periquito-rico 52.1
Periquito-testinha 52.6
Perissocephalus 122
perlata, Pyrrhura 49.5
Pernilongo-de-costas-negras 35.7
perrotii, Hylexetastes 87.4
personatus, Atlapetes 187.2
personatus, Trogon 72.3
perspicillata, Pulsatrix 59.1
perspicillatus, Hymenops 146.1
pertinax, Aratinga 48.7
1556
peruviana, Conopophaga 118.8
peruviana, Hypocnemis 113.6c
peruviana, Tangara 170.1
petechia, Dendroica 152.6
PETREL, ATLANTIC 5.9
BLACK-CAPPED 5.7
BLUE 3.8
BULWER’S 4.7
CAPE 3.6
GRAY 4.8
GREAT-WINGED 5.4
HERALD 5.3
KERGUELEN 3.7
KERMADEC 5.8
SOFT-PLUMAGED 5.6
SPECTACLED 4.10
WHITE-CHINNED 4.9
1557
WHITE-HEADED 5.5
Petrel-azul 3.8
Petrel-de-kermadec 5.8
Petrel-gigante 2.5
Petrel-gigante-do-norte 2.6
Petrel-mergulhador-de-magalh es 3.5
Petrim 92.4
Pé-vermelho 15.2
PEWEE, BLACKISH 144.5
SMOKE-COLORED 144.2
TROPICAL 144.4
pfrimeri, Pyrrhura 50.4
Phacellodomus 95
Phaeomyias 134
phaeopus, Numenius 36.7
Phaeothlypis 153
1558
Phaethon 6
Phaethornis 64–65
Phaetusa 40
Phalacrocorax 9
PHALAROPE, RED 38.10
WILSON’S 38.9
Phalaropus 38
Pharomachrus 72
phasianellus, Dromococcyx 55.5
phelpsi, Streptoprocne 62.9
Pheucticus 174
Phibalura 124
philippii, Phaethornis 64.7
Philohydor 148
Philomachus 39
Philydor 98
Phimosus 9
1559
Phlegopsis 116
1560
Phleocryptes 96
Phoebetria 2
phoeniceus, Tachyphonus 169.8
Phoenicircus 122
Phoenicoparrus 13
phoenicurus, Attila 151.6
phryganophilus, Schoeniophylax 90.9
Phrygilus 184
Phyllomyias 131
Phylloscartes 135–136
Phytotoma 124
Pia-cobra 154.2
Piau-de-costas-claras 2.3
Piau-preto 2.4
Piaya 56
pica, Fluvicola 147.3
Picaparra 35.5
1561
Pica-pau-amarelo 84.6
Pica-pau-an o-barrado 82.1
Pica-pau-an o-canela 82.3
Pica-pau-an o-carijó 82.5
Pica-pau-an o-creme 82.6
Pica-pau-an o-da-caatinga 82.4
Pica-pau-an o-da-várzea 81.8
Pica-pau-an o-de-coleira 81.9
Pica-pau-an o-de-pescoço-branco 81.6
Pica-pau-an o-de-pintas-amarelas 81.4
Pica-pau-an o-do-amazonas 81.2
Pica-pau-an o-do-orinoco 81.3
Pica-pau-an o-dourado 81.1
Pica-pau-an o-escamado 81.10
Pica-pau-an o-fusco 81.5
Pica-pau-an o-pintado 81.7
Pica-pau-an o-vermelho 82.2
1562
Pica-pau-barrado 84.2
Pica-pau-branco 85.1
Pica-pau-bufador 82.10
Pica-pau-chocolate 84.3
Pica-pau-chor o 83.1
Pica-pau-de-banda-branca 85.7
Pica-pau-de-barriga-preta 85.10
Pica-pau-de-barriga-vermelha 85.8
Pica-pau-de-cabeça-amarela 84.5
Pica-pau-de-cara-canela 85.5
Pica-pau-de-colar-dourado 83.5
Pica-pau-de-coleira 84.9
Pica-pau-de-garganta-branca 82.7
Pica-pau-de-peito-pontilhado 83.8
Pica-pau-de-sobre-vermelho 83.4
Pica-pau-de-testa-branca 85.4
Pica-pau-de-topete-vermelho 85.9
1563
Pica-pau-do-campo 83.10
Pica-pau-do-parnaíba 84.8
Pica-pau-dourado 82.8
Pica-pau-dourado-escuro 82.11
Pica-pau-lindo 84.7
Pica-pau-louro 84.4
Pica-pau-oliváceo 82.9
Pica-pau-rei 85.6
Pica-pau-verde-barrado 83.9
Picapauzinho-an o 83.2
Picapauzinho-avermelhado 83.6
Picapauzinho-chocolate 84.1
Picapauzinho-de-testa-pintada 83.7
Picapauzinho-verde-carijó 83.3
picazuro, Patagioenas 46.2
Pichororé 92.2
picta, Pyrrhura 50.3
1564
pictum, Todirostrum 142.4
picui, Columbina 44.4
PICULET, BAR-BREASTED 81.1
FINE-BARRED 81.11
GOLDEN-SPANGLED 81.4
LAFRESNAYE’S 81.2
MOTTLED 82.5
OCHRACEOUS 82.4
OCHRE-COLLARED 81.9
ORINOCO 81.3
PLAIN-BREASTED 82.6
RUSTY-NECKED 81.5
SPOTTED 81.7
TAWNY 82.3
VARZEA 81.8
WHITE-BARRED 82.1
1565
WHITE-BELLIED 81.6
WHITE-WEDGED 81.10
Piculus 82
Picumnus 81
picumnus, Dendrocolaptes 88.2
picus, Xiphorhynchus 88.4
PIGEON, BAND-TAILED 46.4
PALE-VENTED 45.8
PICAZURO 46.2
PLUMBEOUS 45.9
ROCK 45.7
RUDDY 45.10
SCALED 46.1
SPOT-WINGED 46.3
PIHA, CINNAMON-VENTED 124.3
ROSE-COLLARED 124.4
SCREAMING 124.2
1566
pilaris, Atalotriccus 140.7
pileata, Nemosia 167.4
pileata, Penelope 29.1
pileata, Pionopsitta 54.3
pileata, Piprites 128.1
pileatus, Coryphospingus 184.7
pileatus, Herpsilochmus 109.1
pileatus, Lophotriccus 140.3
pileatus, Pilherodius 11.10
Pilherodius 11
Piment o 174.6
Pingüim-de-magalh es 8.2
Pingüim-de-penacho-amarelo 8.4
Pingüim-de-testa-amarela 8.3
Pingüim-rei 8.1
pinnatus, Botaurus 10.3
Pintadinho 111.7
1567
PINTAIL, NORTHERN 15.9
WHITE-CHEEKED 15.8
YELLOW-BILLED 15.10
Pintassilgo 187.4
Pintassilgo-do-nordeste 187.3
Pintassilgo-europeu 175.7
Pinto-d’água-carijó 32.1
Pinto-do-mato 119.7
Pinto-do-mato-carijó 117.1
Pinto-do-mato-de-cara-preta 117.9
Pinto-domato-de-fronte-ruiva 117.10
pintoi, Aratinga 47.10
Pintor-verdadeiro 171.7
Piolhinho 131.1
Piolhinho-chiador 131.2
Piolhinho-de-cabeça-cinza 131.6
Piolhinho-do-grot o 131.3
1568
Piolhinho-serrano 131.5
Piolhinho-verdoso 131.4
Pionites 54
Pionopsitta 54
Pionus 53–54
piperivora, Selenidera 80.3
PIPING-GUAN, BLACK-FRONTED 29.10
BLUE-THROATED 29.9
RED-THROATED 29.8
Pipira-azul 169.10
Pipira-da-taoca 168.2
Pipira-de-asa-branca 167.10
Pipira-de-bico-vermelho 166.10
Pipira-de-máscara 168.3
Pipira-de-máscara 168.4
Pipira-de-natterer 169.2
Pipira-olivácea 173.4
1569
Pipira-parda 167.9
Pipira-preta 169.7
PIPIT, CORRENDERA 128.5
HELLMAYR’S 128.7
OCHRE-BREASTED 128.9
SHORT-BILLED 128.6
YELLOWISH 128.8
pipixcan, Leucophaeus 42.8
Pipra 125
pipra, Dixiphia 126.1
pipra, Iodopleura 129.5
Pipraeidea 172
Pipreola 122
Piprites 128
PIPRITES, BLACK-CAPPED 128.1
WING-BARRED 128.2
Pi-puí 93.1
1570
Piranga 173
Piru-piru 35.6
Pisa-n’água 38.9
pitangua, Megarynchus 148.10
Pitangus 148
Pithys 114
pitiayumi, Parula 152.1
Pitiguari 154.4
Piui-boreal 144.1
Piui-de-topete 144.2
Piui-preto 144.5
Piui-queixado 144.6
Piui-verdadeiro 144.3
Piu-piu 108.6
Pixoxó 181.1
plancus, Caracara 25.8
PLANTCUTTER, WHITE-TIPPED 124.1
1571
Pla-pula-de-sobrancelhau 153.7
Platalea 12
platalea, Anas 15.6
platensis, Cistothorus 158.5
platensis, Embernagra 185.7
platensis, Leptasthenura 90.1
platypterus, Buteo 21.2
platyrhynchos, Platyrinchus 143.9
platyrhynchum, Electron 73.1
Platyrinchus 143
platyrostris, Dendrocolaptes 88.3
Plegadis 9
PLOVER, BLACK-BELLIED 37.10
COLLARED 38.5
COMMON RINGED 38.2
PIPING 38.3
SEMIPALMATED 38.1
1572
TWO-BANDED 38.6
WILSON’S 38.4
PLOVERCREST 68.2
plumbea, Euphonia 177.1
plumbea, Ictinia 18.6
plumbea, Patagioenas 45.9
plumbea, Polioptila 179.1
plumbea, Sporophila 181.5
plumbeiceps, Poecillotriccus 141.4
plumbeus, Dysithamnus 105.6
pluricinctus, Pteroglossus 79.8
PLUSHCROWN, ORANGE-FRONTED 96.6
Pluvialis 37
POCHARD, ROSY-BILLED 14.9
SOUTHERN 14.10
Podager 60
Podiceps 8
1573
podiceps, Podilymbus 8.8
Podilymbus 8
poecilinotus, Dichropogon 116.7
Poecillotriccus 141
poecilocercus, Knipolegus 145.3
poeciloptera, Geositta 91.1
poecilurus, Knipolegus 145.5
