1

CHAPTER І

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Life in the prison is generally a painful experience (Sykes, 2006), and prisoners

experience high levels of stress (Herreveld & Dijik, 2007). Imprisonment is so unpleasant

that prison inmates must have to learn to adapt or cope with many stressful conditions in

prison. The prison’s life is detrimental to the psychological and physical health of the

inmates. In addition to mental illness, inmates who were deficient in coping skills were at a

higher risk for self-harm and more suicide-prone (Dear, et. al., 2001). Demeaning and

demoralizing prisoner’s correlates with the experience of poor psychological wellbeing

(Abiama & Etowa, 2013). Poor psychological wellbeing among prison inmates is usually seen

in prison inmates’ expression of anger, depression, and frustration.

Imprisonment is a psychologically painful experience. Incarceration represents a

form of traumatic experience severe enough to produce posttraumatic stress reactions

(Rokach, 2007), and prisoners need to cope with several stressful situations in prison. Coping

can be seen as efforts made to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands of stress on an

individual’s life.

According to Briley (2009), the ideologies behind the jail context were an important

factor to consider when studying the adjustment of inmates. As stated by Tewksbury and

Mustaine (2008), jail personnel have listed the importance and primary goals of incarceration

as rehabilitation, retribution, specific deterrence, and general deterrence; rehabilitation was

listed as the most important. If there were interventions to help inmates cope better with

incarceration and reduce their maladjustment and maladaptive behaviors, jail officers would

be able to focus on rehabilitation (Briley, 2009).

 2

The conduct of the study is beneficial to the inmates, to provide them the better

improvement to recover their frustration, anxiety, and sadness inside the provincial jail. They

may develop positive thoughts instead of giving up. To the family of the inmates, to ensure

that their family members are well protected by the government and assure that in good

condition to perform a series of activities inside the jail. To the Provincial jail, that they

developed the coping strategies of the inmates by improving the programs and to ensure the

inmate’s condition. To the future researchers, that they may give more knowledge about

coping strategies of an inmate inside the Provincial Jail and used as a reference in conducting

new research.

The researcher opted to conduct this study to determine the Inmate Ways of Coping

Psychological and Physical Well-being in Provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte. The purpose of

the study were to gathered facts through survey and identify the coping mechanism employed

by the respondents in their daily activities inside Provincial Jail.

Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored on the theory of Lazarus & Folkman (1984) on Transactional

Theory. This theory proposed that individuals interact dynamically and reciprocally with their

environments. Assessment of both the individual and the environment was required to

provide meaningful information regarding the coping process.

In addition, Transactional Model useful framework for conceptualizing the prison

adjustment process. As supported by Fritch (2006) for a study on trauma, coping, and health

of incarcerated inmates. He found that although the prison environment might not have been

perceived as stressful for some inmates, other inmates perceived prison as a stressful

environment. Prisoners who did not perceive prison as stressful had no need to adapt or
 3

cope. However, inmates who perceived prison as stressful needed to adapt or cope. The

transactional model provided a good framework to discover what the inmates perceived that

influenced their coping strategies.

This study was also supported by Priya (2014) on his reformative theory. As indicated

by this hypothesis, the object of discipline ought to be the change of the illicit, through the

strategy for individualization. It depends on the humanistic rule that regardless of whether a

guilty party carries out wrongdoing, he doesn't stop to be an individual. He may have

perpetrated wrongdoing under conditions which may never happen again. Along these lines,

an exertion ought to be made to change him amid the time of his imprisonment. The object

of sentence ought to be to realize the ethical change of the guilty party. He should be instructed

and trained some craftsmanship or industry amid the time of his detainment with the goal that

he might have the capacity to begin his life again after his discharge from prison (Priya, 2014).

If inmates are to be sent to prison to be changed into good citizens by physical, intellectual

and moral exercise, prisons must be turned into contented dwelling places (Salmond, 2010).

The researcher opted to conduct this study to determine and evaluate the inmate ways

of coping with psychological and physical well-being in Provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte.
 4

Schematic Diagram

Independent Dependent
Variables Variables

Inmate’s Profile A. Psychological Coping Mechanism

1. Problem-focused coping
 Age
2. Emotional-focused coping
 Civil Status B. Physical Well Being Mechanism

 Crime Accused 1. Educational Services

 Educational Attainment 2. Food Services

3. Health Services
 Gender
4. Livelihood Services
 Religion
5. Religious Services

6. Sports and Recreational Services

Figure 1. The schematic Diagram shows the interplay between the independent and
dependent variables of the study.
 5

Statement of the Problem

This Study aims to determine the inmate ways of coping with psychological and

physical wellbeing in Provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte.

Specifically, it is sought to answer the following questions:

1.) What is the Respondents Profile in terms;

1.1 age;

1.2 civil atatus;

1.3 crime accused;

1.4 educational attainment;

1.5 gender; and

1.6 religion?

2.) What are the psychological coping strategies employed by the inmate as to:

2.1 problem-focused coping; and

2.2 emotional focused coping?

3.) What extend is the level of physical wellbeing of inmates regarding as to :

3.1 educational services;

3.2 food Services;

3.3 health Services;

3.4 livelihood Services;

3.5 religious services; and

3.6 sports and recreational services?

 6

4.) Is there a significant relationship the ways of coping the psychological and

physical wellbeing of inmates in Provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte?

Hypothesis

The hypothesis was tested at 0.05 lesvel of significance that there is no significant

difference in the factors that affect inmate ways of coping with psychological and physical

wellbeing in Provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The objective of this study was to determine the ways of psychological coping and

physical wellbeing of an inmate where the inmates of Provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte that

serve as respondents of this study. Further, this study will be conducted during the calendar

year 2019.

