Renewable Energy Integration in Africa: A Case
Study of the Adoption of New Technology by
the Electricity Transmission Company of
Nigeria
Famous O. Igbinovia, Member, IEEE, Jiri Krupka
 livelihoods, determined and ambitious policy efforts will be
Abstract—Economic growth and the use of renewable power
technology in Africa now work together owing to cost parity
between renewable and non-renewable energy technologies. As
renewable power technology is now becoming more inexpensive,
there are indications that in some markets in the continent,
renewable power technologies might become easily affordable as
compared to non-renewable energy. Thus, Africa’s economic
success could indeed be driven by renewable energy (RE)
technologies. This research paper discusses the integration of
renewable energy in Africa, Electricity consumption in Nigeria,
and integration of renewable energy in Nigeria. To correctly
capture how renewable energy is being integrated in the continent,
the effect of adoption of new technology on the performance of a
public utility electricity transmission firm is examined. The
Transmission Company of Nigeria was used as a case study.
Index Terms—Africa, Electricity transmission company,
Nigeria, Renewable energy, Renewable energy integration,
Transmission company of Nigeria.
I. INTRODUCTION
I T is anticipated that a larger part of Africa’s population will
live in urban areas in the nearest future. Urbanization of
African cities will influence the way in which energy is
provided, managed and consumed in the continent [1] – [4].
Countries in Sub-Sahara Africa ranks low in Energy
Sustainability Index [5]. In sub-Saharan Africa, the energy
challenge is particularly acute. To tackle energy poverty and
build modern, sustainable, and inclusive energy systems with a
view to transforming Africa economies and improving
Manuscript received July 30th, 2018. This research was supported by
projects No. SGS_2018_025 of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of
CR with title ‘Transparency and competitiveness of municipalities and regions
within the development of the concept of smart cities and regions’ at the Faculty
of Economics and Administration, University of Pardubice.
POWERCON2018 Paper NO. 201805090000001
978-1-5386-6461-2/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
required [6], [8]. Having consistent electricity can lead to
holistic sustainable development that African nations are
striving towards [9]. The key to improving Africa’s ranking in
the energy sustainability index lies in diversifying its electricity
production, that is integration of renewable energy into its
energy production-mix. African countries have been focusing
more on non-renewable electricity resource for a very long
time. This must change. But, any shift must not be completely
to the other extreme, that is a significant reduction in non-
renewable usage and increasing the share of renewable energy
consumption [10] – [12].
Owing to the enormous renewable energy potentials in
Africa, the continent can emerge as a leading renewable energy
harvester in the world. The utilization of renewable energy is
significant in any nation’s energy security and economic
stability. Renewable energy sector is supported by government
with financial, institutional and educational aids. A country’s
renewable energy policy framework and strategies are
significant for the growth of her renewable energy sector [12].
Africa has very large solar, and wind energy potential which is
geographically dispersed. There is an increasing need to explore
renewable energy sources to meet global sustainability and
environmental targets in the continent [14] – [16]. Fig. 1. shows
an energy triangle showing all essential requirements of a
sustainable energy supply system that can be fulfilled by
renewable energy source (RES) [17]. By harvesting renewable
energy from the environment, electrical devices can consume
less or no energy from the power grid [16]. And equipment’s
Famous Oghomwen Igbinovia is with the Institute of System Engineering
and Informatics, Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of
Pardubice, Studentská 84, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic. (+420-731-980-
841; email: famousigbinovia@yahoo.co.uk or famousigbinovia@gmail.com).
Jiri Krupka is with the Institute of System Engineering and Informatics,
Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Pardubice, Studentská
84, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic (e-mail: jiri.krupka@upce.cz).
Page1/9 2034
using electrical energy can be deployed at places where the grid
cannot cover [18].
Fig. 1. An energy triangle showing all essential requirements of a sustainable
energy supply system that can be fulfilled by RES [17].
The increasing integration of renewable energy sources to the
power grid on the global scale, drives the energy transition of
power systems. To provide consumers with environmentally
friendly energy, more renewable energy generators are
constantly being connected to the grid. Electricity generation
out of renewable energy sources, such as sun and wind, in
contrast to conventional generation, helps to reduce the
emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases. Despite that, the
volatile nature of renewables can have a strong impact on the
utilization of the electrical system as it relates to reliability and
may lead to the injury of its parameters, take for example,
voltage violation [18] – [20]. In addition, medium and low-
voltage levels are generally not monitored and, thus, these
violations cannot be captured. Therefore, monitoring and
control equipment supported by information and
communication technology is needed to integrate additional