Poiaeiro-de-pata-fina 135.7
Poiaeiro-de-sobrancelha 134.2
poicilotis, Hylophilus 155.1
Polícia-do-mato 152.2
Polícia-inglesa-do-norte 164.3
Polícia-inglesa-do-sul 164.4
poliocephalum, Todirostrum 142.2
poliocephalus, Tolmomyias 143.4
poliogaster, Accipiter 19.4
polionotus, Leucopternis 20.7
1574
Polioptila 179
polychopterus, Pachyramphus 130.5
polyosoma, Buteo 21.7
Polystictus 133
Polytmus 69
pomarinus, Stercorarius 43.3
Pomba-amargosa 45.9
Pomba-antártica 30.10
Pomba-botafogo 45.10
Pomba-de-bando 45.3
Pomba-de-coleira-branca 46.4
Pomba-do-cabo 3.6
Pomba-do-orvalho 46.3
Pomba-galega 45.8
Pomb o 46.2
Pomba-trocal 46.1
Pombo-doméstico 45.7
1575
POORWILL, OCELLATED 61.5
Poospiza 186
Porphyrio 34
Porphyrolaema 121
porphyrolaema, Porphyrolaema 121.7
Porphyrospiza 185
Porzana 33
POTOO, COMMON or Gray 59.7
GREAT 59.8
LONG-TAILED 59.6
RUFOUS 59.5
WHITE-WINGED 59.4
prasinus, Aulacorhynchus 80.1
pratincola, Glareola 35.9
PRATINCOLE, COLLARED 35.9
preciosa, Tangara 170.2
Pretinho 125.11
1576
Pretinho-do-igapó 145.3
pretiosa, Claravis 44.6
pretrei, Amazona 53.1
pretrei, Phaethornis 64.10
Primavera 146.5
Primolius 46
Príncipe 144.9
PRION, BROAD-BILLED 3.1
DOVE 3.2
FAIRY 3.4
SLENDER-BILLED 3.3
Procacicus 162
Procellaria 4
Procnias 122
procurvoides, Campylorhamphus 89.9
Progne 157
promeropirhynchus, Xiphocolaptes 87.5
1577
propinqua, Synallaxis 93.2
Protonotaria 154
Psarocolius 162
Pseudocolopteryx 135
Pseudoleistes 165
Pseudoseisura 97
Psilorhamphus 118
Psophia 28
psychopompus, Scytalopus 120.6
Pterochelidon 156
Pterodroma 5
Pteroglossus 79
pucheranii, Neomorphus 55.10
PUFFBIRD, BROWN-BANDED 77.8
BUFF-BELLIED 77.7
CHESTNUT-CAPPED 78.1
COLLARED 76.8
1578
CRESCENT-CHESTED 78.7
GUIANAN 77.5
PIED 77.9
RUFOUS-NECKED 78.10
SEMICOLLARED 78.8
SPOT-BACKED 78.4
SPOTTED 78.2
STREAK-BELLIED 78.5
STRIOLATED 78.6
SWALLOW-WINGED 76.9
WHITE-CHESTED 78.9
WHITE-EARED 78.3
WHITE-NECKED 77.6
Puffinus 4
puffinus, Puffinus 4.4
pugnax, Philomachus 39.10
Pula-pula 153.4
1579
Pula-pula-assobiador 153.6
Pula-pula-de-barriga-branca 153.5
Pula-pula-de-cauda-avermelhada 153.9
Pula-pula-de-duas-fitas 153.3
Pula-pula-ribeirinho 153.10
Pulsatrix 59
pumila, Coccycua 56.3
pumilus, Picumnus 81.3
punctata, Tangara 170.8
punctatus, Thamnophilus 104.6
punctigula, Colaptes 83.8
punctulatus, Hylophylax 116.6
punicea, Xipholena 121.3
PURPLETUFT, BUFF-THROATED 129.5
DUSKY 129.6
WHITE-BROWED 129.7
purpurata, Querula 123.2
1580
purpuratus, Touit 51.7
purpurea, Ardea 12.4
Puruchém 93.7
purusianus, Galbalcyrhynchus 75.2
pusilla, Calidris 39.3
pusillus, Chordeiles 60.6
Pygiptila 102
pygmaeus, Picumnus 81.7
PYGMY-OWL, AMAZONIAN 57.7
FERRUGINOUS 57.10
LEAST 57.8
PERNAMBUCO 57.9
PYGMY-TYRANT, BROWN-BREASTED 138.8
DOUBLE-BANDED 140.4
DRAB-BREASTED 138.7
EARED 140.1
FLAMMULATED 138.6
1581
FORK-TAILED 139.9
HELMETED 140.6
LONG-CRESTED 140.5
PALE-EYED 140.7
RUFOUS-SIDED 133.10
SCALE-CRESTED 140.3
SHORT-TAILED 140.2
TAWNY-CROWNED 133.9
Pygochelidon 156
pyra, Topaza 70.1
Pyriglena 111
Pyrocephalus 144
pyrocephalus, Machaeropterus 125.9
Pyroderus 123
Pyrrhocoma 167
pyrrhodes, Philydor 98.2
pyrrholeuca, Asthenes 90.8
1582
pyrrhonota, Pterochelidon 156.8
pyrrhophia, Cranioleuca 94.3
Pyrrhura 49–50
QUAIL-DOVE, RUDDY 44.10
SAPPHIRE 44.8
VIOLACEOUS 44.9
Quem-te-vestiu 186.1
Quero-quero 37.8
Querula 123
Quete 186.2
QUETZAL, PAVONINE 72.1
Quiriquiri 24.1
Quiscalus 163
quixensis, Microrhopias 108.7
Rabo-amarelo 95.2
Rabo-branco-acanelado 64.10
Rabo-branco-amarelo 64.7
1583
Rabo-branco-cinza 64.5
Rabo-branco-de-barriga-fulva 65.1
Rabo-branco-de-bico-reto 64.6
Rabo-branco-de-bigodes 64.1
Rabo-branco-de-cauda-larga 65.6
Rabo-branco-de-garganta-cinza 65.4
Rabo-branco-de-garganta-rajada 64.4
Rabo-branco-de-margarette 64.3
Rabo-branco-do-maranh o 65.2
Rabo-branco-do-rupurumi 64.9
Rabo-branco-mirim 65.5
Rabo-branco-pequeno 64.8
Rabo-branco-rubro 65.3
Rabo-de-arame 125.3
Rabo-de-espinho 68.8
Rabo-de-espinho-de-barriga-preta 68.10
Rabo-de-palha-de-bico-amarelo 6.9
1584
Rabo-de-palha-de-bico-vermelho 6.7
Rabo-de-palha-de-cauda 6.8
Rabo-mole-da-serra 185.8
Rabudinho 90.1
RAIL, BLACK 32.8
BLACKISH 33.9
CLAPPER 33.7
PLUMBEOUS 33.8
SPECKLED 32.1
SPOTTED 33.10
ralloides, Ardeola 11.9
Rallus 33
Ramphastos 80
Ramphocaenus 159
Ramphocelus 168
Ramphodon 66
Ramphotrigon 151
1585
Rapazinho-carijó 78.2
Rapazinho-de-boné-vermelho 78.1
Rapazinho-de-colar 76.8
Rapazinho-do-chaco 78.5
Rapazinho-dos-velhos 78.4
Rapazinho-estriado 78.6
rectirostris, Hylocryptus 99.9
rectirostris, Limnoctites 96.3
RECURVEBILL, PERUVIAN 97.5
recurvirostris, Avocettula 68.1
RED-COTINGA, BLACK-NECKED 122.1
GUIANAN 122.2
REDSHANK, COMMON 37.6
REDSTART, AMERICAN 152.3
REED-FINCH, LONG-TAILED 187.5
REEDHAUNTER, CURVE-BILLED 96.2
1586
regulus, Machaeropterus 127.1
Rei-do-bosque 174.1
reinwardtii, Selenidera 80.6
reiseri, Phyllomyias 131.3
Rendadinho 116.7
Rendeira 125.8
Rhea 26
RHEA, GREATER 26.1
Rhegmatorhina 117
Rhinoptynx 58
rhodocorytha, Amazona 53.4
Rhopornis 113
Rhynchocyclus 143
Rhynchotus 26
Rhytipterna 150
richardsoni, Eubucco 76.6
ridleyana, Elaenia 132.3
1587
rikeri, Berlepschia 96.9
Riparia 157
riparia, Riparia 157.4
Risadinha 134.3
risora, Alectrurus 147.7
rivularis, Phaeothlypis 153.10
rixosa, Machetornis 147.10
roberti, Conopophaga 118.7
robustus, Campephilus 85.6
Rola-turca 45.6
Rolinha-cinzenta 44.1
Rolinha-de-asa-canela 44.2
Rolinha-do-planalto 44.5
Rolinha-picui 44.4
Rolinha-roxa 44.3
Rolinha-vaqueira 45.2
rolland, Rollandia 8.6
1588
Rollandia 8
rondoniae, Amazilia 69.6
roquettei, Phylloscartes 135.10
roraimae, Automolus 99.5
roraimae, Herpsilochmus 109.6
roraimae, Myiophobus 138.1
Roraimia 96
roseifrons, Pyrrhura 49.10
Rostrhamus 18
rourei, Nemosia 167.5
Rouxinol-do-rio-negro 165.2
rubecula, Nonnula 75.6
ruber, Eudocimus 9.4
ruber, Phacellodomus 95.6
ruber, Phaethornis 65.3
ruber, Phoenicopterus 13.3
rubica, Habia 173.9
1589
rubiginosus, Automolus 99.7
rubiginosus, Colaptes 82.9
rubinus, Pyrocephalus 144.9
rubra, Piranga 173.6
rubricauda, Clytolaema 70.8
rubricauda, Phaethon 6.8
rubricollis, Campephilus 85.8
rubricollis, Drymophila 111.2
rubrigastra, Tachuris 137.10
rubrocapilla, Pipra 125.5
RUBY, BRAZILIAN 70.8
rufa, Formicivora 110.7
rufa, Lessonia 144.10
rufa, Malacoptila 78.10
rufaxilla, Leptotila 45.5
rufescens, Rhynchotus 26.7
RUFF 39.10
1590
ruficapilla, Hemithraupis 167.7
ruficapilla, Nonnula 75.8
ruficapilla, Synallaxis 92.2
ruficapillus, Baryphthengus 73.3
