RAY OPTICS

CLASS : XII CHAPTER : RAY OPTICS

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Motion of object, mirror and image Ans. (b)

1. A small plane mirror is placed at the centre of a spherical Sol. As rest of the mirror forms the required image with reduced
screen of radius R. A beam of light is falling on the mirror. intensity.
If the mirror makes n revolutions per second, the speed of 5. A convex mirror is used to form an image of a real object.
light on the screen after reflection from the mirror will be Then tick the wrong statement
(a) 4 pnR (b) 2 pnR (a) the image lies between the pole and focus
(c) nR/2p (d) nR/4p (b) the image is diminished in size
Ans. (a) (c) the image is erect
Sol. If mirror is rotated by angle q then keeping incident ray (d) the image is real
fixed, reflected ray rotates by 2q Ans. (d)
Sol. As image formed is always virtual
So, speed of mirror -2p n R

Hence speed of reflected light = 4 p n R 6. A concave mirror is used to form an image of the sun on a
white screen. If the lower half on the mirror were covered
with an opaque card, the effect on the image on the screen
Spherical Mirror would be
2. Which of the following is not true about the image formed (a) to make the image less bright than before
by covex mirror?
(b) to make the lower half of the image disappear
(a) It is erect (b) It is virtual
(c) to prevent image from being focussed
(c) It is diminished (d) It lies beyond focus
(d) none of these
Ans. (d)
Ans. (a)
Sol. Image is always erect, virtual and diminished so forms
behind mirror. Sol. As rest of the mirror forms the required image with reduced
intensity.

3. For a real object, a convex mirror always forms an image

which is Focal Length

(a) real and inverted (b) virtual and inverted 7. In a concave mirror an object is placed at a distance x1
from the focus and the image is formed at a distance x2
(c) virtual and erect (d) real and magnified from the focus. Then the focal length of the mirror is
Ans. (c)
(a) x1x2 (b) x1x 2
Sol. Virtual and erect

(c) (x1 + x2)/2 (d) x1 / x 2

4. The image of a bright object is brought on the screen with
a concave mirror. If upper half of mirror is covered, what is Ans. (b)
the effect on the image?
1 1 1 v v
(a) its size is halved (b) brightness is reduced Sol. + = Þ 1+ =
v u f u f
(c) image changes position (d) image disappears
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v +u 1 uv
Þ = Þf= 10. A concave mirror of focal length f produces an image n
vu f u+ v
times the size of the object. If the image is real then the
distance of the object from the mirror, is
u ® f + x1 ( f + x1 ) ( f + x2 )
Þf= (a) (n – 1) f (b) {(n – 1)/n} f
v ® f + x2 ( 2f + x1 + x2 ) (c) {(n + 1)/n} f (d) (n + 1) f
Ans. (c)
Þ 2f 2 + f ( x1 + x2 ) =f 2 + f ( x1 + x 2 ) + x1 x2
-v
Sol. m= =- n Þ v =nu
Þ f = x1 x 2 u

1 1 1 1 1 1
Mirror Formula + = Þ + =
v u f nu u f
8. The image formed by a convex mirror of focal length 30 cm
is one quarter of the size of object. The distance of object ( n + 1) f
form the mirror is u=
n
(a) 30 cm (b) 120 cm
(c) 90 cm (d) 60 cm
11. A convex mirror of focal length f produces an image
Ans. (c) (1/n)th of the size of the object. The distance of the object
from the mirror is
v u
Sol. m=- v = - (a) nf (b) f/n
u 4
(c) (n + 1)/f (d) (n – 1) f
1 1 1 Ans. (d)
Þ + =
v u f
-v 1 -u
Sol. m= = Þv=
4 1 1 u n n
- + =
u u 30
1 1 1 -n 1 1
Þ u = -20cm + = Þ + =
v u f u u f

9. A convex mirror has a focal length f. A real object is placed

u = ( n-1) f
at a distance f in front of it from the pole, produces an
image at
Image Location, Magnification
(a) infinity (b) f
12. What is the magnification when the object is placed at a
(c) f/2 (d) 2 f distance of 2f form the pole of a convex mirror?
Ans. (c)
1 2
(a) (b)
1 1 1 3 3
Sol. Þ + =
v u f (c) 1 (d)
3
2
1 1 1 Ans. (a)
Þ - =+
v f f Sol. u = -2f, v = ? , f = +f
-1 1 +1 +2f
f + = Þv=
v= 2f v f 3
2
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æ +2f ö 2
æ f ö
-v ç 3 ÷ 1 L¢ = L ç ÷
m = =- ç ÷= è u- f ø
u ç -2f ÷ 3
è ø
Refraction
13. A short linear object of length L lies on the axis of a spherical 14. The refractive index of water with respect to air is 4/3 and
mirror of focal length f at a distance u from the mirror. Its the refractive index of glass with respect to air is 3/2. The
image has an axial length L’ equal to refractive index of water with respect to glass is
(a) 9/8 (b) 8/9
é (u + f ) ù
1/ 2 1/ 2
é f ù
(a) L ê ú (b) L ê ú (c) 1/2 (d) 2
ëu - f û ë f û
Ans. (b)

é (u - f ) ù
2
é f ù
1/ 2

(c) L ê ú (d) L ê ú 4
ë f û ë (u - f ) û m 8
g mw =
a w
= 3 =
Ans. (d) Sol. a mg
3 9
2
1 1 1
Sol. + =
v u f
8
g mw =
dv æ -1 ö du æ 1 ö 9
ç ÷+ ç- ÷= 0
dt è v2 ø dt è u2 ø
Refractive Index
dv v 2 æ v2 ö
Þ = 2 Þ dv = ( du) çç 2 ÷÷ 15. Air has refractive index 1.0003. The thickness of air column,
du u èu ø which will have one more wavelength of yellow light (6000
Å) than in same thickness of vacuum, is
(a) 2 mm (b) 2 cm
(c) 2 m (d) 2 km
Ans. (a)

Sol. m a = 1.0003 , m vac = 1.0003

optical path in other medium ® mt

Acc. to given condition

2 t
ævö So no. of wavelength in ‘t’ thickness =
Þ L¢ = ( L ) ç ÷ l air
èuø

1 1 1 u 1 u mt
Now + = Þ + = So no. in other medium =
v u f v 1 f l air

v f t mt
Þ = So, 1+ =
u u- f l air l air
2
ævö
So L¢ = L ç ÷
èuø
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the medium would be

1+
t
=
( 1.0003 )( t ) (a) 2 (b) 4
0
æ 0ö
ç 6000 A ÷ 6000 A (c) 2.5 (d) 3
è ø Ans. (a)

So, t = 2 ´ 10-3 m = 2 mm C
Sol. m=
v

16. A glass slab of thickness 8 cm contain, the same number m=2

of waves as 10 cm of water when both are traversed by the
same monochromic light. If the refractive index of water is
19. The wavelength of sodium light is 589 nm in air. What will
4/3, the refractive index of glass is
be the wavelength of sodium light it it travels in glass of
(a) 5/3 (b) 5/4 refractive index 1.5 ?
(c) 16/15 (d) 3/2 (a) 589 nm (b) 589 × 1.5 nm
Ans. (a) (c) (589/1.5) nm (d) none of these
Sol. optical path of glass = m g tg Ans. (c)

optical path of water = m w tw l 589 nm

Sol. l¢ = =
m 1.5
mt
no of waves =
l
20. Light travels with a speed of 2 × 108 m/s in crown glass of
Since both contain same no. of waves refractive index 1.5. What is the speed of light in dense
glass of refractive index 1.8 ?
m g tg mw tw
So = (a) 1.33 × 108 m/s (b) 1.67 × 108 m/s
l l
(c) 2.0 × 108 m/s (d) 3.0 × 108 m/s
4 Ans. (b)
m g ´ 8 cm = ´ 10cm
3 v1
Sol. 1 n2 =
5 v2
mg =
3
1.8 2 ´ 108
Þ =
1.5 v2
Snells Law
17. A beam of monochromatic blue light of wavelength 420
v 2 Þ = 1.67 ´ 108 m / s
nm in air travels in water (m = 4/3). Its wavelength in water
will be
(a) 280 nm (b) 560 nm Critical Angle
(c) 315 nm (d) 400 nm 21. If the refractive index of water is 4/3 and that of glass slab
Ans. (c) is 5/3, then the critical angle of incidence for which a light
tending to go from glass to water is
l 420 nm
Sol. l¢ = = = 315 nm (a) sin–1 3/4 (b) sin–1 3/5
m æ4ö (c) sin–1 2/3 (d) sin–1 4/5
ç ÷
è 3ø Ans. (d)

18. If velocity of light in a certain medium is 1.5 × 108 m/s, m for

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(a) 60° (b) 45°

1
Sol. sin qc = (c) 30° (d) none of above
1 n2
Ans. (c)
n1
sin qc = vr 2vD
n2 Sol. r mD = =
vD vD

4
r mD =2
sin qc = 3
5
1 1
3 sin qc = Þ sin qc =
r mD 2

4
qc = sin-1 q c = 300
5
22. If the critical angle for total internal reflection from a medium 25. The refractive index of water is 4/3 and that of glass is 5/3.
to vacuum is 30°, the velocity of light in the medium is What will be the critical angle for the ray of light entering
water from the glass
(a) 3 × 108 m/sec (b) 1.5 × 108 m/sec
(a) sin–1 (4/5) (b) sin–1 (5/4)
8
(c) 6 × 10 m/sec (d) 3 ´10 m / sec
8
(c) sin–1 (1/2) (d) sin–1 (2/1)
Ans. (b) Ans. (a)

1 1
Sol. sin qc = Þ n = =2 4
n sin 300 n1
Sol. sin qc = Þ sin qc = 3
n2 5
n= 2
3
c
So n = Þ v = 1.5 ´ 108 m / s
v æ4ö æ4ö
sin qc = ç ÷ \qC = sin-1 ç ÷
è 5ø è 5ø
23. The critical angle for a medium is 60°. Then refractive index
of the medium will be
26. A fish is a little away below the surface of a lake. If the
(a) 3/2 (b) 2 / 3 critical angle is 49°, then the fish could see things above
the water surface within an angular ring of q° where
(c) 2 /3 (d) 3
Ans. (b)

1 2
Sol. sin qc = Þ n =
n 3

24. A ray of light enters from a denser medium into rarer

medium. The speed of light in the rarer medium is twice
that in denser medium. what is the critical angle for total (a) q = 49° (b) q = 90°
internal reflection to take palce
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1 vb/ actual = 4.5 m / s

(c) q = 98° (d) q = 24 °
2
Ans. (c)
28. A vessel is half filled with a liquid of refractive index m.
The other half of the vessel is filled with an immiscibel
liquid of refractive index 1.5 m. The apparant depth of the
vessel is 50% of the actual depth. Then m is
(a) 1.4 (b) 1.5
Sol.
(c) 1.6 (d) 1.67
Ans. (d)

q = 2 ´ 49 0 = 980
Sol.
Apparent depth of image
27. A fish rising vertically with speed 3 m/s to the surface of
water sees a bird diving vertically towards it with speed 9
m/s. Given amw = (4/3). The actual velocity of dive of bird is
1 æd
(a) 6 m/s (b) 4 m/s dA = ç ÷
m
(c) 8.4 m/s (d) 4.5 m/s
Ans. (d) 1 æ dö
dB = ç ÷
Sol. Ref. vel. of bird wrt. Fish = 9 m/s 1.5 m è 2 ø
So act. Vel. of bird which fish sees at rest = 9 m/s - 3 m/s
d
= 6 m/s dA + dB =
2

d æ1 2 ö d
ç + ÷=
2 è m 3mø 2

5
m= Þ m = 1.67
3

29. An air bubble in glass slab (m = 1.5) from one side is 6 cm

n
xb / app = r xb/actual and from other side is 4 cm. The thickness of glass slab is
ni
(a) 10 cm (b) 6.67 cm
(c) 15 cm (d) none of these
æ4ö
vb / app = ç ÷ vb/actual Ans. (c)
è3ø

3
vb / actual = ´ 6 m/s Sol.
4
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nr
dA(apparent) = dA(actual) 32. A lens behaves as a converging lens in air and a diverging
ni
lens in water. The refractive index of the material is

dA(actual) = (1.51) (6cm) (a) equal to unity (b) equal to 1.33

(c) between unity and 1.33 (d) greater than 1.33
= 9 cm Ans. (c)
dB(actual) = (1.51) (4 cm) Sol. m air = 1, m water = 1.33

= 6 cm So 1 < mlens < 1.33

dA + dB = 15 cm 33. A double convex lens made of material of refractive index

Lens maker formula
30. If in a plano-convex lens, radius of curvature of convex
surface is 10 cm and the focal length of the lens is 30 cm,
the refractive index of the material of the lens will be
1.5 and having a focal length of 10 cm is immersed in a
liquid of refractive index 3.0. The lens will behave as
(a) converging lens of focal length 10 cm
(b) diverging lens of focal length 10 cm
(c) convering lens of focal length 10/3 cm

(a) 1.5 (b) 1.66 (d) converging lens of focal length 30 cm

(c) 1.33 (d) 3 Ans. (b)

Ans. (c)
1 æ nL ö æ 1 1 ö
Sol. =ç -1 ÷ ç - ÷
1 æ 1 1 ö f1 è nS ø è R1 R2 ø
Sol. = ( m -1) ç - ÷
f è R1 R2 ø
1 æ 1.5 ö æ 1 1 ö
=ç -1 ÷ ç - ÷ ….(2)
1 æ 1 1ö f1 è 3 ø è R1 R2 ø
= ( m -1) ç - ÷
30 è 10 ¥ ø
1 æ 1.5 ö æ 1 1 ö
1 =ç -1 ÷ ç - ÷ ….(1)
m = 1 + = 1.33 f è 1 ø è R1 R2 ø
3
\ f = 10cm
31. A double convex lens of focal length 6 cm is made of glass
of refractive index 1.5. The radius of curvature of one ( i) ¸ ( ii)
surface is double that of other surface. The value of large f1= -10 cm, So diverging lens
radius of curvature is
(a) 6 cm (b) 4.5 cm
34. A convergent lens of focal length 20 cm and made of a
(c) 9 cm (d) 4 cm material with refractive index 1.1 is immersed in water. The
Ans. (c) lens will behave as a
(a) converging lens of focal length 20 cm
1 æ 1 1 ö
Sol. = ( m -1) ç - ÷ (b) converging lens of focal length less than 20 cm
f è R1 R2 ø
(c) converging lens of focal length more than 20 cm

1 (d) divergent lens.

æ1 1 ö
= ( 1.5-1) ç + ÷
6 è R 2R ø Ans. (d)

R = 9cm
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1 æ nL ö æ 1 1 ö 1 æ 1 1 ö
Sol. =ç -1 ÷ ç - ÷ = ( mlens - 1 ) ç - ÷ ….(1)
f1 è nS ø è R1 R2 ø 20 è R1 R2 ø

( i) ¸ ( ii) -1 æ mlens ö æ 1 1 ö
=ç - 1 ÷ ç - ÷ ….(2)
f1= -10 cm So diverging lens 100 è ml ø è R1 R2 ø

35. A double convex air bubble in water will behave as ( i) ¸ ( ii)

(a) convergent lens (b) divergent lens
1
(c) plane glass slab (d) concave mirror -5 =
æ 1.5 ö
Ans. (b) 2ç -1 ÷
è m ø
Sol. Air is rarer medium than glass so air bubble in glass behave
as divergent lens.
-15 -15
+ 10 = 1 Þ = -9
36. A glass concave lens is placed in a liquid in which it behave
m m
like a convergent lens. If the refractive indices of glass
and liquid with respect to air are amg and aml respectively, 5
m=
then 3
(a) amg = 5 aml (b) amg > aml
(c) amg < aml (d) amg = 2 aml Image Location, Magnification, Power
Ans. (c) 38. A lens with power + P is immersed in water. Its power
Sol. For a concave lens to behave as convergent lens (a) increases (b) decreases

mlens < m surrounding (c) remains unchanged

(d) increases for red colour, decreases for blue
So am g < am l Ans. (b)
Sol. Convergent lens becomes less converging so P decreases
37. A thin convergent glass lens (mg = 1.5) has a power of + 5.0
D. When this lens is immersed in a liquid of refractive 39. The distance between the object and real image formed by
index ml it acts as a divergence lens of focal length 100 cm. a convex lens is D. If the magnification is M, then focal
The value of ml must be length f is
(a) 4/3 (b) 5/3
M M
(c) 5/4 (d) 6/5 (a) (M - 1) D (b) (M + 1) 2 D
Ans. (b)
M M
(c) D (d) D
1 1 1 M -1 M +1
Sol. P = + 5.0 D , = = ´ 100 =20 cm
f P 5 Ans. (b)

v D D
1 æ 1 1 ö u+ v = D, Þ 1+ = Þ 1+ M =
= ( m - 1) ç - ÷
Sol.
u u u
f è R1 R2 ø
æ D ö
Þu = ç ÷ ….(1)
è M+1 ø
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1 1 1
- =
v u f

D v
and Since u = M=
1+ M u

æ MD ö
So v = ç ÷ ….(2)
è 1 +M ø

1 + M æ - ( 1 +M) ö 1
Due to insertion of slab, image shift by
1 1 1
- = Þ -ç ÷=
v u f MD è D ø f æ 1ö
Shift = t ç 1 - ÷
MD è mø
f=
( M+1)2
æ m -1 ö
So d = t ç ÷
è m ø
40. Magnification produced by a concave lens cannot be
(a) more than one (b) equal to one md
Þ t=
(c) less than one (d) equal to or less than one ( m -1)
Ans. (a)
Sol. More than one
Combination of Thin Lens
42. A convex lens of focal length f is put in contact with a
Effect of change in medium
concave lens of same focal length. The focal length of
41. A lens forms a sharp image on a screen. On inserting a combination is
parallel sided glass slab between the lens and the screen,
(a) zero (b) 2f
it is found necessary to move the screen a distance d
away from the lens in order for the image to be sharp (c) f (d) infinity
again. If the refractive index of the glass relative to air is m, Ans. (d)
then the thickness of the slab is
Sol. Peq = P1 + P2
(a) md (b) d/m
(c) (m – 1) d/m (d) m d/(m – 1) = + P -P = 0
Ans. (d) So f = ¥

43. Two thin lenses of focal lengths 20 cm and 25 cm are placed

in contact. The power of the combination is
(a) 0.5 D (b) 9 D
Sol. (c) 5 D (d) 4.5 D
Ans. (b)

Sol. Peq = P1 + P2
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47. The lenses of power +12 and –2 diopters are placed in

1 1
P1 = , P2 = contact. What will be the focal length of the combination
0.20 m 0.25 m (a) 10 cm (b) 12.5 cm
(c) 16.6 cm (d) 8.33 cm
Peq =+ 9D
Ans. (a)
Sol. Peq = +12 D - 2 D = +10 D
44. A concave and convex lens have same focal length of 20
1
cm and are put in contact. The combination is used to feq = = 10 cm
view an object of 5 cm length kept at 20 cm from the lens Peq
combination. As compared to object, the image will be
feq = 10 cm
(a) magnified and inverted (b) diminished and erect
(c) of same size and erect (d) of same size and inverted
Ans. (c) Combination of Mirror and Thin Lenses

Sol. Since Peq = 0 , So net effect is zero, 48. For a normal eye, the least distance of distinct vision is
nearly
Hence, image is of same size and erect
(a) 10 cm (b) 25 cm
45. Two thin lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are placed in
contact. The focal length of the complete lens is (c) 50 cm (d) 100 cm
Ans. (b)
f1 + f 2 f1 + f 2
(a) (b) f f Sol. 25 cm
2 1 2

f1f 2 Microscope
(c) f1f 2 (d) f + f
1 2 49. In a simple microscope, the distance of object from the
Ans. (d) lens should be
(a) more than the focal length of lens
1 1 1
Sol. = + (b) less than the focal length of lens
feq f1 f2
(c) more than twice the focal length

f1 f2 (d) more than focal length but less than twice the focal
feq = length
f1 + f2
Ans. (b)
Sol. To form virtual image object should be between focus
Thin Lens in Contact and optical center
46. Parallel rays of light are focussed by a thin convex lens. A
thin concave lens of same focal length is then joined to 50. A convex lens of focal length 3 cm is used as a simple
the convex lens and the result is that
microscope by a person having distance of least distinct
(a) the focal point shifts away from the lens by a small vision as 30 cm. What is the maximum value of magnifying
distance power?
(b) the focal point shifts towards the lens by a small (a) + 10 (b) + 11
distance
11
(c) the focal point does not shift at all (c) + 9 (d) +
10
(d) the focal point shifts to infinity
Ans. (b)
Ans. (d)
Sol. Net power become zero Sol. For image at least distance,
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D
M = 1+
f

30 Sol.
= 1+
3 cm

= +11

51. The magnifying power of a compound microscope in terms

of the magnifying power of objective Mo and that of the
eyepiece Me is

Mo
(a) M (b) M o ´ M e 54. The magnifying power of simple microscope can be
e
increased if we use an eyepiece of
(c) Mo + Me (d) Mo – Me (a) large focal length (b) smaller focal length
Ans. (b) (c) large diameter (d) smaller diameter
Sol. Meq = M1 ´ M2 Ans. (b)

M = M0 ´ Me D
Sol. M= Image at ¥
f

52. Final image produced by the simple microscope is D

M= 1+ Image at least distance
(a) real and erect (b) virtual and erect f
(c) real inverted (d) virtual and inverted
So f ¯ , M -
Ans. (b)

Magnifying Powers
55. The magnifying power of simple microscope is

f D
(a) 1 + (b) 1 +
D f
Sol.
f +1 D +1
(c) (d)
D f
Ans. (b)

D
Sol. 1+
f

53. The final image produced in the compound microscope is

(a) virtual and erect (b) real and erect Astronomical Telescope

(c) virtual and inverted (d) real and inverted 56. An astronomical telescope essentially consists of

Ans. (c) (a) two concave lenses

(b) two convex lenses
(c) one concave and one convex lens
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(d) two plano-concave lenses objective mirror to have magnifying power of 40 ?