renewable energy generation, storage systems and controllable
load functions optimally onto the electricity grid. There is the
need for new operational methods for reliable and continuous
electricity supply [20] – [22]. The increasing proportion of
renewable energy sources in the global electricity supply
system increases the requirements of the operational
management of modern power grids. It is no longer enough to
monitor and control the system states on the high-voltage and
extra high voltage levels. More and more electricity producers
feed in at the lower distribution levels, which can cause voltage
fluctuations. Thus, to support stable electricity grid operation in
Africa, efficient management strategies for optimal grid
operation about renewable energy integration is required [20].
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2
describes the integration of renewable energy in Africa. Section
3 explains electricity consumption in Nigeria. Section 4 gave a
brief discussion on the integration of renewable energy sources
in Nigeria. Section 5 explains the research methodology.
Section 6 is analysis of the results. Section 7 is discussion of the
study results followed by conclusion in Section 8.
POWERCON2018 Paper NO. 201805090000001
II. INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN AFRICA
There is significant potential in Africa, particularly the sub-
Saharan region, for utilization of renewable energy sources,
including conventional energy resources. Despite the large
amount of energy resources, the socio-economic development
of the continent has the poorest index as compared to any other
part of the world. On a global scale, there is mounting
agreement that increasing energy access in developing
countries is essential to the realization of the objectives of the
Millennium Development Goals [11], [23]. The mandate to
make available energy services to the African populace has
traditionally been entrusted to large-scale, state-owned utilities
[11], [24], which are usually associated with overdependence
on oil resources and very little with green renewables that are
clean, efficient and reliable energy systems from long-term
RESs, such as wind, sun, water, biomass, biogas, tides and
waves, hydrogen and geothermal energy [10], [25] – [26].
Africa’s long-term economic growth and competitiveness
fundamentally depend on reliable access to energy services; yet,
the population of Sub-Saharan Africa lags far behind the rest of
the world in terms of access to electricity. Recent technological
advancements as well as significant drops in associated costs
present the African continent with a momentous opportunity to
leapfrog to modern renewable energy technologies. Although
there is general recognition among African governments that
renewable power provides huge opportunities given the
continent's enormous renewable resources, the lack of coherent,
consistent policies, technical skills, institutional capacity,
infrastructure and financial incentives remains a major barrier
for wide-spread adoption of renewable resource technologies
[27].
Africa has an exceptional solar resource that can be
harnessed for electricity generation. Of all continents, Africa
receives the largest amounts of solar energy, the continent is
therefore often cited as a growth market for solar power [28],
[29]. The desert regions of North Africa and parts of Southern,
and East Africa enjoy particularly long sunny days with a high
intensity of irradiation. Sahelian and Tropical conditions also
feature strong solar irradiation. Solar energy can be utilized at
various scales, making it suitable from the household and
community levels to industrial and national scale operations.
Two types of solar technologies exist for power generation:
solar photovoltaic (PV) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP).
The former can be universally used, in applications ranging
from household systems to utility-scale, while the latter is
typically a technology that performs optimally in utility scale
projects situated in desert regions. Overall, Africa’s solar power
generation potential exceeds future demand by orders of
magnitude. Even the smallest countries on the continent have at
least a few gigawatts of potential for either technology [28].
Looking at the worldwide use of solar power, Africa seems to
Page2/9 2035
be an insignificant market. Solar power market in Africa is
indeed still small, but strong growth is already taking place.
This growth is not limited to one country or region, but it occurs
widespread across the continent [29], [30 – 31]. Fig. 2 and 3
shows the cumulative PV capacity per region and country
respectively in the continent of Africa from 2009 to 2014. In
terms of region, Fig. 2, shows that West Africa have a fair share
of PV installations. While Fig. 3, reveals that Nigeria is a front
runner in PV installation in Africa.
and Southern Africa have particularly excellent wind resources.
Countries with especially high wind quality include all those in
North Africa; Niger in West Africa; Chad in Central Africa;
Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Somalia, Uganda in East
Africa; and Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania and
Zambia in Southern Africa [28]. Geographical potential for
wind energy deployment in Africa is tabulated in Table 1. It
presents wind energy potential across the five African blocks
taking a capacity factor (CF-the fraction of the year the turbine
generator is operated at rated power) into consideration.
Whether considering a CF of 30% or 40%, Eastern Africa, with
an extended coastline forming strong winds, has the biggest
potential [32].

