INDOLOGY AND BUSINESS STRATEGIES

Rajinder Kapil MBA, M.Phil (Commerce)

Gold Medalist CDLU & Panjab University Chandigarh
Research Scholar Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa (India)
Rajinderindu@yahoo.com Mobile: 093160-73982

INTRODUCTION
“Out of righteousness springs wealth,
Out of Righteousness springs happiness,
Through righteousness one obtains everything.
This world has righteousness as its essence.”
Aranyakanda –Valmiki Ramyana

Indology is the ideological vision. It has a physical and psychological viewpoint

for regulation of human life and business environment. Indology as positioned
in a number of books, stands and investigates and has a particular vision
full of humanitarian and philanthropical ideology which may guide the
modern human being and business strategists alike.. Indology deals with
the fourfold principle while disseminating the knowledge to the human being
whether it is spiritual, psychological, political, business administration or the
like. Indology works like the headlight and provide the directional navigation for
the human being for smooth life journey. The human being has an estimated life
span of hundred years which has been rightfully divided in four parts termed as
Dharam, Arth, Kaam and Moksha. According to the Indian traditions, these
fourfold values of life viz. Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha, which everybody
needs to, lead an ideal individual happy life irrespective of the caste, creed, time
and place. Man has a matter of right to understand the intricacies of
existence and to have a glimpse of the ultimate truth and reality from
whereone seems to have emerged. Journey of human consciousness starts
from outer to inner existence. The day man opens his eye on this planet;
he has witnessed nonstop march to knowledge. The study of the time could
put human being on the line of start of eternal path of evolved knowledge
and intellect which is rightfully inherited by every individual born on this
planet. Therefore, it would not be improper or strange to peep into the Vedas to
 know the economic policy, too, formulated by the seers, the law-makers of the
society. Moreover, it would be significant to see the relevance of these Vedic
Economic policies in the contemporary world, especially when the entire world
is facing economic crisis.

Key words: Indology, Business Strategies, Indian economy

Vedas, Shastras, Religious scriptures are the Indian heritage and are repositories of knowledge.
“Vedas pervade the management domain universally cutting across the contours of cultural
dualities, inspiring one to act with excellence, foresight and vision coupled with moral and
ethical values. Vedas impart stainless, priceless and immortal management wisdom with practical
relevance which always stands the test of time. They cover a broad spectrum of management
principles which are applicable to the individual, societal, environmental and universal levels.
The wisdom is refreshingly relevant and more meaningful today in the complex, dynamic and
competitive business situations across countries.

The Rishis (Saints) wanted that knowledge to be stored for posterity as well as to be
disseminated to the entire population. Rishis with remarkable foresight, acumen and an absolute
understanding of human nature synthesized the entire process and came out with Vedic scheme
of Indology. Their approach was holistic.

The study of this sub-continent in terms of language, Culture, Environment and History is termed
as Indology. The study of people will never be sound without study of its inhabited land and also
of its contiguous or neighbouring lands as the neighbouring influences always create forces to be
reckoned with in moulding the character and culture occupation of the people. Consequently, the
Vedic knowledge, study of Indology comprises of four elements viz Language, Culture,
Environment and History, influence directly or indirectly the trade and commerce of economy.
“Indology is a science which makes multidimensional investigation and study about India. It
also studies the Indians to unravel the mysteries and secrets which enable the Indian culture and
civilization to stand unique in the history of mankind.”

Indology“the complex of disciplines associated with the study of the history of the peoples of
the Indian subcontinent, their cultural inheritance, ideological views, literature, art, and
languages, as well as, in more recent times, the economic, social, and political problems of
India”

Classical and Modern Indology

A section of some scholars distinguish Classical Indology from Modern Indology. They focus on
Sanskrit and other ancient language sources, whereas, the others focus on contemporary India, its
politics and sociology. Indology is the academic study of the languages, environment, cultures,
history, literature and art of the Indian subcontinent (most specifically the modern-day states of
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal), and as such is a subset of Asian studies.
Indology may also be known as Indic studies or Indian studies, or South Asian studies.