ruficapillus, Chrysomus 164.9
ruficapillus, Schistochlamys 166.2
ruficapillus, Thamnophilus 104.3
ruficauda, Chamaeza 118.4
ruficauda, Galbula 74.3
ruficauda, Myrmeciza 116.3
ruficauda, Ramphotrigon 151.3
ruficaudatum, Philydor 98.1
ruficeps, Elaenia 132.9
ruficeps, Pyrrhocoma 167.3
ruficollis, Micrastur 25.1
ruficollis, Oreopholus 38.8
ruficollis, Sporophila 183.1
1591
ruficollis, Stelgidopteryx 157.8
rufifacies, Schistocichla 114.6C
rufifrons, Formicarius 117.10
rufifrons, Fulica 35.2
rufifrons, Phacellodomus 95.4
rufifrons, Schistocichla 114.4
rufigula, Dendrexetastes 86.10
rufigula, Gymnopithys 116.4
rufigularis, Falco 24.5
rufigularis, Sclerurus 100.2
rufimarginatus, Herpsilochmus 109.9
rufipennis, Neomorphus 55.9
rufipileatus, Automolus 99.8
rufiventer, Tachyphonus 169.3
rufiventris, Euphonia 177.10
rufiventris, Mionectes 137.3
rufiventris, Neoxolmis 146.10
1592
rufiventris, Picumnus 82.2
rufiventris, Turdus 160.9
rufoaxillaris, Molothrus 163.5
rufomarginatus, Euscarthmus 133.10
rufosuperciliata, Syndactyla 97.4
rufulus, Troglodytes 159.3
rufum, Philydor 98.7
rufus, Attila 151.5
rufus, Caprimulgus 61.6
rufus, Casiornis 150.4
rufus, Furnarius 91.9
rufus, Pachyramphus 130.8
rufus, Tachyphonus 169.7
rufus, Trogon 72.4
rumicivorus, Thinocorus 35.10
rupestris, Chordeiles 60.7
Rupicola 121
1593
rupicola, Pyrrhura 50.7
rupicola, Rupicola 121.10
Rupornis 22
rupurumii, Phaethornis 64.9
RUSHBIRD, WREN-LIKE 96.1
RUSH-TYRANT, MANY-COLORED 137.10
russatus, Poecillotriccus 141.3
rustica, Hirundo 156.7
ruticilla, Setophaga 152.3
rutila, Phytotoma 124.1
rutilans, Synallaxis 93.8
rutilans, Xenops 100.9
Rynchops 40
Sabiá-barranco 160.10
Sabiá-bicolor 161.5
Sabiá-castanho 160.1
Sabiá-cica 50.10
1594
Sabiá-coleira 161.7
Sabiá-congá 175.1
Sabiá-da-mata 161.4
Sabiá-da-praia 161.8
Sabiá-de-cabeça-preta 160.8
Sabiá-de-cara-cinza 160.3
Sabiá-de-óculos 160.4
Sabiá-do-banhado 185.7
Sabiá-do-campo 161.9
Sabiá-ferreiro 160.7
Sabiá-laranjeira 160.9
Sabiá-norte-americano 160.2
Sabiá-pimenta 124.9
Sabiá-poca 161.2
Sabiá-preto 160.6
Sabiá-una 160.5
SABREWING, BUFF-BREASTED 66.5
1595
GRAY-BREASTED 66.3
Saci 55.6
Saí-amarela 176.3
Saí-andorinha 171.10
Saí-azul 176.5
Saí-canário 167.1
Saí-de-barriga-branca 176.1
Saí-de-bico-curto 176.7
Saí-de-máscara-preta 176.2
Saí-de-perna-amarela 176.8
Saí-de-pernas-pretas 176.4
Saíra-amarela 170.3
Saíra-apunhalada 167.5
Saíra-beija-flor 176.9
Saíra-carijó 170.10
Saíra-de-bando 172.3
1596
Saíra-de-barriga-amarela 170.7
Saíra-de-cabeça-azul 171.2
Saíra-de-cabeça-castanha 172.5
Saíra-de-cabeça-preta 171.1
Saíra-de-chapéu-preto 167.4
Saíra-de-papo-preto 167.6
Saíra-diamante 171.4
Saíra-douradinha 170.5
Saíra-ferrugem 167.7
Saíra-galega 167.8
Saíra-lagarta 170.4
Saíra-mascarada 171.3
Saíra-militar 171.9
Saíra-negaça 170.8
Saíra-opala 171.5
Saíra-ouro 170.6
Saíra-pintada 170.9
1597
Saíra-preciosa 170.2
Saíra-sapucaia 170.1
Saíra-sete-cores 171.8
Saíra-viúva 172.2
Saí-verde 176.6
Sakesphorus 102
Saltator 174
SALTATOR, BLACK-THROATED 175.6
BUFF-THROATED 175.2
GOLDEN-BILLED 175.3
GRAYISH 175.1
GREEN-WINGED 175.4
THICK-BILLED 175.5
salvini, Gymnopithys 116.5
San -amarela 33.5
San -carijó 33.4
San -castanha 32.4
1598
San -cinza 33.3
San -de-cabeça-castanha 32.3
San -de-cara-ruiva 33.2
San -do-capim 32.7
San -parda 32.6
San -vermelha 33.1
San -zebrada 32.5
sanctaecatarinae, Megascops 57.6
sanctaemariae, Cymbilaimus 101.2
sanctithomae, Brotogeris 52.6
SANDERLING 39.2
SANDPIPER, BAIRD’S 39.6
BUFF-BREASTED 39.9
LEAST 39.4
PECTORAL 39.7
SEMIPALMATED 39.3
SOLITARY 37.4
1599
SPOTTED 37.3
STILT 39.8
TEREK 37.5
UPLAND 37.2
WHITE-RUMPED 39.5
sandvicensis, Thalasseus 41.2
sanfordi, Diomedea 1.3
sanguinolentus, Pardirallus 33.8
Sanhaçu-cinzento 168.7
Sanhaçu-da-amazônia 168.6
Sanhaçu-de-asa-branca 173.8
Sanhaçu-de-coleira 166.3
Sanhaçu-de-encontro-amarelo 168.9
Sanhaçu-de-encontro-azul 168.8
Sanhaçu-de-fogo 173.5
Sanhaçu-do-coqueiro 168.10
Sanhaçu-escarlate 173.7
1600
Sanhaçu-frade 172.1
Sanhaçu-papa-laranja 169.9
Sanhaçu-pardo 166.1
Sanhaçu-vermelho 173.6
saphirina, Geotrygon 44.8
SAPPHIRE, BLUE-CHINNED 69.7
GOLDEN-TAILED 67.6
RUFOUS-THROATED 67.7
WHITE-CHINNED 67.8
sapphirina, Hylocharis 67.7
saracura, Aramides 34.4
Saracura-carijó 33.10
Saracura-de-asa-vermelha 34.2
Saracura-do-banhado 33.8
Saracura-do-mangue 34.1
Saracura-do-mato 34.4
Saracura-lisa 32.9
1601
Saracura-matraca 33.7
Saracura-san 33.9
Saracura-tr s-potes 34.3
Saracuruçu 34.5
Sarcoramphus 16
Sargento 163.9
Saripoca-de-bico-castanho 80.5
Saripoca-de-coleira 80.6
Saripoca-de-gould 80.4
Sarkidiornis 14
Satrapa 146
saturata, Schistocichla 114.7
saturatus, Platyrinchus 143.6
saturninus, Mimus 161.9
saturninus, Thamnomanes 102.6
Saudade 122.3
Saudade-de-asa-cinza 122.4
1602
Saurá 122.2
Saurá-de-pescoço-preto 122.1
Sauveiro-do-norte 18.5
Savacu 10.5
Savacu-de-coroa 10.6
savana, Tyrannus 149.10
sayaca, Thraupis 168.7
scansor, Sclerurus 100.5
Schiffornis 129
SCHIFFORNIS, GREENISH 129.3
THRUSH-LIKE 129.2
VARZEA 129.1
schistacea, Schistocichla 114.2
schistacea, Sporophila 181.3
schistaceus, Leucopternis 20.2
schistaceus, Thamnophilus 103.8
Schistochlamys 166
1603
Schistocichla 114
schistogynus, Thamnomanes 102.9
Schoeniophylax 90
schomburgkii, Micropygia 32.2
schrankii, Tangara 170.6
schreibersii, Heliodoxa 70.6
sclateri, Hylophilus 155.6
sclateri, Myrmotherula 105.9
sclateri, Nonnula 75.7
sclateri, Pseudocolopteryx 135.1
Sclateria 114
Sclerurus 100
scolopaceus, Limnodromus 36.1
SCREAMER, HORNED 13.8
SOUTHERN 13.7
SCREECH-OWL, BLACK-CAPPED 57.2
LONG-TUFTED 57.6
1604
NORTHERN TAWNY-BELLIED 57.4
SOUTHERN TAWNY-BELLIED 57.3
TROPICAL 57.1
VERMICULATED 57.5
SCRUB-FLYCATCHER, AMAZONIAN 137.6
SOUTHERN 137.5
scutata, Synallaxis 93.6
scutatus, Augastes 71.4
scutatus, Pyroderus 123.4
Scytalopus 120
SCYTHEBILL, BLACK-BILLED 89.11
CURVE-BILLED 89.9
RED-BILLED 89.10
Sebinho-de-olho-de-ouro 139.5
Sebinho-rajado-amarelo 139.3
SEEDEATER, BLACK-AND-TAWNY 182.7
1605
BLACK-BELLIED 183.7
BLACKISH-BLUE 184.1
BUFFY-FRONTED 181.1
CAPPED 183.9
CAQUETA 181.6
CHESTNUT 183.6
CHESTNUT-BELLIED 183.4
DARK-THROATED 183.1
DOUBLE-COLLARED 182.5
DUBOIS’S 182.3
GRAY 181.4
HOODED 182.4
LESSON’S 181.9
LINED 181.10
MARSH 183.2
NAROSKY’S 183.3
PARAMO 184.3
1606
PLUMBEOUS 181.5
RUDDY-BREASTED 182.9
RUFOUS-RUMPED 183.5
RUSTY-COLLARED 181.8
SLATE-COLORED 181.3
TAWNY-BELLIED 182.10
TEMMINCK’S 181.2
WHITE-BELLIED 182.8
WHITE-NAPED 183.8
WING-BARRED 181.7
SEED-FINCH, CHESTNUT-BELLIED 183.10