Ans. (b) (a) 1m (b) 2m
Sol. Two convex lenses (c) 4m (d) 8 m
Ans. (c)
57. The resolving power of a telescope can be increased by
Telescope focal length
(a) increasing the focal length of objective Sol. Magnification =
Eye.piece focal length
(b) increasing the aperture and diameter of objective
(c) decreasing the focal length of objective R R 1
40 = Þ 40 = ´ 100
(d) decreasing the aperture diameter of objective ( 2) ( 5 cm) ( 2 )( 5) m
Ans. (b)
R = 4m
d
Sol. Resolving Power = where d ® aperture
1.22 l
Magnifying Powers
61. The objective of a telescope has focal length 120 cm and
58. The focal length of objective of an astronomical telescope diameter 5 cm. The focal length of eyepiece is 2 cm. The
is 1 m. If the magnifying power of telescope is 20, then magnifying power for an object at infinity is
what is length of telescope for relaxed eye?
(a) 24 (b) 60
(a) 85 cm (b) 95 cm
(c) 12 (d) 300
(c) 105 cm (d) 115 cm
Ans. (b)
Ans. (c)
Sol. Length of telescope = fe + f0 f0 120cm
Sol. M= = = 60
fe 2cm
f0
In case of relaxed eye, M =
fe M= 60

1m 1 ´ 100cm
20 = Þ fe =
fe 20 62. The powers of the lenses of a telescope are 0.5 and 20
dioptres. Its magnifying power is
fe = 5cm (a) 50 (b) 10
So L = 100 cm + 5 cm = 105 cm (c) 100 (d) 40
Ans. (d)
59. For the normal setting of a telescope
f0 Pe 20
(a) only the object is at infinity. Sol. M= = = = 40
fe P0 0.5
(b) only the final image is at infinity.
(c) both the object and the final image are at infinity.
M= 40
(d) neither the object nor the final image has to be at infinity
Ans. (c)
63. The final image formed by an astronomical telescope is
Sol. Both the object and the final image are at infinity
(a) virtual and upright (b) virtual and inverted

Reflecting Telescope (c) real and upright (d) real and inverted

60. In a reflecting telescope, the focal length of the eyepiece Ans. (b)
is 5 cm. What should be the radius of curvature of the Sol. Virtual and inverted
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EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR AIEEE/JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. Diameter of a plano-convex lens is 6cm and thickness at
the centre is 3mm. If speed of light in material of lens is
8
2 × 10 m/s, the focal length of the lens is (AIEEE 2013)
(a) 15 cm (b) 20 cm
(c) 30 cm (d) 10 cm
Ans. (c)
Sol. By Pythagoras theorem

R2 = (3)2 + (R - 0.3)2 Þ R » 15 cm

c
Refractive index of material of lens m =
v

Here c = speed of light in vacuum= 3 ´ 108 m / s

v = speed of light in material of lens = 2 ´ 108 m / s

3 ´ 108 3
m= 8
=
2 ´ 10 2

From lens maker’s formula

1 æ 1 1 ö
= ( m - 1) ç - ÷
f è R1 R2 ø

Here, R1 = R and R2 = ¥ (For plane surface)

1 æ3 öæ 1 ö
= ç - 1÷ ç ÷
f è 2 ø è 15 ø

Þ f = 30 cm

2. A beaker contains water up to a height h1 and kerosene of

heigh h2 above water so that the total height of (water +
kerosene) is (h1 + h2). Refractive index of water is m1 and
that of kerosene is m2. The apparent shifts in the position
of the bottom of the beaker when viewed from above is
 RAY OPTICS

(AIEEE 2011)

æ 1ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
(a) ç1 - m ÷ h 2 + ç1 - m ÷ h1 (b) ç1 + m ÷ h1 + ç1 + m ÷ h2
è 1 ø è 2 ø è 1 ø è 2 ø

æ 1ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
(c) ç1 - m ÷ h1 + ç 1 - m ÷ h 2 (d) ç1 + m ÷ h 2 - ç1 + m ÷ h1
è 1 ø è 2 ø è 1 ø è 2 ø

Ans. (c)
Note that QO is lying on x-y plane.

Now, QQ ¢ and Z-axis are mutually perpendicular. Hence,

we can show them in two-dimensional figure as below.
Sol.

æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
Apparent shift = h1 ç 1+ ÷ +h2 ç 1- ÷
è m1 ø è m2 ø

3. When monochromatic red light is used instead of blue

light in a convex lens, its focal length will (AIEEE 2011)
(a) does not depend on colour of light
(b) increase (c) decrease Vector A makes an angle i with z-axis, given by
(b) remain same
ì ü
Ans. (b) ï ï
-1 10 ì1 ü
Sol. Increase i = cos í ý = cos-1 í ý
( 10 )2 + ( 6 ) ( ) î2 þ
2 2
ï 3 + 8 3 ïï
ïî þ
4. Let the x–z plane be the boundary between two transparent
i = 600
media. Medium 1 in z > 0 has a refractive index of 2 and
Unit vector in the direction of QOQ¢ will be
medium 2 with z < 0 has a refractive index of 3 . A ray of
light in medium 1 given by the vector Ù Ù
r Ù 6 3i +8 3j
A = 6 3 ˆi + 8 3 ˆj - 10kˆ is incident on the plane of q=
(6 3 ) + (8 3)
2 2
separation. The angle of refraction in medium 2 is
(a) 45° (b) 60° (AIEEE 2011)
(c) 75° (d) 30°
1 æ Ù Ùö
Ans. (a) = ç3 i + 4 j ÷
5 è ø
Ù Ù Ù
Sol. Incident ray A = 6 3 i + 8 3 j - 10k Snell’s law gives

Ù Ùö æ Ùö 3 sin i sin 600

æ = =
= ç 6 3 i + 8 3 j ÷ + ç -10k ÷ 2 sin r sin r
è ø è ø
= QO + PQ (As shower in figure)
 RAY OPTICS

(d) travel as a cylindrical beam

3 Ans. (b)
1
\ sin r = 2 = Sol. It will converge
3 2
2
7. The initial shape of the wave front of the beam is
\ r = 45 0 (a) convex (AIEEE 2010)
(b) concave
5. A car is fitted with a convex side-view mirror of focal length (c) convex near the axis and concave near the periphery
20 cm. A second car 2.8 m behind the first car is overtaking (d) plannar
the first car is overtaking the first car at a relative speed of Ans. (d)
15 m/s. The speed of the image of the second car as seen
Sol. As the beam is initially parallel, the shape of wavefront is
in the mirror of the first one is (AIEEE 2011)
planar.
1
(a) m/s (b) 10 m/s
15
8.
14. In an optics experiments, with the position of the object
1
(c) 15m/s (d) m/s fixed, a student varies the position of a convex lens and
10 for each position, the screen is adjusted to get a clear
Ans. (a) image of the object. A graph between the object distance
u and the image distance v, from the lens, is plotted using
the same scale for the two axes. A straight line passing
through the origin and making angle of 45° with the x–axis
Sol. meets the experimental curve at P. The coordinates of P
will be (AIEEE 2009)

Mirror formula æf f ö
(a) (2f, 2f) (b) ç , ÷
è2 2ø
1 æ 1 ö 1 1 1 1
+ç ÷= \ = +
V è -280 ø 20 v 20 280 (c) (f, f) (d) (4f, 4f)

2
Ans. (a)
æ 280 ö
2
280 v
æ ö ç ÷ 1 1 1
v= v1 = - ç ÷ vom = - ç 15 ÷ .15 Sol. For a convex lens - =
15 èuø ç 280 ÷ v u f
è ø
when u = - µ ,v = +f
15 1
\ v1 = - =- m/s
(15 ´ 15) 15 when u = -f,v = + µ

Then u = -2f,v = 2f
Passage
An initially parallel cylinderical beam travels in a medium f
Also v =
of refractive indes m(I) = m0 + m2I where m0 and m2 are f
1+
positive constats and I is the intensity of the light beam. u
The intensity of the beam is decreasing with increasing
radius.
6. As the beam enters the medium, it will (AIEEE 2010)
(a) diverge
(b) converge
(c) diverge near the axis and converge near the periphery
 RAY OPTICS

sin q 2
But =m=
sin f 3

sin q
Þ =m
cos qc

m 2 -1 m2 -1
But,cos qc = \ sin q = m = = m 2 -1
m m

4 æ 1 ö
\q = sin -1 -1 = sin-1 ç ÷
3 è 3ø

So, that qc is making total internal reflection.

9. A transparent solid cylinder rod has a refractive index of

2 10. A student measures the focal length of a convex lens by
. It is surrounded by air. A light ray is incident at the
3 putting an object pin at a distance u from the lens and
mid point of one end of the rod as shown in the figure measuring the distance v of the image pin. The graph
between u and v plotted by the student should look like
(AIEEE 2008)

v (cm) v (cm)

The incident angle q for which the light ray grazes along
the wall of the rod is (AIEEE 2009)
(a) (b)
æ 3ö
-1 æ 1 ö -1
(a) sin ç ÷ (b) sin çç 2 ÷÷ O u (cm) O u (cm)
è2ø è ø

-1 æ 2 ö -1 æ 1 ö v (cm) v (cm)
(c) sin ç ÷ (d) sin ç ÷
è 3ø è 3ø

Ans. (d)
(c) (d)

Sol. O u (cm) O u (cm)

Ans. (b)
Sol. According to the new cartesian systemused in schools,
1 -1
If qchas to be the critical angle, qc = sin
m 1 1 1
- =
v u f
But qc = 90 0 - fqi = q For a convex lens. Us has to be negative.
 RAY OPTICS

3
sin qC 4 3 4 3
\ tan qC = = = ´ =
1 - sin2 qC 9 4 7 7
1-
16

R 3 36
\ = ÞR= cm
12 7 7
If v = ¥ ,u = f and if u = ¥ , v = f
A parallel beam (u = ¥) is focused at f and if the object is
13.
19. A thin glass (refractive index 1.5) lens has optical power of
at f, the rays are parallel. The point which meets the curve
at u = v gives 2f. Therefore v is +ve, u is negative, both –5D in air. Its optical power in a liquid medium with
are symmetrical and this curve satisfies all the conditions refractive index 1.6 will be (AIEEE 2005)
for a convex lens. (a) 1D (b) –1D
(c) 25D (d) –25D
11. Two lenses of power –15D and +5D are in contact with Ans. (a)
each other. The focal length of the combination is
(a) –20 cm (b) –10 cm (AIEEE 2007) 1 a æ 1 1 ö
Sol. = ( m g -1) ç - ÷
(c) +20 cm (d) +10 cm fa è R1 R2 ø
Ans. (b)
Sol. Power of combination = P1 + P2 1 l æ 1 1 ö
= ( m g -1) ç - ÷
= - 15D + 5D = - 10 D f1 è R1 R2 ø

1 1
Focal length of combination F = =
P -10D æ mg ö
l ç ÷ -1
fa ( m g -1) è ml ø
= - 0.1 m = - 10cm \ = a =
fl ( m g -1) (m g -1)

12. A fish looking up through the water sees the outside world,
contained in a circular horizon. If the refractive index of m g - ml 1.5-1.6
water is 4/3 and the fish is 12 cm below the water surface, = =
ml (m g -1) 1.6(1.5-1)
the radius of this circle in cm is (AIEEE 2005)

(a) 36 7 (b) 36 / 7 Pl 0.1 -1

or = =
Pa 1.6 ´ 0.5 8
(c) 36 5 (d) 4 5

Ans. (b) Pa (-5) 5

Þ Pl = - =- =
Sol. For total internal reflection, 8 8 8

1 1 3 5
m= Þ sin qC = = or Optical power in liquid medium = Dipotre.
sin qC m 4 8
Note : This answer is not given in the four options
provided in the question.
 RAY OPTICS

14. A plano-convex lens of refractive index 1.5 and radius of

curvature 30 cm is silvered at the curved surface. Now,
this lens has been used to form the image of an object. At
what distance from this lens, an object be placed in order
to have a real image of the size of the object ?
(AIEEE 2004) 45°

(a) 20 cm (b) 30 cm
(c) 60 cm (d) 80 cm 45°

Ans. (a)
Sol. A plano-convex lens behaves like a concave mirror when
its curved surface is silvered. 1
(a) n < (b) n > 2
2
\F of concave mirror so formed
1
R 30 (c) n > (d) n < 2
= = = 10cm 2
2m 2 ´ 1.5 Ans. (b)
To form an image of object size, the object should be Sol. Total internal reflection occurs in a denser medium when
placed at (2F) of the concave mirror. light is incident at surface of separation at angle exceeding
critical angle of the medium.
\Dis tance of object from lens = 2 ´ F Given: I = 450 in the medium and total internal reflection
occurs at the glass air interface
= 2 ´ 10 = 20cm
1 1
\n > > > 2
sinC sin450
15. The angle of incidence at which reflected light is totally
polarized for reflection from air to glass (refractive index
n), is (AIEEE 2004) 17. If two mirrors are kept at 60° to each other, then the number
–1 –1 of images formed by them is (AIEEE 2002)
(a) sin (n) (b) sin (1/n)
–1 –1 (a) 5 (b) 6
(c) tan (1/n) (d) tan (n)
Ans. (d) (c) 7 (d) 8

Sol. According to Brewster’s law of polarization, n = tan ip Ans. (a)

where ip is angle of incidence
3600
Sol. n= -1
\ ip = tan-1 (n) q0

3600
16. A light ray is incident perpendicular to one face of a 90° = -1
prism and is totally internally reflected at the glass-air 600
interface. If the angle of reflection is 45°, we conclude that =5
for the refractive index n as (AIEEE 2004)

18. Which of the following is used in optical fibres ?

(AIEEE 2002)
(a) Total internal reflection (b) Scattering
(c) Diffraction (d) Refraction
Ans. (a)
Sol. Total internal reflection is used in optical fibers.
 RAY OPTICS

19. To get three images of a single object, one should have

two plane mirrors at an angle of (AIEEE 2003)
(a) 60° (b) 90°
(c) 120° (d) 30°
Ans. (b)

æ 360 degree ö
Sol. No. of images = ç ÷ -1
è q ø

\q = 900
 RAY OPTICS

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Motion of Object, Mirror and Images
1. If an object moves towards a plane mirror with a speed v at
an angle q to the perpendicular to the plane of the mirror,
find the relative velocity between the object and the image
Sol.

Since image of B-B' coincides

So, B is must be at 2f and too A' and A
(a) v (b) 2v
1 1 1 1 3 -1
(c) 2v cos q (d) 2v sin q + = Þ - =
v u f v 5f f
Ans. (c)
5f
v=-
2
5f f
So, A'B' º ± 2f =
Sol. 2 2
5 f
So, length of image = f -2 f =
2 2
Relative vel. of image w 0 t object in y-axis - zero
Sign Convention
- As the same direction same value in plane mirror 3. The graph shows variation of v with change in u for a
- In a - axis :- mirror. Points plotted above the point P on the curve are
for values of v
= V0 cos q - ( -VO cos q )
v
= 2V0 cos q

P
Mirror Formula
2. A thin rod of length f/3 lies along the axis of a concave 45°
u
mirror of focal length f. One end of its magnified image
touches an end of the rod. The length of the image is (a) Smaller than f
1 (b) Smaller than 2f
(a) f (b) f
2
(c) Larger than 2f
1
(c) 2 f (d) f (d) Larger than f
4
Ans. (b) Ans. (c)
 RAY OPTICS

1 1 1 1 4
For point ‘Q ’ = - =1- = m
VQ f u 5 5

5
\ VQ = m
4

So, VP - VQ = 0.25m
Sol.
v1 3 / 2 1
Magnification of P = = =
u 3 2

Above point ‘P ’, v must be more then 2f, as at P, object 1

Height of P = ´ 2 = 1m
and image will be at 2f, If we further decrease, image shifts 2
beyond 2f.
v2 5 / 4 1
Magnification of Q = = =
4. A cube of side 2 m is placed in front of a concave mirror focal u 5 4
length 1m with its face P at a distance of 3 m and face Q at
a distance of 5 m from the mirror. The distance between the 1
images of face P and Q and height of images of P and Q are Height of Q = ´ 2 = 0.5m
4

2m
P
2m 5. A small piece of wire bent into an L shape with upright and
horizontal portions of equal lengths, is placed with the
Q 3m horizontal portion along the axis of the concave mirror whose
radius of curvature is 10 cm. If the bend is 20 cm from the
pole of the mirror, then the ratio of the lengths of the images
(a) 1 m, 0.5 m, 0.25 m (b) 0.5 m, 1 m, 0.25 m
of the upright and horizontal portions of the wire is
(c) 0.5 m, 0.25 m, 1m (d) 0.25 m, 1m, 0.5 m
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 3 : 1
Ans. (d) (c) 1 : 3 (d) 2 : 1
Ans. (b)

Sol.

Sol.

1 1 1 1 2
For point ‘P ’ = - =1- = m
VP f u 3 3

3
\ VP = m
2
 RAY OPTICS

1 1 1 u u v æ f ö
+ = +1= Þ = ç ÷
v u f v f u è u- f ø
2
1 1 1 æ f ö
- =- So, L = ( l ) ç ÷
v 20 5 èu- f ø

20
v=- cm 7. The minimum distance between the object and its real
3 image for concave mirror is
(a) f (b) 2f
v 1
So, m = - = - (c) 4f (d) Zero
u 3
Ans. (d)
2 Sol. When both are at 2f.
ævö
Longitudinal magnification = ( l ) ç ÷
èuø
Motion of Object, Mirror and Image

æ1ö 8. A point object is moving on the principal axis of a concave

= (l)ç ÷ mirror of focal length 24 cm towards the mirror. When it is
è9ø
at a distance of 60 cm from the mirror, its velocity is
9 cm/sec. What is the velocity of the image at that instant
1
and Vertical magnification = (a) 5 cm/sec towards the mirror
3
(b) 4 cm/sec towards the mirror
l ( 1 / 3) (c) 4 cm/sec away from the mirror
So ratio = = 3:1
l (1 / 9 ) (d) 9 cm/sec away from the mirror
Ans. (c)

Image Location, Magnification 2

dv du æ v ö
6. A short linear object of length l lies along the axis of a Sol. = ç ÷
dt dt è u ø
concave mirror of focal length f at a distance u from the
pole of the mirror. The size of the image is approximately
equal to 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = Þ - =-
1/ 2 2 v u f v 60 24
æ u -f ö æ u -f ö
(a) l ç ÷ (b) l ç ÷
è f ø è f ø Þ v = -40cm
1/ 2 2
æ f ö æ f ö
(c) l ç ÷ (d) l ç ÷ 2
è u -f ø è u -f ø dv æ 40 ö
So, = 9 cm/ s ç ÷
Ans. (d) dt è 60 ø
2
æ vö
Sol. Longitudinal magnification ( dv ) = ( l ) ç - ÷ = 4 cm/s away from mirror.
è uø
1 1 1 9. As the position of an object (u) reflected from a concave
+ =
v u f mirror is varied, the position of the image (v) also varies.
By letting the u changes from 0 to +¥ the graph between
v versus u will be
 RAY OPTICS

v v Sol. For ‘A’ optical path ® nA t ,

u u ( 1.5) t
(a) (b) No. of waves of ‘A’ =
l

t
( nB )
v v For ‘B’ - no of waves = 3
l
u u
(c) (d) t
( 1.6 ) 2
For 'C'no of waves = 3
l
Ans. (a)
ACC, to given condition
Sol. For concave mirror, when u = f, v = ¥ and u = 0 ; v = 0 ;
u®¥,v=f 1.5t ( nB ) t ( 1.6 )( 2t )
= +
l 3l 3l
So best suited graph is option-A

nB = 1.3
Refraction
10. When a light wave goes from air into water, the quantity Deviation of light due to refraction
that remains unchanged is its
12. A rod of glass (m = 1.5) and of square cross section is bent
(a) Speed (b) Amplitude into the shape shown in the figure. A parallel beam of light
(c) Frequency (d) Wavelength falls on the plane flat surface A as shown in the figure. If d
is the width of a side and R is the radius of circular arc then
Ans. (c)
for what maximum value of d/R light entering the glass slab
Sol. Frequency through surface A emerges from the glass through B

11. Two transparent slabs have the same thickness as shown.

One is made of material A of refractive index 1.5. The other
is made of two materials B and C with thickness in the
ratio 1 : 2. The refractive index of C is 1.6. If a
monochromatic parallel beam passing through the slabs
has the same number of waves inside both, the refractive
index of B is

t t/3 2t/3

(a) 1.5 (b) 0.5

A (c) 1.3 (d) none of these

B C
Ans. (b)

(a) 1.1 (b) 1.2

(c) 1.3 (d) 1.4
Ans. (c)
 RAY OPTICS

Angle of deviation ® p - 2i
So for max. possible deviation in TIR, q is
Maximum at q C

So angle of deviation ( max. ) = p -2qC

= p - 2C
Sol.