Origin of Indology

Ancient Indian literature whether Sanskrit, Pali or the Prakrit presents a well-systematized and
established norms of knowledge. During the Golden Age, the Sanskrit Literature developed
from the Epic to Brahmans to Sutra period witnessing numerous stalwarts contributing to its
tremendous growth that resulted in, the development of Puranas, Smritis, Sutras, Dharam
Sastras, Arthasastra, literary writings, poetics, drama, fables, exicography, grammar, various
sciences along with final touches to various epic period literature. Among them the Vedas and
Upanisads were the bases of education. Vedas are unique and priceless guides in opening before
human eyes, tombs of thought richer in relics than the royal tombs of Egypt and more ancient
and primitive in thought than the oldest hymns of Babylonian or Acadian poets.

The philosophers, the humanists and the scientists from all over the western world demanded
that one should not look beyond Greece because, according to them, all human knowledge came
from that nation; as for priests, who at one time burned or murdered those who disobeyed them,
they demanded that one not look beyond Judaea. For the former, all that was nor Greece was
barbarian; for the later, all that was not Judaism or Christianity was paganism, idolatry or
witchcraft.

That is why when, at the close of the 18 th century, the first Europeans interested in India and in
Sanskrit, Sir William Jones – father of Indology (1746-1794), H.T. Colebrook (1765-1837), C.E.
Wilkins (1759-1836) and others set to work and met under the banner of Bengal Asiatic Society
on 15th January 1784 in Calcutta (India). Charles Wilkins wrote the first direct and complete
translation of the Bhagavad Gita, published in London in 1785, Hitopadesa, Sakuntla by Jones
in 1789 and Gita Govinda in 1792. The Europe was dumbfounded came into contact with Indian
thought and Indian poetry through these works. On reading these books, the others
enthusiastically had sung their praises and Sanskrit triumphantly entered on the stage of
universal culture.

The remarks of Baron Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800-1859) on the then education system in
India were derogatory and refused to study saying that the Western sciences cannot be compared
to those of Indian sciences since they differ to European sciences and established England’s
education system in India with the result that Indological philosophy got a serious setback.

Macaulay in an address to the British Parliament on 2 nd Feb 1835 said, ‘‘I have travelled across
the length and breadth of India and I have not seen one person who is a beggar, who is a thief ,
such wealth I have seen in this country, such high moral values, people of such caliber, that I do
not think we would ever conquer this country, unless we break the backbone of this nation,
which is her spiritual and cultural heritage and therefore, that we replace her old and ancient
education system, her culture, for if the Indians think all that is foreign and English that is good
and greater than their own, they will loosen their self-esteem, their native culture and they will
become what we want them, a truly dominated nation.”

History of Indology

By nature the human mind is in thirst of knowledge and various people engage themselves in
different studies based on their knowledge, need of the era, availability of resources and leaving
behind the treasures of epistemology, research for next generations to further the study of
exploration. The Greek ambassador Megasthenes in 350-290 BC appeared during the regime of
Chadragupta Mauryan Empire and composed four volumes based on his life in India. Various
other visitors started visiting India and laid their hands on Indian Culture, Scientific, religious,
political and History. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī presented his finding in the form of Cross Cultural
Comparison in 973-1048.
Indology as an academic subject emerges in the 19th century, in the context of British India,
together with Asian studies. Systematic study and editorial activity of Sanskrit literature became
possible with the St. Petersburg Sanskrit-Wörterbuch during the 1850s to 1870s. Translations of
major Hindu texts in the Sacred Books of the East began in 1879. Otto von Bohtlingk's edition of
Pāṇini's grammar appeared in 1887. Max Müller's edition of the Rig-Vedaappeared in 1849–75.
In 1897, Sergey Oldenburg launched a systematic edition of key Sanskrit texts, "Bibliotheca
Buddhica".

Many foreign thinkers of good eminence have eulogized Indian philosophy. In his convocation
address at Benaras, Mr. Hugo-Valvanne, Minister for Finland in India said, “ In the search for
ultimate solution of the questionings of human mind about life and death, you had found results
which surpassed those of the Grecian philosophers. In the field of religion your mystics and
devotees penetrated deep in the unfathomable problems of life.”

