Value to life is an inevitable condition of being – our first priority should

be ensuring the continuation of human life on earth.

Bernstein 02 - (Richard J., Vera List Prof. Phil. – New School for Social Research,
“Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation”, p. 188-192)

This is precisely what Jonas does in The Phenomenon of Life, his rethinking... include
the future wholeness of Man among the objects of your will." (IR 11)

Always an inherent value to life

Coontz 01 – (2001, Phyllis Coontz, Associate Professor in the Graduate School of
Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Journey of
Community Health Nursing, 18(4). “Transcending the Suffering of AIDS.” JSTOR)

In the 1950s, psychiatrist and theorist Viktor Frankl (1963) described... future to
strengthen one's present life (Reed, 1991 b).
Reps Frontline

Focusing purely on representation hinders understanding of policy by overlooking

questions of agency and material structures
Tuathail, 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political
Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)

While theoretical debates at academic conferences are important... open to the patterned mess
that is human history.

A focus on representations destroys social change by ignoring political and material

constraints
Taft-Kaufman 95 - (Jill, professor, Department of Speech Communication And Dramatic Arts,
at Central Michigan University, Southern Communication Journal, Spring, proquest)

The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," "Otherness," and "difference,"... political agendas,

institutions, agencies, and the budgets that fuel them.

There are no prior questions to problem oriented IR - empirical validity is a sufficient

justification for action. Emphasis on metaphysical hurdles destroys any chance of
effectively describing the world and guiding action
Owen 02 – (David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton, Millennium
Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)

Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks... and so a potentially vicious
circle arises.
Archipelago CP

TEXT: The United States federal government should reallocate its current presence in
Afghanistan to selected noncontiguous model districts within the north of Afghanistan and
invest in economic and political development in said districts.

Counterplan solves – model districts serve as a beacon of stability and undercut support
for al Qaeda
Khan 9 (Major Mehar Omar Khan, … .com/blog/2009/10/an-alternative-approach-for-af/)

Now what ‘can be’ done: … to the ‘throne of Kabul’.

And, counterinsurgency bad offense doesn’t apply – the counterplan overhauls our current
strategy
Khan 9 (Major Mehar Omar Khan, … .com/blog/2009/10/an-alternative-approach-for-af/)

Over the last three months … proposed ‘approach’ addresses this dilemma.
1NC Strategic Concept CP

TEXT: The United States federal government should adopt a negotiating position in the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Strategic Concept that it should substantially reduce
United States military presence in Incirlik.

Solves the aff and avoids START politics

Sokov 9 (Nikolai, Center for Nonproliferation Studies Senior Research Associate, 7/17, “Tactical (Substrategic) Nuclear Weapons,”
http://cns.miis.edu/opapers/090717_german_leadership/german_leadership_6_issue_4.pdf)
Thus, when the issue becomes … secured from potential terrorist threat.

NATO members are demanding that the US reduce its TNWs through the Strategic
Conference – process is critical
Kristensen 10 (Hans, Federation of Atomic Scientists, 2/22/2010, "Nuclear Posture Review to Reduce Regional Role of Nuclear
Weapons," http://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2010/02/nukemission.php)
The other part of the … by U.S. NATO Ambassador Ivo Daalder)

The US will abide by the results

Sokov 9 (Nikolai, Center for Nonproliferation Studies Senior Research Associate, 7/17, “Tactical (Substrategic) Nuclear Weapons,”
http://cns.miis.edu/opapers/090717_german_leadership/german_leadership_6_issue_4.pdf)
U.S. TNW in Europe. U.S. officials … they were withdrawn from Europe.23

CP is key to extended deterrence – allies conflate capabilities with resolve – CP de-links the
two causing NATO to get on board for scraping TNWs without sparking a crisis of
confidence
Acton 9 (James, Carnegie Endowment Nonproliferation Program associate specializing in nonproliferation and disarmament, Physicist with
experience in civilian nuclear industry and IAEA safeguards, former Kings College War Studies Science and Security Studies Centre Lecturer,
Former Verification Research Training and Information Centre Science and Technology Researcher, UK-Norway Dialogue on Disarm
Verification Participant, December, "Extended Deterrence and Communicating Resolve,"
http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=24653)
Demonstrating resolve will require . . . a crisis of confidence among its allies.

Decline in extended deterrence causes global proliferation

Record 4 (Jeffrey, Prof. Strategy and Int’l. Security – U.S. Air Force’s Air War College and Former Professional Staff – Senate Armed
Services Committee, Cato Policy Analysis #519, 7-8, “Nuclear Deterrence, Preventive War, and Counterproliferation”, 7-8,
http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa519.pdf)
The success of the NPT has been . . . would then matter; allies, to protect themselves.”21

The impact is global nuclear war

Taylor 1 (Theodore, Chairman of NOVA, Former Nuclear Weapons Designer, Recipient of the US Atomic Energy Commission’s 1965
Lawrence Memorial Award and former Deputy Dir. of Defense Nuclear Agency, “Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”, in “Breakthrough:
Emerging New Thinking”, http://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/Breakthrough/book/chapters/taylor.html)
Nuclear proliferation - be it among nations . . . easily escalate into a global nuclear war.

2NC Says Yes/Net Benefit Cards

Prefer our counterplan – it solves NATO cohesion – unilateral withdrawal destroys NATO
GSN 3/15/2010 ["U.S. Carefully Considers Future of Nukes in Europe,"
http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20100315_1209.php]

The Obama administration is proceeding . . . NATO promise to safeguard their borders, AP reported.

The CP is key to get NATO on board and achieve consensus over the plan
Meier 9 -Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy Researcher, and Verification Research, Training and Information Centre (VERTIC)
Arms Control and Disarmament Researcher, December 2009 [Oliver, "German Nuclear Stance Stirs Debate,"
http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2009_12/GermanNuclearStance, 2/28]
Many observers have noted that the . . . states in the Balkans and further south,” she said.

The CP builds consensus for the plan

Sokov 9 - Center for Nonproliferation Studies Senior Research Associate, 7/17/2009 [Nikolai, “Tactical (Substrategic) Nuclear Weapons,”
http://cns.miis.edu/opapers/090717_german_leadership/german_leadership_6_issue_4.pdf, 2/28]
As the above analysis makes clear, . . . problem that both sides find advantageous.

US would remove TNWs as soon as allies are on board – the plan would undermine ally
relations
Burns 10, AP staff writer, 3/14/2010 [Robert, "US cautious on removing nuclear arms from
Europe,", 3/15]
Hans M. Kristensen, director of the Nuclear . . . tomorrow if this were just its own decision."

Turkey says yes – will be pressured by other NATO allies

Kibaroglu, 1AC Author, 10 [June, Mustafa, phd, professor Bilkent University in turkey, held a fellowship at Harvard, “Reassessing
the Role of U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Turkey”, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2010_06/Kibaroglu#25]

NATO is revising its Strategic Concept; the . . . without undermining extended nuclear
deterrence.