Definitions of Terms

The following words were defined operationally for a deeper and better understanding of the

study:

Age – refers to age bracket where the respondents belong

Civil Status – whether the respondents are single, married, separated, divorced or

widow

Crime Accused – refers to the offense commited by the respondents that caused

his/her conviction
 7

Educational Attainment – refers to the educational level of or degree attained by the

respondents

Educational Services – refers to the ongoing education of prisoners is to be

facilitated and schooling of illiterates and youthful prisoners

Gender – either the respondents are male or female

Health services – refers to the medical services, sustenance, cleanliness, and health-

related programs or materials provided by the jail to the inmates

Inmates – it refers to the person incarcerated in Provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte

Physical well-being – the strategies of the respondents to develop his/her physical

desire

Psychological – the strategies of an inmate on how he/she develop his/her mind &

behavior in dealing with the certain objectss

Recreational Services – refers to the services that involve worshipping and

improving or strengthening one’s faith

Religious – refers to the respondent’s belief or faith

Sports – the ability of the respondents to develop his/her skills and physical condition
 8

CHAPTER ІІ

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section contains the review of related studies of the researcher. This study

includes the related studies of the inmate ways of coping psychological and physical wellbeing.

The Bureau of Corrections Mnaual (2000) emphasized the points that prisons attempt

to rehabilitate inmates so they will avoid future criminal behavior or offenses. Most prisons

had health, recreational and religious programs, psychological and physical well-being, and an

array of services available to support inmates in the improvement of their skills, attitudes, and

self-worth (Francisco, 2012).

Further, the BJMP Comprehensive Operations Manual (2015) highlighted that jail

Bureau has exercise administrative and operational jurisdiction over all district, city, municipal

and provincial jails. It is a line bureau of the Department of the Interior and Local

Government (DILG) and aims to enhance public safety by providing safekeeping and

development of inmates in all district, city, municipal and provincial jails (www.bjmp.gov.ph).

Jail and Prison populations are increasing and it brings problems and issues for jail and

prison administrators. Catering the basic sustenance, needs and facilities for inmates are

compromised as a result, the implementation of policies and rules are not very well observed.

The continuing problem that jails and prison are psychological and physical well-being of

inmates such as emotional-focused coping, problem-focused coping, dormitories and cells, It

poses health problems to the inmates. Inadequate prison facilities due to budgetary constraints

contributed much to these problems (Francisco, 2013).

 9

According to Cano (2001), that reinventing the designs of the approaches of

mechanism that would create a dramatic contribution to the real essence of reformation that

would bring forth values of human person must be done. Protection of society is very

expensive, in the framework of correctional institutions.

According to Manwong (2014) in lieu of rehabilitation, inmate must be satisfied first

into the different services that certain jail offers, the theory of Hierarchy of needs this remains

vaild until in the present day for understanding human motivation, management discipline and

individual development.

The Hierarchy of needs is frequently represented within the form of a pyramid with

the largest, most vital levels of needs at the foot and the self-actualization need at the top.

According to Manwong (2014), The physical requirements for human survival are

considered physiological needs. If these necessities are not met, the human body cannot

function properly and may ultimately fail. It is thought to be the most important; they should

be met first. The metabolic requirements for the survival of humans are air, water and food.

Clothing and shelter provide essential protection from the harsh elements

According to the study of Francisco (2013), correctional institutions face harsh

physical conditions such as overcrowding of dormitories or cells, and this poses a great threat

to the health of the inmates. Lack of facilities due to budgetary limitations contributes to the

problem. It lessens the implementation of rehabilitation and treatment program. In the

Philippines, prison institutions are a place not to punish criminals but to rehabilitate and treat

them.
 10

According to Siegel (2004), Prison in the United State are looked upon as total

institutions. Inmates are segregated from the outside world, and kept under constant scrutiny

and surveillance, and are forced to obey strict official rules to avoid sanctions.

According to Cańo (2001), that reinventing the designs of the approaches of

mechanism that would create a dramatic contribution to the real essence of reformation that

would bring forth values of human person must be done. Protection of society is ver

expensive, in the framework of correctional institutions.

According to Statamis (2006), believed that delivery of services to the inmates must be

timely, accurate with concern and courtesy. Statamis pointed out that there must be a genuine

commitment to operationalizing the concepts of inmate’s focus, establishing service

performance, measuring performance against benchmark recognizing and rewarding

exemplary behavior and maintaining enthusiasm for the inmate’s at all time. Reid (2010),

supported the statement; even those who are incarcerated should have opportunities to

improve their lives while they are in a correctional institutions. Inmates are allowed to

participate in some programs ranging from health, recreational to religious services.

Further, correctional institutions operate individually when it comes to health and

recreational services; yet their spiritual services unquestionably have a resemblance. On the

other hand, regardless of the high ratings given by the detainees towards the services they

receive, the researcher saw the need for development for such sustenance to address the need

as it should be.
 11

Furthermore, health and wellness are key components for inmates and detainees. It

can be maintained by implementing a variety of wellness programs and services which include

wholesome activities and help inmates make better choices as to their health.

According to Mata (2008) in his column that in the correctional institutions of Davao

del Norte, there were reports that several inmates were suffering from poor services being

provided to them. Prison and Jail personnel had been trying to save the lives of the detainees

despite the fact that the facilities and financial budget for health, recreational and religious

services were sufficient.