14. With respect to air critical angle in a medium for light of

red colour [l1] is q. Other facts remaining same, critical
angle for light of yellow colour [l2] will be
(a) q (b) More than q
All rays will pass, if A passes as shown in figure.
ql1
So for ‘A’ q ³ q C (c) Less than q (d) l
2

1 Ans. (c)
sin q ³
n
1 v
Sol. sin qC = Þ sin qC =
Angle of incidence n C
R 1
= ( for min value ) vl
R+ d n Þ sin qC =
C

d d Since l Yellow < l Red

n = 1+ Þ = 0.5
R R
15. If critical angle for a material to air is 30°, the refractive
Critical angle index of the material will be
13. A ray of light travels from an optically denser to rarer (a) 1.0 (b) 1.5
medium. The critical angle for the two media is C. The (c) 2.0 (d) 2.5
maximum possible deviation of the ray will be Ans. (c)
æp ö
(a) ç - C ÷ (b) 2C 1
è2 ø Sol. sin qC =
n
(c) p – 2C (d) p – C
Ans. (c) Þ n=2

16. An optical fibre consists of core of m-1 surrounded by a

cladding of m2 < m1. A beam of light enters from air at an
angle a with axis of fibre. The highest a for which ray can
be travelled through fibre is

Sol.
 RAY OPTICS

(
sin 900 - q = ) 1
m1
sin a

1 1
m12 - m22 = sin a
m1 m1
(a) cos -1 m 22 - m12 (b) sin -1 m12 - m 22
a = sin-1 m 12 - m 22
-1
(c) tan -1 m12 - m 22 (d) sec m12 - m 22

Ans. (b) Prism

17. Angle of glass prism is 60° and refractive index of the material
of the prism is 1.414, then what will be the angle of incidence,
so that ray should pass symmetrically through prism
(a) 38° 61’ (b) 35° 35’
(c) 45° (d) 53° 8’
Sol.
Ans. (c)

sin q ³ sin q0 Sol.

m2
Þ sin q ³
m1
If ray passes symmetrically then r1 + r2 = A
for maximum a , Þ r1 = r2 = 300
so ni sin i = nr sin r
m
sin q = 2 1 sin i = 2 sin 30
m1
1
Þ sin i =
2
m1 - m 2 2 2
cos q =
m 12
Þ i = 450

and q +r = 900
18. Angle of a prism is 30° and its refractive index is 2 and
r = 900 - q one of the surface is silvered. At what angle of incidence,
a ray should be incident on one surface so that after
and 1sin a = ( m1 ) sin r
reflection from the silvered surface, it retraces its path
(a) 30° (b) 60°
1 -1
Þ sinr = sin a (c) 45° (d) sin 1.5
m1 Ans. (c)
Sol. To retrace path, point will fall along the normal on second
surface
 RAY OPTICS

located in front of a vertical plane mirror as shown in

figure. Through what total angle is the ray deviated after
reflection from the mirror

90° 4°

so r1 + r2 = A
and r2 = 0 (a) 176o (b) 4o
Hence r1 = 300 (c) 178o (d) 2o
n1 sin i = n2 sin r Ans. (c)
Sol. For small angle prism
Þ sin i = ( ) æ1ö
2 ç ÷
è2ø d 1 = 20

So ray is incident on plane mirror 40

i = 450
Hence Smirror = 1800 - 40
= 1760
Deviation of light through prism
19. The refracting angle of prism is A and refractive index of
Total reflection = d1 + d 2
material of prism is cot A/2. The angle of minimum deviation is = 20 +1760
(a) 180° – 3A (b) 180° + 2A = 1780
(c) 90° – A (d) 180° – 2A
Ans. (d) Plane surface refraction
Sol. dm = 2i - A 21. A ray of light falls on the surface of a spherical glass paper
weight making an angle a with the normal and is refracted
A in the medium at an angle b. The angle of deviation of the
and r1 = r2 = r = emergent ray from the direction of the incident ray
2
(a) (a – b) (b) 2 (a – b)
h1 sin i = n2 sin r
(c) (a – b)/2 (d) (b – a)
Aö Aé Aù
( sin i) = æç cot ÷ sin ên2 = cot ú
Ans. (b)
è 2ø 2ë 2û

A
sin i = cos
2

æp Aö
sin i = sin ç - ÷ Sol.
è2 2ø

p A
Þi= -
2 2

So, dm = 2 æç
p Aö
- ÷ So, angle of deviation
è2 2ø If, r1 = B then r2 = B as isosceles triangle.
dm = p - 2A So, net angle of deviation ® 2 ( a - b )

20. A prism having an apex angle 4o and refraction index 1.5 is

 RAY OPTICS

22. A rectangular block of glass is placed on a printed page

lying on a horizontal surface. Then the minimum value of
refractive index of glass for which the letters on the page
are not visible from any of the vertical faces of the block is
Sol.
(a) Equal to 2 (b) More than 2

(c) Less than 2 (d) > = < 2

Ans. (a)

Rays of light passes through slab two times

æ 1ö
So first object shift by t ç 1 - ÷ w.r.t mirror
Sol. è mø

æ 1ö
= 6ç1- ÷
è mø

( )
For light to go TIR, sin 900 - q £ sin qc =
1
m
Then when we see mirror, again shifts to the left (Image
shelters to the left w.r.t edge)
1
cos q £ and sin i = m sin q Þ maximum value of æ 1ö
m shift = 6 ç 1 - ÷
è mø
1
sin i = 1 Þ so sin q = Total distance = 8cm + 6cm – 25
m
æ 1ö
2 2 14cm- 2 ( 6 ) ç 1 - ÷ = 12cm
m -1 m -1 1 è mø
cos q = Þ £
m m m
5
Þ m 2 -1 £ 1 Þ m 2 £ 2
=m
6

m= 2 6
m = = 1.2
5
23. One face of a rectangular glass plate 6 cm thick is silvered.
An object held 8 cm in front of the first face, forms an
Apparent depth of image
image 12 cm behind the silvered face. The refractive index
of the glass is 24. A concave mirror is placed at the bottom of an empty
tank with face upwards and axis vertical. When sunlight
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.8
falls normally on the mirror, it is focussed at distance of
(c) 1.2 (d) 1.6
æ 4ö
Ans. (c) 32 cm from the mirror. If the tank filled with water ç m = ÷
è 3ø
upto a height of 20 cm, then the sunlight will now get
focussed at
(a) 16 cm above water level (b) 9 cm above water level
(c) 24 cm below water level (d) 9 cm below water level
 RAY OPTICS

Ans. (b)
4
= ´ 18m
3
= 24 cm

26. The apparent depth of water in cylindrical water tank of

Sol. diameter 2R cm is reducing at the rate of x cm/minute when
water is being drained out at a constant rate. The amount
of water drained in c.c. per minute is (n1 = refractive index
of air, n2 = refractive index of water)
(a) x p R n1/n2 (b) x p R n2/n1
2 2

So, Apparent deception – h

(c) 2 p R n1/n2 (d) p R x
2

Actual deception above water surface was ® 12 cm

Ans. (b)

n
So dA = r ´ d
ni

1 3
dA = ´ 12cm = ´ 12cm Sol.
4 4
3

= 9cm above water level

HA ® apparent height of water
25. An under water swimmer is at a depth of 12 m below the H – Real
surface of water. A bird is at a height of 18 m from the
surface of water, directly above his eyes. For the swimmer nr
HA = .H
the bird appears to be at a distance from the surface of ni
water equal to (Refractive Index of water is 4/3)
(a) 24 m (b) 12 m n1
HA = .H
(c) 18 m (d) 9 m n2
Ans. (a)
dHA
= x cm / minute
dt

æ dH ö
So Rate of reduction of volume = - R2 ç ÷
Sol. è dt ø
As R ® constant

n2
For swimmer bird is at = pR2 ´
n1
nr
dA/b =
App height ni
of bird Actual height 27. An observer can see through a pin-hole the top end of a
thin rod of height h, placed as shown in the figure. The
beaker height is 3h and its radius h. When the beaker is
 RAY OPTICS

filled with a liquid up to a height 2h, he can see the lower

end of the rod. Then the refractive index of the liquid is
1.5 cm

1.5 cm 1.5 cm

3h

h
2 cm
2h P

5 æ5ö (a) 2.0 cm above P (b) 1.5 cm above P

(a) (b) ç ÷
2 è2ø (c) 2.0 cm below P (d) 1 cm above P
Ans. (d)
æ3ö 3
(c) ç ÷ (d)
è2ø 2
Ans. (b)

Sol.

Sol.

Total shift = S1 + S2
The line of sight of the observer remains constant, making
an angle of 450 with the normal.
æ 1ö
h 1 S1 = t1 ç 1 - ÷
sin q = = è mø
h2 + (2h)2 5
æ 1 ö
1 = ( 1.5) ç 1 - ÷ = 0.5cm
sin450 æ 5ö è 1.5 ø
m= = 2= ç ÷
sin q 1 è2ø
5 æ 1ö æ 1 ö
S2 = t2 ç 1 - ÷ = ( 1.5 ) ç 1 - ÷ = 0.5cm
è mø è 1.5 ø

28. The image of point P when viewed from top of the slabs will be So total shift = 1 cm below P

29. A fish rising vertically up towards the surface of water with

speed 3 ms–1 observes a bird diving vertically down towards
it with speed 9 ms–1. The actual velocity of bird is
 RAY OPTICS

(a) 4.5 ms–1 (b) 5. ms–1

(c) 3.0 ms–1 (d) 3.4 ms–1 n2 n1 n2 -n1
- =
Ans. (a) v u R
Sol. Relative speed of bird ® 9m/s
1 1.6 - ( 0.6 )
speed of fish = 3m/s + =
v 0.04 - ( 0.04 )
apparent absolute speed of bird = 6m/s

nr 1 -1
VA = Vb so = Þ v = -0.04m
ni v 0.04
b
Case II
æ4ö
apparent speed of bird 6m / s = ç ÷ ( Vb )
è 3ø

Vb = 4.5m/s

Motion of object and image

30. A glass hemisphere of radius 0.04 m and R.I. of the material Plane surface
1.6 is placed centrally over a cross mark on a paper (i) with
æ nr ö
the flat face ; (ii) with the curved face in contact with the
dA = ç ÷ ( d )
paper. In each case the cross mark is viewed directly from è ni ø
above. The position of the images will be
(a) (i) 0.04 m from the flat face; (ii) 0.025 m from the flat face dA = 0.025m
(b) (i) At the same position of the cross mark ; (ii) 0.025 m
below the flat face 31. An air bubble in sphere having 4 cm diameter appears 1 cm
(c) (i) 0.025 m from the flat face; (ii) 0.04 m from the flat face from surface nearest to eye when looked along diameter. If
(d) For both (i) and (ii) 0.025 m from the highest point of amg = 1.5, the distance of bubble from refracting surface is

the hemisphere (a) 1.2 cm (b) 3.2 cm

Ans. (b) (c) 2.8 cm (d) 1.6 cm
Sol. Case I Ans. (a)
 RAY OPTICS

when in air and its material has refractive index 1.50. If the
liquid has refractive index 1.60, the focal length of the system is

Sol.

Apply spherical surface formula

v = 1cm R = 2cm
(a) + 80 cm (b) – 80 cm
m 2 m1 m 2 - m1
- = (c) – 24 cm (d) – 100 cm
v u R
Ans. (d)

1 1.5 1 -1.5 Sol. Case I

- - =
1 4 -2 1 1 1 1
= + =
U = -1.2 cm F f1 f2 f3

Lens 1 æ 1 1 ö -3
= (1.6 -1) ç - ÷ =
32. A double convex lens, lens made of a material of refractive f1 è ¥ 20 ø 100
index m1, is placed inside two liquids or refractive indices
m2 and m3, as shown. m2 > m1 > m3. A wide, parallel beam of 1 æ 1 1 ö 1
light is incident on the lens from the left. The lens will give = (1.5 -1) ç - ÷=
f2 è 20 -20 ø 20
rise to

1 æ 1 1ö 3
= (1.6 -1) ç - ÷=-
f3 è -20 ¥ ø 100

1 3 1 3
=- + - Þ F = -100
F 100 20 100

(a) A single convergent beam 34. If the central portion of a convex lens is wrapped in black
(b) Two different convergent beams paper as shown in the figure
(c) Two different divergent beams
(d) A convergent and a divergent beam
Ans. (d)

Sol. Since m 2 > m 1 > m 3

Since m 2 > m 1 so, upper left divergent,

(a) No image will be formed by the remaining portion of
m 3 < m 1 lower left convergent the lens
(b) The full image will be formed but it will be less bright
(c) The central portion of the image will be missing
Lens maker formula
(d) There will be two images each produced by one of the
33. Shown in the figure here is a convergent lens placed inside exposed portions of the lens
a cell filled with a liquid. The lens has focal length +20 cm
Ans. (b)
 RAY OPTICS

Sol. The full image will be formed but it will be less bright surfaces of same radius of curvature R. On immersion in a
medium of refractive index 1.75 it will behave as a
35. The focal length of a converging lens is measured for (a) Convergent lens of focal length 3.5 R
violet, green and red colours. It is respectively fv, fg, fr. We (b) Convergent lens of focal length 3.0 R
will find
(c) Divergent lens of focal length 3.5 R
(a) fv = fr (b) fv > fr
(d) Divergent lens of focal length 3.0 R
(c) fv < fr (d) fg > fr
Ans. (a)
Ans. (c)

1
Sol. Focal length a ,so m v > m g > mr , so
( m -1)
As hv < hg < hr
Sol.
Hence fv < fr

36. The relation between n1 and n2, if behaviour of light rays

is as shown in figure is
1 æ nL öæ 1 1 ö
= ç -1 ÷ç - ÷
f è ns ø è R1 R2 ø

n1 n2 nL ® R.I of lenses
nS ® R.I of surrounding

Lens 1 æ 1.5 öæ 1 1 ö
=ç -1 ÷ç - ÷
f è 1.75 øè -R R ø
(a) n1 >> n2 (b) n2 > n1
(c) n1 > n2 (d) n1 = n2 1 2
=
Ans. (b) f 7R
Sol. Since n2 > n1, so concave to be divergent lenses vice-
versa Þ f = 3.5 R and convergent

37. A hollow double concave lens is made of very thin Lens Formula
transparent material. It can be filled with air or either of 39. Two point light sources are 24 cm apart. Where should a
two liquids L1 and L2 having refractive indices n1 and n2 convex lens of focal length 9 cm be put in between them
respectively (n2 > n1 > 1). The lens will diverge a parallel from one source so that the images of both the sources are
beam of light if it is filled with formed at the same place
(a) Air and placed in air (b) Air and immersed in L1 (a) 6 cm (b) 9 cm
(c) L1 and immersed in L2 (d) L2 and immersed in L1 (c) 12 cm (d) 15 cm
Ans. (d) Ans. (a)
Sol. Since n2 > n1 > 1 , so concave to be divergent lenses Sol. For O-1

1 1 1
- =
38. A concave lens of glass, refractive index 1.5, has both +v ( -x ) 9 … (i)
 RAY OPTICS

For O2 Image Location, Magnification, Power

41. A convex lens is used a real image of the object shown in
1 1 1
- = the following figure
v ( 24 - x ) +9 … (ii)

(i) - (ii)

1 1 1 2
- =0
x 24 - x 4 3
For O 1 and O2, Both form images at same
so if V1 ® (+ve) the V2 ® (-ve)
Then the real inverted image is
1 1 1
For O 1 - =
-v ( -x ) 9 … (i)
1 2 2 1
1 1 1 (a) 4 3 (b) 3 4
and - = … (ii)
v - ( 24 - x ) 9

(i) and (ii)

1 1 2 4 3 3 4
+ = Þ x2 - 24x + 108 = 0 (c) (d)
x 24 - x 9 1 2 2 1

Þ x = 6cm and x = 18cm

Ans. (c)
40. There is an equiconvex glass lens with radius of each face Sol. In convert lens, only transverse intersection, No lateral
as R and amg = 3/2 and amw = 4/3. If there is water in object Inversion
space and air in image space, then the focal length is
(a) 2R (b) R
Thin lens at some distance
(c) 3 R/2 (d) R2
42. If two +5 diopter lenses are mounted at some distance
Ans. (c)
apart, the equivalent power will always be negative if the
æ 1 1 ö distance is
1
Sol. = ( m -1 ) ç - ÷
f è R1 R2 ø
(a) Greater then 40 cm (b) Equal to 40 cm
(c) Equal to 10 cm (d) Less then 10 cm
1 n2 -n1 n3 -n2 Ans. (a)
= +
f R1 R2 Sol. Per = P1 + P2 - dP1P2
+5 +5 - d (25) < 0
3 4 æ1- 3 ö
- ç ÷ 10
2ø
= 2 3 +è d> ´ 100cm
R ( -R ) 25

Þ d > 40cm
3R
f=
2
Combination of Mirror and Thin Lenses
 RAY OPTICS

43. A convex lens of focal length 30 cm and a concave lens of (c) B is P/2 (d) B is P/4
10 cm focal length are placed so as to have the same axis. Ans. (a, c)
If a parallel beam of light falling on convex lens leaves
concave lens as a parallel beam, then the distance between
two lenses will be
(a) 40 cm (b) 30 cm
(c) 20 cm (d) 10 cm Sol.
Ans. (c)
Sol. Acc. To given condition Per = 0
Per = P1 + P2 - dP1P2 when cut along Horizontal, R1 & R2 are as it is, so Per = P
when cut along vertical,
1 100cm 100
P1 = = + ,P2 =
f 30 10 R1 ® R1 ,R2 ® ¥

10 P
æ 10 ö So f ¢ ® 2f Hence P ®
Per = 0 Þ -10 - d ( -10 ) ç ÷ = 0 2
3 è 3 ø

d = 20cm
46. The object distance u, the image distance v and the
magnification m in a lens follow certain linear relations.
These are
44. A lens of power +2 diopters is placed in contact with a
lens of power –1 diopter. The combination will behave like 1 1
(a) versus (b) m versus u
(a) A convergent lens of focal length 50 cm u v
(c) u versus v (d) m versus v
(b) A divergent lens of focal length 100 cm
Ans. (a, d)
(c) A convergent lens of focal length 100 cm
1 1 1
(d) A convergent lens of focal length 200 cm Sol. - =
Ans. (c)
v u 5

Sol. P-er = P1 + P2 = + 2D - 1D = + 1D 1
So versus
u
1 1
f= = = 100cm or 1m
Per 1D +v
m= Þ m µ v , m versus v
u
So A convergent lens of focal length 100 cm

Multiple Answer Questions (more than one correct) 47. A parallel beam of light is incident normally on the flat
surface of a hemisphere of radius 6 cm and refractive index
45. A thin, symmetric double-convex lens of power P is cut
1.5, placed in air as shown in figure (i). Assume paraxial
into three parts A, B and C as shown. The power of
ray approximation.
A

B C

(a) A is P (b) A is 2P
 RAY OPTICS

So Minimum length of the mirror = 85 cm

Bottom of the mirror should be at a height 80 cm

P P 49. In case of reflection by a plane-mirror, which of the

6 cm following statements are not correct
(a) It can never give real image
Figure (i) Figure (ii) (b) It can never give inverted image

(a) The rays are focussed at 12 cm from the point P to the
right, in the situation as shown in figure (i).
(b) The rays are focussed at 16 cm from the point P to the Ans.
right, in the situation as shown in figure (i).
Sol.
(c) If the rays are incident at the curved surface (figure
(ii)) then these are focused at distance 18 cm from
point P to the right.
(d) If the rays are incident at the curved surface (figure 50.
(ii)) then these are focused at distance 14 cm from
point P to the right.
Ans. (a, c)
(c) It changes left into right
(d) It changes front into back
(a, b, c)
For virtual object ® Real image (Plane mirror)
A combination of mirror, it can invert the image of object
A biconvex thin lens of refractive index m2 = 1.4 has a radii
of curvature R1 = 20 cm and R2 = 60 cm, m1 = 1.5 and
m3 = 1.2. Focal length are f1 and f2 in both the media

n2 n n -n
Sol. For Hg ( i) - 1 = 2 1
v u® ¥ R

1 +0.5
-0 =
v +6 R1 R2

v = 12cm

n2 ® 1.5 n1 n -n
For. Fig ( ii)
(a) the lens behaves as a concave lens
- = 2 1
v v ® ¥ R ® 6cm (b) f1 = f2 (c) f1 ¹ f2
v = 18cm (d) the lens behaves as a convex lens
Ans. (a, c)
48. A man of height 170 cm wants to see his complete image in
a plane mirror (while standing). His eyes are at a height of 1 n1 -n1 ( -0.1 )
= =
160 cm from the ground. Sol.
f1 R1 ( 20cm)
(a) Minimum length of the mirror = 80 cm
(b) Minimum length of the mirror = 85 cm 1 n3 -n2 ( 0.2 )
= =
(c) Bottom of the mirror should be at a height 80 cm f2 R2 - ( 60cm )
(d) Bottom of the mirror should be at a height 85 cm
So overall focal length is (-ve)
Ans. (b, c)
Hence concave lens and f1 ¹ f2

51. If two mirrors are inclined to each other at 90°, the image
seen may be
Sol. (a) One (b) Two
(c) Three (d) Four
Ans. (a, b, c)
 RAY OPTICS

If q1 ® qc

q1 = 60 0 (from Geometry)
Sol.
5 4
So sin300 = sin q2
3 3

3600 3600 5
N= = 0 =4 Þ q2 = sin-1
q 90 8

So n = N - 1 OR n = N 4
sin qc =
and if object is on corner (O), then one image 5
so n = 1, 2 or 3
T I R ceases, If i = q c where

52. A ray of light is incident normally on one face of 30°– 60°– 90° 1
prism of refractive index 5/3 immersed in water of refractive sin qc =
n
index 4/3 as shown in figure

3 nw
=
P 2 ng

30° 3 3
= nw
2 5
(a) The exit angle q2 of the ray is sin (5/8)
–1
5
Þ nw =
æ 5 ö 2 3
(b) The exit angle q2 of the ray is sin
–1 çç ÷÷
è4 3ø
53. An object is placed in front of a converging lens at a
(c) Total internal reflection at point P ceases if the
distance equal to twice the focal length f1 of the lens. On
5 the other side of the lens is a concave mirror of focal length
refractive index of water is increased to by f2 separated from the lens by a distance 2 (f1 + f2). Light
2 3
from the object passes rightward through the lens, reflects
dissolving some substance from the mirror, passes leftwards through the lens, and
(d) Total internal reflection at point P ceases if the forms a final image of the object
refractive index of water is increased to 5/6 by
dissolving some substance
Ans. (a, c)

O
f2
f1

(a) The distance between the lens and the final image is
Sol. equal to 2f1.
(b) The distance between the lens and the final image is
 RAY OPTICS

equal to 2 (f1 + f2).

