Cascaded Active Filters

[Document subtitle]

Table of Content

[COMPANY NAME]
[Company address]
1
Average Power.........................................................................................................................................0
2 Purpose: -............................................................................................................................................2
3 Objective: -..........................................................................................................................................2
4 Theory: -..............................................................................................................................................2
5 Equipment and Supplies......................................................................................................................5
6 Observations/Measurement................................................................................................................6
7 Multisim Simulation:............................................................................................................................6
8 Bread Board Circuit Output:................................................................................................................9
9 Discussion: -.......................................................................................................................................10
10 CONCLUSION: -..............................................................................................................................11
2 Purpose: -
 Design an Active Band Pass filters for given bandwidth.
 To learn how can we cascade a first-order active lowpass filter and a first-order
active
high pass filter to achieve a band pass filter characteristic .
 To find corner frequencies of band pass filter .

3 Objective: -
The main objective of this lab is to design an Active Band Pass filter by cascading a first-
order active lowpass filter and a first-order active high pass filter.

4 Theory: -

Filters are electric circuits that selectively pass signals of certain frequencies. There are several
types of filters such as “Low Pass”, “High Pass” and “Band Pass” filters. As the name implies a
“Low Pass” filter is a circuit that passes low-frequency signals and blocks high-frequency ones.
A “High Pass” filter on the other hand passes high-frequency signals and blocks low-frequency
ones. A “Band Pass” filter passes signals whose frequency lies in a certain frequency band.

Filters are very important components and are used extensively in electronic and communication
systems. For audio applications for instance, a filter can be used to emphasize certain frequencies
and de-emphasize others. Or, you may use a filter to block out noise, e.g. a 60 Hz signal.

4.1 Active Band Pass Filter

The principal characteristic of a Band Pass Filter or any filter for that matter, is its ability to pass
frequencies relatively unattenuated over a specified band or spread of frequencies called the
“Pass Band”.

For a low pass filter this pass band starts from 0Hz or DC and continues up to the specified cut-
off frequency point at -3dB down from the maximum pass band gain. Equally, for a high pass
filter the pass band starts from this -3dB cut-off frequency and continues up to infinity or the
maximum open loop gain for an active filter.

However, the Active Band Pass Filter is slightly different in that it is a frequency selective filter
circuit used in electronic systems to separate a signal at one particular frequency, or a range of
signals that lie within a certain “band” of frequencies from signals at all other frequencies. This
band or range of frequencies is set between two cut-off or corner frequency points labelled the
“lower frequency” (ƒL) and the “higher frequency” (ƒH) while attenuating any signals outside of
these two points.

Simple Active Band Pass Filter can be easily made by cascading together a single Low Pass
Filter with a single High Pass Filter as shown.
The cut-off or corner frequency of the low pass filter (LPF) is higher than the cut-off frequency
of the high pass filter (HPF) and the difference between the frequencies at the -3dB point will
determine the “bandwidth” of the band pass filter while attenuating any signals outside of these
points. One way of making a very simple Active Band Pass Filter is to connect the basic passive
high and low pass filters we look at previously to an amplifying op-amp circuit as shown.

4.2 Active Band Pass Filter Circuit

This cascading together of the individual low and high pass passive filters produces a low “Q-
factor” type filter circuit which has a wide pass band. The first stage of the filter will be the high
pass stage that uses the capacitor to block any DC biasing from the source. This design has the
advantage of producing a relatively flat asymmetrical pass band frequency response with one
half representing the low pass response and the other half representing high pass response as
shown.

The higher corner point (ƒH) as well as the lower corner frequency cut-off point (ƒL) are
calculated the same as before in the standard first-order low and high pass filter circuits.
Obviously, a reasonable separation is required between the two cut-off points to prevent any
interaction between the low pass and high pass stages. The amplifier also provides isolation
between the two stages and defines the overall voltage gain of the circuit.
The bandwidth of the filter is therefore the difference between these upper and lower -3dB
points. For example, suppose we have a band pass filter whose -3dB cut-off points are set at
200Hz and 600Hz. Then the bandwidth of the filter would be given as: Bandwidth (BW) = 600 –
200 = 400Hz.
The normalized frequency response and phase shift for an active band pass filter will be as
follows.

4.3 Active Band Pass Frequency Response

While the above passive tuned filter circuit will work as a band pass filter, the pass band
(bandwidth) can be quite wide and this may be a problem if we want to isolate a small band of
frequencies. Active band pass filter can also be made using inverting operational amplifier.
So, by rearranging the positions of the resistors and capacitors within the filter we can produce a
much better filter circuit as shown below. For an active band pass filter, the lower cut-off -3dB
point is given by ƒC1 while the upper cut-off -3dB point is given by ƒC2.
5 Equipment and Supplies
 Breadboard
 Dual power Source (12v to -12v)
 Digital Multi-meter (DMM)
 Functional Generator
 Four Fixed Resistors: 5.6kΩ
 Fixed Capacitors: 0.01uF and 0.01F
 Two Op amp ICs TL072
 Oscillo scope
 Multisim

6 Observations/Measurement

Circuit Diagram

7 Multisim Simulation:
 Simulation Circuit

Input/output waveform

Multisim Observations

Gain(dB) fC1 (Hz) Phase1 (degree) fC2 (Hz) Phase2 (degree)

-3dB 288 38.8 2806 -38.8
8 Bread Board Circuit Output:

Bread board view

Bread Board Output

Before fC1
 In between fC1 and fC2

After fC2

Bread Board Observations

Frequency(Hz) 100 200 300 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Vin(v) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Vout(v) 0.3349 0.576 0.723 0.907 0.809 0.684 0.577 0.492 0.427

T=Vout/Vin 0.3349 0.576 0.723 0.907 0.809 0.684 0.577 0.492 0.427

G=20log(T) -21.87 -11.03 -6.48 -1.95 -4.239 -7.59 -10.99 -14.18 -17.01
Phase (Degree) 68 50 37 -3.58 -27 -41 -50 -57 -61
Gain(dB) fC1 (Hz) Phase1 (degree) fC2 (Hz) Phase2 (degree)
-3dB 285 37 2800 -37

Magnitude plot of measured values

 Phase plot of measured values

9 Discussion: -
Calculated values

Gain(dB) fC1 (Hz) Phase1 (degree) fC2 (Hz) Phase2 (degree)

-3dB 288 38 2806 -38

10 CONCLUSION: -
we have learned and understood how to design Active Band Pass filter for a given bandwidth.
Successfully find the cut off frequencies of designed filter. Concluded that active filters are easier
to fine tune and produce a better-quality output signal than passive filters. There is more control
of the bandwidth and an ability to adjust the gain. Using higher resistors produce a more accurate
output, overall. Lower resistors tend to round the outputs. Since the readings and values are taken
manually, there are bound to be errors in it. But we still can conclude that our experiment is a
success since our percentage differences with the theoretical value is below 1% which is very
small.