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Science can principally be understood as a process of

information and knowledge mining from data a and previously
gathered information and knowledge. Thus, data, information
and knowledge create an input of the process of scientific exploration.
They are a necessary condition to perform research
activities. In this contribution we discuss and suggest Data, Information along with current modern knowledge
and also what is knowledge then Suggest the suitable hardware to key in students personal details and
how get benefit to gain access to student information system and we also gives our review or opinion,
about student information can be accessed by any third party such as bank or housing to promote their
product. Plus about Limkokwing University website.

Information
Informally, we use information to mean knowledge. But to understand information
tion quantitatively, as something we can measure, we need a more precise way
to think about information. Theway computer scientists measure information is based onhow what is
known
changes as a result of obtaining the information. The primary unit of information
is a bit. One bit of information halves the amount of uncertainty. It is equiv-bit
alent to answering a “yes” or“no” question, where either answer is equally likely
beforehand. there were two possibilities

For example, suppose we perform a fair coin toss but do not reveal the result.
Half of the time, the coin will land “heads”, and the other half of the time the
coin will land “tails”. Without knowing any more information, our chances of
guessing the correct answer are ½

. One bit of information would be enough to

convey either “heads” or“tails”; we can use 0 to represent “heads” and 1 to represent“tails”.
So, the amount of information in a coin toss is one bit.
Similarly, one bit can distinguish between the values 0 and 1:

Example : Dice

How many bits of information are there in the outcome of tossing a six-sided
die?
There are six equally likely possible outcomes, so without any more information
we have a one in six chance of guessing the correct value. One bit is not enough
to identify the actual number, since one bit can only distinguish between two
values. We could use five binary questions like this:
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Data comes from the Latin word, “datum,” meaning a “thing given.” Although the term
data” has been used since as early as the 1500s, modern usage started in the 1940s and
1950s as practical electronic computers began to input, process, and output data. This
chapter discusses the nature of data and introduces key concepts for newcomers without
computer science experience.

The inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, is

often quoted as having said, “Data is not information,
information is not knowledge, knowledge is not
understanding, understanding is not wisdom.” This quote
suggests a kind of pyramid, where data are the raw aterials
that make up the foundation at the bottom of the pile, and
information, knowledge, understanding and wisdom
represent higher and higher levels of the pyramid. The term data
refers to qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable set of variables.
Data is raw material for data processing. Data relates to fact, event and transactions but In the
heart of the computer, all data are represented in binary.
One binary digit, or bit, is the smallest chunk of data that
we can send from one place to another. And Although all
data are at heart binary, computers and software help to
represent data in more convenient forms for people to
see. Three important representations are: “character” for
representing text,“integer” for representing numbers with
no digits after the decimal point, and “floating point” for
numbers that may have digits after the decimal point.

Example :

Attempts have been made from a study of the changes produced by mutation to obtain the
relative order of the bases within various triplets, but my own view is that these are premature
until there is more extensive and more reliable data on the composition of the triplets." – Francis
Crick – Scientist

Knowledge is a subset of information. But it is a subset that has been extracted, filtered, or
formatted in a very special way. More specifically, the information we call knowledge is
information that has been subjected to, and passed tests of validation. Common sense
knowledge is information that has been validated by common sense experience. Scientific
knowledge is information (hypotheses and theories) validated by the rules and tests applied to it
by some scientific community. Organizational knowledge in terms of this framework is
information validated by the rules and tests of the organization seeking knowledge. The quality
of its knowledge then, will be largely dependent on the tendency of its validation rules and tests
to produce knowledge that improves organizational performance (the organization’s version of
objective knowledge).
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