(c) The final image is real, inverted and of same size as
that of the object.
(d) The final image is real, erect and of same size as that of
the object.
Ans. (a, c) Sol.

2 2 1
So Per =2P1 + 2P2 + P3 = + -
Sol. f1 f2 f3

1 0.5 ( 4 -1.5 )
= +
f1 -10 15
Lens form the image at 2f1 on the right hand side from
lens, then image is at 2f2 from mirror
1 n2 -n1 n3 -n2
= +
f2 R1 R2
54. Which of the following can form diminished, virtual and
erect image of your face ?
( 4 -1.5) ( 1 - 4 )
= +
(a) Converging mirror (b) Diverging mirror
+15 ( -15 )
(c) Converging lens (d) Diverging lens
Ans. (b, d) 1 2.5 3 5.5
= + =
Sol. Diverging mirror f2 15 15 15
Diverging lens
-15cm
and fm =
55. The radius of curvature of the left and right surface of the 2
concave lens are 10 cm and 15 cm respectively.
1 +2 2 1
so = + - Þ f = -18cm
air feq f1 f2 fm

Glass
56.
The radius of curvature of the mirror is 15 cm.
(a) equivalent focal length of the combination is –18 cm
(b) equivalent focal length of the combination is +36 cm
(c) the system behaves like a concave mirror
(d) the system behaves like a convex mirror
Ans. (a, c)
A fish, F in the pond is at a depth of 0.8 m from the water
surface and is moving vertically upwards with velocity
2 m/s. At the same instant a bird B is at a height of 6 m from
the water surface and is moving downwards with velocity
3 m/s. At this instant both are on the same vertical line as
shown in the figure. Which of the following statements
are correct ?
B
3 m/s

6m

Air
0.8m 2 m/s Water
F

(a) Height of B, observed by F (from itself) is equal to 5.30 m

 RAY OPTICS

(b) Depth of F, observed by B (from itself) is equal to 6.60 m x = 30cm and 70cm
(c) Height of B, observed by F (from itself) is equal to 8.80 m
70 7
(d) None of these Hence m1 = = and
30 3
Ans. (b, c)
If u = 70cm, v = 30cm
nr 3
dA/F = df m2 =
Sol.
App.depthof F ni Actual depth of F 7

1 40
= ( 0.8m) = 0.6m m1 -m2 =
( 4 / 3) 21

nr 58. An image of a bright square is obtained on a screen with the

dA/B = dB
App.depthof B ni Actual depth of B
aid of a convergent lens. The distance between the square
and the lens is 40 cm. The area of the image is nine times
larger than that of the square. Select the correct statement(s):
4
= ´ 6m (a) Image is formed at a distance of 120 cm from the lens
3 (b) Image is formed at a distance of 360 cm from the lens
= 8.8m (c) Focal length of the lens is 30 cm
(d) Focal length of the lens is 36 cm.
57. The distance between an electric lamp and a screen is d = 1 Ans. (a, c)
m. A convergent lens of focal length f = 21 cm is placed
between the lamp and the lens such that a sharp image of
the lamp filament is formed on the screen.
(a) The positions of the lens from the lamp for which sharp
images are formed on the screen are 35 cm and 65 cm Sol.
(b) The positions of the lens from the lamp for which sharp
images are formed on the screen are 30 cm and 70 cm
(c) Magnitude of the difference in magnification is 40/21
9A0 = AI
(d) The size of the lamp filament for which there are two
sharp images of 4.5 cm and 2 cm, is 3 cm. hI 3a0
9a0 2 = aI2 Þ aI = 3a0 so = = 3=m
Ans. (b, c) h0 a0

+v
so m = Þ v = 3 ´ 40cm = 120cm
u

1 1 1 1 1 1
Sol. and - = Þ - =
v u f +120 ( -30cm) f

1 4
= Þ f = 30cm
f 120cm
1 1 1
So - =
( 100 - x ) ( -x ) 21
59. A glass prism is immersed in a hypothetical liquid. The
Þ x2 - 100x + 2100 = 0 curves show in the refractive index n as a function of
x2 - 70x - 30x + 2100 = 0 wavelength l for glass and liquid are as shown in the
following figures. When a ray of white light is incident on
 RAY OPTICS
the prism parallel to the base
(a) yellow ray travels without deviation
(b) blue ray is deviated towards the vertex
(c) red ray is deviated towards the base
(d) there is no dispersion
Ans. (a, b, c)
Sol.
For l yellow , hw ® h
So, this light passes undeviated and for blue ray
hw > hg towards
Hence blue ray deviated towards vertex and for red ray
hw < hg
So red deviates towards base
60. A light ray is going from one medium to another. Then,
(a) its wavelength may increase or decrease
(b) its wavelength will decrease
(c) frequency and velocity both may change
(d) frequency remains the same
Ans. (a, d)
Sol. Its wavelength may increase or decrease Frequency remains
the same
61. Mark the correct statement(s) out of the following :
(a) A plane mirror can from a real image
(b) Plane mirror can form an inverted image
(c) A plane mirror may reverse left and right
(d) A plane mirror may reverse up and down
Ans. (a, b, c, d)
Sol. A plane mirror can form a real image
Plane mirror can form an inverted image
A plane mirror may reverse left and right
A plane mirror may reverse up and down
62. A real object is moving toward a fixed spherical mirror. The
image
(a) must move away from the mirror
(b) may move away from the mirror
(c) may move toward the mirror if the mirror is concave
(d) must move toward the mirror if the mirror is convex
Ans. (b, c, d)
Sol. May move away from the mirror
May move toward the mirror if the mirror is concave
Must move toward the mirror if the mirror is convex
63. Which of the following statements are correct ?
(a) A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror and gets
reflected. If the mirror is rotated through an angle q, then
the reflected ray gets deviated through angle 2q
(b) A ray of light gets reflected successively from two mirrors
which are mutually inclined. Angular deviation suffered by
the ray does not depend upon angle of incidence on first
mirror
(c) A plane mirror cannot form real image of a real object
(d) If an object approaches towards a plane mirror with
velcocity v, then the image approaches the object with
velocity 2v
Ans. (a, b, c, d)
Sol. A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror and gets reflected.
If the mirror is rotated through an angle q , then the reflected
ray gets deviated through angle 2q
A ray of light gets reflected successively from two mirrors
which are mutually inclined. Angular deviation suffered by
the ray does not depend upon angle of incidence on first
 RAY OPTICS

mirror
v
A plane mirror cannot form real image of a real object Þ m=1-
f
If an object approaches towards a plane mirror with velocity
v, then the image approaches the object with velocity 2v
Assertion Reason
(A) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–II
64. Figure shows variation of magnification m (produced by a
is a correct explanation for Statement–I.
thin convex lens) and distance v of image from pole of the
lens. Which of the following statements are correct ? (B) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–2 is
NOT a correct explanation for Statement–I.
(C) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is False.
(D) Statement–I is False, Statement–II is True.
65. Statement–1 : Maximum possible angle of refraction in a
medium is critical angle.
Statement–2 : The critical angle qc (or m) depends upon
pair of medium, colour of light (or l) and temperature.
(a) Focal length of the lens is equal to intercept on v–axis (a) A (b) B
(b) Focal length of the lens is equal to inverse of slope of (c) C (d) D
the line Ans. (b)
(c) Magnitude of intercept on m–axis is equal to unity Sol. Since image forms before Retina so if both Assertion and
(d) None of above. Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation
of the assertion
Ans. (a, b, c)

66. Statement–1 : When a concave mirror is held under water,

its focal length will increase.
Statement–2 : The focal length of a concave mirror is
independent of the medium in which it is placed.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
Ans. (d)
Sol.
Sol. When concave mirror is held under water focal length
will not change
67. Statement–1 : If both plane mirror and object are moved
through a distance x, then the image moves through a
distance 3x.
So at m = 0, v = f Statement–2 : When the object is fixed and plane mirror is
and at v = 0 , m = 1 moved through a distance x. Then the image is also move
through the distance x.
v (a) A (b) B
Since m = +
u (c) C (d) D
Ans. (d)
1 1 1
- = Sol. The image will also move through at distance ‘x’
v u f

v v v 68. Statement–1 : A virtual image can be photographed.

- =
v u f Statement–2 : Only real objects are photographed.
 RAY OPTICS

(a) A (b) B (a) A (b) B

(c) C (d) D (c) C (d) D
Ans. (c) Ans. (d)
Sol. Virtual images can also be photographed Sol. No, the image will always not move.

69. Statement–1 : All large telescopes use parabolic mirrors

73. Statement-1 : For observing traffic at out back, we prefer to
rather than spherical mirrors.
use a convex mirror.
Statement–2 : A parabolic mirror brings parallel rays (rays
Statement-2 : A convex mirror has a large field of view than
parallel to its axis) to an exact focus at an point.
a plane mirror or concave mirror.
(a) A (b) B (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D (c) C (d) D
Ans. (a) Ans. (a)
Parabolic mirrors brings the parallel rays to the focus. So Sol. A convex mirror has a large field of view than any other
used in telescopes. mirror.

70. Statement-1 : Although the surface of goggle lenses are 74. Statement-1 : A fish inside a pond will sea a person standing
curved, it does not have any power. outside taller than he actually is.
Statement-2 : In case of goggle, both the curved surface Statement-2 : Light bends away from the normal as it enters
have equal radii of curvature and have centre of curvature water from air.
on the same side. (a) A (b) B
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
(c) C (d) D Ans. (c)
Sol. Light bends towards the normal as it enters from air to
Ans. (a)
water.
Since the radius of curvature of both the surfaces are
same, not much refraction happens 75. Statement-1 : The critical angle in case of total internal
reflection depends on the pair of medium chosen.
Statement-2 : The critical angle in case of total internal
71. Statement-1 : There exist two angles of incidence for the reflection is independent of pair of medium chosen.
same magnitude of deviation (except minimum deviation)
(a) A (b) B
by a prism kept in air.
(c) C (d) D
Statement-2 : In a prism kept in air, a ray is incident on the
first surface and emerges out of second surface. Now, if Ans. (c)
another ray is incident on the second surface (of prism) Sol. Critical angle is dependent on the pair of medium chosen.
along the previous emergent ray. This principle is called
principle of reversibility of light.
76. Statement-1 : The images formed by total internal reflections
(a) A (b) B are much brighter than those formed by mirrors of lenses.
(c) C (d) D Statement-2 : There is no loss of intensity in total internal
Ans. (a) reflection.
Sol. Principle of reversibility of light (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
Ans. (a)
72. Statement-1 : Keeping a point object fixed, if a plane mirror Sol. There is no loss in Intensity
is moved, the image will also move.
Statement-2 : In case of a plane mirror, distance of object
and its image is equal from any point on the mirror.
77. Statement-1 : A convex lens of focal length f (m = 1.5)
 RAY OPTICS

behaves as a diverging lens when immersed in carbon di- (farsighted) eye, the lens-to-retina length is too short and/or the
sulphied of higher refractive index (m = 1.65). radius of the curvature of the cornea is not great enough. This
Statement-2 : The focal length of a lens does not depend on causes rays from an object at infinity to focus at a point behind
the color of light used. the retina. The near point is farther away than normal. A corrective
(a) A (b) B lens will put a virtual image of the close object at the position of
(c) C (d) D the actual near point.
Ans. (b) The relation among the object (o) and image (i) distances
Sol. This is not the right explanation. But the statements are from the eye and the focal length (f) of the lens is given by the
correct 1 1 1
lens-distance rule : + = .
o i f
Comprehension type questions
When using this equation, all distances are given in
PASSAGE - 1 centimeters.
Using the following Passage, solve Q. 78 to Q. 80 The power of corrective lenses is usually given in units
In the normal human eye, light from an object is refracted called diopters. Power, in diopters, is the reciprocal of the focal
by the cornea-lens system at the front of the eye and produces a
1
real image on the retina at the rear of the eye. For a given eye, its length in meters : Pdiopter = .
f meter
lens-to-retina distance is fixed at about 2.5 cm. Most of the
focusing of an image is done by the cornea, which has a fixed By convention :
curvature that is convex with respect to incoming light. The I. Converging lenses have positive focal lengths, and
importance of the lens is that its radius of curvature can be changed, diverging lenses have negative focal lengths.
allowing the lens to fine-tune the focus.
II. Real images have positive distances from the lens, and
The lens is surrounded by the ciliary muscle. Contraction virtual images have negative distances from the lens.
of the muscle decreases tension on the lens. This allows the
natural elasticity of the lens to produce an increase in the radius 78. The lens system of the myopic eye is best described as
of curvature. When the muscle relaxes, the lens flattens out,
(a) producing too much convergence
decreasing its radius of curvature. Unfortunately, the lens loses
elasticity with age and the ability to alter curvature decreases. (b) producing too little convergence
The range over which clear vision is possible is bounded (c) producing too much divergence
by the far point and the near point. In normal vision the far point is (d) producing too little divergence
infinity and the near point depends on the radius of curvature of the
lens. For normal eyes the average near point for reading is 25 cm. Ans. (a)

AGE, years NEAR POINT, cm Sol. Since image forms before retina. So option a correct.

10 7
20 10 79. An optometrist examined John’s eyes. The farthest object
30 14 he can clearly focus on with his right eye is 50 cm away.
What is the power of the contact lens required to correct
40 22
the vision in his right eye ?
50 40
(a) – 0.50 diopters (b) – 2.0 diopters
60 200
(c) + 2.0 diopters (d) + 5.0 diopters
In the myopic (nearsighted) eye, the lens-to-retina length,
is too long and/or the radius of curvature of the cornea is too Ans. (b)
great. This causes rays from an object at infinity to focus at a
1
point in front of the retina. The far point is closer than normal. A
Sol. For point of eye = ¥ power of his eye = ´100=+2D
corrective, lens will put a virtual image of a distant object at the 50
position of the actual far point of the eye. In the hyperopic
To make power zero, i.e. for point -¥ , power to be attached
 RAY OPTICS

= -2D (b) Observer O2 will see a real image at 60 cm from the lens
but observer O1 will not be able to see it.

80. In a mildly hyperopic eye, the focal length of the eye’s (c) Both the observers will see a real image at 60 cm from
natural lens can be corrected by lens irrespective the positions of O1 and O2.

(a) contracting the ciliary muscle and increasing the radius (d) Both the observers may or may not be able to see the
of curvature image at 60 cm from lens depending on the positions
of O1 and O2.
(b) contracting the ciliary muscle and decreasing the radius
of curvature Ans. (d)

(c) relaxing the ciliary muscle and increasing the radius of

curvature
(d) relaxing the ciliary muscle and decreasing the radius of
curvature Sol.
Ans. (c)
Sol. Relaxing the ciliary muscle and increasing the radius of
curvature Option D, as image may or may not be at near (least)
distance.

PASSGAE - 2
82. After activity – I, which of the following observer will not
Using the following Passage, solve Q. 81 to Q. 83 be able to see the image of object, if before this activity
Figure shows a convex lens of focal length 15 cm. A point both were seeing the image.
object is placed on the principle axis of lens at a distance 20 cm (a) O1 (b) O2
from it as shown. On the other side of lens two observer eyes O1 (c) both O1 & O2 (d) neither O1 nor O2
and O2 are situated at a distance 100 cm from the lens at some
Ans. (a)
distance above and below the principal axis.
Sol. O1 observes I due to refracted rays coming from lower
f = 15 cm O1 half. Only O2 observes I due to refracted rays from upper
half.
O
20 cm
83. After activity – I, for which observer the intensity of image
O2 will be reduced to half.
100 cm
(a) for O1 (b) for O2
Activity I : Now half position of lens below principal axis is
(c) both for O1 & O2 (d) neither for O1 nor for O2
painted black.
Ans. (d)
Activity II : After this, lens is cut along its horizontal diameter
Sol. Since one observer sees image due to half portion of lens
and upper part of it is raised up slightly in vertical direction.
only, So on covering one half it intensity remains
unaffected.
81. In initial setup before the activities which of the following
statement is correct.
(a) Observer O1 will see a real image at 60 cm from the lens PASSAGE - 3
but observer O2 will not be able to see it. Using the following Passage, solve Q. 84 & 85
 RAY OPTICS

A thin equiconvex lens of reflective index 3/2 is placed on a

1 n2 -n1 n3 -n2
horizontal plane mirror as shown in figure. The space Sol. = = +
between the lens and mirror is filled with a liquid of refractive f R1 R2
index 4/3. It is found that when a point object is placed 15
cm above the lens on its principal axis, the object coincides æ3 ö
-1
1 çè 2 ÷ø ( n3 -1.5)
with its onw image.
= +
25 +10 -10

Þ n3 = 1.6
84. The radius of curvature of the convex surface is
(a) 10 cm (b) 15 cm
(c) 20 cm (d) 25 cm PASSAGE - 4
Ans. (a) Using the following Passage, solve Q. 86 to 88
Sol. For the object to coincides with its image, rays must fall on A point object O is placed at a distance of 0.3 m from a
mirror in a direction to it. So object must be at focus of lens. convex lens (focal length 0.2 m) cut into two halves each of
x=1 which is displaced by 0.0005 m as shown in the figure.

3
x=
2

4
m=
3

1 n2 -n1 n3 -n2
= +
f R1 R2
86. What will be the location of the image ?
(a) 30 cm, right of lens (b) 60 cm, right of lens
æ 3 ö æ 4 3ö
-1 -
1 çè 2 ÷ø çè 3 2 ÷ø (c) 70 cm, left of lens (d) 40 cm, left of lens
= +
15 +R -R Ans. (b)

1 4
Þ =
15 6R

15 ´ 2
ÞR=
3 Sol.
R = 10 cm

85. If another liquid is filled instead of water, the object and the
image coincide at a distance 25 cm from the lens. Calculate
1 1 1
the refractive index of the liquid. - = Þ v = 60 cm
u -30 +20
(a) 1.6 (b) 2.6
(c) 2.8 (d) 3.2
Ans. (a) 87. If this arrangement will generate more than one image, then
what will be the total number of images ?
 RAY OPTICS

(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 5
Ans. (a)
Sol. Total ‘2’ images on due to upper half on upper axis and
other on bottom axis. Sol.

88. Find the spacing between the images so formed.

(a) 0.1 cm (b) 0.5 cm
(c) 0.3 cm (d) 1 cm 1 æ1ö æ 1 ö
- = 2ç ÷ - ç ÷
Ans. (c) f è fL ø è fm ø

+V 60 cm
Sol. m ( for upper half ) = = =2 æ 2 ( n -1) ö 2
u 30 cm = 2ç ÷+
è R ø R
so image is at ( upper tip ) at = 2 ´ 0.05 cm
4n- 4 +2
= 1 cm =
R
i.e. on principal axis of upper half.
R
f=
2 ( 2n-1)

90. Consider the lens involved to be plano-convex lens (instead

of equiconvex lens) of refractive index n and radius R in the
given arrangement and then find its focal length.

R 2R
(a) ( 2n - 1) (b) ( 2n - 1)
So spacing = 0.1 cm + 0.1 cm + 0.1 cm
= 0.3 cm,
R 2R
(c) ( - 1)
n (d) 2 ( 2n + 1)

PASSAGE - 5 Ans. (c)

Using the following Passage, solve Q. 89 to 92
Consider an equiconvex lens with one of its surface mirrored.
89. Determine the focal length in terms of refractive index n and
radius of curvature R.