According to Plopinio and Barreda (2016), recreational facilities: prisoners spend

leisure time on the basketball court in the correctional institution’s gymnasium and are also

engaged in the handicrafts production. Numerous religious denominations are active in the

jails and prisons, with masses said daily in the prison’s Catholic Chapel. These religious

clusters, such as the Seventh-day Adventist church, Amazing Grace Christian Ministries,

Philippine Jesuit Prison service and Caritas Manila, also extend services to the prisoners.

Educational facilities: elementary education, high school education, vocational

training, and adult literacy programs are provided inside the institutions. The New Bilibid

Prison also has a talipapa (market) where the inmates can buy commodities (Plopinio &

Barreda, 2016).

As such, the Bureau shall ensure the establishment of secure, clean, adequately

equipped sanitary facilities; and ensure the provision of quality services for the custody,

safekeeping, rehabilitation and development of provincial jail inmates, any fugitive from

justice, or person detained awaiting or undergoing investigation or trial and/or transfer to the
 12

National Penitentiary, and/or violent mentally ill person who endangers him/heself or the

safety of others cetified by the proper medical or health officer, pending transfer to a mental

institution (Sec. 4, BJMP Comprehensive Operations Manual Revised, 2015).

Furthermore, the Bureau has four major areas of rehabilitation program, namely: (1)

Livelihood Projects, (2) Educational and Vocatinal Training, (3) Recreational and Sports, and

(4) Religious Activities. These were continuously executed to eradicate the offender’s pattern

of criminal behavior and to reform them to become upright and industrious citizens

(www.bjmp.gov.ph).

Inmate’s Orientation intended to provide the basic information the inmates residents

need to know and adhere while under the care of the Bureau. It provides the rights, privileges

and responsibilities, grave offenses, prohibitions, disciplinary board, programs and services

(provision of basic needs, health, livelihood, educational, sports and recreational and religious

services), therapeutic community modality program, and early modes of releases. (Inmate’s

orientation sheet, 2017).

The Bureau’s mission is to enhance public safety by providing humane safekeeping

and development of inmates in a provincial jail. It also envisions itself as a dynamics

institutions highly regarded for its sustained humane safekeeping and development of inmates

(www.bjmp.gov.ph).

According to Endler, Parker, and Butcher, (2003), two styles of coping, problem-

focused and emotion-focused, are consistently identified and researched in the coping

literature. Problem-focused coping, also referred to as task-oriented coping, involves strategies

aimed at problem solving, for example engaging in an activity like sports and working cans
 13

change the cause or effect of stress & anxiety. Problem-focused coping may involve planning,

direct action, seeking help or guidance, or practicing inhibition. Emotion-focused coping

targets emotional distress related to a situation. Emotion coping usually involves fantasizing,

rumination, or an emotional response.

According to Harreveld (2007), the relationship between coping strategies of inmates

and their psychological and physical well being is present. Moreover, convicts who

experienced specific negative emotions such as regret, anxiety, and sadness reported more

mental and physical complaints. The manner by which prisoners adapted to these negative

feelings was likewise critical. Engaging in emotion management more cognitively, by

emphasizing positive aspects of the situation, can help to reduce the intensity of negative

emotions.

Also, Inmate psychological wellbeing is influenced by participation in institutional

programs, the frequency of visitation with outsiders, and experiences with victimization during

incarceration (Wooldridge, 1999).

According to Meek and Lewis (2014), in spite of an expanded spotlight on the

advantages of support in-game and physical movement for men in authority, little

consideration has been paid to its potential job in meeting the particular needs of male

detainees. Quantitative information from male wrongdoers inside the jail showed that,

regardless of low dimensions of interest, jail-based game and physical exercises have clear

physical and mental advantages and can be important in advancing obstruction from

wrongdoing. Institutional barriers to participation, such as in the provision of activities and

the prison regime, coupled with gendered barriers, such as self-presentational and motivational

concerns, are identified and explored.

 14

To sum this up, the researcher conducted this study to determine the ways of coping

the psychological and physical wellbeing of an inmate in Provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte.
 15

CHAPTER ІІІ

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study explored the inmate ways of coping psychological and physical well-being

of an inmate in the Provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte. Described the respondents, assessment

instruments and empirical procedures used for the current study. The respondents for the

study and the methods used to examine the coping strategies of the respondents were

discussed. Procedures used for notifying respondents and the process of the survey were

outlined. An analysis of the data concluded this chapter.

The target group for this research was incarcerated male & female’s, inmate. A

descriptive and correlational design will be used to answer the research questions and test the

hypotheses of the study. According to Szapkiw (2012), descriptive correlational studies

provided an understanding of what is in a specific situation with an identified population and

examines the extent to which two or more variables related to one another.

Research Locale

This study was conducted in Provincial Jail which located in Butuan City, Agusan del

Norte, Region 13 Caraga, Philippines. The respondents of this study was the inmates who

incarcerated in Provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte. It is situated beside the Butuan City Jail. The

Provincial jail is under the supervision of the provincial government of Agusan del Norte.

This also holds most of the inmates in the Province of Agusan del Norte, specifically from

the municipalities of Nasipit, Carmen, Buenavista, Magallanes, and Las Nieves.

 16

Research Respondents

The respondents of the study were the inmates of Provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte.

In our survey there’s 261 inmates incarcerated in provincial jail, who were convicted with

different crimes. There were 250 male inmates and 11 female inmates in totality.

Table 1

Population of Respondents

Population % Rank
F

Male 196 93 1

Female 14 7 2

Total 210 100

 17

Research Instrument

The researcher adopted and modified the questionnaire from the study of Tay hwee li

Germaine (2011) entitled ‘coping strategies of male & female inmates”. It is also anchored

from the study of Mr. Jhun Mark S. Patlunag (2018) entitled “Services of the Bureau of Jail

Management and Penology (BJMP) An assessment”.