Table 1. Wind energy potential in Africa [32]

Areas with CF Areas with
CF
greater than
30% greater than
40%

Region Total area (km2) TWh/year TWh/year

Central Africa 5,317,718 1,576.7 578.3
Western Africa 5,006,014 1,692.2 58.8
Eastern Africa 6,225,847 30,860 16,580.5
Southern Africa 6,555,480 10,011.1 1,707.3
Fig. 2. Cumulative PV capacity per region (MWp) in the Continent of Africa
Northern Africa 6,784,934 22,500.9 6,919.9
[29], [31].

Wind generation installations during 2014 in the continent of

Africa is presented in Table 2, by the end of 2013, total installed
wind capacity in Africa was 1 463 MW. In 2014, 999 MW of
new capacity was installed, bringing the total to 2 462 MW at
the end of 2014 [33]. South Africa experiences remarkable
growth rate of wind generation installations in 2014, Morocco
still had the largest installed wind capacity in Africa. East
Africa is also seeing growth, with the 300 MW Turkana project
under construction. Additionally, 140 African wind farms are
in various stages of preparation, totaling 21 GW of new
capacity expected to become operational between 2014 and
2020 [34].

Table 2. Wind generation installations during 2014 in the

Continent of Africa [28], [33]
Fig. 3. Cumulative PV Capacity per country (MWp) in the Continent of Africa Country End 2013 New 2014 Total (End
[29], [31]. 2014)
Morocco 487 300 787
Wind is converted into useful energy utilizing wind turbines, South Africa 10 560 570
for use either to drive electrical generators or to directly power Egypt 550 60 610
pumps and other machinery. The theoretical potential for wind Tunisia 200 55 255
Ethiopia 171 0 171
in Africa exceeds demand by orders of magnitude, and about Cab Verde 24 0 24
15% of the potential is characterized as a high-quality resource. Other 21 10 31
This enormous capacity is not evenly distributed: East, North Total 1463 999 2462