R 2R Sol.
(a) ( 2n - 1) (b) ( 2n - 1)

R 2R
(c) 2 ( 2n - 1) (d) 2 ( 2n + 1)
1 æ1 1 ö
Ans. (c) = ( n-1 ) ç - ÷
f èR ¥ø
 RAY OPTICS

æ R ö
çf= ÷
è n-1 ø

91. What will be the focal length if its plane surface is mirrored?
Sol.
R R
(a) 2( n -1) (b)
m

2R
(c) (d) 2Rm
m
1 æ1ö 1
- = 2ç ÷ -
Ans. (a) feq è fL ø fm

æ1ö 2
= 2 ( n -1) ç ÷ +
èRø R

R
ter =
Sol. 2m

Match the Column

93. An executed object is moving in front of concave mirror
fm = ¥ , So Pm = 0 as shown in figure. On L.H.S. various velocity of object
and position is given. On R.H.S. some properties of image
1 æ1ö
= ( h -1) ç ÷
and its velocity is given.
and
fL èRø

( m -1) +ve
So, Per = 2PL + Pm = +0
R x

2R
Hence feq = Column – I (Object) Column – II (Image)
n-1
(A) +ve velocity and object is (P) +ve velocity
between focus and
92. What will be the focal length if its curved surface is mirrored?
centre of curvature.
R 2R (B) –ve velocity and object is (Q) –ve velocity
(a) (b)
m m between focus and pole
(C) –ve velocity and object is (R) size of image is
R
(c) 2Rm (d) beyond centre of curvature increasing
2m
(D) –ve velocity and object is (S) size of image is
Ans. (d)
virtual decreasing
Ans. (A ® R, Q; B ® P, R; C ® P, S; D ® P, R)

Sol. A ¾¾
® R, Q, as image goes away from mirror
 RAY OPTICS

and size increases. ® Ù Ù ® Ù Ù Ù

V D = 3 i - j , V A = 2 i + j, ac = 2t j
B ¾¾
® P, R image moves towards mirror. For A at t = 2 sec,

C ¾¾
®P, S as image moves towards mirror and size decreases. Vx = ux +axt
= 1 + (2)(2)
D ¾¾
®P, R virtual object, so size well increase instead of
Ù
decreasing. Vx = 5 i
For A, vy = O + ay t
94. Four particles are moving with different velocities in front = (1)(2)
of stationary plane mirror (lying in y-z plane). At t = 0,
Ù
r r Vy = 2 j
velocity of A is v A = î , velocity of B is v B = -î + 3 ĵ ,
r r
velocity of C is v C = 5 î + 6 ĵ , velocity of D is v D = 3 î - ĵ . So VA (at t = 2 sec)
r Ù Ù
Acceleration of particle A is a A = 2 î + ĵ and acceleration
Þ5 i+2 j
r
of particle C is a C = 2 t ĵ . The particle B and D move with For B : At t = 2 sec
uniform velocity (Assume no collision to take place till
Ù Ù
t = 2 seconds). All quantities are in S.I. units. Relative VB = - i + 3 j
velocity of image of object A with respect to object A is
r
denoted by VA¢, A . Velocity of images relative to Ù 2 Ù
For C : Vc - 6 j = t2 = 4 j
corresponding objects are given to Column – I and their 0
values are given in Column – II at t = 2 second. Match
Ù
Column – I with corresponding values in Column – II.
So, Vc,y = 10 j

D A Ù Ù
y B
Vc = 5 i + 10 j
C
Ù Ù
For D : VD = 3 i - j

® Ù
x So, V A', A = -10 i

® Ù Ù Ù
Column – I Column – II V B',B = VI - VO = + i -(- i ) = 2 i
r
(A) VA¢, A (P) 2 î
® Ù
r V B',B = 2 i ( As in y-axis, VB’/B = 0 )
(B) VB¢, B (Q) - 6 î
r ® Ù Ù Ù
(C) VC¢, C (R) - 12 î + 4 ĵ V C',C = -5 i -(-5 i ) = -10 i
r
(D) VD¢, D (S) - 10 î ® Ù Ù Ù
V D',D = -3 i - 3 i = -6 i
Ans. (A ® S; B ® P; C ® S ; D ® Q)
® Ù ® Ù Ù ® Ù Ù
95. An object O (real) is placed at focus of an equi-biconvex
Sol. V A = i , V B = - i + 3 j, V C = 5 i + 6 j
lens as shown. The refractive index of the lens is m = 1.5 and
 RAY OPTICS

the radius of curvature of either surface of lens is R. The

m -, P - and V ¯ so m and hI ¯ on inserting a slab,
lens is surrounded by air. In each statement of column I,
some changes are made to situation given above and object shifts to less than f w.r.t. lens. So image becomes
information regarding final image formed as a result is given virtual.
in Column II. The distance between lens and object is
unchanged in statements of column I. Match the Statements
So a ¾¾
® p,r
in column I with resulting image in column II.
b ¾¾
® q,r

c ¾¾
® q,r

d ¾¾
® q,r

Column I Column II
96. An object O is kept perpendicular to the principal axis of a
(a) If the refractive index of (p) Final image is real spherical mirror. Each situation (a, b, c and d) gives object
the lens is doubled (that coordinate u in centimeter with sign, the type of mirror, and
is made 2m), then then the distance (centimeters with sign) between the focal
(b) If the radius of curvature (q) final image is virtual point and the pole of the mirror. On the right side information,
regarding the image is given.
is doubled (that is, made
Correctly, match the situation on the left side with the images
2R),
described on the right side.
(c) If a glass slab of refractive (r) final image becomes
Situation u Mirror Images
index m = 1.5 is introduced smaller in size in compari-
(a) –18 Concave, 12 (p) Real, erect, enlarged
between the object and lens sion to size of image before
(b) –12 Concave, 18 (q) Virtual, erect, diminished
as shown, then the change was made
(c) –8 Convex, 10 (r) Real, inverted, enlarged
R R (d) –10 Convex, 8 (s) Virtual, erect, enlarged
Ans. (a – r; b – s; c – q; d – q)
O
Sol. For concave mirror, if 2f > u > f , then image is real,
Slab inverted and enlarged. For convex, it is always virtual,
erect and diminished. So
(d) If the left side of lens is (s) final image is of same size
A ¾¾
®R
filled witha medium of as the object
refractive index m = 1.5 B ¾¾
®S
as shown, then
C ¾¾
®Q
R R

Air D ¾¾
®Q
O

97. A white light ray is incident on a glass prism, and it create

four refracted rays, A, B, C and D. Match the refracted rays
Ans. (a –p, r; b – q, r; c – q, r; d – q, r)
with the colors given (1 and D are rays due to total internal
Sol. As we change the refractive index of lens, converging
power changes. So if
 RAY OPTICS

reflection) :

Column-I (Ray) Columm-II (Colour)

(a) A (p) red 1 1 1
- =
(b) B (q) green v u f
(c) C (r) yellow
v =18 cm , u = 10 cm (As initially rays were compering
(d) D (s) blue
at 10 cm)
Ans. (a – p; b – r; c – q; d – s)

Sol. Since, red colour has maximum ‘ l ’. So sinqC is maximum

1 1 1
- =
18 10 f
for l R (red colour). So
45
Þf= cm = 22.5cm = 225 mm
A ¾¾
®P 2

B ¾¾
®R f = 225 mm.

C ¾¾
®Q 99. A concave mirror gives a real image magnified 4 times.
When the object is moved 3 cm the magnification of the
D ¾¾
®S real image is 3 times. Find the focal length of mirror.
Ans. 0036
Sol. m = 4, v = 4u
Subjective Questions when u’ = (u + 3), then m = 3
98. A converging beam of light forms a sharp image on a
screen. A lens is placed 10 cm from the screen in the path 1 1 1 4u
- - = Þf=
of the beam. It was found that the screen has to be moved 4u u f 5
8 cm further away to obtain the sharp image. Find the focal
length of the lens in mm. -1 3 1 -3 ( 4 + 3 )
- = Þf=
Ans. 0225 3 ( 4 + 3) 3 ( 4 + 3) f 4

4u 3 ( 4 + 3 )
= Þ 16u = 15 ( u + 3 )
5 4
Sol.
1 4 1
Þ u = 45, Hence - =
-4 ´ 45 4 ´ 45 f
f = 36 cm

100. In a lake 2m deep, a measuring post of height 3m is fixed

vertically. For an angle of incidence of 45° of Sun’s
radiations, find the length of the shadow of the post at the
bottom surface ? [mw = 4/3] [in metre)
 RAY OPTICS

Ans. 0002

Sol.

Since it is given after reflection and refractions. So first

Sol.
reflection, hence, I1 is formed 10 cm behind the mirror
which acts as virtual object, now image of this virtual
object from slab will be final image. So apparent

nr
distance ( I1 ) = ( 30 cm+10 cm)
ni
PB
Now = tan450
AB 1.5
= ´ 40 cm = 60 cm
Þ AB = 1m 1
Hence CD = 1m So distance b/w I1 and S = 30 cm

Now, n1 sin450 = n2 sinq

102. The magnification of an object placed in front of a convex
lens is +2. The focal length of the lens is 2.0 m. Find the
æ 1 ö 4 3
(1) ç ÷ = 3 sin q Þ sin q =
distance by which the object has to be moved to obtain a
è 2ø 32 magnification of –2 (in metres).
Ans. 0002
EC 3 EC
tan q = Þ =
AC 29 2m v
Sol. m = Þ v = 2u
u
6
Þ EC = m 1 1 1
29 + =
2u u 2
æ 6 ö
Hence, shadow ( EC + CD ) = ç 1m +
u=3m
m÷
è 29 ø if m = -2, and v = -2u

; 2m
101. As isotropic glass slab of refractive index 1.5 is 30 cm
thick. The rear surface of the slab is polished. A point
source. S is placed at a distance of 20 cm from the front
surface. Calculate the distance between the source and
the image formed by reflection and refractions.
Ans. 0080
1 2 1
- + = Þ u = 1m
2u 2u 2
So, distance to be moved = 2m.
103. Refraction takes palce at a concave spherical boundary
separating glass and air medium. The refractive index of
the glass is 3/2. The radius of curvature of the refracting
surface is R. For the image to be real the object distance
should be greater than IR, wher I is an integer. Find the
minimum value of I.
 RAY OPTICS

Ans. 0003

Sol.
Sol.

1 3 -1
- = 1
v 2u 2R sin qC =
n
For image to be real, V > 0
3 m
3 1 =
- >0 2 3
2u 2R
2
3 1
> 3 3
24 2R m=
4
U < 3R
So, I = 3.
So minimum value ® 3R
Hence I = 3 105. A large glass slab (m = 5/3) of thickness 8 cm is placed over
a point source of light on a plane surface. It is seen that
light emerges out of the top surface of the slab from a
104. A shown in the figure, light is incident normally on one
circular area of radius R cm. What is the value of R ?
face of a prism. A liquid of refractive idex m is placed on the
horizontal face AC. The refractive index of the prism is 3/2. Ans. 0006
If total internal reflection taking place on the face AC, m

I 3
should be less than , where I is an integer. Find the
4
value of I.

Sol.

(
sin 900 - q = ) 1
n
Ans. 0003

3
cos q =
5

So, q = 540
 RAY OPTICS

8 µ2 µ1
µ2 − µ1
= tan q Finally − =
R v u R
 R 
8 4 ∴ v f = 
=  2 ( µ n − µ −1) 
R 3
R R
Þ R = 6 cm ⇒ =
13 2 (1.5n + .5 )
⇒ 3n + 1 = 13
106. Surfaces of a thin equiconvex glass less (m = 1.5) have
3n = 12
radius of curvature R. Paraxial rays are incident on it. If the
final image is formed at a distance R/13 from the pole of n=4
the lens after n internal reflections, then the value of n is
............
Ans. 0004
Sol. µ2 µ1 µ2 − µ1
− =
v u R
for 1st refraction
µ 1 µ −1
− =
v1 ∞ R
 µ 
v1 =  R
 µ −1
for first reflection
1 1 1 2
+ = =
v u f R
1  µ − 1  −2
+ =
v1  µ R  R
1  3µ − 1 
= − 
v1  µR 
1  5µ − 1 
for second = − 
v2  µR 
1  ( 2n + 1) µ −1
∴ =
− 
vn  µR 
 RAY OPTICS

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR IIT QUESTIONS

1. When a ray of light enters a glass slab from air

(a) its wavelength decreases (IIT–JEE 1980)
(b) its wavelength increases
(c) its frequency increases
(d) neither its wavelength nor its frequency changes
Ans. (a)

v
Sol. l=
f
In moving from air to glass, f remains unchanged while v
decreases. Hence, l should decrease.

Angle of incidence at face BC is i = q

2. A glass prism of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in water
Total internal reflection (TIR) will take place on this surface
(refractive index 4/3). A light beam incident normally on
if,
the face AB is totally reflected to reach the face BC if
(IITJEE 1981) 8
i > qc or q > qc or sin q > qc or sin q >
B A 9
\ Correct option is (a).

3. A convex lens of focal length 40 cm is in contact with a

concave lens of focal length 25 cm. The power of the
combination is (IITJEE 1982)
C (a) –1.5 D (b) –6.5 D
(c) + 6.5 D (d) + 6.67 D
Ans. (a)
(a) sin q > 8/9 (b) 2/3 < sin q < 8/9
(c) sin q < 2/3 (d) none of these 1 1 1 1
Sol. P = P1 + P2 = + = - = -1.5D
Ans. (a) f1 (m) f2 (m) 0.4 0.25

Sol. Let q C be the critical angle at face BC, then

4. A ray of light from a denser medium strikes a rarer medium
4 at an angle of incidence i (see figure). The reflected and
æm ö 3 8 refracted rays make an angle of 90° with each other. The
sin qC = ç w ÷÷ = =
ç mg 3 9 angles of reflection and refraction are r and r’. The critical
è ø angle is (IITJEE 1983)
2
 RAY OPTICS

v2
or dv = du ...(ii)
r
u2
i

Here, dv =size of image

r'

du =size of object (short) lying along the axis = b

–1 –1
Further, from Eq. (i), we can find
(a) sin (tan r) (b) sin (cot i)
–1 –1 2
(c) sin (tan r’) (d) tan (sin i) v2 æ f ö
2
=ç ÷
èu- fø
Ans. (a) u
Sol. r + r¢ + 90 0 = 1800 Substituting these values in Eq. (ii), we get

\ r¢ = 900 - r æ f ö
2
Size of image = b ç ÷
Further, i = r èu -f ø
Applying Snell’s law, m D sin i = m R sin r¢ \ Correct option is (d).

or mD sin r = m R sin (900 - r) = mR cos r

6. A beam of light consisting of red, green and blue colours
is incident on a right-angled prism. The refractive indices
mR æm ö
= tan r, q C = sin-1 ç R ÷ = sin-1 ( tan r )
of the material of the prism for the above red, green and
\
mD è mD ø blue wavelengths are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47 respectively. The
prism will (IITJEE 1989)
\ Correct option is (a)

5. A short linear object of length b lies along the axis of a

concave mirror of focal length of at a distance u from the
pole of the mirror. The size of the image is approximately
equal to (IITJEE 1988) 45°

1/ 2
æ f ö (a) separate the red colour from the green and blue colours
1/ 2
æ u -f ö
(a) b ç ÷ (b) b ç ÷
è f ø è u -f ø (b) separate the blue colour from the red and green colours
(c) separate all the three colours from one another
2
æ u -f ö æ f ö (d) not separate even partially any colour from the other
(c) b ç ÷ (d) b ç ÷
è f ø è u -f ø two colours
Ans. (a)
Ans. (d)
Sol. From the mirror formula Sol. i > q c , will get total internal reflection :

1 1 1 i > qc or sin i > sin qc

+ = ( f = constant ) ...(i)
v u f
-v-2dv - u-2du = 0
 RAY OPTICS

Given P1P2 = 36 cm
\ fo + fe = 36 … (i)
Further angular magnification is given as 5. Therefore,

fo
=5 ...(ii)
fe

Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

fo = 30 cm and fe = 6 cm
\ Correct option is (d).

8. A thin prism P1 with angle 4° and made from glass of

refractive index 1.54 is combined with another thin prism
P2 made from glass of refractive index 1.72 to produce
1
or sin 450 > dispersion without deviation. The angle of the prism P2 is
m
(a) 5.33° (b) 4° (IITJEE 1990)
(c) 3° (d) 2.6°
1 1
or > or for which Ans. (c)
2 m
Sol. Deviation d = ( m - 1 ) A
m > 2 or m > 1.414
Given dnet = 0
Hence, the rays for which m > 1.414 will get TIR.
\ ( m1 - 1 ) A 1 = ( m 2 - 1 ) A 2
For green and blue m > 1.414 , so they will suffer TIR on

( m1 - 1) A
face AC. Only red comes out from this face.
\ Correct option is (a). or A2 =
( m2 - 1) 1

( 1.54 - 1) 40 = 30
7. An astronomical telescope has an angular magnification

(1.72 - 1) ( )
of magnitude 5 for far objects. The separation between =
the objective and the eyepiece is 36 cm and the final image
is formed at infinity. The focal length fo of the objective
and the focal length fe of the eyepiece are (IITJEE 1989) \ Correct option is (c).

(a) fo = 45 cm & fe = – 9 cm (b) fo = 50 cm & fe = 10 cm

9. Two thin convex lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are
(c) fo = 7.2 cm & fe = 5 cm (d) fo = 30 cm & fe = 6 cm
separated by a horizontal distance d (where d < f1, d < f2)
Ans. (d) and their centres are displaced by a vertical separation D
Sol. Image formed by objective (I1) is at second focus of it as shown in the figure. (IITJEE 1993)
because objective is focused for distant objects.
Therefore,
P1I1 = fo
Further I1 should lie at first focus of eyepiece because
final image is formed at infinity.
\ P2I1 = fe
 RAY OPTICS

y f2 ( f1 - d)
Hence v =
f2 + f1 - d

Therefore, x-coordinate of its focal point will be

x
O
f2 ( f1 - d)
x=d+v =d+
f2 + f1 - d
d

Taking the origin of coordinates, O, at the centre of the f1 f2 + d ( f1 - d)

=
first lens, the x and y-coordinates of the focal point of this f1 + f2 - d
lens system, for a parallel beam of rays coming from the
left, are given by Linear magnification for L2

f 1f 2 v f2 ( f1 - d) 1 f2
(a) x = ,y=D m= = × =
f1 + f 2 u f2 + f1 - d f1 - d f2 + f1 - d

f1 (f 2 + d ) D Therefore, second image will be formed at a distance

(b) x = ,y=
f1 + f 2 - d f1 + f 2
æ f2 ö
f f + d(f1 - d ) D(f1 - d )
of mD or ç ÷.
(c) x = 1 2 ,y= è f2 + f1 - d ø
f1 + f 2 - d f1 + f 2 - d
it optic axis.
f1f 2 + d(f1 - d ) Therefore, y-coordinate of the focus of system will be
(d) x = f1 + f 2 - d
,y=0

æ f2 D ö
Ans. (c) y =D -ç ÷
è f2 + f1 - d ø
Sol. From the first lens parallel beam of light is focused at its
focus i.e. at a distance f1 from it. This image I1 acts as
virtual object for second lens L2. Therefore, for L2
or y =
( f1 - d) × D
f2 + f1 - d

10. An isosceles prism of angle 120° has a refractive index

1.44. Two parallel rays of monochromatic light enter the
prism parallel to each other in air as shown. The rays
emerging from the opposite face (IITJEE 1995)

rays

120°

u = + (f1 - d), f = + f2

1 1 1 1 1
\ = + = + (a) are parallel to each other
v f u f2 f1 - d
(b) are diverging
 RAY OPTICS
–1
(c) make an angle 2 [sin (0.72) – 30°] with each other Sol. Since, the final image is formed at infinity, the image formed
–1 by the objective will be at the focal point of the eyepiece,
(d) make an angle 2 sin (0.72) with each other
which is 3.0 cm. The image formed by the objective will be
Ans. (c) at a distance of 12.0 cm (= 15.0 cm – 3.0 cm) from the
Sol. The diagrammatic representation of the given problem is objective.
shown in figure.

If u is the distance of the object from the objective, we

have

1 1 1
+ =
u v f

1 1 1
Þ + =
u 12.0 2.0

( 12.0 ) ( 2.0 )
From figure it follows that Ð i = Ð A = 300 Þ u=
12.0 - 2.0
From Snell’s law, n1sin i = n2 sin r
24.0
0 = = 2.4 cm
1.44 sin 30 10.0
or sin r = = 0.72
1
12. A diminished image of an object is to be obtained on a
Νοw, Ðd = Ðr - Ði = sin-1 ( 0.72 ) - 300 screen 1.0 m from it. This can be achieved by placing
(a) a plane mirror (IITJEE 1995)
\ {
q = 2 ( Ðd ) = 2 sin-1 ( 0.72 ) - 300 } (b) a convex mirror of suitable focal length
(c) a convex lens of focal length less than 0.25 m
(d) a concave lens of suitable focal length
11. The focal lengths of the objective and the eyepiece of a
compound microscope are 2.0 cm and 3.0 cm respectively. Ans. (c)
The distance between the objective and the eyepiece is 15.0 Sol. Image can be formed on the screen if it is real. Real image
cm. The final image formed by the eyepiece is at infinity. of reduced size can be formed by a concave mirror or a
The two lenses are thin. The distance in cm of the object convex lens.
and the image produced by the objective, measured from
the objective lens, are respectively (IITJEE 1995)
(a) 2.4 and 12.0 (b) 2.4 and 15.0
(c) 2.0 and 12.0 (d) 2.0 and 3.0
Ans. (a)
 RAY OPTICS

Ans.
Sol.
A diminished real image is formed by a convex lens when
the object is placed beyond 2f and the image of such
object is formed between f and 2f on other side.
(b)
In general spherical aberration is minimum when the total
deviation produced by the system is equally divided on
all refracting surfaces. A Planoconvex lens is used for
this purpose. In order that the total deviation be equally
divided on two surfaces, it is essential that more parallel
beam (or the incident and refracted) be incident on the
convex side. Thus, when the object is far away from the
lens, incident rays will be more parallel than the refracted
rays, therefore, the object should face the convex side,
but if the object is near the lens, the object should face
the plane side. This has been shown in figure.