The questionnaire has an English dialect and Visayan dialect so that the person who

is weak in English dialect can understand. The questionnaire will be designated in Provincial

Jail, Agusan del Norte.

The questionnaire has three (3) parts. Part I Respondent’s Profile which formulated

by the researcher that deals the profile of the respondents such as Age, Gender, Civil Status,

Educational Attainment and Crime Accused. Part II Ways of Coping Psychological which

revised by the researcher that deals the strategies of the respondents in coping psychologically.

The scale had 10 items, 5 items stating the Problem-focused Coping and 5 items stating the

Emotion-focused Coping while respondents rated how each item affected them based on a

scale of 1 to4 while Part III Ways of Coping the Physical well-being of the respondents. It is

answerable in a 1 to 4 scale with the corresponding verbal description.

Respondents indicated how often they typically use the coping strategy represented by

the item by rating each item from scale 3.5-4 (4) Always, 2.5-3.4 (3) Most of the time, 1.5-2.4

(2) Sometimes, 1-1.4 (1) Never.

.
 18

Ethical Standard

The task of the researcher before proposing the subject, first, they must follow an

ethical standard or rules to protect privacy of the respondents, the name of the respondents

and even the physical description and the personal information must not be revealed to the

public and it should keep the answer sheet the name must not be necessary to write. Second,

before giving the research instrument to the subject or respondents, they must read and

understand the consent letter and wait for them to accept the survey and give approval. Third,

the researcher must inform the respondents that the conducted inquiry is for the inmates of

Provincial jail, Agusan del Norte. Fourth, the researcher must ask permission to the subject

or respondents in answering the survey and discuss for them to be aware of all the ethical

responsibilities which will dispense the entire study.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers observe the following step by step procedures in gathering data.

Step 1. Letter of Request. A letter of request was sent to our chosen Provincial Jail

inmates in inmate in Agusan del Norte to be approved by our research adviser.

Step 2. Distribution of Questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed to our

chosen Provincial Jail inmates in Agusan del Norte together with the informed consent form.

Step 3. Gathering of Questionnaire. The questionnaires were gathered one by one after

the respondents answered them and the questionnaires were examined carefully by the

researchers to see to it that all the needed data were filed up.
 19

Step 4. Consolidating Data. The data collected was checked, tailed, and tabulated,

presented, analyzed and interpreted with the application of statistical tools.

Statistical Treatment

The researcher will use the following statistical tool in the analysis and interpretation

of data.

Frequency and Percentage. This tool was used to determine the respondent’s

percentage according to its gender.

Weighted Mean. It was used for quantitative analysis. It used to answer the coping

mechanism of an inmate in the ways of psychological and physical wellbeing in Provincial Jail,

Agusan del Norte.

Pearson Correlation. This type of tool was used to measure the relationship between

the two variables that are usually of the interval type of data.
 20

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter deals on the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data gathered
that led to the acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis. The topics were in the order of
specific problem or areas of investigation in the study as follows,

PROBLEM 1. What is the respondent’s profile in terms of;

1.1 As to Age

Table 2

Age of the Respondents

Male Female Total Rank

Age Bracket
f % f % f %

25 below 62 32 3 21 65 31 2

26-45 94 48 8 57 102 49 1

46-65 40 20 3 21 43 20 3

66 and above 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

Total 196 93 14 7 210 100

The age of the inmate respondents was categorized into 18-25 years old, 26-45 years

old, 46-65 years old, and 66 years old above.

Table 2 shows that one hundred two (102) or 49% of the two hundred ten

respondents belong to the age bracket of 26-45 years old while, sixty five (65) or 31% of the

respondents are belong to the age of 25 years old below, forty-three (43) or 20% of the
 21

respondents are between the age of 46-65 years old, and zero (0) or 0% of the respondents

are not belong to the age of 66 years old above.

Most of the inmate respondents are between the age of 26-45 years old and the least

is that in the age of 66 and above.

Therefore, for the most of the inmate respondents in the provincial Jail, Agusan del

Norte are between the ages of 26-45 years old.

According to Farrington’s Theory of Delinquent Development (1982), the frequency

of offending reaches a peak in the teenage years and declines in the middle 30’s when the

offenders marry or live with women.

 22

1.2 As to Civil Status

Table 3

Civil Status of Respondents

Male Female Total Rank

Civil Status
f % f % f %

Single 135 69 9 64 144 69 1

Married 51 26 3 21 54 26 2

Separated 9 5 1 7 10 5 3

Divorced 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

Widow 1 1 1 7 2 1 4

Total 196 93 14 7 210 100

The civil status of the inmate respondents was quantified into single, married,

separated, divorced and widow.

Table 3 shows that one hundred forty-four (144) or 69% of the two hundred ten

respondents classified as single while, fifty-four (54) or 26% of the respondents belong as

married, one (1) or 1% of the respondents belong as widow, and nobody classified as

divorced.

Therefore, the majority of the respondents are single, and nobody had a divorced.

Most of the respondents are single because a single individual doesn’t have any commitment
 23

that may hold them back and they are independent and more likely to be exposed to deviant

peers.

As stated by Mark Warr (2004). “for many individuals, it seems, marriage marks a

transition from heavy peer involvement to a preoccupation with one’s spouse. That passage

is likely to reduce interaction with former friends and accomplices and thereby reduce the

opportunities as well as the motivation to engage in crime.