Basically the study of Indian literature started when the English Empire was planning to dispatch
its business class to explore the business activities in the Indian sub-continent. Well before this
Max Muller during his tenure in Oxford University started teaching the class of administrators
about the tactics of business and Indian administration in the wake of rich Indian culture and
Vedic possessions. Max Muller composed six chapters on Rig-Veda, the respiratory of
knowledge. They were taking every step with a systematic strategy with regard to entering India
on strong footing. At times they were scared of rich Indian knowledge and started appreciating
initially and later started advocating its non utilization in social progress. By this time, millions
of Hindus were familiar in varying degree with legendary themes and traditional beliefs which
the ancient sages and poets of India invested with much beautiful symbolism, and used as
medium for speculative thought and profound spiritual teachings. They initially offered their
products free of cost to the Indian population and in return acquired the knowledge of the sub-
continent. They offered scientific innovations of electricity, communication equipments and
other such related products which made the life of Indian people comfortable in those days of
financial scarcity.

Born as a free spirit, the man is likely to be able to access the reality of Vedic source of
knowledge through the vehicle of the accumulated wisdom, intellect and unrevealed vistas of
Vedic education.
The individual is the store house of infinite energy emanating from that supreme consciousness
(Tatavmasi) the unfragmented supreme house of the Truth, knowledge and bliss. Gita, Samhita,
Brahmana, Upnishada and six Vedanga, the four up-Veda,Smirits including two great epics and
Puranas describe the same consciousness. So Vedic work is the world of universal brotherhood,
universal equality and universal interdependence. It is high time both the Vedic world view and
science create a new world of peace, tranquillity and establish an all round happiness.
Having truthfully and sincerely learning of Vedic intellect is not merely for the self-esteem only
but the intricacies of this knowledge has to be disseminated to the world at large and in this
research an effort has been made to place the record of the strategies for implementation in
routine business enterprises.

Code of Maharishi Manu

In the code of Manu detailed instructions regarding the then social rules and practices are given.
The metaphysical and cosmological speculations found in Manu are of much importance since
they are mentioned only to give the intellectual background of the social code. In Manu’s system
there is scope for some progress the main emphasis is on the conservation of the social order. It
glorified customs and conventions at a time when they were being undermined. There are
however, flashes of great insight in literature books.

The science found in Vedic literature is the source of all kinds of knowable objects. Therefore,
Vedas are revealed texts rather than man-made (pauruseya).

‘Unless we learn to understand this metaphorical or hieroglyphic language of the ancient world,
we shall look upon the Upnishads and most of the sacred books of the East as mere childish
tweddler; but if we can see through the veil, we shall discover behind it, not indeed, as many
imagine profound mysteries or esoteric wisdom, but at all events intelligent and intelligible
efforts in an honest search after Truth.’

Vedic Management Principles

The Vedas intrinsically deal with the subtle management principles, processes, concepts and
practices. The Vedic principles have a broader perspective and scope as they apply to all
situations, circumstances and environments wherein human interfaces are involved at the
individual, family, societal and global levels cutting across caste, creed, colour, gender, religion
or race. These are fundamental doctrines of the ultimate reality which have universal application
without being barred by territorial frontiers or time restrictions or resource constraints. They are
multifaceted with a multi-dimensional perspective catering to the needs of one and all in the
human society. Vedic Management has following four dimensions- Self Management,
Relationship Management, Cosmic Management and Spiritual Management.

Vedic knowledge in Management

The management is concerned with the future planning therefore an assessment of the future
trends become necessary. If a manager has fairly good Vedic knowledge,he can anticipate long
range trends with a fair degree of accuracy. If the top personnel management knows, they may be
in a better position to evaluate each one of different categories of personnel and work would be
able to remove the obstacles for smooth running of the business and obtain optimum results.

Reason stands aghast at finding that all the difficult problems in region and metaphysics with
which it has been grappling for a solution through all these years have already been solved by
sturdy old minds of India, and not only solved but carried into practice in daily life. Indological
and philosophical differences in the country were a glory and not a hindrance. Indians have seen
a spirit of synthesis working behind all diversity and this is one of our most conspicuous national
peculiarities.

India is a cradle of philosophy. Nowhere are made so bold and daring attempts to solve the riddle
of the universe as in India, where there lived kings like Raja Janaka, and Ajat-Shatru, Brahmins
like Yagayavolkya and Nachiketa, scholars like Sankara Acharya and Kumarila. Bhatt Even the
birds, it is said here used to talk of Brahma-Vidya, Svatah Pramanatva and Partah-Pramenatva of
the Vedas.