GREAT-BILLED 184.4
LARGE-BILLED 184.2
SEEDSNIPE, LEAST 35.10
Seiurus 153
1607
seledon, Tangara 171.8
Selenidera 80
sellowi, Herpsilochmus 109.10
semicincta, Malacoptila 78.8
semicinerea, Cranioleuca 94.5
semicinereus, Hylophilus 155.2
semicollaris, Nycticryphes 40.3
semifasciata, Tityra 129.9
semipalmata, Tringa 36.10
semipalmatus, Charadrius 38.1
semitorquatus, Arremon 187.8
semitorquatus, Lurocalis 61.3
semitorquatus, Micrastur 25.4
senex, Cypseloides 62.8
senex, Poecillotriccus 141.2
sericocaudatus, Caprimulgus 61.7
Seriema 30.9
1608
SERIEMA, RED-LEGGED 30.9
Serpophaga 134
serrana, Formicivora 110.4
serrator, Morus 7.1
serrirostris, Colibri 66.8
Sertanejo-escuro 137.6
serva, Cercomacra 112.6
setaria, Leptasthenura 90.3
Sete-cores-da-amazônia 171.6
Setophaga 152
severa, Mackenziaena 101.5
severus, Ara 46.5
SHAG, ANTARCTIC 9.3
SHARPBILL 124.7
SHEARWATER, AUDUBON’S 4.6
CORY’S 5.1
GREATER 4.1
1609
LITTLE 4.5
MANX 4.4
SHORT-TAILED 4.3
SOOTY 4.2
SHEATHBILL, SNOWY 30.10
SHOVELER, RED 15.6
SHRIKE-TANAGER, FULVOUS 167.9
WHITE-WINGED 167.10
SHRIKE-VIREO, SLATY-CAPPED 154.5
sibilator, Sirystes 150.3
sibilatrix, Anas 15.3
sibilatrix, Syrigma 11.1
Sicalis 179
sicki, Terenura 108.9
SIERRA-FINCH, MOURNING 184.9
similis, Myiozetetes 148.5
similis, Saltator 175.4
1610
simoni, Synallaxis 93.4b
Simoxenops 97
simplex, Myrmothera 119.8
simplex, Phaetusa 40.6
simplex, Rhytipterna 150.1
Sirystes 150
SIRYSTES 150.3
SISKIN, HOODED 187.4
YELLOW-FACED 187.3
Sittasomus 86
SKIMMER, BLACK 40.10
SKUA, BROWN 43.7
CHILEAN 43.6
GREAT 43.4
SOUTH POLAR 43.5
skua, Stercorarius 43.4
Skutchia 114
1611
SLATY-ANTSHRIKE, BOLIVIAN 104.8
NATTERER’S 104.7
NORTHERN 104.6
PLANALTO 104.9
SOORETAMA 104.10
SLATY-THRUSH, EASTERN 160.7
snethlageae, Pyrrhura 49.8
SNIPE, GIANT 40.2
SOUTH AMERICAN 40.1
snowi, Myrmotherula 107.10
sociabilis, Rostrhamus 18.1
Socó-boi 10.10
Socó-boi-baio 10.3
Socó-boi-escuro 10.9
Socoí-amarelo 10.2
Socoí-vermelho 10.1
Socoí-zigue-zague 10.4
1612
Socozinho 10.8
SOFTTAIL, PLAIN 95.3
STRIATED 95.2
Soldadinho 123.5
Soldadinho-do-araripe 123.6
SOLITAIRE, RUFOUS-BROWN 160.1
solitaria, Tringa 37.4
solitarius, Procacicus 162.7
solitarius, Tinamus 26.5
solstitialis, Aratinga 47.9
Solta-asa 113.9
Solta-asa-do-norte 113.8
sordida, Thlypopsis 167.1
soui, Crypturellus 27.7
souleyetii, Lepidocolaptes 89.7
Sovela-vermelha 75.2
Sovi 18.6
1613
SPADEBILL, CINNAMON-CRESTED 143.6
RUSSET-WINGED 143.10
WHITE-CRESTED 143.9
spadiceus, Attila 151.4
SPARROW, BLACK-STRIPED 187.1
GRASSLAND 186.6
HALF-COLLARED 187.8
HOUSE 175.9
PECTORAL 187.7
RUFOUS-COLLARED 185.9
SAFFRON-BILLED 187.6
SAO FRANCISCO 187.9
YELLOW-BROWED 186.7
Spartonoica 95
sparverius, Falco 24.1
1614
speciosa, Patagioenas 46.1
speciosum, Conirostrum 178.7
spectabilis, Celeus 84.7
spectabilis, Elaenia 132.2
speculigera, Conothraupis 166.8
speluncae, Scytalopus 120.2
speluncae, Scytalopus 120.3
Spheniscus 8
spilogaster, Picumnus 81.6
spilogaster, Veniliornis 83.3
spiloptera, Porzana 33.3
SPINETAIL, ARAGUAIA 93.4b
BAHIA 92.3
CABANIS’S 92.10
CHESTNUT-THROATED 93.7
CHOTOY 90.9
CINEREOUS-BREASTED 92.8
1615
DARK-BREASTED 92.7
GRAY-BELLIED 93.1
GRAY-HEADED 94.5
HOARY-THROATED 93.5
ITATIAIA 90.4
MACCONNELL’S 92.9
OCHRE-CHEEKED 93.6
OLIVE 94.4
PALE-BREASTED 92.5
PALLID 94.1
PARKER’S 94.10
PINTO’S 92.1
PLAIN-CROWNED 93.3
RED-AND-WHITE 93.10
RED-SHOULDERED 95.1
RUDDY 93.8
RUFOUS-CAPPED 92.2
1616
RUSTY-BACKED 94.6
SCALED 94.7
SOOTY-FRONTED 92.4
SPECKLED 94.8
SPIX’S 92.6
STRIPE-CROWNED 94.3
SULPHUR-THROATED 94.9
TEPUI 94.2
WHITE-BELLIED 93.2
WHITE-LORED 93.4, 93.4a
YELLOW-CHINNED 93.9
spinicaudus, Chaetura 63.1
spirurus, Glyphorynchus 86.7
spixi, Synallaxis 92.6
spixii, Cyanopsitta 47.4
spixii, Xiphorhynchus 88.10
Spiza 186
1617
spiza, Chlorophanes 176.6
Spizaetus 23
Spiziapteryx 24
spodioptila, Terenura 108.11
SPOONBILL, EURASIAN 12.10
ROSEATE 12.9
Sporophila 181–184
squalidus, Phaethornis 64.8
squamata, Drymophila 111.7
squamata, Tachornis 63.10
squamatus, Lepidocolaptes 89.4
squamiger, Neomorphus 55.8
squammata, Columbina 45.1
squamosa, Myrmeciza 115.3
squamosus, Heliomaster 71.8
squatarola, Pluvialis 37.10
STARTHROAT, BLUE-TUFTED 71.9
1618
LONG-BILLED 71.7
STRIPE-BREASTED 71.8
Steatornis 59
Stelgidopteryx 157
stellaris, Pygiptila 102.10
stellatus, Odontophorus 30.8
Stephanophorus 172
Stephanoxis 68
Stercorarius 43
Sterna 41
Sternula 41
stictocephalus, Herpsilochmus 109.4
stictocephalus, Thamnophilus 104.7
stictolaema, Deconychura 86.5
stictothorax, Dysithamnus 105.3
sticturus, Herpsilochmus 109.3
sticturus, Thamnophilus 104.8
1619
Stigmatura 135
STILT, BLACK-NECKED 35.7
stolidus, Anous 40.7
stolzmanni, Tyranneutes 127.9
STORK, MAGUARI 12.7
WOOD 12.6
STORM-PETREL, WILSON’S 6.1
BAND-RUMPED 6.3
BLACK-BELLIED 6.4
LEACH’S 6.6
WHITE-BELLIED 6.5
WHITE-FACED 6.2
STREAMCREEPER, SHARP-TAILED 98.10
Streptopelia 45
streptophorus, Lipaugus 124.4
Streptoprocne 62
stresemanni, Hylexetastes 87.1
1620
stresemanni, Merulaxis 120.11
striata, Butorides 10.8
striata, Dendroica 152.8
striata, Hypocnemis 113.6f
striata, Malacoptila 78.7
striaticeps, Knipolegus 145.1
striaticollis, Hemitriccus 139.3
striaticollis, Phacellodomus 95.5
striatipectus, Nystalus 78.5
striatus, Accipiter 19.6
strigilatus, Ancistrops 97.6
strigilatus, Myrmorchilus 108.6
strigulosus, Crypturellus 27.10
striolata, Leptasthenura 90.2
striolatus, Machaeropterus 127.2
striolatus, Nystalus 78.6
Strix 58
1621
Sturnella 164
stygius, Asio 58.4
Stymphalornis 110
suavissima, Lepidothrix 126.4
subalaris, Turdus 160.7
subbrunneus, Cnipodectes 140.9
subcristata, Serpophaga 134.7
subflava, Hypocnemis 113.6d
subflava, Inezia 137.8
subis, Progne 157.1
Sublegatus 137
subochraceus, Phaethornis 65.1
subruficollis, Tryngites 39.9
subtilis, Picumnus 81.11
subulatus, Hyloctistes 97.7
subvinacea, Patagioenas 45.10
Suiriri 133
1622
Suiriri 149.9
suiriri, Suiriri 133.4
Suiriri-cavaleiro 147.10
Suiriri-cinza 149.7
Suiriri-cinzento 133.4
Suiriri-da-chapada 133.5
Suiriri-de-garganta-branca 149.8
Suiriri-de-garganta-rajada 149.3
Suiriri-pequeno 146.3
Suiriri-valente 149.6
Sula 7
sula, Sula 7.5
sulphuratus, Pitangus 148.7
sulphurea, Tyrannopsis 149.3
sulphureiventer, Neopelma 127.4
sulphurescens, Tolmomyias 143.2
sulphurifera, Cranioleuca 94.9
1623
SUNBITTERN 35.4
sunensis, Myrmotherula 107.5
SUNGEM, HORNED 71.6
SUNGREBE 35.5
superciliaris, Ortalis 30.3
superciliaris, Penelope 29.5
superciliaris, Polystictus 133.8