 24

1.3 As to Crime Accused

Table 4

Crime Accused of Respondents

Male Female Total Rank

Crime Accused
f % f % f %

Act of lasciviousness 3 2 0 0 3 1 9.5

Attempted Murder 5 3 1 7 6 3 6

Child Abuse 2 1 0 0 2 1 9.5

Drugs 122 62 11 79 133 63 1

Frustrated Murder 2 1 0 0 2 1 9.5

Homicide 1 1 0 0 1 0.4 13

Murder 20 10 2 14 22 10 2

Physical injury 2 1 0 0 2 1 9.5

Rape 3 2 0 0 3 1 9.5

Robbery 8 4 0 0 8 4 5

Seduction 5 3 0 0 5 2 7

Sexual Harassment 1 1 0 0 1 0.4 13

Slander 1 1 0 0 1 0.4 13

Theft 10 5 0 0 10 5 3.5

Violence Against Women 11 6 0 0 11 5 3.5

and children
Total 196 93 14 7 210 100
 25

Table 3 shows that the crime of Act of Lasciviousness there’s a three (3) respondents

who committed and the percentage of 1%, for the crime of Attempted Murder there’s a six

(6) respondents who committed and the percentage of 3%, while, the crime Child Abuse

there’s a two (2) respondents who committed and the percentage of 1%, for the crime of

Drugs there’s a one hundred thirty three (133) respondents who committed and the

percentage of 63%, for the crime of Frustrated Murder there’s a two (2) respondents who

committed and the percentage of 1%, for the crime of Homicide there’s a one (1)

respondents who committed and the percentage of 0.4%, for the crime of Murder there’s a

twenty (20) respondents who committed and the percentage of 10%, for the crime of

Physical Injury there’s a two (2) respondents who committed and the percentage of 1%, for

the crime of Rape there’s a three (3) respondents who committed the crime and the

percentage of 1%, for the crime of Robbery there’s a eight (8) respondents who committed

and the percentage of 4%, for the crime of Seduction there’s a five (5) respondents who

committed and the percentage 2%, for the crime of Sexual Harassment there’s a one (1)

respondents who committed and the percentage of 0.4%, for the crime of Slander there’s a

one (1) respondents who committed and the percentage of 0.4%, for the crime of Theft

there’s a ten (10) respondents who committed and the percentage of 5% and for the crime

of Violence Against Women and children there’s a eleven (11) respondents who committed

and the percentage of 5%.

Therefore, Among the Crime Committed, Drugs is the most rampant crime

committed by the 133 or 63% respondents among the 210 respondents in totality.

As cited from the data and statistics of the Bureau of Jail Management and penology

(2017), that 126,135 inmates are detained in the jails under the administration of the bureau
 26

in the entire country are charge with non-index crime, and 35,393 inmates are charge with

index crime.

Philippine Government declare war on drugs, thus Philippine National Police (PNP)

implemented the OPLAN double barrel project Tokhang. This OPLAN triggered the rise of

detained/convicted inmates in the provincial jail under the Provincial Government.

1.4 As to Educational Attainment

Table 5

Educational Attainment of Respondents

Male Female Total Rank

Educational
Attainment
F % F % f %

College 10 5 2 14 12 6 6
Graduate
College 28 14 3 21 31 15 4
Level
High School 50 26 4 29 54 26 1
Graduate
High School 49 25 2 14 52 25 2
Level
Elementary 33 17 1 7 34 16 3
Graduate
Elementary 24 12 2 14 26 12 5
Level
Zero Level 2 1 0 0 2 1 7

Total 196 93 14 7 210 100

 27

The Educational Attainment of the inmate respondents was categorized into the

following: College graduate, College level, High School Graduate, High School level,

Elementary Graduate, Elementary level, Zero level.

Table 5 shows that there’s a twelve (12) or 6% respondents who were College

Graduate, there’s a thirty-one (31) or 15% respondents who were College Level, there’s a

fifty four (54) or 26% respondents who were High School Graduate, there’s a fifty two (52)

or 25% respondents who were High School Level, while thirty four (34) or 16% are

elementary graduate, twenty six (26) or 12% are elementary level, and two (2) or 1% are zero

level of educational attainment.

Thus, most of the respondents are High School graduate, and there is a very low

number of zero level detained in the provincial jail, Agusan del Norte.
 28

1.5 As to Gender

Table 6

Gender of the Respondents

f % Rank

Male 196 93 1

Female 14 7 2

Total 210 100

The Gender of the inmate respondents was categorized into male and female.

Table 6 shows that the majority of the inmates were male having frequency of one

hundred ninety-six (196) or 93% out of the 210 total respondent’s population and fourteen

(14) or 7% are female respondents.

Therefore, the majority of the inmate are males who make up of 93%% of the total

population of the study.

 29

1.6 As to Religion

Table 7

Religion of Respondents

Male Female Total Rank

Religion
f % f % f %

Roman 176 90 12 86 188 90 1

Catholic
Iglesia ni 17 9 1 7 18 9 2
Cristo
Muslim 3 2 1 7 4 2 3

Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

Total 196 93 14 7 210 100

The religion of the inmate respondents was categorized as to Roman Catholic, Iglesia

ni Cristo, Muslim, and other.

Table 7 shows that one hundred eighty-eight (188) or 90% of the respondents are

Roman Catholic, eighteen (18) or 9% of the respondents are Iglesia ni Cristo, four (4) or 2%

are Musliims, and nobody had a other religion.

Therefore, the majority of the inmate respondents are Roman Catholic which make

up of 90% of its totality.