Review of Literature

Gupta (1996) Ancient Indian seers felt that education should broaden one’s mind by providing
information of various aspects of life (i.e. subject) improving capacity to understand and analyze
things, take judicious decisions and train up to do a better job in a better way. This should help in
leading a better life.

Hill et al. (2004) strategy originated from the necessity of people to defeat their enemies.
Without enemies the need of strategy is nonexistent. Keniche Ohmae, acclaimed Japanese
business strategist, has also said that the sole purpose of strategy is to enable a company to gain,
as efficiently as possible, a sustainable edge over its competitors. When no competitor exists,
there is no need to strategize. In business, strategy is seen as a way of integrating the activities of
the diverse marketing, production, finance, procurement, research and development etc. This
internally consistent set of goals and policies aligns the firm’s strengths and weaknesses with the
external (industry) opportunities and threats. Strategy is the act of aligning a company and its
environment. Environment and business capabilities are subject to change, therefore, the task of
strategy is to maintain a dynamic balance. It also consists of the competitive moves and business
approaches that managers employ to direct and please customers, complete successfully, grow
the business, conduct operations and achieve targeted objectives.

Herrmann (2005) explains the development of strategic management from an evolutionary

perspective which sees technology as the product of evolving cycle of variation, selection and
retention. In an industry, breakthrough innovations, or technological discontinuities, initiate eras
of ferment/excitement that end when a dominant design, or standard of the industry, starts an era
of incremental change. The emphasis on product that helps in developing an industry standard is
replaced by an emphasis on process. A new era of ferment in strategic management was
generated by the notion of competitive advantages based on core competencies and resources.
Overtime, the increasing attention given to intangible and invisible assets has emphasized the
role of new sources of competitive advantages. The cycle of this evolutionary perspective
provide an explanation of the ever evolving nature of the field.

Sharma (2006) Describes that macrocosmic principle is omnipresent. It is beyond the visible
world of the Sun, the moon, and fire. It does not need any other light for its illumination. In fact,
all luminaries derive their light from it. It does not need the mind to think the eyes to see or to
hear. In fact all the senses derive their respective attributes from it. The author relates the co-
existence of the two birds- the voluptuous and the fasting one embracing the same three points to
the same philosophical, intellectual and universal liberality. He describes the entire universe as a
play of the one and only one unfragmented consciousness in the form of its cycle of
manifestations and submersions.
Thite (2007) In the modern period i.e approximately for the last two centuries we find two
streams of Vedic interpretations simultaneously Indian as well as Western. These two ways of
interpretation can be described in two words:

i) Fruit Oriented
ii) Root Oriented
The Indian way of Vedic interpretation has remained fruit oriented. The Indian
interpretations have always used Vedas to solve their problems in their periods. On
the contrary the western interpreters always try to seek the original meaning of Vedic
text irrespective of the fact that it may or may not be relevant.

Strategy

We are the guides to the world on the ethical approach and its valuesystem and the world has
started listening to our religious discourses and social standards and are on the verge of revising
their business rules and regulations where as we now ourselves forgotten our own age old virtues
and have started imitating western culture in terms of modern living system, wearing costumes at
social functions, marital systems and other fun and frolic dimensions. The secret and sacred
knowledge of Maharishi Vatsayan of conjugal relations of men and women are being unethically
practiced and the Srngarasatka of Bhartrahari and other aesthetic knowledge sources are being
manipulated for extracting money instead of physical and mental satisfaction. We have now not
only starting ignoring our own established and time tested ethics but have started falling pray to
the western cultural dominations, due to which our own moral has diminished and the resultant
position is that the administrative policy, ideology, social ethical structure, financial implications
and social statistical formulation of Maharishi Manu got adversely affected. We have not only
borrowed business approaches from the western shores but have also forgotten the original
philosophy of Indology and now the time has come when our intelligencia has a duty to educate
our youth for moral education and debar them from going down for business ethics. The western
style management education has further aggravated the situation and has created an illusion
before the customers to choose facilities from the markets.
Genesis of Strategy

Many of the concepts that form the basis of present day understanding of business strategy were
developed during the first half of the twentieth century. After that the competitive space has
been drastically altered. Since the origin of business policy fields in 1950s, researchers have
concerned themselves with the attributes and impact of strategic planning and the concern
increased with the expansion of modern strategic management research.