superciliaris, Sternula 41.10
superciliaris, Sturnella 164.4
superciliosus, Accipiter 19.5
superciliosus, Phaethornis 64.1
superrufus, Cnipodectes 140.10
surdus, Touit 51.9
surinamensis, Myrmotherula 106.3
surinamus, Pachyramphus 130.7
surinamus, Tachyphonus 169.4
surrucura, Trogon 72.7
1624
Surucuá-de-barriga-amarela 72.4
Surucuá-de-barriga-vermelha 72.8
Surucuá-de-cauda-preta 72.5
Surucuá-de-coleira 72.2
Surucuá-grande-de-barriga-amarela 72.6
Surucuá-mascarado 72.3
Surucuá-pav o 72.1
Surucuá-pequeno 72.9
Surucuá-variado 72.7
swainsoni, Buteo 21.5
swainsoni, Myiarchus 150.7
swainsoni, Notharchus 77.7
swainsoni, Onychorhynchus 141.8
swainsonii, Gampsonyx 17.4
SWALLOW, BANK 157.4
BARN 156.7
BLACK-COLLARED 156.6
1625
BLUE-AND-WHITE 156.4
CHILEAN 156.3
CLIFF 156.8
SOUTHERN ROUGH-WINGED 157.8
TAWNY-HEADED 157.7
WHITE-BANDED 156.5
WHITE-RUMPED 156.2
WHITE-THIGHED 157.6
WHITE-WINGED 156.1
SWAN, BLACK-NECKED 13.10
COSCOROBA 13.9
SWIFT, AMAZONIAN 63.6
BAND-RUMPED 63.1
BISCUTATE 62.11
CHAPMAN’S 63.5
CHIMNEY 63.4
GRAY-RUMPED 63.3
1626
GREAT DUSKY 62.8
LESSER SWALLOW-TAILED 63.11
PALE-RUMPED 63.2
SHORT-TAILED 63.7
SICK’S 63.8
SOOTY 62.7
TEPUI 62.9
WHITE-CHESTED 62.6
WHITE-CHINNED 62.5
WHITE-COLLARED 62.10
WHITE-TIPPED 63.9
sylvia, Poecillotriccus 141.7
sylvicola, Sarkidiornis 14.8
sylviolus, Phylloscartes 136.10
Synallaxis 92–93
Syndactyla 97
Syrigma 11
1627
Tach 13.7
Tachornis 63
TACHURI, BEARDED 133.7
GRAY-BACKED 133.8
Tachuri-campainha 139.4
Tachuris 137
Tachybaptus 8
Tachycineta 156
Tachyphonus 169
taciturnus, Arremon 187.7
Taeniotriccus 140
Talha-mar 40.10
talpacoti, Columbina 44.3
tamatia, Bucco 78.2
TANAGER, AZURE-SHOULDERED 168.8
BAY-HEADED 172.5
1628
BLACK-BACKED 170.1
BLACK-FACED 166.3
BLACK-GOGGLED 166.5
BLACK-HEADED 171.1
BLUE-AND-YELLOW 169.9
BLUE-BACKED 169.10
BLUE-GRAY 168.6
BLUE-NECKED 171.2
BRASSY-BREASTED 170.4
BRAZILIAN 168.5
BROWN 166.1
BURNISHED-BUFF 170.3
CHERRY-THROATED 167.5
CHESTNUT-BACKED 170.2
CHESTNUT-HEADED 167.3
CINNAMON 166.2
CONE-BILLED 166.9
1629
DIADEMED 172.1
DOTTED 170.10
FAWN-BREASTED 172.2
FLAME-CRESTED 169.1
FULVOUS-CRESTED 169.4
GILT-EDGED 170.5
GOLDEN-CHEVRONED 168.9
GRAY-HEADED 168.2
GREEN-AND-GOLD 170.6
GREEN-HEADED 171.8
GUIRA 167.6
HEPATIC 173.5
HOODED 167.4
MAGPIE 166.7
MASKED 171.3
MASKED CRIMSON 168.3
NATTERER’S 169.2
1630
OLIVE-BACKED 173.4
OLIVE-GREEN 168.1
OPAL-CROWNED 171.5
OPAL-RUMPED 171.4
ORANGE-HEADED 167.1
PALM 168.10
PARADISE 171.6
RED-BILLED PIED 166.10
RED-NECKED 171.9
RED-SHOULDERED 169.8
RUBY-CROWNED 169.6
RUFOUS-HEADED 167.7
SAYACA 168.7
SCARLET 173.7
SCARLET-THROATED 167.2
SEVEN-COLORED 171.7
SILVER-BEAKED 168.4
1631
SPECKLED 170.9
SPOTTED 170.8
SUMMER 173.6
SWALLOW 171.10
TURQUOISE 172.3
WHITE-BANDED 166.4
WHITE-BELLIED 172.4
WHITE-LINED 169.7
WHITE-RUMPED 166.6
WHITE-WINGED 173.8
YELLOW-BACKED 167.8
YELLOW-CRESTED 169.3
tanagrinus, Lampropsar 163.3
Tanatau 25.6
Tangará 126.9
1632
Tangara 170–172
Tangará-falso 126.8
Tangará-rajado 127.1
Tangará-riscado 127.2
Tangarazinho 123.7
tao, Tinamus 26.3
Taoniscus 26
TAPACULO, BAHIA 120.6
BRASILIA 120.8
DIAMANTINA 120.5
ESPINHAÇO 120.3
MARSH 120.4
PLANALTO 120.3
RUSTY-BELTED 120.1
SERRA DO MAR 120.2
WHITE-BREASTED 120.7
Tapaculo-da-chapada-diamantina 120.5
1633
Tapaculo-de-brasília 120.8
Tapaculo-de-colarinho 120.9
Tapaculo-do-espinhaço 120.2
Tapaculo-ferreirinho 120.3
Tapaculo-pintado 118.11
Tapera 55
tapera, Progne 157.5
Taperá-de-garganta-branca 63.2
Taperuçu-de-coleira-branca 62.10
Taperuçu-de-coleira-falha 62.11
Taperuçu-de-mento-branco 62.5
Taperuçu-de-peito-branco 62.6
Taperuçu-dos-tepuis 62.9
Taperuçu-preto 62.7
Taperuçu-velho 62.8
Tapicuru-de-cara-pelada 9.5
Taraba 101
1634
Tatac 92.1
tataupa, Crypturellus 28.4
Tauató-pintado 19.4
TEAL, BLUE-WINGED 15.4
BRAZILIAN 15.2
CINNAMON 15.5
RINGED 15.1
SILVER 15.11
SPECKLED 15.7
Tecel o 162.9
tectus, Notharchus 77.9
temminckii, Picumnus 81.9
Tempera-viola 175.2
Tem-tem-de-crista-amarela 169.3
Tem-tem-de-dragona-branca 169.5
Tem-tem-de-dragona-vermelha 169.8
Tem-tem-de-topete-ferrugíneo 169.4
1635
tenebrosa, Chelidoptera 76.9
tenuirostris, Puffinus 4.3
tenuirostris, Xenops 100.7
Teours o-pequeno 7.9
Teque-teque 142.2
Terenotriccus 141
Terenura 108
TERN, ANTARCTIC 41.7
ARCTIC 41.6
BLACK 40.5
COMMON 41.5
GULL-BILLED 42.1
LARGE-BILLED 40.6
LEAST 41.9
ROSEATE 41.3
ROYAL 41.1
SANDWICH 41.2
1636
SNOWY-CROWNED 41.8
SOOTY 40.4
SOUTH AMERICAN 41.4
WHITE 40.9
YELLOW-BILLED 41.10
Tersina 171
Tesoura-cinzenta 147.2
Tesoura-do-brejo 147.1
Tesoura-do-campo 147.7
Tesour o 7.6
Tesour o-de-ascens o 7.7
Tesour o-grande 7.8
Tesourinha 63.10
Tesourinha 149.10
Tesourinha-da-mata 124.6
Téu-téu-da-savana 35.8
Thalassarche 1–2
1637
Thalasseus 41
Thalurania 67
Thamnomanes 102
Thamnophilus 103–104
theresiae, Polytmus 69.10
Theristicus 9
THICK-KNEE, DOUBLE-STRIPED 35.8
thilius, Agelasticus 163.9
Thinocorus 35
Thlypopsis 167
thoracica, Poospiza 186.5
thoracicus Liosceles 120.1
thoracicus, Hylophilus 155.3
THORNBIRD, FRECKLE-BREASTED 95.5
GREATER 95.6
ORANGE-EYED 95.7
RED-EYED 95.8
1638
RUFOUS-FRONTED 95.4
THORNTAIL, BLACK-BELLIED 68.10
Thraupis 168–169
Threnetes 65
Thripophaga 95
THRUSH, BLACK-BILLED 161.1
BLACK-HOODED 160.8
COCOA 161.4
CREAMY-BELLIED 161.2
GRAY-CHEEKED 160.3
HAUXWELL’S 161.5
LAWRENCE’S 161.3
PALE-BREASTED 160.10
PALE-EYED 160.6
SPECTACLED 161.6
SWAINSON’S 160.4
1639
WHITE-NECKED 161.7
YELLOW-LEGGED 160.5
Thryothorus 158–159
thula, Egretta 11.4
Tiaris 173
tibialis, Atticora 157.6
Tico-tico 185.9
Tico-tico-cantor 187.1
Tico-tico-de-bico-amarelo 187.6
Tico-tico-de-bico-preto 187.7
Tico-tico-de-máscara-negra 185.1
Tico-tico-do-banhado 187.5
Tico-tico-do-campo 186.6
Tico-tico-do-mato 187.8
Tico-tico-do-s o-francisco 187.9
Tico-tico-do-tepui 187.2
Tico-tico-rei 184.8
1640
Tico-tico-rei-cinza 184.7
Ti -bicudo 166.9
Ti -de-topete 166.5
Ti -do-mato-grosso 173.9
Ti -galo 169.1
Ti -preto 169.6
Ti -preto-e-branco 166.8
Ti -sangue 168.5
Tiet -de-coroa 124.5
Tietinga 166.7
TIGER-HERON, FASCIATED 10.9
RUFESCENT 10.10
Tigrisoma 10
Tijerila 130.2
Tijuca 122
TINAMOU, BARRED 28.5
BARTLETT’S 28.2
1641
BLACK-CAPPED 27.2
BRAZILIAN 27.10
BROWN 27.3
CINEREOUS 27.1
DWARF 26.2
GRAY 26.3
GRAY-LEGGED 27.9
GREAT 26.4
LITTLE 27.7
RED-LEGGED 27.6
RED-WINGED 26.7
RUSTY 28.1
SMALL-BILLED 28.3
SOLITARY 26.5
TATAUPA 28.4
UNDULATED 27.4
VARIEGATED 27.5
1642
WHITE-THROATED 26.6
YELLOW-LEGGED 27.8
Tinamus 26
Tinguaçu-de-barriga-amarela 151.7
Tinguaçu-ferrugem 151.8
tinnunculus, Falco 24.2