Thus, d > ( 2f + 2f )

or 4f < 0.1m

or f < 0.25m

13. An eye specialist prescribes spectacles having 15. A concave mirror is placed on a horizontal table with its
combination of convex lens of focal length 40 cm in contact axis directed vertically upwards. Let O be the pole of the
with a concave lens of focal length 25 cm. The power of mirror and C its centre of curvature. A point object is placed
this lens combination in diopters is (IITJEE 1997) at C. It has a real image, also located at C. If the mirror is
now filled with water, the image will be (IITJEE 1998)
(a) + 1.5 (b) – 1.5
(a) real and will remain at C
(c) + 6.67 (d) – 6.67
(b) real and located at a point between C and ¥
Ans. (b)
(c) virtual and located at a point between C and O
Sol. The focal length of combination is given by
(d) real and located at a point between C and O
1 1 1 æ1 1 1 ö Ans. (d)
= - ç = + ÷
F 40 25 è F F1 F2 ø Sol. The ray diagram is shown in figure. Therefore, the image
will be real and between C and O.
200 2
or F = - cm = - m
3 3
\ Power of the combination in dioptres,

3 é 1 ù
P=- êP = F(m) ú
2 ë û
= -1.5
16. A spherical surface of radius of curvature R, separates air
14. A real image of a distant object is formed by a planoconvex (refractive index 1.0) from glass (refractive index 1.5). The
lens on its principal axis. Spherical aberration centre of curvature is in the glass. A point object P placed
(a) is absent (IITJEE 1998) in air is found to have a real image Q in the glass. The line
PQ cuts the surface at a point O and PO = OQ. The distance
(b) is smaller if the curved surface of the lens faces the object
PO is equal to (IITJEE 1998)
(c) is smaller if the plane surface of the lens faces the object
(a) 5 R (b) 3 R
(d) is the same whichever side of the lens faces the object
(c) 2 R (d) 1.5 R
 RAY OPTICS

Ans. (a)
Sol. Let us say PO = OQ = X

1 æ mg öæ 1 1 ö
\ =ç - 1÷ ç - ÷
f è mm ø è R1 R2 ø
m 2 m1 m 2 - m1
Applying - =
v u R Substituting the values, we have

Substituting the values with sign

1 æ 1.5 ö æ 1 1ö 1
=ç - 1÷ ç - ÷ =
1.5 1.0 1.5 - 1.0 f è 1.75 ø è -R R ø 3.5R
- =
+X -X +R
\ f = + 3.5 R
(Distances are measured from O and are taken as positive
in the direction of ray of light) Therefore, in the medium it will behave like a convergent
lens of focal length 3.5 R. It can be understood as,
2.5 0.5
\ = mm > m g , the lens will change its behaviour..
X R
\ X = 5R
18. In a compound microscope, the intermediate image is
(a) virtual, erect and magnified (IITJEE 2000)
17. A concave lens of glass, refractive index 1.5 has both surfaces (b) real, erect and magnified
of same radius of curvature R. On immersion in a medium of
(c) real, inverted and magnified
refractive index 1.75, it will behave as a (IITJEE 1999)
(d) virtual, erect and reduced
(a) convergent lens of focal length 3.5 R
Ans. (c)
(b) convergent lens of focal length 3.0 R
Sol. The ray diagram is as follows
(c) divergent lens of focal length 3.5 R
(d) divergent lens of focal length 3.0 R
Ans. (a)

Sol. R1 = -R, R2 = +R, m g = 1.5 and mm = 1.75

From the figure it is clear that image formed by objective

 RAY OPTICS

(or the intermediate image) is real, inverted and magnified.

S

19. A hollow double concave lens is made of very thin

transparent material. It can be filled with air or either of i i
two liquids L1 or L2 having refracting indices n1 and n2
respectively (n2 > n1 > 1). The lens will diverge a parallel
n t
beam of light if it is filled with (IITJEE 2000)
(a) air and placed in air (b) air and immersed in L1
(c) L1 and immersed in L2 (d) L2 and immersed in L1 (a) zero (b) a
Ans. (d) –1 –1
(c) sin (1/n) (d) 2 sin (1/n)
Sol. The lens makers formula is Ans. (b)
Sol. Divergence angle will remain unchanged because in case
1 æ nL öæ 1 1 ö
=ç - 1÷ ç - ÷ of a glass slab every emergent ray is parallel to the incident
f è nm ø è R1 R2 ø ray. However, the rays are displaced slightly towards outer
side.
where, nL = Refractive index of lens and
nm = Refractive index of medium. (In the figure OA || BC and OD || EF)

In case of double concave lens, R1is negative and R2

æ 1 1 ö
is positive. Therefore, ç - ÷ will be negative
è R1 R2 ø

For the lens to be diverging in nature, focal length f

æn ö
should be negative or ç L - 1 ÷ should be positive or
è nm ø

n L > n m but since n 2 > n 1 (given), therefore the lens

should be filled with L2 and immersed in L1.

20. A diverging beam of light from a point source S having
divergence angle a falls symmetrically on a glass slab as
shown. The angles of incidence of the two extreme rays
are equal. If the thickness of the glass slab is t and its
refractive index is n, then the divergence angle of the
emergent beam is (IITJEE 2000)
21. A point source of light S, placed at a distance L in front of
the centre of a plane mirror of width d, hangs vertically on
a wall. A man walks in front of the mirror along a line parallel
to the mirror at a distance 2L from it as shown. The greatest
distance over which he can see the image of the light
source in the mirror is (IITJEE 2000)
 RAY OPTICS

A D

n1 n2
d S

B C

L
2L é
-1 n 1 æ -1 n 2 öù
(a) sin ê n cos çç sin n ÷÷ú
ëê 2 è 1 øûú

(a) d/2 (b) d

é æ -1 n 2 öù
(b) sin ên 1 cos çç sin ÷ú
(c) 2d (d) 3d -1

êë è n 1 ÷øúû
Ans. (d)
Sol. The ray diagram will be as follows :
-1 æ n ö -1 æ n ö
(c) sin çç 1 ÷÷ (d) sin çç 2 ÷÷
è n2 ø è n1 ø

Ans. (a)
Sol. Rays come out only from CD, means rays after refraction
from AB get total internally reflected at AD.
From the figure
r1 + r2 = 900
\ r1 = 900 - r2
(r1)max = 900 - (r2)min and (r2 )min = q C (for total internal
reflection at AD)

HI = AB = d

d
DS = CD =
2
Since, AH = 2AD

d
\ GH = 2CD = 2 = d
2
Similarly, IJ = d
\ GJ = GH + HI + IJ n2
where, sin qC =
=d+d+d n1
= 3d
æn ö
or qC = sin-1 ç 2 ÷
22. A rectangular glass slab ABCD of refractive index n1 is è n1 ø
immersed in water of refractive index n2 (n1 > n2). A ray of
light is incident at the surface AB of the slab as shown. \ (r1 )max = 900 - q C
The maximum value of the angle of incidence amax, such
that the ray comes out only from the other surface CD, is Now, applying Snell’s law at face AB
given by (IITJEE 2000)
 RAY OPTICS

n1 sin amax
=
n2 sin (r1 )max

sin amax
=
(
sin 900 - qC )
Sol.
sin amax
=
cos qC

n1
or sin amax = cos qC Applying Snell’s law at B and C,
n2
m sin i = constant or

én ù m 1 sin iB = m 4 sin iC
\ amax = sin-1 ê 1 cos qC ú
ë n2 û But AB || CD
\ iB = iC
én æ n2 öù
= sin-1 ê 1 cos sin-1 ç ÷ú or m1 = m 4
ëê n2 è n1 ø ûú

24. A given ray of light suffers minimum deviation in an

23. A ray of light passes through four transparent media with equilateral prism P. Additional prisms Q and R of identical
refractive indices m1, m2, m3 and m4 as shown in the figure. shape and of the same material as P are now added as
The surfaces of all media are parallel. If the emergent ray shown in the figure. The ray will suffer (IITJEE 2001)
CD is parallel to the incident ray AB, we must have

P R
D

C
B (a) greater deviation
A
(b) no deviation
(c) same deviation as before
(d) total internal reflection
(a) m1 = m2 (b) m2 = m3 (IITJEE 2001)
Ans. (c)
(c) m3 = m4 (d) m4 = m1
Sol. Figure (a) is part of an equilateral prism of figure (b) as
Ans. (d)
shown in figure which is a magnified image of figure (c).
Therefore, the ray will suffer the same deviation in figure
(a) and figure (c).
 RAY OPTICS

25. An observer can see through a pin-hole the top end of a

thin rod of height h, placed as shown in the figure. The
sin i sin 450 5
beaker height is 3h and its radius h. When the beaker is \ m= = =
filled with a liquid up to a height 2h, he can see the lower sin r 1 2
end of the rod. Then the refractive index of the liquid is 5

26. Which one of the following spherical lenses does not

exhibit dispersion ? The radii of curvature of the surfaces
of the lenses are as given in the diagrams (IITJEE 2002)

3h
(a) R1 R2 (b) R
h

2h

5 5 (c) R R (d) R
(a) (b) (IITJEE 2002)
2 2

3 3 Ans. (c)
(c) (d)
2 2
1 æ 1 1 ö
Ans. (b) Sol. = ( m - 1) ç - ÷
f è R1 R2 ø
Sol. PQ = QR = 2h
ì1 ü
\ Ði = 450 For no dispersion, d í ý = 0
îfþ
\ ST = RT = h = KM = MN
or R1 = R2
2
So, KS = h2 + ( 2h) = h 5
27. Two plane mirrors A and B are aligned parallel to each
h 1 other, as shown in the figure. A light ray is incident at an
\ sin r = = angle 30° at a point just inside one end of A. The plane of
h 5 5
incidence coincides with the plane of the figure. The
maximum number of times the ray undergoes reflections
(including the first one) before it emerges out is
 RAY OPTICS

2 3m v 5
m= = = 1.25
B u 4
0.2 m 30°

(a) 28 (b) 30 (IITJEE 2002)

(c) 32 (d) 34
Ans. (b)

0.2
Sol. d = 0.2 tan 300 =
3 As size of the image at I1 is 2 cm. Therefore, size of image
at I2 will be 2 ´ 1.25 = 2.5 cm.

29. A ray of light is incident at the glass-water interface at an

angle i, it emerges finally parallel to the surface of water,
then the value of mg would be (IITJEE 2003)

Air

r
l 2 3
= = 30 r
d 0.2 Water
3 Glass
i
Therefore, maximum number of reflection are 30.
(a) (4/3) sin i (b) 1/sin i
28. The size of the image of an object, which is at infinity, as (c) 4/3 (d) 1
formed by a convex lens of focal length 30 cm is 2 cm. If a Ans. (b)
concave lens of focal length 20 cm is placed between the
convex lens and the image at a distance of 26 cm from the Sol. Applying Snell’s law m sin i = constant
convex lens, calculate the new size of the image. at 1 and 2, we have
(a) 1.25 cm (b) 2.5 cm (IITJEE 2003)
(c) 1.05 cm (d) 2 cm
Ans. (b)
Sol. Image formed by convex lens at I1 will act as a virtual
object for concave lens. For concave lens

1 1 1
- =
v u f

1 1 1
or - =
v 4 -20
or v = 5 cm
Magnification for concave lens m1 sin i1 = m 2 sin i2
 RAY OPTICS

Here, m1 = m glass , i1 = i

m 2 = m air = 1 and i2 = 900 Q R

S
( )
\ m g sin i = ( 1) sin 900 or m g =
1
sin i
P

(a) PQ is horizontal (b) QR is horizontal

30. White light is incident on the interface of glass and air as
(c) RS is horizontal (d) Either PQ or RS is horizontal
shown in the figure. If green light is just totally internally
reflected then the emerging ray in air contains. (2004) Ans. (b)
Sol. During minimum deviation the ray inside the prism is
parallel to the base of the prism in case of an equilateral
Air Green prism.
Hence, the correct option is (b).
Glass
White
32. A point object is placed at the centre of a glass sphere of
radius 6 cm and refractive index 1.5. The distance of the
(a) yellow, orange, red (b) violet, indigo, blue
virtual image from the surface of the sphere is
(c) all colours (d) all colours except green
(IITJEE 2004)
Ans. (a) (a) 2 cm (b) 4 cm

æ1ö (c) 6 cm (d) 12 cm

Sol. Critical angle qC = sin-1 ç ÷
èmø Ans.
Sol.
Wavelength increases in the sequence of VIBGYOR.
According to Cauchy’s formula refractive index (m)
decreases as the wavelength increases. Hence the
refractive index will increase in the sequence of ROYGBIV.
The critical angle q C will thus increase in the same order 33.
VIBGYOR.
For green light the incidence angle is just equal to the
critical angle. For yellow, orange and red the critical angle
will be greater than the incidence angle. So, these colours
will emerge from the glass air interface.
Hence, the correct option is (a).
(c)
When the object is placed at the centre of the glass sphere,
the rays from the object fall normally on the surface of the
sphere and emerge undeviated.
Hence, the correct option is (c).
A container is filled with water (m = 1.33) upto a height of
33.25 cm. A concave mirror is placed 15 cm above the water
level and the image of an object placed at the bottom is
formed 25 cm below the water level. The focal length of
the mirror is (IITJEE 2005)
15cm

31. A ray of light is incident on an equilateral glass prism

placed on a horizontal table. For minimum deviation which
25 cm
33.25cm

of the following is true ? (IITJEE 2004)

(a) 10 cm (b) 15 cm
(c) 20 cm (d) 25 cm
 RAY OPTICS

Ans. (c)

33.25
Sol. Distance of object from m irror = 15 + = 40 cm
1.33

25
Distance of image from mirror= 15 + = 33.8 cm
1.33 20 cm

(a) 60 cm to the left of the system

1 1 1
For the mirror , + = (b) 60 cm to the right of the system
v u f
(c) 12 cm to the left of the system
1 1 1 (d) 12 cm to the right of the system
\ + =
-33.8 -40 f Ans. (c)

\ f = -18.3 cm 1 1 1
Sol. Refraction from lens : - =
\ Most suitable answer is (c).
v1 -20 15

¾¾
®
34. A convex lens is in contact with concave lens. The
\ v = 60 cm + v e direction
magnitude of the ratio of their focal length is 3/2. Their
equivalent focal length is 30 cm. What are their individual i.e. first image is formed at 60 cm to the right of lens system.
focal lengths ? (IITJEE 2005)
Reflection from mirror
(a) –75, 50 (b) –10, 15
After reflection from the mirror, the second image will be
(c) 75, 50 (d) –15, 10 formed at a distance of 60 cm to the left of lens system.
Ans. (d) Refraction from lens
Sol. Let focal length of convex lens is +f, then focal length
1 1 1
- = ¬¾
¾ + ve direction
v3 60 15
3
of concave lens would be - f.
2
or v 3 = 12 cm
From the given condition,
Therefore, the final image is formed at 12 cm to the left of
1 1 2 1 the lens system.
= - =
30 f 3f 3f
36. The graph between object distance u and image distance
\ f = 10 cm v for a lens is given below. The focal length of the lens is
(IITJEE 2006)
Therefore, focal length of convex lens = +10 cm and that
of concave lens = -15 cm v
\ Correct answer is (d).

+11
35. A point object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a thin
planoconvex lens of focal length 15 cm. The plane surface +10
of the lens is now silvered. The image created by the 45°
system is at (IITJEE 2006) +9 u
–9 –10 –11

(a) 5 ± 0.1 (b) 5 ± 0.05

 RAY OPTICS

(c) 0.5 ± 0.1 (d) 0.5 ± 0.05

Ans. (b)
Sol. From the lens formula,

1 1 1 Sol.
= - we have,
f v u

1 1 1
= - or f = + 5
f 10 -10

Further, Du = 0.1 r = f tan q

and Dv = 0.1 (from the graph) or r µ f \ p r2 µ f 2

Now, differentiating the lens formula, we have

38. A ray of light travelling in water is incident on its surface

Df Dv Du
= + open to air. The angle of incidence is q, which is less than
f2 v2 u2
the critical angle. Then there will be (IITJEE 2007)
(a) only a reflected ray and no refracted ray
æ Dv D u ö
or Df = ç 2 + 2 ÷ f 2 (b) only a refracted ray and no reflected ray
èv u ø
(c) a reflected ray and a refracted ray and the angle between
Substituting the values, we have them would be less than 180° – 2q
(d) a reflected ray and a refracted ray and the angle
æ 0.1 0.1 ö
Df = ç 2 + 2 ÷ ( 5) = 0.05
2
between them would be greater than 180° – 2q
è 10 10 ø
Ans. (c)
\ f ± Df = 5 ± 0.05 Sol. Since q < qc , both reflection and refraction will take place.
From the figure we can see that angle between reflected
37. A biconvex lens of focal length f forms a circular image and refracted rays a is less than 1800 - 2q
of radius r of sun in focal plane. Then which option is
correct ? (IITJEE 2006)
(a) pr µ f
2

(b) pr µ f
2 2

(c) If lower half part is convered by black sheet, then area of

the image is equal to pr /2
2

(d) If f is doubled, intensity will increase

Ans. (b)

\ Option (c) is correct.

 RAY OPTICS

39. In an experiment to determine the focal length (f) of a

n0 n0 n
concave mirror by the u-v method, a student places the n0, , and 0 , respectively. The angle of incidence
object pin A on the principal axis at a distance x from the 2 6 8
pole P. The student looks at the pin and its inverted image q for which the beam just misses entering Region IV is
from a distance keeping his/her eye in line with PA. When (IITJEE 2008)
the student shifts his/her eye towards left, the image appears
to the right of the object pin. Then (IITJEE 2007) Region I Region II Region III Region IV
(a) x < f (b) f < x < 2f
n0 n0 n0
(c) x = 2f (d) x > 2f 2 6 8
n0
Ans. (b)
Sol. Since object and image move in opposite directions, the 0 0.2 m 0.6 m
positioning should be as shown in the figure. Object lies
-1 æ 3 ö -1 æ 1 ö
between focus and centre of curvature
(a) sin ç ÷ (b) sin ç ÷
f < x < 2f è4ø è8ø

-1 æ 1 ö -1 æ 1 ö
(c) sin ç ÷ (d) sin ç ÷
è4ø è3ø
Ans. (b)
Sol. Critical angle from region III to region IV
n0
3
sin qC = 8 =
n0 4
6
Now, applying Snell’s law in region I and region III
n0
n0 sin q = sin qC
\ Correct option is (b). 6
1 1æ 3ö 1
or sin q = sin qC = ç ÷ =
40. Two beams of red and violet colours are made to pass 6 6è 4ø 8
separately through a prism (angle of the prism is 60°). In
æ1ö
the position of minimum deviation, the angle of refraction
\ q = sin-1 ç ÷
will be (IITJEE 2008) è8ø
(a) 30° for both the colours \ Correct option is (b).
(b) greater for the violet colour
(c) greater for the red colour 42. A ball is dropped from a height of 20 m above the surface
(d) equal but not 30° for both the colours of water in a lake. The refractive index of water is 4/3. A
fish inside the lake, the he line of fall of the ball, is looking
Ans. (a) at the balls. At an instant, when the ball is 12.8 m above the
Sol. At minimum deviation ( d = dm ) : water surface, the fish sees the speed of ball as (2009)
–1 –1
(a) 9 ms (b) 12 ms
A 600
–1 –1
(c) 16 ms (d) 21.33 ms
r1 = r2 = = = 300 (For both colours )
2 2 Ans. (c)

\ Correct answer is (a). Sol. v = 2gh = 2 ´ 10 ´ 7

= 12 ms-1
41. A light beam is travelling from Region I to Region IV (Refer
figure). The refractive index in Regions I, II, III and IV are
 RAY OPTICS

Now applying lens formula

1 1 1
- =
v u f

1 1 1
\ - =
v +10 +15
or v = 6 cm
Therefore, the final image is at distance 16 cm from the
mirror. But, this image will be real.
This is because ray of light is travelling from right to left.
\ The correct option is (b).

