SAGABAEN, Richard Allan C.

CE120-0/A1
SW2
I.
1. List other uses of levelling which are not mentioned during discussion. Briefly
Discuss each.
 To obtain a contour map of an area- which is a topographic map of an
area on which the shape of the land surface is shown by contour lines,
the relative spacing of the lines indicating the relative slope of the
surface.
 To determine the depth cutting and filling of engineering works-
levelling is used to determine the depth when constructing a railway,
road or canal whereby the amount of material from cuts roughly matched
the amount of fill needed to make nearby embankments.
 To establish points or erect machinery or construct a building
component at a predetermined level- it is basically used to determine
points where construction equipments are to be placed.
References: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/contour-map,
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_and_fill
2. What problems can be encountered by a surveyor during levelling?
 Weather and Seasonal Changes- weather and the changing of seasons
present another challenge. The perfect environment for a surveyor is
rarely to be found. Land surveyors could wish that all the trees were
bare, the ground clear of leaves, with comfortable temperatures and the
right light. Bright sunshine creates deep shadows, rain makes surfaces
wet and wind intensifies temperatures and makes holding a prism plumb
pole steady nearly impossible.
 GIS vs Traditional Survey Frameworks – this is basically how a
surveyor adapts to the evolution of the methods used in levelling.
 The Matter of As-Builts – as-builts are schematic drawings meant to
establish a pre-construction record of the size, shape and placement of
structures and improvements on surveyed properties.
 Levelling Across a Hill or a Hollow-In levelling across a hill, the level
should not be set up on the top of the hill, but it should be set up on side.
This reduces the number of instrument-settings.
 When the staff station is too Low or High-When the staff station is too
low i.e., the line of collimation passes above the staff, a peg is driven,
and staff is held over the peg. The staff reading is taken and the height of
the top of the peg above the ground is measured with a tape.

References:
https://info.courthousedirect.com/blog/bid/377557/6-challenges-land-surveyors-
may-face-on-the-job
http://www.engineeringenotes.com/surveying/levelling/7-major-difficulties-in-
levelling-with-diagram-surveying/13922
II.
1. Determine the area of the polygon whose vertices are (-25,25), (1,1), (35,10), (20,7) and
(-20,3).

1 −25 1 35 20 −20 −25

𝐴= | |
2 25 1 10 7 3 25

1
𝐴= [|(−25 + 10 + 245 + 60 − 500) + (25 + 35 + 200 − 140 − 75)|]
2

𝐴 = 127.5𝑢2
2. Calculate the area using Trapezoidal and Simpson’s One-Third Rule.
Offset H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7
Length 0 2.50 3.50 5 4.6 3.20 0

a. Trapezoidal Rule
10
𝐴= (0 + 0 + 2(2.5 + 3.5 + 5 + 4.6 + 3.2))
2

𝐴 = 188𝑚2

b. Simpson’s One-Third Rule

10
𝐴= (0 + 0 + 2(3.5 + 4.6) + 4(2.5 + 5 + 3.2))
3
𝐴 = 196.67𝑚2
 3. Complete the following differential level notes shown below and perform
the customary arithmetic check.

Station B.S. F.S. ELEVATION HI

BM1 1.256 127.133m (127.113+1.256)
=128.389
TP1 1.116 1.886 (128.389-1.886) =126.503 (126.503+1.116)
=127.619
TP2 1.228 1.527 (127.619-1.527) =126.092 (126.092+1.228)
=127.32
BM2 1.189 2.246 (127.32-2.246) =125.074 (125.074+1.189)
=126.263
BM3 1.070 2.017 (126.263-2.017) =124.246 (124.246+1.070)
=125.316
TP3 1.831 2.656 (125.316-2.656) =122.66 (122.66+1.831)
=124.491
BM4 2.765 (124.491-2.765) =121.726

Checking:
𝐵𝑀4 = 127.133 + (1.256 + 1.116 + 1.228 + 1.189 + 1.070 + 1.831) − (1.886
+ 1.527 + 2.246 + 2.017 + 2.656 + 2.765)
𝐵𝑀4 = 121.726𝑚
4. Complete the following differential level notes for a double-rodded line
from BM1 to BM2.
STATION B.S. F.S. ELEV HI
BM1 1.964 205.549m (205.549+1.964) =
1.964 207.513
TP1H 2.187 1.104 (207.513-1.104) = (206.409+2.187) =
206.409 208.596
TP1L 2.629 1.549 (207.513-1.549) = (205.964+2.629) =
205.964 208.593
TP2H 1.393 1.794 (208.596-1.794) = (206.802+1.393) =
206.802 208.195
TP2L 1.780 2.202 (208.593-2.202) = (206.391+1.780) =
206.391 208.171
TP3H 0.317 2.991 (208.195-2.991) = (205.204+0.317) =
205.204 205.521
TP3L 0.741 3.415 (208.171-3.415) = (204.756+0.741) =
204.756 205.497
BM2 2.634 (205.521-2.634) =
202.887
2.634 (205.497-2.634) =
202.863

Checking:
202.887 + 202.863
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
2
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 202.875𝑚

𝐵𝑀2 = 205.549
1
+ (1.964 + 1.964 + 2.187 + 2.629 + 1.393 + 1.780
2
1
+ 0.317 + 0.741) − (1.104 + 1.549 + 1.794 + 2.202
2
+ 2.991 + 3.415 + 2.634 + 2.634)
1 1
𝐵𝑀2 = 205.549 + (12.975) − (18.323)
2 2
𝐵𝑀2 = 202.875𝑚
5. From the given data from profile levelling, complete the table.
Station BS FS IFS ELEV HI
BM1 0.95 125.50 (125.50+0.95) =
126.45
1 3.0 (126.45-3) = 123.45
2 2.3 (126.45-2.3) = 124.15
TP1 3.13 0.64 (126.45-0.64) = (125.81+3.13) =
125.81 128.94
3 2.7 (128.94-2.7) = 126.24
4 2.8 (128.94-2.8) = 126.14
5 3.1 (128.94-3.1) = 125.84
6 0.5 (128.94-0.5) = 128.44
7 0.8 (128.94-0.8) = 128.14
TP2 1.28 (128.94-1.28) =
127.66

Checking:

𝑇𝑃1 = 125.50 + (0.95 + 3.13) − (0.64)

𝑇𝑃1 = 128.94𝑚

𝑇𝑃2 = 125.50 + (0.95 + 3.13) − (0.64 + 1.28)

𝑇𝑃2 = 127.66𝑚