Tio-tio 95.5
Tipio 179.9
Tiriba-de-barriga-vermelha 49.5
Tiriba-de-cabeça-vermelha 49.10
Tiriba-de-cara-suja 49.6
Tiriba-de-cauda-roxa 50.5
Tiriba-de-deville 50.2
Tiriba-de-hellmayr 50.1
Tiriba-de-orelha-branca 49.7
Tiriba-de-peito-cinza 49.9
Tiriba-de-pfrimer 50.4
1643
Tiriba-de-testa-azul 50.3
Tiriba-de-testa-vermelha 49.3
Tiriba-do-madeira 49.8
Tiriba-fogo 49.2
Tiriba-fura-mata 50.6
Tiriba-grande 49.1
Tiriba-pérola 49.4
Tiriba-rupestre 50.7
tirica, Brotogeris 52.1
Tiririzinho-do-mato 139.1
TIT-SPINETAIL, ARAUCARIA 90.3
STRIOLATED 90.2
TUFTED 90.1
Tityra 129
TITYRA, BLACK-CROWNED 129.10
BLACK-TAILED 129.8
MASKED 129.9
1644
Tiziu 184.5
toco, Ramphastos 80.10
Todirostrum 142
TODY-FLYCATCHER, BUFF-CHEEKED 141.2
COMMON 142.3
GRAY-HEADED 142.2
OCHRE-FACED 141.4
PAINTED 142.4
RUDDY 141.3
RUSTY-FRONTED 141.5
SLATE-HEADED 141.7
SMOKY-FRONTED 141.6
SPOTTED 142.1
YELLOW-BROWED 142.5
TODY-TYRANT, BLACK-AND-WHITE 141.1
BOAT-BILLED 138.5
BUFF-BREASTED 139.7
1645
EYE-RINGED 139.1
HANGNEST 139.4
JOHANNES’S 139.2
KAEMPFER’S 139.8
PEARLY-VENTED 139.5
PELZELN’S 139.6
SNETHLAGE’S 138.4
STRIPE-NECKED 139.3
WHITE-EYED 138.9
ZIMMER’S 138.10
WHITE-BELLIED 139.10
Tolmomyias 143
tombacea, Galbula 74.9
tomentosum, Mitu 31.4
TOPAZ, CRIMSON 70.2
FIERY 70.1
Topaza 70
1646
Topázio-de-fogo 70.1
Topetinho-do-brasil-central 68.5
Topetinho-verde 68.7
Topetinho-vermelho 68.6
Torom-carijó 119.4
Torom-de-peito-pardo 119.8
Torom-do-nordeste 119.6
Torom-torom 119.5
Tororó 141.4
torquata, Chauna 13.7
torquata, Hydropsalis 60.3
torquata, Megaceryle 73.5
torquata, Melanopareia 120.9
torquata, Myrmornis 117.1
torquatus, Celeus 84.9
torquatus, Corythopis 128.3
torquatus, Thamnophilus 104.4
1647
torridus, Furnarius 91.8
totanus, Tringa 37.6
TOUCAN, CHANNEL-BILLED 80.8
RED-BREASTED 80.10
TOCO 80.11
WHITE-THROATED 80.9
TOUCANET, CHESTNUT-TIPPED 80.2
EMERALD 80.1
GOLDEN-COLLARED 80.6
GOULD’S 80.4
GUIANAN 80.3
SAFFRON 79.10
SPOT-BILLED 80.7
TAWNY-TUFTED 80.5
Touit 51
Tovaca-campainha 118.1
Tovaca-cantadora 118.3
1648
Tovaca-de-rabo-vermelho 118.4
Tovaca-estriada 118.2
Tovaca-patinho 119.9
Tovacuçu 119.1
Tovacuçu-corujinha 119.3
Tovacuçu-xodó 119.2
Tovaquinha 108.5
traillii, Empidonax 144.8
TREEHUNTER, PALE-BROWED 97.10
SHARP-BILLED 99.10
Trepador-coleira 97.8
Trepador-quiete 97.4
Trepador-sobrancelha 97.10
Trepadorzinho 99.10
Trichothraupis 166
Triclaria 50
Tricolino 135.1
1649
Tricolino-oliváceo 135.3
Tricolino-pardo 135.4
tricolor, Alectrurus 147.8
tricolor, Egretta 11.2
tricolor, Perissocephalus 122.7
tricolor, Phalaropus 38.9
tridactyla, Jacamaralcyon 75.5
Trinca-ferro-verdadeiro 175.4
Tringa 36–37
Trinta-réis-an o 41.10
Trinta-réis-antártico 41.7
Trinta-réis-ártico 41.6
Trinta-réis-boreal 41.5
Trinta-réis-das-rocas 40.4
Trinta-réis-de-bando 41.2
Trinta-réis-de-bico-preto 42.1
Trinta-réis-de-bico-vermelho 41.4
1650
Trinta-réis-de-coroa-branca 41.8
Trinta-réis-escuro 40.7
Trinta-réis-grande 40.6
Trinta-réis-miúdo 41.9
Trinta-réis-negro 40.5
Trinta-réis-preto 40.8
Trinta-réis-real 41.1
Trinta-réis-róseo 41.3
Triste-pia 164.7
triurus, Mimus 161.10
trivirgatus, Conopias 148.9
trochilirostris, Campylorhamphus 89.10
Troglodytes 159
Trogon 72
TROGON, BLACK-TAILED 72.5
BLACK-THROATED 72.4
BLUE-CROWNED 72.8
1651
COLLARED 72.2
MASKED 72.3
SURUCUA 72.7
VIOLACEOUS 72.9
WHITE-TAILED 72.6
Trombeteiro 9.7
Tropeiro-da-serra 124.3
tropica, Fregetta 6.4
TROPICBIRD, RED-BILLED 6.7
RED-TAILED 6.8
WHITE-TAILED 6.9
TROUPIAL, CAMPO 165.5
ORANGE-BACKED 165.6
Trovoada 111.1
Trovoada-de-bertoni 111.2
Trovoada-listrada 111.5
trudeaui, Sterna 41.8
1652
TRUMPETER, DARK-WINGED 28.8
GRAY-WINGED 28.6
PALE-WINGED 28.7
Tryngites 39
tuberculifer, Myiarchus 150.6
tuberosum, Mitu 31.3
Tucaninho-de-nariz-amarelo 80.1
Tucaninho-verde 80.2
Tucano-de-bico-preto 80.8
Tucano-de-bico-verde 80.11
Tucano-grande-de-papo-branco 80.9
Tucanuçu 80.10
tucanus, Ramphastos 80.9
Tuc o 133.1
tucinkae, Eubucco 76.7
Tuim 51.2
Tuim-de-bico-escuro 51.3
1653
Tuim-santo 51.1
Tuiuiú 12.8
Tuju 61.3
Tuque 132.6
turdina, Dendrocincla 86.2
turdina, Schiffornis 129.2
turdinus, Campylorhynchus 158.3
Turdus 160–161
TURNSTONE, RUDDY 37.1
TURTLE-DOVE, EURASIAN 45.6
turtur, Pachyptila 3.4
Tururim 27.7
Turu-turu 33.6
TWISTING, BROWNISH 140.9
RUFOUS 140.10
Tyranneutes 127
tyrannina, Cercomacra 112.3
1654
Tyrannopsis 149
TYRANNULET, ALAGOAS 136.4
AMAZONIAN 137.8
BAHIA 136.7
BAY-RINGED 136.10
BLACK-FRONTED 136.9
GRAY-CAPPED 131.5
GRAY-CROWNED 134.9
GREENISH 131.4
MINAS GERAIS 135.10
MOTTLE-CHEEKED 136.5
MOUSE-COLORED 134.10
OLIVE-GREEN 136.8
OUSTALET’S 136.2
PALE-TIPPED 137.9
PLAIN 137.7
PLANALTO 131.1
1655
REISER’S 131.3
RESTINGA 136.6
RIVER 134.6
ROUGH-LEGGED 131.2
SAO PAULO 136.1
SERRA DO MAR 136.3
SLENDER-FOOTED 135.7
SOOTY 134.5
SOOTY-HEADED 131.6
SOUTHERN BEARDLESS 134.3
WHITE-BELLIED 134.8
WHITE-CRESTED 134.7
WHITE-LORED 134.2
YELLOW 133.6
Tyrannulus 134
1656
tyrannulus, Myiarchus 150.8
Tyrannus 149
tyrannus, Spizaetus 23.5
tyrannus, Tyrannus 149.6
TYRANT, BLACK-CHESTED 140.8
CATTLE 147.10
CHOCOLATE-VENTED 146.10
CINEREOUS 145.1
COCK-TAILED 147.8
LONG-TAILED 147.9
RIVERSIDE 145.6
RUFOUS-TAILED 145.5
SHARP-TAILED 138.3
SHEAR-TAILED GRAY 147.2
SPECTACLED 146.1
STRANGE-TAILED 147.7
STREAMER-TAILED 147.1
1657
YELLOW-BROWED 146.3
TYRANT-MANAKIN, DWARF 127.9
PALE-BELLIED 127.5
SAFFRON-CRESTED 127.3
SERRA DO MAR 127.7
SULPHUR-BELLIED 127.4
TINY 127.10
WIED’S 127.6
Tyto 59
ucayalae, Simoxenops 97.5
Udu-de-bico-largo 73.1
Udu-de-coroa-azul 73.4
Uí-pi 92.5
Uiraçu-falso 23.3
Uirapuru-azul 102.9
Uirapuru-cigarra 125.9
Uirapuru-de-asa-branca 159.7
1658
Uirapuru-de-chapéu-azul 126.2
Uirapuru-de-chapéu-branco 126.7
Uirapuru-de-garganta-preta 102.7
Uirapuru-de-peito-branco 159.4
Uirapuru-laranja 125.2
Uirapuru-selado 102.6
Uirapuru-veado 159.5
Uirapuru-verdadeiro 159.8
Uirapuru-vermelho 125.1
Uirapuruzinho 127.9
Uirapuruzinho-do-norte 127.10
UMBRELLABIRD, AMAZONIAN 122.6
uncinatus, Chondrohierax 19.3
undatus, Celeus 84.2
undulata, Gallinago 40.2
undulatus, Crypturellus 27.4
undulatus, Zebrilus 10.4
1659
unduligera, Frederickena 101.8
unicinctus, Parabuteo 22.7
unicolor, Haplospiza 185.2
unicolor, Myrmotherula 107.9
uniformis, Hylexetastes 87.2
uniformis, Xenopipo 125.10
unirufa, Pseudoseisura 97.3
Uropelia 45
urosticta, Myrmotherula 108.3
Uru 30.7
urubitinga, Buteogallus 22.6
Urubu-da-mata 16.4
Urubu-de-cabeça-amarela 16.3
Urubu-de-cabeça-preta 16.1
Urubu-de-cabeça-vermelha 16.2
Urubu-rei 16.5