44. A light travelling in glass medium is incident on glass-air

interface at an angle of incidence q. The reflected (R) and
In this case when eye is inside water,
transmitted (T) intensities, both as function of q, are
x app = m x plotted. The correct sketch is (2011)

dx app dx
\ = m×
dt dt
(a) (b)
4
or v app = mv = ´ 12 = 16ms-1
3

43. A biconvex lens of focal length 15 cm is in front of a plane

mirror. The distance between the lens and the mirror is 10 (c) (d)
cm. A small object is kept at a distance of 30 cm from the
lens. The final image is (2010)
Ans. (c)
(a) virtual and at a distance of 16 cm from the mirror
Sol. After critical angle reflection will be 100 % and
(b) real and at a distance of 16 cm from the mirror
transmission is 0 % . Options (b) and (c) satisfy this
(c) virtual and at a distance of 20 cm from the mirror
condition. But option (c) is the correct option. Because in
(d) real and at a distance of 20 cm from the mirror option (b) transmission is given 100 % at q = 00 , which
Ans. (b) is not true.
Sol. Object is placed at distance 2f from the lens. So first image \ The correct answer is (c).
I1 will be formed at distance 2f on other side. This image I1
will behave like a virtual object for mirror. The second
45. The image of an object, formed by a plano-convex lens at a
image I2 will be formed at distance 20 cm in front of the
distance of 8 m behind the lens, is real and is one-third the
mirror, or at distance 10 cm to the left hand side of the
size of the object. The wavelength of light inside the lens is
lens.
2/3 times the wavelength in free space. The radius of the
curved surface of the lens is : (2013)
(a) 1 m (b) 2 m
(c) 3 m (d) 6 m
Ans. (c)
 RAY OPTICS

l air 1 3 1
m= = =
l medium 2
æ ö 2 1
Sol. ç ÷ tan i = 2 = Þ i = 300
è 3ø 3 3
2
1 v
Further, m= =
3 u
47. A right angled prism of refractive index m1 is placed in a
rectangular block of refractive index m2, which is surrounded
u by a medium of refractive index m3, as shown in the figure, A
\ v =
3 ray of light ‘e’ enters the rectangular block at normal
incidence. Depending upon the relationships between m1,
Þ u = -24 m (Real object)
m2 and m3, it takes one of the four possible paths ‘ef’, ‘eg’,
\ v = +8 m (Real image) ‘eh’, or ‘ei’.

1 1 1 æ 1 1ö
Now, - = = ( m - 1) ç - ÷
v u f è +R ¥ ø

1 1 æ 3 öæ 1 ö
\ + = ç - 1 ÷ç ÷
8 24 è 2 øè R ø
\ R=3m Match the paths in List I with conditions of refractive indices
in List II and select the correct answer using the codes
46. A ray of light travelling in the direction
1 ˆ
2
( )
i + 3 ˆj is
given below the lists.
List I List II
(2013)

incident on a plane mirror. After reflection, it travels along

(P) e ® f 1. m1 > 2 m 2
the direction
2
(
1 ˆ
)
i - 3 ˆj . The angle of incidence is : (2013)
(Q) e ® g 2. m1 > m1 and m2 > m3
(a) 30° (b) 45°
(R) e ® h 3. m1 = m2
(c) 60° (d) 75°
Ans. (c) (S) e ® i 4. m2 < m1 < 2 m2 and m2 > m3
Codes
P Q R S
(a) 2 3 1 4
(b) 1 2 4 3
(c) 4 1 2 3
(d) 2 3 4 1
Sol.
Ans. (a)
Sol. For e ® i

Þ 450 > qC Þ sin 450 > sin qC

1 m2
Þ > Þ m1 > 2 m 2
2 m1

For e ® f
 RAY OPTICS

Match the Column

Angle of reflection is lesser than angle of incidence,
49. An optical component and an object S placed along its
so m 2 > m 1 and then m 2 > m 3 optic axis are given in Column–I. The distance between the
For e ® g, m1 = m 2 object and the component can be varied. The properties
of images are given in Column–II. Match all the properties
For e ® h, m 2 < m1 < 2 m2 and m2 > m 3 of images from Column–II with the appropriate
components given in Column–I. (IITJEE 2008)
Column – I Column – II
Assertion/Reason

ll ll
48.
52. Statement–1 : The formula connecting u, v and f for a

l l l l l ll l l l l l l l l l
S
spherical mirror is valid only for mirrors whose sizes are (A) (P) Real image
very small compared to their radii of curvature.
Statement–2: Laws of reflection are strictly valid for plane
surfaces, but not for large spherical surfaces.(IITJEE 2007)
S
(a) If Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ; Statement–2 (B) (Q) Virtual image
is the correct explanation for Statement–1.
(b) If Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ; Statement–2
is not a correct explanation for Statement–1.
S
(c) If Statement–1 is true ; Statement–2 is false. (C) (R) Magnified image

(d) If Statement–1 is false ; Statement–2 is true.

Ans. (d)
S
Sol. Laws of reflection can be applied to any type of surface. (D) (S) Image at infinity

\ Correct option is (c).

Ans. (A) ® P, Q, R, S ; (B) ® Q ; (C) ® P, Q, R, S ; (D) ® P, Q,
R, S
Sol. (A), (C) and (D) in case of concave mirror or convex lens
image can be real, virtual, diminished magnified or of same
size.
 RAY OPTICS

(B) in case of convex mirror image is always virtual (for 51.

57. A converging lens is used to form an image on a screen.
real object ).
When the upper half of the lens is covered by an opaque
screen (IITJEE 1986)
50. Two transparent media of refractive indices m1 and m3 have (a) half of the image will disappear
a solid lens shaped transparent material of refractive index
(b) complete image will be formed
m2 between them as shown in figures in Column-II. A ray
traversing these media is also shown in the figures. In (c) intensity of the image will increase
Column-I different relationships between m1, m2 and m3 (d) intensity of the image will decrease
are given. Match them to the ray diagram shown in Ans. (b, d)
Column-II. (2010)
Sol. When upper half of the lens is covered, image is formed
Column-I Column-II by the rays coming from lower half of the lens. Or image
will be formed by less number of rays. Therefore, intensity
of image will decrease. But complete image will be formed.
(A) m1 < m2 (p)

52. Which of the following form(s) a virtual and erect image

for all positions of the object ? (IITJEE 1996)
(a) Convex lens (b) Concave lens
(c) Convex mirror (d) Concave mirror
(B) m1 > m2 (q)
Ans. (b, c)

1 1 1 1 1 1
Sol. For a lens - = i.e. = +
v u f v f u
(C) m2 = m3 (r)

(D) m2 > m3 (s)

(t) For a concave lens, f and u are negative, i.e. v will always
be negative and image will always be virtual.
Ans. (A–p, r; B–q, s, t; C–p, r, t; D–q, s) For a mirror :
Sol. (A) Since m 1 < m 2 , the ray of light will bend towards
normal after first refraction.
(B) Since m 1 > m 2 , the ray of light will bend away from
the normal after first refraction.
(C) Since m 2 = m 3 means in second refraction there will
be no change in the path of ray of light.
(D) Since m 2 > m 3 , ray of light will bend away from the
normal after second refraction.
Therefore the correct options are as under.
(A) ® p, r 1 1 1 1 1 1
(B) ® q, s, t + = i.e. = -
v u f v f u
(C) ® p, r, t
Here, f is positive and u is negative for a convex mirror.
(D) ® q, s
 RAY OPTICS

Therefore, v is always positive and image is always virtual. and is (are) incorrectly recorded, is (are) (2009)
(a) (42, 56) (b) (48, 48)
53. A ray of light travelling in a transparent medium falls on a (c) (66, 33) (d) (78, 39)
surface separating the medium from air at an angle of
Ans. (c, d)
incidence 45°. The ray undergoes total internal reflection.
If n is the refractive index of the medium with respect to air, Sol. Values of options (c) and (d) don’t match with the mirror
select the possible value (s) of n from the following : formula.
(a) 1.3 (b) 1.4 (IITJEE 1998)
1 1 1
(c) 1.5 (d) 1.6 + =
v u f
Ans. (c, d)
Sol. For total internal reflection to take place
56. A ray OP of monochromatic light is incident on the face
Angle of incidence, i > critical angle, q C AB of prism ABCD near vertex B at an incident angle of
60° (see figure). If the refractive index of the material of the
1
or sin i > q C or sin 450 > prism is 3 , which of the following is(are) correct ?
n
(IIT 2010)
B
1 1 O
or > or n > 2 or n > 1.414 60°
2 n C
P 135°
Therefore, possible values of n can be 1.5 or 1.6 in the
given options.
90° 75°
A D
54.
60. A planet is observed by an astronomical refracting (a) The ray gets totally internally reflected at face CD
telescope having an objective of focal length 16 m and an (b) The ray comes out through face AD
eyepiece of focal length 2 cm (IITJEE 1992)
(c) The angle between the incident ray and the emergent
(a) the distance between the objective and the eyepiece is 16.02m
ray is 90°
(b) the angular magnification of the planet is –800
(d) The angle between the incident ray and the emergent
(c) the image of the planet is inverted
ray is 120°.
(d) the objective is larger than the eyepiece
Ans. (a, b, c)
Ans. (a, b, c, d)
Sol. Distance between objective and eyepiece
sin 600
L = fO + fe = (16 + 0.02)m = 16.02 m Sol. 3=
sin r
Angular magnification

-fo -16
M= = = -800
fe 0.02

Image is inverted and objective is larger than the eyepiece.

55.
61. A student performed the experiment of determination of
focal lenght of a concave mirror by u–v method using an
optical bench of length 1.5 m. The focal length of the mirror
used is 24 cm. The maximum error in the location of the
image can be 0.2 cm. The 5 sets of (u, v) values recorded
by the student (in cm) are (42, 56), (48, 48), (60, 40), (66, 33),
(78, 39). The data set(s) that cannot come from experiment
RAY OPTICS

\ r = 300

æ 1 ö
q C = sin-1 ç ÷
è 3ø

1
or sin q C =
3

= 0.577
At point Q, angle of incidence inside the prism is i = 450.

1 1
Sinces in i = is greater than sin q C = , ray
2 2

gets totally internally reflected at face CD. Path of ray of

light after point Q is shown in figure.
From the figure, we can see that angle between incident
ray OP and emergent ray RS is 900.
Therefore, correct options are (a), (b) and (c).
 RAY OPTICS
Subjective Questions Frequency remains unchanged.
57.
14
A light wave of frequency 5 × 10 Hz enters a medium of
refractive index 1.5. In the medium the velocity of the light 60. A thin lens of refractive index 1.5 has a focal length of 15
wave is ........... and its wavelength is ...........(IITJEE 1983) cm in air. When the lens is placed in a medium of refractive
Ans. 2 × 108 m/s, 4 × 10–7 m index 4/3, its focal length will become ........... cm.
(IITJEE 1987)
c 3 ´ 10 8 Ans. 60
Sol. n= = = 2.0 ´ 108 m / s
m 1.5 1 æ 1 1 ö
Sol. = ( 1.5 - 1) ç - ÷ ...(i)
fair è R1 R2 ø
n 2.0 ´ 108
l= = = 4.0 ´ 10-7 m
f 5.0 ´ 1014 æ ö
1 ç 1.5 ÷ æ 1 1 ö
58. A convex lens A of focal length 20 cm and a concave lens =ç - 1÷ ç - ÷ ...(ii)
B of focal length 5 cm are kept along the same axis with a fmedium ç 4 ÷ è R1 R2 ø
distance d between them. If a parallel beam of light falling è 3 ø
on A leaves B as parallel beam, then d is equal to ...........
cm. (IITJEE 1985) Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
Ans. 15 fmedium
Sol. At I1, second focus of convex lens should coincide the =4
fair
first focus of concave lens.
\ fmedium = 4 fair = 4 ´ 15

= 60 cm

61.
71. A slab of material of refractive index 2 shown in figure has
a curved surface APB of radius of curvature 10 cm and a
plane surface CD. On the left of APB is air and on the right
of CD is water with refractive indices as given in the figure.
An object O is placed at a distance of 15 cm from the pole
P as shown. The distance of the final image of O from P, as
viewed from the left is ........... (IITJEE 1991)

A C
n1=1.0
n2=2.0 4
n3 = –
3
O
P E
15 cm
59. A monochromatic beam of light of wavelength 6000Å in
vacuum enters a medium of refractive index 1.5. In the B D
medium its wavelength is ..........., and its frequency is ........... 20 cm
(IITJEE 1985)
Ans. 30 cm to the right of P. Image will be virtual.
Ans. 4000Å, 5 × 1014 Hz
Sol. Rays starting from O will suffer single refraction from
l air 6000 0 spherical surface APB. Therefore, applying
Sol. l medium = = = 4000 A
m 1.5

n air nmedium 3.0 ´ 108

f = = = = 5.0 ´ 1014 Hz
l air l medium 6.0 ´ 10-7
 RAY OPTICS

For P

æ fö 5f
u = -ç 2 f - ÷ = -
è 3ø 3

1 1 1
Applying the mirror formula : + =
v u f

1 3 1 1 3 1
or - = Þ = -
v 5f -f v 5f f

5f 5f
or v = - or OP¢ =
m 2 m 1 m 2 - m1 2 2
- =
v u R \ Length of image of rod

1.0 2.0 1.0 - 2.0 5f f

- = CP¢ = OP¢ - OC = - 2f =
v -15 -10 2 2

1 1 1 æ f ö
= -
v 10 7.5 ç 2 ÷ = -1.5
\ Μagnification = - ç
or v = -30 cm ç f ÷÷
è 3ø
Therefore, image of O will be formed at 30 cm to the right
of P.
Here, negative sign implies that image is inverted.
Note that image will be virtual. There will be no effect of
CED.
63. A ray of light undergoes deviation of 30° when incident

62. on an equilateral prism of refractive index 2 . The angle

72. A thin rod of length f/3 is placed along the optic axis of a
concave mirror of focal length f such that its image which made by the ray inside the prism with the base of the prism
is real and elongated, just touches the rod. The is ........... (IITJEE 1992)
magnification is ........... (IITJEE 1991) Ans. zero
Ans. – 1.5 Sol. Let dm be the angle of minimum deviation. Then
Sol. F = focus, C = centre of curvature
æ A + dm ö
sin ç
2 ÷ø
m= è (A = 600 for an equilateral prism)
æAö
sin ç ÷
è2ø

æ 600 + dm ö
sin ç ÷÷
ç 2
\ 2= è ø
When the object lies between F and C, image is real, æ 60 ö
0

elongated and inverted. As one end of rod just touches sin çç ÷÷

its image, this end should lie at C. Because image of object
è 2 ø
at C is at C itself.
Let P¢ be the image of other end of rod P.. Solving this we get d m = 300
 RAY OPTICS

The given deviation is also 300 ( i.e dm ) Sol. When the lenses are in contact, the power of the system
is
Under minimum deviation, the ray inside the prism is P = P1 + P2 or P1 + P2 = 10 …(i)
parallel to base for an equilateral prism.
1
When lenses are separated by a distance d = 0.25 m = m
4
64. The resolving power of electron microscope is higher than
that of an optical microscope because the wavelength of The power is P = P1 + P2 - d P1P2
electrons is ........... than the wavelength of visible light.
P1P2
(IITJEE 1992) or P1 + P2 - =6 ...(ii)
Ans. smaller 4
Sol. The resolving power of a microscope is inversely Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we can find that P1 = 8D and P2 =
proportional to the wavelength of the wave used. De- 2D
Broglie matter wave is used in case of an electron
1 1
microscope whose wavelength is less than the wavelength \ f1 = m = 0.125m Þ f2 = m = 0.5m
of visible light used in optical microscope. 8 2

1 æ 1 1 ö
65. If e0 and m0 are, respectively, the electric permittivity and = ( 1.5 - 1) ç - ÷ ...(i)
magnetic permeability of free space, e and m the
fair è R1 R2 ø
corresponding quantities in a medium, the index of
refraction of the medium in terms of the above parameters æ ö
is ........... (IITJEE 1992) 1 ç 1.5 ÷æ 1 1 ö
=ç - 1÷ ç - ÷ ...(ii)
fmedium ç 4 ÷ è R1 R2 ø
em
Ans. è 3 ø
e 0m 0
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
1
Sol. Speed of light in vacuum, c = fmedium
e0m 0 =4
fair
1 \ fmedium = 4 fair = 4 ´ 15
and speed of light in medium, v =
em
= 60 cm
Therefore, refractive index of the medium is

1 67. A ray of light is incident normally on one of the faces of a

c e0m 0 em prism of apex angle 30° and refractive index 2 . The angle
m= = =
v 1 e0m0 of deviation of the ray is ........... degrees. (IITJEE 1997)
em Ans. 15°
Sol. Ray falls normally on the face AB. Therefore, it will pass
undeviated through AB.
66. Two thin lenses, when in contact, produce a combination
of power +10 diopters. When they are 0.25 m apart, the
power reduces to +6 diopters. The focal length of the
lenses are ........... m and ........... m. (IITJEE 1997)
Ans. 0.125, 0.5
 RAY OPTICS

Ans. T
Sol. Through a thin glass slab ray of light almost passes
undeviated. A hollow prism can be assumed to be made
up of three thin glass slabs as shown in figure.

\ r2 = 900 - 600 = 300

70. A parallel beam of white light fall on a combination of a
sin i2 concave and a convex lens, both of the same material.
m= 2=
sin r2 Their focal lengths are 15 cm and 30 cm respectively for
the mean wavelength in white light. On the same side of
i2 = 450 the lens system, one sees coloured patterns with violet
Deviation = i2 - r2 = 450 - 300 = 150 (Deviation at face colour nearer to the lens. (IITJEE 1988)
AC only) Ans. T
Sol. Focal length of concave is less, i.e. power of concave
lens will be more. Hence, the combination will behave like
68. A convex lens of focal length 1 m and a concave lens of focal
length 0.25 m are kept 0.75 m apart. A parallel beam of light a concave lens. Further, m v is greater than all other
first passes through the convex lens, then through the colours. Hence, fv will be least.
concave lens and comes to a focus 0.5 m away from the
concave lens. (IITJEE 1983)
Ans. F
Sol. At I1 , second focus of convex lens coincides with first
focus of concave lens. Hence, rays will become parallel
to the optic axis after refraction from both the lenses.

71. A ray of light is incident at an angle of 60° on one face of

a prism which has an angle of 30°. The ray emerging out of
the prism makes an angle of 30° with the incident ray.
Show that the emergent ray is perpendicular to the face
through which it emerges and calculate the refractive index
of the material of the lens. (IITJEE 1978)

Ans. m= 3

Sol. Given i1 = 600 , A = 300 ,d = 300

From the relation
69. A beam of white light passing through a hollow prism give
d = (i1 + i2 ) - A
no spectrum. (IITJEE 1983)
 RAY OPTICS

We have, i2 = 00
i.e. the ray is perpendicular to the face from which it
emerges.
Further, i2 = 00
\ r2 = 00
r1 + r 2 = A
r1 = A = 300

sin i1 sin 600

m= = = 3
sin r1 sin 300

73. What is the relation between the refractive indices m1 and

72.
82. A pin is placed 10 cm in front of a convex lens of focal
m2 ? If the behaviour of light rays is as shown in the figure.
length 20 cm and made of a material of refractive index 1.5.
(IITJEE 1979)
The convex surface of the lens farther away form the pin is
silvered and has a radius of curvature of 22 cm. Determine
the position of the final image. Is the image real or virtual ?
(IITJEE 1978)
Ans. at a distance of 11 cm, virtual
Sol. The given system behaves like a mirror of power given
by Ans. m1 < m2
P = 2PL + PM
Sol. From first figure it is clear that
1 æ 1 ö æ -2 ö m = m1
or - = 2 ç ÷+ç ÷
F è 0.2 ø è 0.22 ø
From second figure it is clear that

1 m < m2
As PL =
f (m)
\ m1 < m 2
-1 -2
and PM = =
f (m) R(m) 74.
84. The radius of curvature of the convex face of a planoconvex
lens is 12 cm and its m = 1.5. (IITJEE 1979)
Solving this equation, we get
(a) Find the focal length of the lens. The plane face of the
F = -1.1 m = -110 cm lens is now silvered.
i.e. the system behaves as a concave mirror of focal length (b) At what distance from the lens will parallel rays incident
18.33 cm. on the convex surface converge ?
Using the mirror formula (c) Sketch the ray diagram to locate the image, when a
point object is placed on the axis 20 cm from the lens.
1 1 1
+ = we have (d) Calculate the image distance when the object is placed
v u f as in (c).
Ans. (a) + 24 cm ; (b) at 12 cm ; (c) v = – 30 cm
1 1 1
- =-
v 10 110 1 æ 1 1 ö
Sol. (a) = ( m - 1) ç - ÷
or v = 11 cm f è R1 R2 ø
i.e. virtual image will be formed at a distance of 11 cm.
 RAY OPTICS

(IITJEE 1981)
æ 1 1ö 1
= ( 1.5 - 1) ç - ÷=
è 12 ¥ ø 24

\ f = +24 cm
(b) The system will behave like a mirror of power given by

(a) Where should a pin be placed on the optic axis such

that its image is formed at the same place ?
(b) If the concave part is filled with water of refractive
index 4/3, find the distance through which the pin
should be moved, so that the image of the pin again
coincides with the pin.
Ans. (a) 15 cm; (b) 1.16 cm (downwards)
Sol. (a) Image of object will coincide with it if ray of light after
P = 2PL + PM refraction from the concave surface fall normally on
concave mirror so formed by silvering the convex surface.
1 æ 1 ö Or image after refraction from concave surface should
\- = 2ç ÷+0
F(m) è 0.24 ø form at centre of curvature of concave mirror or at a
distance of 20 cm on same side of the combination. Let x
\ F = -0.12 m = -12 cm be the distance of pin from the given optical system.
Hence, the system will behave like a concave mirror of Applying.
focal length 12 cm. Therefore parallel rays will converge
at a distance of 12 cm (to the left) of the system. m 2 m 1 m 2 - m1
- =
v u R
With proper signs

1.5 1 1.5 - 1
- =
-20 -x -60

1 3 1 8
or = - =
x 40 120 120

120
\ x= = 15 cm
8
(d) Using mirror formula (b) Now, before striking with the concave surface, the ray
is first refracted from a plane surface. So, let x be the
1 1 -1 distance of pin, then the plane surface will form its
- =
v 20 2
4
Solving, we get v = -30 cm (
image at a distance x happ = mh from it.
3
)
Therefore the image will be formed at a distance of 30 cm
to the left of system. m 2 m 1 m 2 - m1
Now, using - = with proper signs,
v u R
75.
85. The convex surface of a thin concavo-convex lens of glass
of refractive index 1.5 has a radius of curvature 20 cm. The
concave surface has a radius of curvature 60 cm. The
convex side is silvered and placed on a horizontal surface.
 RAY OPTICS

4 4 1 1 8 1
1.5 - or = - =
1.5 3R 3 25 75
We have - 3 = 3
-20 - 4x -60
Now, to find the focal length we will use the lens Maker’s
3 formula

1 3 1 1 æ 1 1 ö æ 4 öæ 1 1 ö 1
or = - = ( m - 1) ç - ÷ = ç - 1 ÷ç - ÷=
x 40 360 f è R1 R2 ø è 3 øè ¥ -25 ø 75
or x = 13.84 cm
\ f = 75 cm
\ Dx = x1 - x 2 = 15cm - 13.84 cm
= 1.16 cm (downwards) 77. Monochromatic light is incident on a plane interface AB
between two media of refractive indices n1 and n2 (n2 > n1)
76. A plano-convex lens has a thickness of 4 cm. When placed at an angle of incidence q as shown in the figure. The
on a horizontal table, with the curved surface in contact angle q is infinitesimally greater than the critical angle for
with it, the apparent depth of the bottom most point of the the two media so that total internal reflection takes place.
lens is found to be 3 cm. If the lens is inverted such that the Now if a transparent slab DEFG of uniform thickness and
plane face is in contact with the table, the apparent depth of refractive index n3 is introduced on the interface (as
of the centre of the plane face is found to be 25/8 cm. Find shown in the figure), show that for any value of n3 all light
the focal length of the lens. Assume thickness to be will ultimately be reflected back again into medium II.
negligible while finding its focal length. (IITJEE 1984) Consider separately the cases (IITJEE 1986)
(a) n3 < n1 and (b) n3 > n1
Ans. 75 cm
Medium I
(n1 )
D E
Medium III
Sol. G (n3 ) F
A B
Medium II
(n 2)
Refer figure (a) : In this case refraction of the rays starting
from O takes place from a plane surface. So, we can use

dactual 4 4
dapp = or 3 = or m =
m m 3
æn ö
Refer figure (b) : In this case refraction takes place from a Sol. Given q is slightly greater than sin-1 ç 1 ÷
spherical surface. Hence, applying è n2 ø

m 2 m 1 m 2 - m1 (a) When n3 < n1

- =
v u R i.e. n3 < n1 < n2

n3 n1
4 4 or <
1- n2 n2
1
We have, - 3 = 3
æ -25 ö -4 -R
ç ÷ æn ö æn ö
è 8 ø or sin-1 ç 3 ÷ < sin-1 ç 1 ÷
è n2 ø è n2 ø
1 1 8 1
or = - = Hence, critical angle for III and II will be less than the
3R 3 25 75 critical angle for II and I. So, if TIR is taking place between
RAY OPTICS

I and II, then TIR will definitely take place between I and
III.