POWERCON2018 Paper NO. 201805090000001 Page3/9 2036

 The power sector today has become an indispensable this is because of the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN)
established institution that requires constant expansion due to improving its wheeling capacity from 5000MW to 6700MW,
the rapid increase in human populations and the inevitable the electricity industry in the country is currently constrained
dynamics in technological advancement. In countries in Sub- by Distribution Companies (DisCos) inability to take load [43].
Saharan Africa, there are millions of economically 60% of the total population in the country lack access to grid-
disadvantaged rural communities suffering from lack of access connected electricity [44], [45]. While the 40% with access to
to electricity. There is a likelihood that the prevailing electricity grid tied electricity has had one of the most erratic power
crisis in Africa will persist due to poor strategies in electricity supplies in the world; for example, a Distribution System
generation planning and inadequate diversification of Reliability index called System Average Interruption Duration
electricity generation resources. Integrating RE systems into the is extremely high for Nigeria at values exceeding 60,000 min
electric-power industry of the continent will obviously help where USA has the value of same index as 88 min [46]. The
reduce the threat of a continuous electricity deficiency in the industries and businesses that continue to thrive make-up for
entire continent, as well as change the continental this deficiency with onsite generation using miniature plants
macroeconomic outlook. Given the potential sustainability of that run mostly on petrol and diesel causing the cost of
solar, biomass and hydroelectric power resources in Africa, production and services in Nigeria to be very high and net profit
small-scale, well developed electricity generation systems to be very low. This has led to the flight of industries and
complemented by RE might prevent many energy shortage businesses from the country and rise of unemployment; [42].
scenarios in the continent if they are affordable and cost Available data on Nigeria electric-power profile for ten years,
effective [17]. that is from 2000 to 2010 is shown in Fig. 5. Although there has
been an increase in the total electricity net generation, input
III. ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN NIGERIA from the hydroelectricity net generation has been decreasing
Estimates of the National Population Commission and the [39] - [40]. Over 70% of Nigerians still depend on ineffective
National Bureau of Statistics shows that the current population traditional energy sources for their electricity needs whereas
of Nigeria is put at 193.4 Million. But due to shortage of about 40% of the people are connected to the unreliable national
electricity supply in the country, massive load shedding is electricity grid [40].
experienced all over the nation in such a manner that most
supply is only for a few hours a day, implying that the country
indeed is in a crisis as far as electricity supply is concerned [35],
[36]. The follow-up to the electricity crises in Nigeria is that
supply of electricity is far below demand as per capita basis. It
is known that social, economic, technological and industrial
development of a country is directly related to its electricity
consumption. It has specifically been concluded in the Nigerian
context that electricity consumption is a fundamental driver of
economic growth [37], [38]. It is therefore not surprising why
Nigerian economic growth indicators have been as weak as the Fig. 4. Nigeria electric-power consumption by source in 2010 [39], [40].
Nigerian electric-power sector over decades [38]. The electric-
power consumption by source in 2010 across the nation is
shown in Fig. 4. Petroleum and dry natural gas (conventional
energy) provide the greater percentage (81.9%) of the electric-
power consumption whereas renewable energy (mostly from
hydroelectricity) provides less with 18.1% [39], [40].
Nigeria has one of the lowest per capita net electricity
generation in the world owing to the effect of the electricity
crisis situations in the country [38]. Other factors militating
against the electric-power industry in the country includes;
ineffective hardware, ineffective management and poor/corrupt
marketing of electricity product [41]. The actual present
electricity demand in Nigeria is about 10,000MW [42]. But in
2017, 6803MW was recorded as the current available
generating capability, with a wheeling capacity of 6700MW, Fig. 5. Nigeria electric-power profile from 2000 to 2010 [39], [40].

