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Keywords: electromagnetic scattering, angle- Scattering and absorption are not mutually
resolved low-coherence interferometry, Mie independent processes. This paper considers
solution, Maxwell’s equations elastic scattering only: the frequency of the
scattered wave is the same as that of incident
1. Introduction wave. Thus, ineleastic scattering phenomena
such as Brillouin and Raman scattering are
The Mie solution to Maxwell’s equations excluded from this paper.
provides the basis for measuring the size of
particles through the scattering of 2. Theory
electromagnetic radiation. Applications include
dust particles in the atmosphere, oil droplet in In scattering problems, the total wave
water, and cell nuclei in biological systems (e.g., decomposes onto incident and scattered waves:
cancer research).
The Mie solution, also called Lorenz-Mie E E inc E sca (1)
theory or Lorenz-Mie-Debye theory, provides an
analytical solution of Maxwell’s equations for
the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by
H H inc H sca (2)
Wsca ) by the particle, the absorption ( abs ) and
Maxwell’s wave equation is solved with respect scattering ( sca ) cross section can be defined:
to scattered electric field:
Wabs W (8)
1 (3) abs , sca sca
E sca k 02 r j E sca 0
r 0 Pinc Pinc
. To quantify the rate of the electromagnetic 1
energy that is absorbed ( Wabs ) and scattered (
2S
Re E sca H sca ndS , [W]
e ikr (13)
where n is unit vector normal to the imaginary r e ikx f
sphere. r
is given by:
2.3Radiation Pressure Cross-Section symmetric about a scattering angle of 90 . If
the particle scatters more light towards the
In addition to energy, the electromagnetic wave
forward direction ( 0 ), the factor g is
carries momentum P / c ; therefore, a beam of
light that interacts with a particle will exert a positive. The factor g is negative if the
force on the particle, called radiation pressure. scattering is directed more towards the back
Debye, in 1909, was probably the first to direction ( 180 ).
calculate the radiation force on a small particle.
By integrating the Maxwell stress tensor over the 2.4Radiation Force
surface of the sphere, he demonstrated that:
The radiation pressure cross section can be used
pr ext cos sca , m 2 (17) to calculate force that a particle experiences in
the incidence direction [5]:
1 (19)
where pr is the pressure cross-section, and F pr Pinc , N
c
g cos is so called asymmetry parameter.
This expression for pressure cross-section holds Where the pressure cross-section is given by
for any small particle illuminated by a beam of Eq.(17). Alternatively, this force can be
light [2]. The radiation cross section is directly calculated by integration of Maxwell’s stress
related to the radiation force. tensor over the surface of the particle. The time-
The asymmetry parameter g can be interpreted averaged Maxwell’s stress tensor is:
as the mean direction of the scattered light and is
defined as an average of the scattering angle T
2 2
ˆ 1 ReE D H B 1 E D H B Iˆ ,
Pa (20)
weighted with respect to scattered power flow:
where D E is electric flux density, B H is
cos Psca n dS (18)
cos S magnetic flux density, and Î is unit tensor of
Psca ndS second rank.
S The total time-averaged force F acting on a
particle illuminated with light can be calculated
where cos n kˆ is directional cosine between using the surface integral:
vector normal to the surface S and direction of
incident plane wave. F Tˆ ndS P , N (21)
SP
Figure 3: Model geometry for Mie scattering by a This model solves for the scattering off the
spherical particle. spherical particle with radius of a 0.1m . The
model geometry is shown in Figure 3. Two
For a particle that scatters light isotropically (i.e., symmetry planes enable modelingonly one-
the same in all directions), the factor g quarter of the sphere. The air domain is truncated
vanishes; it also vanishes if scattering is by a perfectly matched layer (PML), andfar-field
calculationsare done on the inner boundary of
thePML domain. The surface S is used to Symmetry in magnetic field:
calculate total scattered energy. n E z 0 0 PEC
For the scattered field formulation, Eqs.(1)
and(3)are used in the model setup. The
background incident plane wave is defined as:
E inc 0,0, E 0 e jk0 x (22)
F0 0 aE 0 2 , N (24)
4. Results
Figuree 5. Cross-sectio
on parameters and
a radiation
force for
f magnetic pa article.
Single Particles”, J. Opt. Soc. Am.A 25, pp.
1504-1513 (2008).
8. Acknowledgements
9. References