I.

THE LENS AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS

1. TYPES OF LENS

What is the importance of lens?

“ Lenses are one of the most important considerations in photography. The lens you choose for each shot
can dramatically change your results; its best to know how all the types work so you can make more informed
decisions as a photographer in various situations.”

STANDARD LENSES

A standard lens is one with a mid-range focal length, typically around

50mm. They have an angle of view which is roughly the same as the angle that
the human eye can comfortably view, meaning that they produce images which
appear "natural" to the viewer.

Standard camera lenses usually have a fixed focal length and wide
aperture, giving them excellent performance in low light. They are popular for a
wide range of photography subjects, including landscapes, portraits, and candid
shots.

MACRO LENSES

A macro lens is one designed especially for close-up photography. They

have a different internal construction from normal lenses which gives them very
good sharpness and contrast, meaning that they produce some really eye-catching
photos.

Macro lenses are useful for photographing any subject at very close
range. Typical subjects include insects, animals, and plants, but they are also
popular for taking extremely detailed photos of everyday objects.

TELEPHOTO LENSES

A telephoto lens has a long focal length and provides a

high level of magnification, allowing you to photograph subjects at
a moderate to far distance. They tend to be bigger and heavier than
other types of lens, although modern technological advances have
made them more compact and easier to handle.
WIDE ANGLE LENSES

A wide angle lens is one with a short focal length. They provide an
angle of view beyond that of a standard lens, allowing them to capture more of
the scene in a single shot. Extreme wide angle lenses are known as fisheye
lens; these can capture around 180 degrees, making for some intriguing, almost
abstract photos.

Wide angle lenses are useful for photographing landscapes, cramped

interiors, and other subjects which won't fit into a normal lens's field of view.
Fisheye lenses take this even further, and are popular for photographing action
sports like skateboarding and surfing, where their inherent distortion gives
photos a dynamic feel.

FISH EYE LENSES

A fisheye lens, also known as an "ultra wide" or "super wide"

lens, is a type of wide angle lens which can capture an extremely wide
image, typically around 180 degrees. The images they produce are highly
distorted, giving them a dynamic, abstract feel.

Fisheye lenses are popular for photographing extremely wide

panoramas of landscapes and the sky, and for shooting close-up subjects
such as crowds, interiors, and architecture. They are also commonly used to
photograph action sports such as skateboarding, snowboarding, and surfing.

2. Five principal types of lenses according to correction

“The word "lens" owes its origin to the Latin word for lentils, the tiny beans that have from ancient times
been an important ingredient in the cuisine of the Mediterranean region. The convex shape of lentils resulted in
thier Latin name being coined for glass possessing the same shape.”
 1. Single vision

Single vision lenses correct for only one distance. If they correct for far distance, the person
must accommodate to see clearly up close. If the person cannot accommodate, they may need a separate correction
for near distances, or else use a multifocal lens (see below).
Reading glasses are single vision lenses designed for near work, and include over the counter glasses. They
come in two main styles: full frames, in which the entire lens is made in the reading prescription, and half-eyes, style
glasses that sit lower down on the nose.[2] Full frame readers must be removed to see distance clearly, while the
distance can be clearly viewed over the top of half-eye readers.
2. Bifocal

These bifocals are upside down as they rest on the surface. The add segment of the lens for near vision is
the "D" shaped area.

A bifocal is a lens with two sections, separated by a line (see image to the right). Generally, the upper part
of the lens is used for distance vision, while the lower segment is used for near vision. The area of the lens that
caters to near vision is called the add segment. There are many different shapes, sizes, and positions for the add
segment that are selected for functional differences as well as the visual demands of the patient. Bifocals allow
people with presbyopia to see clearly at distance and near without having to remove the glasses, which would be
required with single vision correction.
3. Trifocal

Trifocal lenses are similar to bifocals, except that the two focal areas are separated by a third area (with
intermediate focus correction) in the middle. This segment corrects the wearer's vision for intermediate distances
roughly at arms' length, e.g. computer distance. This lens type has two segment lines, dividing the three different
correcting segments.
4. Progressive

Progressive addition or varifocal lenses provide a smooth transition from distance correction to near
correction, eliminating segment lines and allowing clear vision at all distances, including intermediate (roughly
arms' length).[3] The lack of any abrupt change in power and the uniform appearance of the lens gives rise to the
name "no-line bifocal".

5. Multifocal
Multifocal contact lenses (e.g. bifocals or progressives) are comparable to spectacles
with bifocals or progressive lenses because they have multiple focal points. Multifocal contact lenses are typically
designed for constant viewing through

3. LENS PROPERTIES

Aperture

The total light-receiving area of the lens is called its aperture [1].
The larger the aperture, the greater the amount of light received by the lens
from each point in the scene, and hence the brighter the image. The size of
the aperture (opening) can be controlled using a manually adjustable
diaphragm, or iris, which is placed right next to the lens. This enables us to
 increase the aperture size when photographing dark objects, and make the aperture smaller when
photographing very bright objects. The iris of a camera lens therefore serves the same purpose as the iris of
the human eye. Use the buttons in Figure 10 to see how the iris of a lens works.

Focal Length

The figure shows a simple convex

lens. Each of the lens's two surfaces is part of
a sphere of radius R. The dotted line that
connects the centers of these spheres is called
the optical axis. The lens converges incoming
light rays that are parallel to the optical axis
toward a single point on the optical axis
called the focal point.

Focusing

For an object at distance o, there can be only

one distance i at which the image is focused. If
the image sensor is not located at this distance i,
your friend will appear blurred in the image. For
this reason, most cameras allow you to adjust the
distance between the sensor and the lens so that
your object of interest can be brought into focus.
This process is called focusing.

Image Appearance

The lens captures the light from the scene and forms an image on the image sensor. You adjust the relative
distance between the lens and the sensor until the object you are interested in is in focus. You then increase or
reduce the aperture size to adjust the brightness of the image. With these choices made, you are ready to "shoot"
your photo.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

II. THE LENS AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS

1. Types of lens
2. Five principal types of lenses according to correction
3. Lens properties
4. Classification of lenses
5. Factor that affect depth of field

III. SENSITIZED MATERIALS

1. Film
2. Film layers of black and white
3. Color films
4. Photographic Paper

IV. DIGITAL SINGLE REFLEX CAMERA

1. Its basic concept

2. manipulation