The theories and concept of strategic management in fact follow evolutionary cycles that explain
alternating emphasis on process or content research as well as shifts of attention, first to the
environment, then to the firm, and now to the human potential of individuals. Firms now
compete in a complex and dynamic environment transformed by the flow of and need for instant
information, where knowledge is increasingly becoming the most valuable resource.

Competition

The impact of technology and globalization increasing determines that high capabilities of firms,
to acquire information, create knowledge and innovate, is essential to competing successfully.
Through 1960 and 1970s, the study of strategy was assumed that firms with better leaders would
make better choices and would ultimately do better than their competitors. Porter turned the
paradigm on its head. Michal Porter provided the first dominant design in strategic management
with his classic book “Competitive strategy” considered the most influential contribution to the
field. In 1980 the focus shifted from strategic planning towards strategic management. In
transforming the study of imperfect competition into the analysis of competitive advantage,
Porter shifted the focus of strategy research outwards, towards the analysis of firm’s
microeconomic environment. Strategic management saw the strategy of firms as one of
adaptation to rather vague environmental forces until Porter (1985) developed the five forces
model/ framework.

“A common view today is that the formation of strategy is easy, but the real issues and problems
are those of implementation and that the conventionally prescriptive approach to strategy ignores
the degree to which strategy in real business is emergent rather than directed”.
Competitive Strategy

The research instrument pertaining to competitive strategy was basically drawn from the works
of Porter (1980, 1985).Following a review of these books, an instrument was inductively derived
to evaluate the various competitive methods that might be used to characterize a particular
generic strategy.

Porter recognizes that the strategies that compares use to compete in industry can differ in a wide
variety of ways, and he proposes a number of “strategic dimension” that should capture the
possible differences among the strategic options of companies in a given industry. These
dimensions are comprised of competitive methods that include brand identification, channel
selection, technological leadership, cost position, service and leverage among others. These
competitive methods provide a means for characterizing the strategies of competitors within
industry. A group of firms within an industry that follows the same or a similar strategy will
comprise a strategic group. (Porter 1980). Other inputs were also taken through a review of
questionnaire items used by previous strategy researchers and the top competitive weapons
identified by Bourgeois (1980) were also included in the questionnaire. Based on review of
literature the following variables were finalized.

a) Differentiation Strategy
b) Cost leadership strategy
c) Focus strategy

A differentiation strategy calls for the development of a product or service that offers unique
attributes that are valued by customers. The value added by the uniqueness of the product may
allow the firm to change a premium price for it. In order to identify the differentiation based
competitive strategy, the respondents were to indicate the extent to which their company engaged
in competitive activities involving:

i) Collecting and evaluating information concerning general social traits that might affect
the business.
ii) Periodically reviewing product development efforts to ensure that they are in line with
customer’s expectations and whether business plans are driven by market research.
 iii) Taking corrective action, if customers are found to be unhappy with the quality of
service.
iv) Whether quality of their products and services is source of competitive advantage.
v) Whether policy features are their products biggest selling point.
Differentiation Strategy

A differentiation strategy calls for the development of a product or services that offers unique
attributes that are valued by customers. The value added by the uniqueness of the product may
allow the firm to change a premium price for it. In order to identify the differentiation based
competitive strategy, the respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which their company
engaged in competitive activities involving:

i. Collecting and evaluating information concerning general social trends that might affect
the business.
ii. Periodically reviewing product development efforts to ensure that they are in line with
customer’s expectations and whether business plans are driven by market research;
iii. Taking corrective action, if customers are formed to be unhappy with the quality of
service.
iv. Whether quality of their products and services is source of competitive advantage.
v. Whether policy features are their products biggest selling point.

Cost Leadership Strategy

Cost leadership strategy aims to achieve the overall lowest cost structure in an industry. This can
be achieved by having efficient business system by economy of scale and cost efficiencies. Cost
leadership not only helps a firm to undercut competition but also gains market share along with
competitive strategy, the respondents were asked to indicate whether:

i) Their organization makes efforts to effectively co-ordinate the

activities of each employee and each department.
ii) The company is concerned with the performance of agents.
iii) Competition in market concerns items.
iv) Whether their products are similar as that of competitor.
v) A periodically comparison is done to gauge the effectiveness of
alternative method of distribution.
vi) Price/premium is an important determinant in the buying decision.
vii) Low cost is their products biggest selling point.