 30

PROBLEM 2. What are the Psychological Coping strategies employed by the inmate

as to;

2.1 Problem-focused Coping

Table 8

Problem-focused Coping

1.) PROBLEM-FOCUSED Weighted Mean Verbal Rank

COPING Description
1. I discuss my problem with 3.11 Most of the time 3
someone
2. I talk to someone to find 3.08 Most of the time 4
out more about the
situation
3. I try to get advice from 3.27 Most of the time 2
someone about what to
do
4. I talk to someone who 3.77 Always 1
could do something
concrete about the
problem
5. I focus on dealing with 2.48 Sometimes 5
the problem, and if
necessary, let other things
slide a little
3.14 Most of the time
Average Mean

Table 8 shows the assessment of educational services to the respondents in the

provincial jail, Agusan del Norte, the following statement had a weighted mean: 1. I discuss

my problem with someone with weighted mean of 3.11 an has a verbal description of Most

of the time. 2. I talk to someone to find out more about situation with a weighted mean of
 31

3.08 an has verbal description of Most of the time. 3. I try to get advice from someone about

what to do with a weighted mean of 3.27 which has a verbal description of Most of the time.

4. I talk to someone who could do something concrete about the problem with a weighted

mean of 3.77 and has verbal description of Always. 5. I focus on dealing with the problem

and if necessary, and let other things slide a little with a weighted mean of 2.48 which has a

verbal description of Sometimes.

Table 8 shows that the highest average is 4. I talk to someone who could do

something concrete about the problem with a weighted mean of 3.77 and has verbal

description of Always. And the least average is 2. I talk to someone to find out more about

situation with a weighted mean of 3.08 an has verbal description of Most of the time.

Also, table 8 shows that most of the respondents are comfortable to talk to someone

who could do something concrete about their own problem.

Table 8 shows that the average weighted mean is 3.14 with a verbal description of

Most of the time.

 32

2.2 Emotional-focused Coping

Table 9

Emotion-focused Coping

2.) EMOTION-FOCUSED Weighted Mean Verbal Rank

COPING Description
1. I get upset and let my 2.91 Most of the time 5
emotions burst.

2. I try to get emotional 3.13 Most of the time 4

support from friends and
relatives
3. I try to come up with a 3.25 Most of the time 2
strategy about what to do

4. I get sympathy and 3.17 Most of the time 3

understanding from
someone
5. I seek God’s help 3.64 Always 1

3.22 Most of the time

Average Mean

Table 9 shows the assessment of educational services to the respondents in the

provincial jail, Agusan del Norte, the following statement had a weighted mean: 1. I get

upset and let my emotion burst with weighted mean of 2.91 and has a verbal description of

Most of the time. 2. I try to get emotional support from friends and relatives with a weighted

mean of 3.13 and verbal description of Most of the time. 3. I try to come up with strategy

about what to do with a weighted mean of 3.25 which has a verbal description of Most of

the time. 4. I get sympathy and understanding from someone with a weighted mean of 3.17
 33

and a verbal description of Most of the time. 5. I seek god’s help with a weighted mean of

3.64 which has a verbal description of Always.

Also, table 9 shows that the highest average is 5. I seek god’s help with a weighted

mean of 3.64 which has a verbal description of Always. And the least average is 1. I get upset

and let my emotion burst with weighted mean of 2.91 and has a verbal description of Most

of the time.

Table 9 shows that the respondents are always asking for god’s help through prayer

and worship. The total average is 3.22 which has a verbal description of Most of the time.
 34

PROBLEM 3. What extend is the level of physical wellbeing of inmates regarding as

to:

3.1 Educational Services

Table 10

Educational Services

1.) EDUCATIONAL Weighted Mean Verbal Rank

SERVICES Description
1. I have time to read 3.68 Always 1
wholesome literatures

2. I apply TESDA 3.67 Always 2.5

vocational courses to
improve myself.

3. I am provided with class 3.02 Most of the time 5

tutorial sessions by the jail
personnel or volunteer.

4. I joined Alternative 3.67 Always 2.5

learning System (ALS) to
continue my knowledge
about learning

5. I am provided of School 3.39 Most of the time 4

supplies and books.

3.49 Most of the time

Average Mean

Table 10 shows the assessment of educational services to the respondents in the

provincial jail, Agusan del Norte, the following statement had a weighted mean: 1. I have

time to read wholesome literatures with a weighted mean 3.68, verbal description of Always.

2 I apply TESDA vocational courses to improve myself with a weighted mean 3.67, verbal
 35

description Always. 3 I am provided with class tutorial sessions by the jail personnel or

volunteer with a weighted mean 3.02, verbal description Most of the time. 4 I joined

Alternative learning System (ALS) to continue my knowledge about learning with a weighted

mean 3.67, verbal description Always. 5 I am provided of School supplies and books with a

weighted mean 3.39, verbal description Most of the time.

The table shows that the average weighted mean of educational services being

provided is 3.49, verbal description of Most of the time.

The result infer that Alternative Learning System are not available and inaccessible

to the inmates in-need of the services. On the other hand, TESDA vocational course are

also available but to the limited inmates. It concerns to the availability of the slot and

security purposes.
 36

3.2 As to Food Services

Table 11

Food Services

2.) FOOD SERVICES Weighted Mean Verbal Rank

Description
1. I eat food to satisfy my 1.3 Never 5
hungerness

2. I eat food that is tasty and 2.83 Most of the time 4

well cooked

3. I eat Vegestables a lot 2.88 Most of the time 3

4. I eat food daily 3.18 Most of the time 1

5. I am provided with 3.13 Most of the time 2

complete set of utensils

2.68 Most of the time

Average Mean

Table 11 shows the assessment of the food services towards the inmates of the

bureau in the provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte. The following statements had weighted

mean: 1 I eat food to satisfy my hungerness has a weighted mean 1.3 which has a verbal

description of Never, 2 I eat food that is tasty and well-cooked which has a weighted mean

2.83 which has a verbal description of Most of the time, 3 I eat vegetables a lot has a

weighted mean 2.88 which has a verbal description of Most of the time, 4 I eat food daily

has a weighted mean of 3.13 and has verbal description of Most of the time.
 37

Therefore, the statement that had the highest average mean: 4 I eat food daily which

has weighted mean of 3.13 and has a verbal description of Most of the time. The statement

with the least weighted mean is 1. I eat food to satisfy my hungerness with weighted mean of

1.3 and has verbal description of Never.