Urubuzinho 76.9
1660
Uru-corcovado 30.6
Uru-de-topete 30.8
Uru-do-campo 30.5
Urumutum 31.1
urumutum, Nothocrax 31.1
Urutau-de-asa-branca 59.4
Urutau-ferrugem 59.5
usta, Megascops 57.3
ustulatus, Catharus 160.4
ustulatus, Microcerculus 159.6
validus, Pachyramphus 130.10
Vanellus 37
varia, Grallaria 119.1
varia, Tangara 170.10
variegatus, Crypturellus 27.5
varius, Empidonomus 149.4
varzeae, Picumnus 81.8
1661
VEERY 160.2
velatus, Xolmis 146.7
velia, Tangara 171.4
Veniliornis 83
ventralis, Phylloscartes 136.5
ventris, Pheucticus aureo 174.1
Verdilhão-comum 175.8
Verdinho-coroado 155.1
Verdinho-da-várzea 155.2
verreauxi, Leptotila 45.4
versicolor, Amazilia 67.10
versicolor, Anas 15.11
versicolor, Lanio 167.10
versicolurus, Brotogeris 52.2
Veste-amarela 165.7
vetula, Muscipipra 147.2
viduata, Dendrocygna 14.2
1662
vieillardi, Nyctiprogne 61.1
vilasboasi, Lepidothrix 126.6
vinacea, Amazona 52.10
violacea, Euphonia 177.4
violacea, Geotrygon 44.9
violacea, Nyctanassa 10.6
violaceus, Cyanocorax 180.3
violaceus, Trogon 72.9
VIOLET-EAR, BROWN 66.6
SPARKLING 66.7
WHITE-VENTED 66.8
Vira-bosta 163.6
Vira-bosta-picum 163.5
Vira-folha 100.5
Vira-folha-de-bico-curto 100.2
Vira-folha-de-garganta-cinza 100.3
Vira-folha-de-peito-vermelho 100.1
1663
Vira-folha-pardo 100.4
Vira-pedras 37.1
virens, Contopus 144.3
virens, Dendroica 152.10
Vireo 154
VIREO, BLACK-WHISKERED 154.8
NORONHA 154.9
RED-EYED 154.6
YELLOW-GREEN 154.7
Vireolanius 154
virescens, Phyllomyias 131.4
virescens, Phylloscartes 136.8
virescens, Pseudoleistes 165.10
virescens, Schiffornis 129.3
virescens, Tyranneutes 127.10
virgata, Strix 58.8
virginianus, Bubo 58.6
1664
viridicata, Myiopagis 131.10
viridigaster, Amazilia 69.5
viridigula, Anthracothorax 66.9
viridipennis, Chaetura 63.6
viridis, Anurolimnas 32.4
viridis, Frederickena 101.7
viridis, Pachyramphus 130.3
viridis, Psarocolius 162.1
viridis, Psophia 28.8
viridis, Pteroglossus 79.2
viridis, Tersina 171.10
viridis, Trogon 72.6
VISORBEARER, HOODED 71.3
HYACINTH 71.4
Vissiá 150.1
Vissiá-cantor 150.2
vitellinus, Ramphastos 80.8
1665
Vite-vite 155.3
Vite-vite-camurça 155.7
Vite-vite-de-barriga-marela 155.10
Vite-vite-de-cabeça-cinza 155.5
Vite-vite-de-cabeça-marrom 155.8
Vite-vite-de-olho-cinza 155.4
Vite-vite-do-tepui 155.6
Vite-vite-uirapuru 155.9
vitiosus, Lophotriccus 140.4
vittata, Oxyura 14.6
vittata, Pachyptila 3.1
vittata, Sterna 41.7
Viuvinha 147.9
Viuvinha-deóculos 146.1
vociferans, Lipaugus 124.2
Volatinia 184
vulpecula, Cranioleuca 94.10
1666
vulpina, Cranioleuca 94.6
Vultur 16
VULTURE, BLACK 16.1
GREATER YELLOW-HEADED 16.4
KING 16.5
LESSER YELLOW-HEADED 16.3
TURKEY 16.2
vulturina, Gypopsitta 54.6
wagleri, Lepidocolaptes 89.5
WAGTAIL-TYRANT, GREATER 135.6
LESSER 135.5
WARBLER, BLACKBURNIAN 152.7
BLACKPOLL 152.8
BLACK-THROATED GREEN 152.10
BUFF-RUMPED 153.10
CANADA 154.3
CERULEAN 152.9
1667
CONNECTICUT 153.1
FLAVESCENT 153.8
PROTHONOTARY 154.1
RIVER 153.9
TWO-BANDED 153.3
WHITE-BELLIED 153.5
WHITE-BROWED 153.6
WHITE-STRIPED 153.7
YELLOW 152.6
WARBLING-FINCH, BAY-CHESTED 186.5
BLACK-AND-RUFOUS 186.1
BLACK-CAPPED 186.3
CINEREOUS 186.4
RED-RUMPED 186.2
WATERTHRUSH, NORTHERN 153.2
watertonii, Thalurania 67.4
1668
WATER-TYRANT, BLACK-BACKED 147.4
WATER-TYRANT, DRAB 146.2
MASKED 147.5
PIED 147.3
watsonii, Megascops 57.4
WAXBILL, COMMON 175.10
weddellii, Aratinga 48.5
WHIMBREL 36.7
WHISTLING-DUCK, BLACK-BELLIED 14.1
FULVOUS 14.3
WHITE-FACED 14.2
whitelyi, Caprimulgus 62.3
whitelyi, Pipreola 122.5
whitneyi, Synallaxis 92.3
WHITESTART, SLATE-THROATED 152.4
TEPUI 152.5
WIGEON, CHILOE 15.3
1669
WILLET 36.10
Wilsonia 154
wilsonia, Charadrius 38.4
WOODCREEPER,
AMAZONIAN BARRED 87.10
BAR-BELLIED 87.1
BLACK-BANDED 88.2
BRIGIDA’S 87.3
BUFF-THROATED 89.2
CARAJÁS 87.6
CHESTNUT-RUMPED 89.1
CINNAMON-THROATED 86.10
ELEGANT 88.11
GREAT RUFOUS 87.9
HOFFMANNS’S 88.1
LESSER 88.7
LINEATED 89.8
1670
LONG-BILLED 86.9
LONG-TAILED 86.4
MOUSTACHED 87.8
NARROW-BILLED 89.3
OCELLATED 88.8
OLIVACEOUS 86.6
PLAIN-BROWN 86.1
PLANALTO 88.3
RED-BILLED 87.4
SCALED 89.4
SCALLOPED 89.6
SCIMITAR-BILLED 86.8
SPIX’S 88.10
SPOT-THROATED 86.5
STREAK-HEADED 89.7
STRIPED 88.6
1671
STRONG-BILLED 87.5
THRUSH-LIKE 86.2
TSCHUDI’S 88.9
UNIFORM 87.2
WAGLER’S 89.5
WEDGE-BILLED 86.7
WHITE-CHINNED 86.3
WHITE-THROATED 87.7
ZIMMER’S 88.5
WOODHAUNTER, EASTERN STRIPED 97.7
WOODNYMPH, FORK-TAILED 67.3
LONG-TAILED 67.4
VIOLET-CAPPED 67.5
WOODPECKER, BLOND-CRESTED 84.5
CHECKERED 83.1
CHESTNUT 84.3
CREAM-BACKED 85.10
1672
CREAM-COLORED 84.6
CRIMSON-CRESTED 85.9
GOLDEN-COLLARED 83.5
GOLDEN-GREEN 82.11
GOLDEN-OLIVE 82.9
GREEN-BARRED 83.9
HELMETED 85.5
KAEMPFER’S 84.8
LINEATED 85.7
LITTLE 83.2
PALE-CRESTED 84.4
RED-NECKED 85.8
RED-RUMPED 83.4
RED-STAINED 83.6
RINGED 84.9
ROBUST 85.6
RUFOUS-HEADED 84.7
1673
SCALY-BREASTED 84.1
SPOT-BREASTED 83.8
WAVED 84.2
WHITE 85.1
WHITE-BROWED 82.8
WHITE-FRONTED 85.4
WHITE-SPOTTED 83.3
WHITE-THROATED 82.7
YELLOW-EARED 83.7
YELLOW-FRONTED 85.2
YELLOW-TUFTED 85.3
WOOD-PEWEE, EASTERN 144.3
WOOD-QUAIL, MARBLED 30.6
SPOT-WINGED 30.7
STARRED 30.8
WOOD-RAIL, GIANT 34.5
1674
GRAY-NECKED 34.3
LITTLE 34.1
RED-WINGED 34.2
SLATY-BREASTED 34.4
WOODSTAR, AMETHYST 71.10
WOOD-WREN, WHITE-BREASTED 159.4
WREN, BICOLORED 158.2
BUFF-BREASTED 158.8
CORAYA 158.7
FAWN-BREASTED 158.9
FLUTIST 159.6
GRAY 159.1
HOUSE 159.2
LONG-BILLED 158.10
MOUSTACHED 158.6
MUSICIAN 159.8
SEDGE 158.5
1675
TEPUI 159.3
THRUSH-LIKE 158.3
TOOTH-BILLED 158.4
WING-BANDED 159.7
WREN-SPINETAIL, BAY-CAPPED 95.10
xanthogaster, Euphonia 177.9
xanthogastra, Tangara 170.7
xanthogonys, Heliodoxa 70.5
xanthops, Alipiopsitta 53.7
Xanthopsar 165
xanthopterus, Dysithamnus 105.5
xanthopterygius, Forpus 51.2
Xenopipo 125
Xenops 100
XENOPS, GREAT 100.10
PLAIN 100.8
RUFOUS-TAILED 100.6
1676
SLENDER-BILLED 100.7
STREAKED 100.9
Xenopsaris 130
XENOPSARIS, WHITE-
NAPED 130.2
xenopterus, Laterallus 33.2
Xenus 37
Xexéu 162.10
Xiphocolaptes 87
Xipholena 121
Xiphorhynchus 88–89
Xolmis 146
yarrellii, Carduelis 187.3
YELLOW-FINCH, GRASSLAND 179.9
MISTO 179.10
ORANGE-FRONTED 179.7
STRIPE-TAILED 179.8
1677
YELLOWLEGS, GREATER 36.8
LESSER 36.9
YELLOWTHROAT, MASKED 154.2
yetapa, Gubernetes 147.1
ypecaha, Aramides 34.5
ypiranganus, Emberizoides 185.6
Zebrilus 10
zelichi, Sporophila 183.3
Zenaida 45
Zided 108.8
Zided -de-asa-cinza 108.11
Zided -de-encontro 108.10
Zidid -do-nordeste 108.9
Zimmerius 135
zonaris, Streptoprocne 62.10
Zonotrichia 185
zosterops, Hemitriccus 138.9
1678