POWERCON2018 Paper NO. 201805090000001 Page4/9 2037

 IV. INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN NIGERIA successfully privatized the sector and awarded licenses to
Nigeria is abundantly endowed with renewable energy efficient profit driven players in the electricity industry in the
resources. These renewable energy resources remain largely country [38].
untapped and underutilized for electric-power generation,
except for the biomass resources that are exploited in the Table 3. Some anticipated solar power projects in Nigeria
traditional way of open-air combustion [38], [47] - [48]. In this [38], [50]
Licensee Capacity (MW) State State
section, emphasis will be on solar and wind renewable energy Geopolitical
integration in Nigeria, since both solar and wind renewable Zone
technologies are well advanced and popular worldwide. Rook Solar 50 Osun South-West
Investment
Limited
A. Integration of Solar Energy in Nigeria Quaint Global 50 Kaduna North-West
Nigeria Limited
Nigeria is a tropical west African country that receives
Nigeria Solar 100 Bauchi North-East
average sunshine hour of about 6 hours, the sunshine hours lie Capital Partners
in the range of 4–8 hours per day [45] - [46]. This average Anjeed 10 Kaduna North-West
sunshine hour is almost same as half of duration from sunrise Kafanchan
Solar Limited
to sunset is approximately fixed as it lies in a very narrow
Lloyd and 50 Abuja North-Central
neighborhood of 6 hours for all days of the year. The country Baxter LP
being in the tropics lies in a high sunshine belt where solar KVK Power Pvt 50 Sokoto North-West
radiation is well distributed varying from about 12.6 MJ/m2/day Limited
at the coastal latitudes to 25.2 MJ/m2/day in the far north. This Pan African 54 Katsina North-West
Solar
translates in power units to variation from about 145.8333
W/m2 in the coastal latitudes to 291.6667 W/m2 in the far north.
The average receipt of solar radiation by Nigeria is at the value B. Integration of Wind Energy in Nigeria
of 19.8 MJ/m2/day, which is equivalent to 229.1667 W/m2 in Nigeria experiences strong winds from the month of April to
power terms [46], [49]. October arising from the seasonal rain-bearing westerly winds
Utilization of solar energy in Nigeria is largely not assisted and strong North-East trade winds from November to March.
with any form of solar science and technology. The primordial The southern regions experience winds ranging from 1.4 to 3
application is mainly drying for preservation purposes. The m/s while speeds could reach 4-5.12m/s in the extreme North.
items dried include wet and damp properties like clothing (that Studies indicate potential of up to 8 MWh/year in Yola, 51
is laundry, furniture and so on), agricultural food crops, MWh/year in Jos plateau and 97 MWh/year in Sokoto at a
agricultural crop residues, forest biomass and products of height of 10m [57] - [58]. Also, there is speculation that in
livestock husbandry. Non-primordial usages are in the form of Nigeria, wind potential can generate about 50,046 MWh/yr of
pilot projects of low-energy capacity scale that includes; solar electricity with a medium generation capacity of 5MWh/km 2, a
street lighting, solar refrigerators, and solar-powered water 30% capacity factor and 1% of effective wind area in certain
pumps. Nigeria till now has near-zero share in the global grid- selected states [59]. Generally, the southern parts of the country
connected solar PV power generation. It must be noted that the experience relatively weak wind speeds as compared to the
remote future of the Nigerian grid-connected solar PV and CSP Northern parts, except for the coastal regions and offshore. The
power generation may not be bleak as several investors have as mountainous regions in the North, however, receive the
strongest winds, consequently; major wind renewable energy
of year 2014 obtained NERC (Nigerian Electricity Regulatory
projects initiatives are found in the Northern part of the country
Commission) licenses for development of various solar PV
[58].
power projects in the country [38]. The name of the companies,
The technologies for harnessing wind energy have, over the
capacities and locations of the solar power projects are listed in
years, been tried in the northern parts of the country, mainly for
Table 3.
water pumping from open wells. In 1998, a 5-kW wind
In a continued push for clean energy and growth of micro,
electricity conversion system for village electrification has been
small, medium scale enterprises, both the federal and state
installed at Sayyan Gidan Gada, in Sokoto State [60] - [61].
Governments are collaborating with companies for the
Wind renewable energy resource have not been integrated onto
construction of solar power plants and grid-connected solar
the Nigeria electricity grid [60]. Nigeria’s first wind farm is
projects in the country [50] - [56]. These possibilities in the
situated in Rimi village, 25 km south of Katsina City. It has 37
Nigerian power sector could be traced to the power sector
wind turbines, with a capacity of 275kW each, it has already
roadmap introduced by the federal government which
begun functioning on a trial basis and the transmission line for

POWERCON2018 Paper NO. 201805090000001 Page5/9 2038

 .

the evacuation of power to be produced is equally ready [62]. B. Our company uses new technology in the transmission of
electricity product
V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY It can be seen in Fig. 7, that 2% of the respondents strongly
In this study, a structured questionnaire as shown in table 4, disagreed that the company used new technology in the
was sent to members of staff of the transmission company of transmission of electricity product, 28% of the respondents
Nigeria, to evaluate the usage of new technology in the disagreed on the statement, 13% were undecided, 55% of the
company. 400 questionnaires were given out to respondents, respondents agreed, and 2% of the respondents strongly agreed
with 368 utilizable questionnaires returned. that the company used new technology in the transmission of
electricity product.
Table 4. Research survey questionnaire
Items
s/n
1
Our company engage new technology in the design of electricity
transmission lines
2 Our company uses new technology in the transmission of
electricity product
3 Our company engage the use of new technology in the efficient
utilization of power lines for the transmission of electricity
product
4 New technology has made the transmission process of electricity
in our company easier
5
New technology in our company’s electricity transmission
process has cut down cost of electricity transmission