Focus Strategy
Focus strategy is based upon the choice of a narrow competitive scope within the industry. The
rationale behind this strategy is that a firm can be more effective and efficient by focusing its
efforts to a narrow target. It aims to engage either cost leadership strategy or differentiation
strategy in a segment of the market. Focus strategy was measured by asking respondents
whether their company is:

i) Targeting specific market segments.

ii) More focused on specific group of customers than competitors.

Development of corporate strategy by staff members

Staff members and the development of corporate strategy. Staff members help companies and
organisation in aiming. For sustainable growth as well as for segment leadership in their
respective industries. They help companies and organisations to establish its broad leadership
usually by redefining their corporate strategies and their products and services. The change or
reactivation of corporate strategy of an organisation or company may include the company
operations and the introduction of new technology, and then reinforces the position of various
products of the company.

The role of the staff members in the development of the corporate strategy is to help that
particular company or organisation in securing the growth of their business in a sustainable
manner, while at the same time constantly improving the company’s profitability. The strategy
being employed by the staff members to achieve this involves four elements:

i) Encouraging companies and organisation to strive in order to reach a leading position in

attractive markets.
ii) Development of a corporate strategy focusing on securing a competitive share of the
market segmentation.
iii) Working in order to improve the company’s efficiency and cut costs in operations.
iv) Aiming for continuous growth through selective acquisition for as long as the company
can create shareholders value.

A strategy is typically an idea that distinguishes a course of action by its hypothesis that a
certain future position offers an advantage for acquiring source designed gain. The word
derives from the Greek ‘Strategos’ which referred to a ‘military commander’ during the age of
Anthenian democracy, reflecting the military roots of strategy. The American Heritage
 dictionary defines strategy as “the science and art of Military Command as applied to the
overall planning and conduct large scale combat operations.” Alfred Chandler defines strategy
as “the determination of the basic long term goals and objectives of an enterprise and the
adoption of course of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out their
goals.”

Applicability of Indological vision in Business

There is no denying the fact that Vedic education has a wide variety of its application to the
present day business and has various dimensions such as:

1.0.1 Culture, Civilization and Strategic Cross-Cultural Relationship

1.0.2 Strategic Management Techniques for Environment and social Development
1.0.3 Strategic Social Business Responsibility and Taxation Laws
1.0.4 Management of Art, Literature and Cultural inheritance
1.0.5 Strategic Product Development and Materials Management
1.0.6 Strategic Government Management Techniques and General Code of Conduct
1.0.7 Practical Vedanta and Dynamic Management Techniques in Contemporary business

1.0.1 Culture, Civilization and Strategic Cross-Cultural Relationship

Business is the outcome of human relationship management. It has a holistic approach to know
the most graphic and life like picture of the civilization, the cross cultural relations, the political
and social life, character and culture occupation of people which forms the basis of strategy
formulations.

1.0.2 Strategic Management Techniques for Environment and social Development

They cover a broad spectrum of management principles which are applicable to the individual,
societal, environmental and universal levels.These are fundamental doctrines of the ultimate
reality which have universal application.

1.0.3 Strategic Social Business Responsibility and Taxation Laws

Privileges, obligations and responsibilities of business houses including social responsibility,

crimes, punishments, taxation procedures, judicial procedure, etc.

1.0.4 Management of Art, Literature and Cultural inheritance

Ideological views, literature, art, and languages, as well as, in more recent times, the economic,
social, and political problems of India as applicable to business.

1.0.5 Strategic Product Development and Materials Management

Utilization of natural resources for business purposes, products and product development, the
sphere of substantive law such as contracts, partition, inheritance andbusiness adoption.

1.0.6 Strategic Government Management Techniques and General Code of Conduct

Dharma-sutras specify the duties of a Government (or the king) and dilate upon civil law,
criminal law, taxation, system of government administration of justice and laws ofwar.

1.0.7 Practical Vedanta and Dynamic Management Techniques in Contemporary

business

To deal with competitive business situations across countries. Vedic Knowledge represents
immortal management wisdom with practical relevance which always stands the test of time.
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