The result shows that to eat food is to satisfy hungerness had the lowest rating of 1.3

of weighted mean and verbal description of Never.

The table also shows that the average weighted mean of the food services being

provided is 2.68 which have a verbal description of Most of the time.

 38

3.3 As to Health Services

Table 12

Health Services

3.) HEALTH SERVICES Weighted Mean Verbal Rank

Description
1. I am provided with 3.13 Most of the time 4
medicines in time when I
am not feeling well
2. I have doctors that 3.14 Most of the time 3
conduct check-up
regularly
3. Nurses are available in 3.09 Most of the time 5
cases of emergencies

4. I had a medicine in times 3.19 Most of the time 2

of emergencies

5. If I had a sicked they 3.31 Most of the time 1

brought me immediately
to the hospital
3.17 Most of the time
Average Mean

Table 12 shows the assessment of health services to the respondents in provincial

Jail, Agusan del Norte. The following statement had a weighted mean: 1 I am provided with

medicines in time when I am not feeling well with a weighted mean 3.13 and verbal

description of Most of the time, 2. I have doctors that conduct check-up regularly with a

weighted mean 3.14 and has a verbal description of Most of the time, 3. Nurses are available

in cases of emergencies with a weighted mean of 3.09 which has a verbal description of Most

of the time, 4. I had medicine in times of emergencies with a weighted mean of 3.19 and has
 39

a verbal description of Most of the time, 5. If I have a sick they brought me immediately to

the hospital with a weighted mean of 3.31 and has a verbal description of Most of the time.

The table 12 shows that the highest among the statement is: 5. If I have a sicked they

brought me immediately to the hospital with weighted mean of 3.31 and has a verbal

description of Most of the time.

The table also shows the average weighted mean of the health services being

provided is 3.17, verbal description of Most of the time.

The result shows that, in terms of emergency, inmates are safe because if they have a

fever or they are sick they immediately brought to the hospital. Indicating that health

services are important as part of coping physical well-being.

 40

3.4 As to Livelihood Services

Table 13

Livelihood Services

4.) LIVELIHOOD Weighted Mean Verbal Rank

SERVICES Description
1. I joined industry training 3.32 Most of the time 1
opportunities, associated
with vocational training
2. I joined the livelihood 2.79 Most of the time 4
seminar and training

3. I joined different 2.99 Most of the time 2

industrial training

4. I received livelihood 2.7 Most of the time 5

equipment from the jail
administration
5. I joined industry training 2.89 Most of the time 3
to make myself skillful

2.9 Most of the time

Average Mean

Table 13 shows the assessment of livelihood services to the respondents in

provincial jail, Agusan del Norte. The following statement had a weighted mean. 1. I joined

the livelihood training opportunities, associated with vocational training with a weighted

mean 3.32 has a verbal description of Most of the time. 2. I joined the livelihood seminar

and training with a weighted mean of 2.79 has a verbal description of Most of the time. 3. I

joined different industrial training with a weighted mean of 2.99 has a verbal description of

Most of the time. 4.i received livelihood equipment from the jail management with a

weighted mean of 2.7 with verbal description of Most of the time. 5. I joined industry
 41

training to make myself skillful with a weighted mean of 2.89 with verbal description of

Most of the time.

Therefore, the statement that had highest average mean: 1. I joined industry training

opportunities, associated with vocational training with a weighted mean of 3.32 and has

verbal description of Most of the time.

The table shows that the average weighted mean of livelihood services being

provided is 2.9 which have a verbal description of Most of the time.

The results infer that the respondents of this study are being provided and they are

voluntarily applied to learn and enhance their skills which can be profitable once they are

released to the community. Also, it may help give breather to the inmates from monotonous

routine inside the jails.

 42

3.5 As to Religious Services

Table 14

Religious Services

5.) RELIGIOUS Weighted Mean Verbal Rank

SERVICES Description
1. I joined regular schedules 3.23 Most of the time 3.25
religious access to
programs to fulfill my
individual spiritual needs
and requirements
2. I joined to religious 3.25 Most of the time 2
sectors for counseling and
spiritual guidance
3. I received religious articles 3.23 Most of the time 3.25
like bible, pamphlets and
others
4. I joined religious mass in 3.34 Most of the time 1
my religion

5. Muslim inmates are 3.07 Most of the time 4

permitted to observe
special religious services
such as Eid-al fitr and
Passover
3.23 Most of the time
Average Mean

Table 14 shows the assessment of religious services to the respondents in the

provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte. The following statement had a weighted mean. 1. I joined

regular schedules access to programs to fulfill my individual spiritual needs and requirements

with a weighted mean of 3.23 with verbal description of Most of the time. 2. I joined to

religious sectors for counseling and spiritual guidance with a weighted mean of 3.25 with

verbal description of Most of the time. 3. I received religious articles like bible, pamphlets
 43

and others with a weighted mean of 3.23 with verbal description of Most of the time. 4. I

joined religious mass in my religion with a weighted mean of 3.34 with verbal description of

Most of the time. 5. Muslims inmates are permitted to observe special religious services such

as Eid-al Fitr and Passover with a weighted mean of 3.07 with verbal description of Most of

the time.