A Field Guide To The Birds of Brazil PDF

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A FIELD GUIDE TO THE BIRDS OF BRAZIL

Oxford New York

Copyright © 2009 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1 Brazil: The Area Covered

1.1 Country Profile

1.2.3 Natural Vegetation

2 Brazil: The Birds

2.1 Classification and Names

2.2 Field Identification

2.4 Short Introduction to Selected Bird Groups and Families

2.4.1 Worldwide Families and Groups

2.4.2 Typical American Families and Groups

SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND GLOSSARY

SPECIES ACCOUNTS, PLATES, AND DISTRIBUTION MAPS

PROTECTED AREAS OF BRAZIL

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND FURTHER REFERENCES

APPENDIX 1: THE ENDEMICS OF BRAZIL

APPENDIX 2: ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE DICTIONARY

2. Diomedeidae (Albatrosses) & Procellariidae (Giant-petrels)

3. Procellariidae (Prions and Petrels) & Pelecanoididae

4. Procellariidae (Shearwaters and Petrels)

5. Procellariidae (Shearwaters and Petrels)

6. Hydrobatidae (Storm-petrels) & Phaethontidae

7. Sulidae (Boobies) & Fregatidae (Frigatebirds)

8. Spheniscidae (Penguins) & Podicipedidae (Grebes)

9. Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants), Anhingidae (Darter) &

10. Ardeidae (Herons)

11. Ardeidae (Herons)

12. Ardeidae (Herons), Ciconiidae (Storks) &

13. Anhimidae (Screamers), Pelecanidae (Pelicans),

15. Anatidae (Teals, Wigeon, Shoveler, Pintails, and Duck)

16. Cathartidae (New World Vultures and Condor)

17. Pandionidae (Osprey) & Accipitridae (Kites and Harriers)

18. Accipitridae (Kites)

19. Accipitridae (Kites and Hawks)

20. Accipitridae (Hawks)

21. Accipitridae (Hawks)

22. Accipitridae (Hawks)

23. Accipitridae (Eagles)

24. Falconidae (Kestrels, Falcons, and Caracaras)

25. Falconidae (Forest-falcons and Caracaras)

26. Rheidae (Rheas) & Tinamidae (Tinamous)

27. Tinamidae (Tinamous)

28. Tinamidae (Tinamous), Psophiidae (Trumpeters),

29. Cracidae (Guans)

31. Cracidae (Curassows), Phasianidae (Junglefowl) &

32. Rallidae (Crakes and Rails) & Jacanidae (Jacana)

33. Rallidae (Crakes and Rails)

34. Rallidae (Wood-Rails, Gallinules, and Moorhens)

35. Rallidae (Coots), Eurypygidae (Sunbittern),

36. Scolopacidae (Dowitchers, Godwits, Curlews,

37. Scolopacidae (Turnstone, Sandpipers, and Redshank) &

38. Charadriidae (Plovers) & Scolopacidae (Phala-ropes)

39. Charadriidae (Knot, Sanderling, and Sandpipers) &

40. Rostratulidae (Painted-snipe), Scolopacidae (Snipes),

41. Sternidae (Terns)

43. Stercorariidae (Jaegers and Skuas)