Fig. 7. Our company uses new technology in the transmission of electricity

VI. RESULTS
A. Our company engage new technology in the design of
electricity transmission lines
Fig. 6, shows that 5% of the respondents strongly disagreed
that the company engaged new technology in designing its
electricity transmission lines, 13% of the respondents
disagreed, 20% were undecided on the assertion, 57% agreed
while another 5% strongly agreed on the assertion.
product.
C. Our company engage the use of new technology in the
efficient utilization of power lines for the transmission of
electricity product
Fig. 8, reveals that 2% of the respondents strongly disagree
that the company engaged the use of new technology in the
efficient utilization of power lines for the transmission of
electricity product, 35% disagreed, 18% of the respondents
were undecided, 40% of the respondents agreed, and 5% of
respondents strongly agreed.

Fig. 8. Our company engage the use of new technology in the efficient
Fig. 6. Our company engage new technology in the design of electricity utilization of power lines for the transmission of electricity product.
transmission lines.

POWERCON2018 Paper NO. 201805090000001 Page6/9 2039

D. New technology has made the transmission process of
electricity in our company easier
Fig. 9, shows that 5% of the respondents strongly
disagreed that new technology had made the transmission
process of electricity in the company easier, 30% disagreed,
12% of the respondents were undecided on the affirmation,
another 45% of the respondents agreed, and 8% strongly agreed
that new technology had made the transmission process of
electricity in the company easier.
Fig. 9. New technology has made the transmission process of electricity in our
company easier.
E. New technology in our company’s electricity transmission
process has cut down cost of electricity transmission
From Fig. 10, it is seen that 12% of the respondents strongly
disagreed that new technology in the company’s electricity
transmission process has cut down cost of electricity
transmission, 30% of the respondents disagreed, 25% of the
respondents were undecided on the statement, another 25%
agreed, and 8% of the respondents strongly agreed on the
proclamation.
Fig. 10. New technology in our company’s electricity transmission process has
cut down cost of electricity transmission.
POWERCON2018 Paper NO. 201805090000001
VII. DISCUSSION
From items 1 – 5 in Table 4, the responds from employees of
the Transmission Company of Nigeria has shown that the
company engages new technology in carrying out its activities.
Although responds to item 5 suggest that employees of the
company do not agree that, new technology in the company’s
electricity transmission process has cut down cost of electricity
transmission. But on the average from the graph provided in
Fig. 11, it shows that the transmission company of Nigeria
embraces new technology in its activities, since many of the
employees agree as indicated in items 1, 2, 3, and 4. Hence,
from the foregoing it will not be out of place to conclude that
the transmission company of Nigeria creatively and
innovatively utilized new technology in order to enhance the
company’s entrepreneurial performance. But literature reviews
has indicated that renewable energy technologies have not been
part of the new technology embraced by the company in terms
of grid tied renewable energy resources.
Fig. 11. Transmission company of Nigeria utilization of new technology in its
activities.
VIII. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATIONS
This research will present both institutional and policy
framework which governments in Africa should embark on to
ensure clean, resilient, reliable and affordable energy for her
teaming populations. Electricity consumption from renewable
energy in Nigeria is mostly from hydro-electricity, hence there
is need for the country to extend its technology usage to include
integration of utility scale renewable solar and wind energy
technologies to its national grid projects for sustainable
electricity supply.
From the results of this research, it will be correct to say that
the transmission company of Nigeria adopted new technology
which has enhanced the company’s performance, but new
technology usage should be extended to utility-scale renewable
solar and wind technology. Conventional energy sources have
Page7/9 2040
provided greater portion of the electric-power consumption in
Nigeria. Although Nigeria is a front runner in PV installation in
Africa, till now the country has near-zero share in the global
grid tied solar PV and CSP power generation. Hence, the need
for the country to invest in utility scale solar PV/CSP generation
to boast the country’s electricity capacity to the National grid.
Equally, even though wind renewable energy resource is
abundant in Nigeria, its application technologies for electricity
generation has not yet been integrated onto the Nigeria
electricity grid. The future for wind tied grid is very bright in
the country as a wind farm has already begun functioning on a
trial basis in Nigeria. Connecting this wind farm onto the
national grid will make the country be among committee of
nation that has a share in the global grid tied wind renewable
power generation.
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