Therefore, the statement that had the highest average mean 4. I joined religious mass

in my religion with a weighted mean of 3.34 with verbal description of Most of the time.
 44

3.6 Sports and Recreational Services

Table 15

Sports and Recreational Services

6.) SPORTS AND Weighted Mean Verbal Rank

RECREATIONAL Description
SERVICES
1. I joined variety of safe 3.41 Most of the time 2
recreational activities such
as basketball, handball,
running truck and so forth
2. I have provided with 3.39 Most of the time 3
equipment for our
recreational activities
3. I have sufficient time for 3.37 Most of the time 4
recreational activities

4. I have the chance to 3.42 Most of the time 1

associate with the other
inmates through indoor
5. I have the chance to 3 Most of the time 5
celebrate special
celebration like birthdays
3.32 Most of the time
Average Mean

Table 15 shows the assessment of sports and recreational services to the respondents

in the provincial jail, Agusan del Norte. The following statement had a weighted mean: I

joined variety of safe recreational activities such as basketball, handball, running track and so

forth with weighted mean of 3.41 which has a verbal description of Most of the time. 2. I

have provided with equipment for our recreational activities with a weighted mean of 3.39

and verbal description or Most of the time. 3. I have sufficient time for recreational activities

with a weighted mean of 3.39 and verbal description of Most of the time. 4. I have the

chance to associate with the other inmates through indoor activities with a weighted mean of
 45

3.42 and verbal description of Most of the time. 5. I have the chance to celebrate special

celebration like birthdays with a weighted mean of 3 and has verbal description of Most of

the time.

The table also shows the average weighted mean of sports and recreational services

being is 3.32 which have a verbal description of Most of the time.

Therefore, the statement that had the highest average mean:4. I have the chance to

associate with the other inmates through indoor activities with a weighted mean of 3.42 and

has a verbal description of Most of the time. The statement with the least weighted mean is

5. I have the chance to celebrate special celebration like birthday with a weighted mean of 3

which has a verbal description of Most of the time.

The result infers, that sports league and activities are permitted inside the provincial

jail which may boost the loneliness of the inmates,

 46

PROBLEM 4. Is there a significant relationship the ways of coping the psychological

and physical wellbeing of inmates in Provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte:

Table 16
The significant relationship between the ways of coping the psychological and
physical well-being in the provincial Jail Agusan del Norte.

Variables R T-test Tabular Decision Conclusion

Value Value Value
Coping Reject null There is a
Psychological 0.545 10.9 1.645 Hypothesis significant
And Physical relationship
Well-being on the ways
of Inmates of coping
psychological
ang physical
well-being in
provincial
jail, agusan
del norte.

Table 16 shows the Pearson Correlation, t-test value and tabular value result in the

inmate ways of coping psychological and physical well-being in Provincial Jail, Agusan del

Norte.

On the Pearson Correlation, the r – value test result that the computed value for

psychological and physical is (0.545), the t- value result computed is (10.9) and the tab-value

result is (1.645) is higher than the significant level of 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis is

rejected and there is a significant relation on the ways of coping Psychological and Physical

Well-being in Provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte.

 47

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONs

Conclusion

The respondents of our study is the Inmate in Provincial Jail, Agusan del Norte. This

chapter synthesizes the major findings of the study, draws and conclusions. The result of the

study shows that the ways of coping psychological and physical well-being of inmates are

rated Most of the time.

Jail and Prison populations are increasing and it brings problems and issues for jail and

prison administrators. Catering the basic sustenance, needs and facilities for inmates are

compromised as a result, the implementation of policies and rules are not very well observed.

The continuing problem that jails and prison are psychological and physical well-being of

inmates such as emotional-focused coping, problem-focused coping, dormitories and cells, It

poses health problems to the inmates. Inadequate prison facilities due to budgetary constraints

contributed much to these problems (Francisco, 2013).

The Bureau has four major areas of rehabilitation program, namely: (1) Livelihood

Projects, (2) Educational and Vocational Training, (3) Recreational and Sports, and (4)

Religious Activities. These were continuously executed to eradicate the offender’s pattern of

criminal behavior and to prevent them from frustration, Anxiety and to reform them to

become upright and industrious citizens (www.bjmp.gov.ph).

 48

Recommendations

Having the outcome of the study as the basis, the following recommendations were

formulated:

Primary Recommendations

Based on the finding and conclusion. The study underscores the satisfaction of the

Provincial Jail Administration. The Administration should implement more Physical Activities

and Psychological Coping Among the Inmates in the Provincial Jail.

They should be continue coordinating with other agencies to provide services that will

uplift the inmates and help them in the effectiveness of their services/programs. They should

regularly observe as to the needs of the inmates to cope up with the needs and lastly they

should look into providing equal services to be employed as part of their program.

Secondary Recommendations

The researchers would like to promote recommendation in Jail Services in Provincial Jail,

Agusan del Norte.

To the community, in order for the inmates be well rehabilitated the services being provided

should be improved also, in this case, the community should: volunteer or organize outreach

programs that may benefit the inmates, help in the lessening of commission of crime to

decongest crowded correctional institutions and help inmates or former convicts start a new

life.
 49

To the family of the inmates, they should pay regular visits to their relatives, cooperate with

the jail’s rehabilitation programs and institutional rules and help the jail administration in

providing the inmate’s needs.

To the future researchers, they should conduct similar studies that are more comprehensive

and intensive in focus. They should enhance and develop more ideas that they will be gathered

in their future research study.

 50

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