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APPARATUS:
Single Phase
1 Wattmeter
Three Phase
2 inductive load AC 2
THEORY:
Three phase reactive power can be measured by two wattmeter method which is
universally adopted Method. The difference between higher reading wattmeter and lower
wattmeter reading yields VLILsin. so, the total 3 reactive power is √3 V L I L sin
Reactive power in a balance 3- load can also be calculated by using single
wattmeter. In this method, the current coil of the wattmeter is connected in any on line and
the pressure coils across the other two lines. Let us assume that the Current coil is
connected in R phase and pressure coil is connected across ‘Y’ and ‘B’ phases. Assuming
phases. Assuming phase sequence RYB and an inductive load of an angle ‘’ the phasor
diagram for the circuits is as follows.
Current through current coil = IR
Voltage across pressure coil = VYB
The phase angle between VYB and IR from the phasor diagram is
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90°- Wattmeter reading is VYB IR Cos (90°-)
voltage W = VYB IR
Cos (90°-)
W = VL IL Sin
The total 3- reactive power is √3 VL IL Sin
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2. Switch ‘ON’ the supply.
3. Note down the corresponding there reading and calculate 3-reactive power.
4. Now increase the load of three phase Inductive load steps and note down the
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corresponding meter readings.
5. Remove the load and switch ‘off’ the supply.
TABULAR COLUMN:
1A
2A
3A
4A
5A
RESULT:
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Government Polytechnic Muzaffarpur
Name of the Lab: Electrical Measurement & Machine
Lab
Subject Code: 1620307
Experiment-04
Aim: - Measurement of three phase reactive power using two wattmeter method.
APPARATUS:
Single Phase
1 Wattmeter 2
THEORY:
Three Phase reactive power can be measured by two wattmeter method which is
universally adopted Method. The difference between higher reading wattmeter and lower
wattmeter reading yields VL*IL Sin. So, the total 3 phase reactive power is √3 VL *
ILSin
Reactive power in a balance 3- load can also be calculated by using single
wattmeter. In this method, the current coil of the wattmeter is connected in any on line and
the pressure coils across the other two lines. Let us assume that the Current coil is
connected in R phase and pressure coil is connected across ‘Y’ and ‘B’ phases. Assuming
phase sequence RYB and an inductive load of an angle ‘’ the phasor diagram for the
circuits is as follows.
1
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Here current through current coil = IR
The current through wattmeter P1 is I and a voltage across its pressure coil is V1 leads
Reading of P1 wattmeter,
𝑃1 = √3 VIcos(30 − 𝜑)
The current through wattmeter P2 is I and voltages across its pressure coil is V2 lags V by an
an angle (30 + 𝜑)
Reading of P2 wattmeter,
𝑃2 = √3𝑉𝐼 cos(30 + 𝜑)
= 3𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜑
This is total power consumed by load P
P = P1 + P2
2
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Current through the current coil = I
𝑄
𝜑 = tan−1
𝑃
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
3
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Results:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Instruments used should be of proper range.
2. All the connections should be tight.
4
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Government Polytechnic Muzaffarpur
Name of the Lab: Electrical Measurement & Machine
Lab
Subject Code: 1620307-
Experiment-05
APPARATUS:
1 Variac,single phase 10 A AC
2 Voltmeter 300 V AC
3 Ammeter 0-10A AC
4 Rheostat AC
5 Wattmeter LPF AC
THEORY:
The calibration of energy meter may become inaccurate during its vigorous use due
to various reasons. It is necessary to calibrate the meter to determine the amount of error i.e.
its reading so that same meter can be used for correct measurement of energy.
In this method precision grade indicating instruments are used as reference standard.
These indicating instruments are connected in the circuit of meter under test. The current
and voltages are held constant during the test. The numbers of revolutions made by the test
are recorded. The time taken is also measured.
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Energy recorded by meter under test = RX / KXkWh.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
figure: 1
PROECEDURE:
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note that the current should be less than4A.
6. Note down the Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter and power factor meter
readings for different Voltages as per the tabularcolumn.
7. Note down the time (by using stop watch) for rotating the disc of the Energy
Meter for 10 times. Find out the percentage error by using aboveequations.
TABULAR COLUMN
RESULT:
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Government Polytechnic Muzaffarpur
Name of the Lab: Electrical Measurement & Machine Lab
Subject Code: 1620307
Experiment-08
Theory-
A very important device used in the measurement of medium resistances is the
Wheat stones bridge .It is an accurate and reliable instrument .The wheat stone
bridge is an instrument based on the principle of null indication and comparison
measurements.
The basic circuit of a wheat stone bridge is shown in figure below. It has four
resistive arms consisting of resistances P,Q,R and S together with a source of emf
and a null detector, usually a galvanometer G or other sensitive current meter is
used. The current through the galvanometer depends on the potential difference
between point b and d. The bridge is said to be balanced when there is no current
through the galvanometer or when the potential difference across the
galvanometer is zero. This occurs when the voltage from point ‘b’ to point ‘a’
equals the voltage from point d to point ‘a’ or by referring to other battery
terminal. When the voltage from point d to point c equals the voltage from point b
to point c.
Procedure: -
1) Connect the patch cord as per the circuit diagram.
2) Note the resistance of P and Q using multimeter.
3) Adjust the resistance of P, Q, R,S
4) Switch on the power supply and adjust the resistance S such that
galvanometer shows the zero deflection.
5) Now calculate R,
R=P*S/Q
Circuit Diagram:-
Observation Table: -
Precautions:
Theory: -
Kelvin’s bridge is a modification of Whetstone Bridge and always used in
measurement of low resistance. It uses two sets of ratio arms and the four
terminal resistances for the low resistance consider the circuit as shown in
figure below. The first set of ratio P and Q. The second set of ratio arms are p
and q is used to connected to galvanometer to a point d at an approximate
potential between points m and n to eliminate the effects of connecting lead of
resistance r between the known standard resistance ‘s’ and unknown resistance
R. The ratio P/Q is made equal to p/q. Under balanced condition, there is no
current flowing through galvanometer which means voltage drop between a and
b, Eab equal to the voltage drop between a and c, Eamd.
Now
Ead=P/P+Q; Eab=I[R+S+[(p+q)r/p+q+r]] ……….. (1)
Eamd= I[R+ p/p+q[ (p+q)r/p+q+r]] ………………….
(2)
For zero deflection-
Eac=Ead
[P/P+Q]I[R+S+{(p+q)r/p+q+r}]=I[R+pr/p+q+r] ……. (3)
Now,
If P/Q=p/q
Then equation is
R=P/Q=S
……(4)
Equation (4) is the usual working equation. For the Kelvin’s Double Bridge .It
indicates the resistance of connecting lead r. It has no effect on measurement
provided that the two sets of ratio arms have equal ratios. Equation (3) is useful
however as it shows the error that is introduced in case the ratios are not exactly
equal. It indicates that it is desirable to keep r as small as possible in order to
minimize the error in case there is a difference between the ratio P/Q and p/q.
R/S=P/Q
Circuit Diagram: -
Observation Table: -
Procedure: -
1) The circuit configuration on the panel is studied.
2) Supply is switched on and increased upto5v.
3) The unknown resistance is connected as shown.
4) The value of P,Q was selected such that
P/Q=p/q
5) S was adjusted for proper balance and balance value of s was balanced.
6) The value of known resistance was calculated.