(b) When n3 > n1 Now two cases may arise :

Case 1 n1 < n3 < n2

In this case there will be no TIR between II and III but TIR
will take place between III and I. This is because

n2 sin q = n3 sin i

n2
sin i = sin q
n3

n1
Since, sin q is slightly greater than
Ray of light first enters from II to III ie, from denser to
n2
rarer.
n2 n n
\ i>q sin i is slightly greater than ´ 1 or 1
n3 n2 n3
Applying Snell’s law at P

n2 sin q = n3 sin i n1
But is sin ( qc )I, III
n3
æn ö
or sin i = ç 2 ÷ sin q i.e. sin i > sin ( qc )I, III
è n3 ø

n1 or i > ( qc )I, III

Since, sin q is slightly greater than
n2
Therefore, TIR will again take place between I and III and
the ray will be reflected back.
n2 n n
\ sin i is slightly greater than ´ 1 or 1
n3 n2 n3 78. A right angled prism is to be made by selecting a proper
material and the angles A and B (B £ A), as shown in
n1
is nothing but sin ( qc )I, III
figure. It is desired that a ray of light incident on the face
But
n3 AB emerges parallel to the incident direction after two
internal reflections. (IITJEE 1987)

\ sin(i) is slightly greater than sin ( q c )I, III

or TIR will now take place on I and III and the ray will be A B
reflected back.

Case 2 n1 < n2 < n3

This time while moving from II to III, ray of light will bend
towards normal. Again applying Snell’s law at P
C
(a) What should be the minimum refractive index n for
this to be possible ?
(b) For n = 5/3 is it possible to achieve this with the angle
 RAY OPTICS

B equal to 30 degrees ? 79. A parallel beam of light travelling in water (refractive index
= 4/3) is refracted by a spherical air bubble of radius 2 mm
Ans. (a) 2 ; (b) No situated in water. Assuming the light rays to be paraxial.
Sol. (a) At P, angle of incidence iA = A (IITJEE 1988)

and at Q, angle of incidence iB = B (a) Find the position of the image due to refraction at the
first surface and the position of the final image.
(b) Draw a ray diagram showing the positions of both the
images.
Ans. (a) – 6 mm, – 5 mm

Sol.

m 2 m 1 m 2 - m1
If TIR satisfies for the smaller angle of incidence than for Applying - = , one by one on two
larger angle of incidence is automatically satisfied. v u R
spherical surfaces.
B £ Α \ iB £ iA
First on left surface
Maximum value of B can be 450. Therefore, if condition of
TIR is satisfied, then condition of TIR will be satisfied for 4 4
1-
all value of iA and iB 1 3 3
- =
v1 ¥ +2
Thus, 450 ³ q c

or 450 ³ sin qc 1 1
or =-
v1 6
1 1
or ³ or m ³ 2 or v1 = -6 mm
2 m
i.e. first image will be formed at 6 mm towards left of P
\ Minimum value of m or n is 2 Second on right surface
Now, distance of first image I1 from Q will be 10 mm
5 1 æ 3ö
(b) For n = , sin qc = = sin-1 ç ÷ = 370 (towards left).
3 n è 5ø
4 4
If B = 300, then iB = 300 -1
3 - 1 3
Then A = 600 or iA = 600
=
v2 -10 -2
iA > qc but iB < q c
4 1 1 4
i.e. TIR will take place at A but not at B. or =- - =-
3v2 6 10 15
or we write : sin iB < sin qc < sin iA
or v2 = -5 mm
3
or sin 300 < < sin 600 (b) The ray diagram is shown in figure.
5

or 0.5 < 0.6 < 0.86

 RAY OPTICS

0
80. Two parallel beams of light P and Q (separation d) Thus, condition of TIR is just satisfied for 4000 A
containing radiations of wavelengths 4000Å and 5000Å
(which are mutually coherent in each wavelength 0
separately) are incident normally on a prism as shown in or i = qC for 4000 A or q = qC or sin q = sin qC
figure. The refractive index of the prism as a function of
1 æ 0ö
wavelength is given by the relation, m (l ) = 1.20 +
b
or 0.8 = ç for 4000 A ÷
l2 m è ø
where l is in Å and b is positive constant. The value of b is
such that the condition for total reflection at the face AC 1
is just satisfied for one wavelength and is not satisfied for or 0.8 =
b
the other. (IITJEE 1991) 1.20 +
( 4000 )2
A
Solving this equation, we get
P

0 ö2
5æ
d
b = 8.0 ´ 10 ç A ÷
è ø
Q 90°
B C

(a) Find the value of b.

(b) Find the deviation of the beams transmitted through
the face AC.
(c) A convergent lens is used to bring these transmitted
beams into focus. If the intensities of the upper and
the lower beams immediately after transmission from
the face AC, are 4I and I respectively, find the resultant
intensity at the focus.
Ans. (a) b = 8 × 105 (Å)2 ; (b) d4000Å = 37°, d5000Å = 27.13° ; (c) 9I 0
For, 4000 A condition of TIR is just satisfied. Hence, it
Sol. (a) Total internal reflection (TIR) will take place first for
will emerge from AC, just grazingly.
that wavelength for which critical angle is small or m is
large.
or d 0 = 900 - i = 900 - sin-1 (0.8) » 370
From the given expression of m , it is more for the 4000 A

wavelength for which value of l is less.

0 b 8.0 ´ 105
For 5000 A m = 1.2 + = 1.2 + = 1.232
l2 (5000)2
 RAY OPTICS

of the value of a. (IITJEE 1992)

sin iair sin iair
Applying m = or 1.232 =
sin imedium sin q

sin iair
= Þ \ iair = 80.260
0.8

or d 0 = iair - imedium = 80.26 0 - sin-1 (0.8) = 27.130 Ans. 2

5000 A

1
Sol. sin qC = ( qC = critical angle )
n

r¢ = 900 - r Þ ( r¢ )min = 900 - ( r )max

sin 900
and n =
sin (i)max
=
sin (r)max sin (r)max
(Q imax = 900 )

Path difference between rays 1 and 2

Dx = m(QS) - PR ...(i)

QS
Further = sin i
PS

PR
Þ = sin r
PS
1
PR / PS sin r Then, sin (r)max = = sin qC
\ = =m n
QS / PS sin i

\ m(QS) = PR
( r )max = qC (
or ( r¢ )min = 900 - qC )
Substituing in Eq.(i), we get Dx = 0

\ Phase difference between rays 1 and 2 will be zero.

Or these two rays will interfere constructively. So,
maximum intensity will be obtained from their interference.

( )
2
or Imax = I1 + I2

( )
2
= 4I + I = 9I
Now, if minimum value of r¢ i.e. 900 - q C is greater than

q C , then obviously all values of r¢ will be greater than

81. Light is incident at an angle a on one planar end of a
transparent cylindrical rod of refractive index n. Determine q C i.e., total internal reflection will take place at face AB
the least value of n so that the light entering the rod does
in all conditions. Therefore, the necessary condition is
not emerge from the curved surface of the rod irrespective
 RAY OPTICS

the screen, find the distance OA.

(b) If the gap between L1 and L2 is reduced from its original
value of 0.5 mm, will the distance OA increase, decrease
or remain the same.
Ans. (a) 1 mm ; (b) increase
Sol. (a) For the lens, u = -0.15 m; f = +0.10 m

1 1 1
Therefore, Using - = we have
v u f

(r¢ )min ³ qC 1 1 1
= + =
1
+
1
or v = 0.3 m
v u f ( -0.15) ( 0.10 )
or ( 90 0
)
- qC ³ qC
v 0.3
Linear magnification,m = = = -2
( )
or sin 900 - qC ³ sin qC
u -0.15
Hence, two images S1 and S2 of S will be formed at 0.3 m
or cos qC ³ sin qC from the lens as shown in figure. Image S1 due to part 1
will be formed at 0.5 mm above its optic axis (m = -2).
or cot q C ³ 1 Similarly, S2 due to part 2 is formed 0.5 mm below the optic
axis of this part as shown.
or n2 - 1 ³ 1 Hence, d = distance between S1 and S2 = 1.5 mm
D = 1.30 - 0.30 = 1.0 m = 103 mm
or n2 ³ 2
l = 500 nm = 5 ´ 10-4 mm
or n2 ³ 2 Therefore, fringe width,

Therefore, minimum value of n is 2

w=
lD
=
(
5 ´ 10-4 103 1
= mm
)( )
d ( 1.5) 3
82. In given figure, S is a monochromatic point source emitting
light of wavelength l = 500 nm. A thin lens of circular shape Now, as the point A is at the third maxima
and focal length 0.10 m is cut into two identical halves L1
æ1ö
and L2 by a plane passing through a diameter. The two OA = 3w = 3 ç ÷ mm or OA = 1mm
halves are placed symmetrically about the central axis SO è 3ø
with a gap of 0.5 mm. The distance along the axis from S to
(b) If the gap between L1 and L2 is reduced, d will decrease.
L1 and L2 is 0.15 m while that from L1 and L2 to O is 1.30 m.
Hence, the fringe width w will increase or the distance
The screen at O is normal to SO. (IITJEE 1993) OA will increase.

A
L1
S 0.5 mm
O
L2 Screen
0.15 m 1.30 m

(a) If the third intensity maximum occurs at the point A on

 RAY OPTICS

(a) Draw a line YY¢ perpendicular to AB from point y. Let

it cuts the line AB at point P. Locate a point Y ¢ such that
PY = PY ¢
(b) Extend the line XY ¢ . Let it cuts the line AB at point O.
Then O is the pole of the mirror.
(c) Join X and Y. The point C, where the line XY cuts the
optic axis AB, is the centre of curvature of the mirror.
(d) The centre point F of OC is the focus of the mirror.

84. A ray of light travelling in air is incident at grazing angle

(Incident angle = 90°) on a long rectangular slab of a
83. An image Y is formed of point object X by a lens whose transparent medium of thickness t = 1.0 m. The point of
optic axis is AB as shown in figure. Draw a ray diagram to incidence is the origin A (0, 0). The medium has a variable
locate the lens and its focus. If the image Y of the object X index of refraction n (y) given by
is formed by a concave mirror (having the same optic axis 3/2 1/2 –3/2
n (y) = [ky + 1] where k = 1.0 (m) .
as AB) instead of lens, draw another ray diagram to locate
The refractive index of air is 1.0. (IITJEE 1995)
the mirror and its focus. Write down the steps of
construction of the ray diagrams. (IITJEE 1994)
y
X Air P (x1, y1)

A B
t=1.0 m
Y B (x, y)
Medium

Sol. Steps I in case of a lens x

A (0, 0) Air

(a) Obtain a relation between the slope of the trajectory of

(a) Join X and Y. The point O, where the line XY cuts the
optic axis AB, is the optical centre of the lens.
(b) Draw a line parallel to AB from point X. Let it cuts the
lens at L. Join L and Y. the point F where the line LY cuts
the optic axis AB is the focus of the lens F.
Steps II in case of a concave mirror
the ray at a point B (x, y) in the medium and the incident
angle at that point.
(b) Obtain an equation for the trajectory y (x) of the ray in
the medium.
(c) Determine the coordinates (x1, y1) of the point P, where
the ray intersects the upper surface of the slab-air
boundary.
(d) Indicate the path of the ray subsequently.
Ans. (a) Slope = cot i ; (b) 4y1/4 = x ; (c) (4m, 1m) ; (d) the ray will
emerge grazingly
Sol. a) Trajectory of the curve is shown by dotted curve.

dy
tan f =
dx

dy
tan f = tan(90 - q) = cot q =
dx
 RAY OPTICS

b) From Snell’s law at A and B

A
1sin90 = n(y) sinq
n1
n

1 1
sin q = = 1
n(y) B C
é 3 ù2
êky 2 +1ú (a) Calculate the angle of incidence at AB for which the
êë úû ray strikes the diagonal face at the critical angle.
(b) Assuming n = 1.352, calculate the angle of incidence at
1 3 AB for which the refracted ray passes through the
cot q = k 2 y 4 diagonal face undeviated.

dy 2 2
=k y
1 3 Ans.
ì 1
(a) i1 = sin-1 í
î 2
( ü
þ
)
n2 - n12 - n1 ý ; (b) 73°

dx
Sol. (a) Critical angle q C at face AC will be given by
1
4y 4 = kx + c æn ö
qC = sin-1 ç 1 ÷
Applying boundary condition è nø
x = 0, y = 0, c = 0
n1
1
or sin qC =
n
4y 4 = kx
Now, it is given that r2 = qC
4
æxö
y = k2 ç ÷
è4ø (
\ r1 = A - r2 = 450 - qC )
c) At point P Applying Snell’s law at face AB, we have
x=?y=1k=1 sin i1
n= or sin i1 = n sin r1
4 sin r1
æxö
1 = k2 ç ÷
è4ø
\ i1 = sin-1 ( n sin r1 )
X = 4m. The coordinates of P(4, 1)
Substituting value of r1, we get
d) From Snell’s law nA sin iA = n P sin iP, iA = iP = 90
The ray will emerge parallel to the boundaries. { (
i1 = sin-1 n sin 450 - qC )}
85. A right angled prism (45°–90°–45°) of refractive index n
has a plane of refractive index n1 (n1 < n) cemented to its
{(
= sin-1 n sin 450 cos qC - cos 450 sin qC )}
diagonal face. The assembly is in air. The ray is incident
on AB.
1996)
(IITJEE ì n
= sin-1 í
î 2
( ü
1 - sin2 qC - sin qC ý
þ
)
ì n æ n2 n ö ü
ï ç 1 - 1 - 1 ÷ ïý
= sin-1 í
ïî 2 çè n2 n ÷ø ï
þ
 RAY OPTICS

( )
lens is 2. Find the focal length of the lens and separation
ì 1 ü
i1 = sin-1 í n2 - n12 - n1 ý between the halves. Draw the ray diagram for image
î 2 þ formation. (IITJEE 1996)

1.8 m

Ans. 0.4 m, 0.6 m

Sol. For both the halves, position of object and image is same.
Only difference is of magnification. Magnification for one

Therefore, required angle of incidence (i1) at face AB for of the halves is given as 2 ( > 1 ) . This can be for
which the ray strikes at AC at critical angle is

( )
ì 1 ü the first one, because for this, v > u .Therefore,
i1 = sin-1 í n2 - n12 - n1 ý
î 2 þ
v
(b) The ray will pass undeviated through face AC when magnification, m = > 1.
u
either n1 = n or r2 = 00 i.e. rays falls normally on face AC.

Here n1 ¹ n (because n1 < n is given)

v
So, for the first half = 2 or v = 2 u
\ r 2 = 00 u
or r1 = A - r2 = 450 - 00 = 450

sin i1 Let u = -x then v = +2x and u + v = 1.8m

Now applying Snell’s law at face AB we have n =
sin r1 i.e. 3x = 1.8 m
or x = 0.6 m
sin i1
or 1.352 =
sin 450 Hence, u = -0.6 m and v = +1.2 m.

1 1 1 1 1 1
æ 1 ö Using, = - = - =
\ sin i1 = ( 1.352 ) ç ÷, f v u 1.2 -0.6 0.4
è 2ø
sin i1 = 0.956 \ f = 0.4 m
For the second half
\ i1 = sin -1( 0.956 ) » 730
Therefore, required angle of incidence is 1 1 1 1 1 1
= - or = +
i = 730 f 1.2 - d -(0.6 + d) 0.4 1.2 - d 0.6 + d

Solving this, we get d = 0.6 m.

86.
96. A thin plano-convex lens of focal length f is split into two
Magnification for the second half will be
halves. One of the halves is shifted along the optical axis.
The separation between object and image planes is 1.8 m. v 0.6 1
The magnification of the image formed by one of the half m2 = = =-
u -(1.2) 2
 RAY OPTICS

and magnification for the first half is R = 0.3

v 1.2 m2 m1 m2 - m1
m1 = = = -2 Now applying - = at air glass surface, we get
u -(0.6) v u R

The ray diagram is as follows :

3 3
-1
2 - 1
= 2
v1 -(0.9) 0.3

\ v1 = 2.7 m
i.e. first image I1 will be formed at 2.7 m from the lens. This
will act as the virtual object for glass water surface

m2 m1 m2 - m1
Therefore, applying - = at glass water surface,
v u R

We have

4 3 4 3
-
3 - 2 = 3 2
87. A thin equiconvex lens of glass of refractive index m = 3/2 v2 2.7 -0.3
and of focal length 0.3 m in air is sealed into an opening at
one end of a tank filled with water m = 4/3. On the opposite
\ v2 = 1.2 m
side of the lens, a mirror is placed inside the tank on the
tank wall perpendicular to the lens axis, as shown in figure. i.e. second image I2 is formed at 1.2 m from the lens or 0.4
The separation between the lens and the mirror is 0.8 m. A m from the plane mirror. This will act as a virtual object for
small object is placed outside the tank in front of lens.
mirror. Therefore, third real image I3 will be formed at a
Find the position (relative to the lens) of the image of the
object formed by the system (IITJEE 1997) distance of 0.4 m in front of the mirror after reflection from
it. Now this image will work as a real object for water-
0.9 m 0.8 m glass interface. Hence, applying

m 2 m 1 m 2 - m1
- =
v u R

3 4 3 4
-
We get, 2 - 3 = 2 3
v 4 - ( 0.8 - 0.4 ) 0.3
Ans. 0.9 m from the lens (rightwards) or 0.1 m behind the mirror
Sol. From lens maker’s formula, \ v4 = -0.54 m
i.e. Fourth image is formed to the right of the lens at a
1 æ 1 1 ö
= ( m - 1) ç - ÷ distance of 0.54 m from it. Now finally applying the same
f è R1 R2 ø
formula for glass-air surface,

1 æ3 ö æ1 1 ö
We have, = ç - 1÷ ç - ÷ (Here, R1 = R andR2 = -R)
0.3 è 2 ø è R -R ø
 RAY OPTICS

3 3 9 ´ 104 3 ´ 102
1- Þ = 0.25 or l 0 =
1 l 20
- 2 = 2 0.5
v5 -0.54 -0.3
or l 0 = 600 nm
\ v5 = -0.9 m
i.e. position of final image is 0.9 m relative to the lens (b) The given system is a part of an equilateral prism of
prism angle 600 as shown in figure.
(rightwards) or the image is formed 0.1 m behind the mirror.

88. A prism of refractive index n1 and another prism of refractive

index n2 are stuck together with a gap as shown in the
figure. The angles of the prism are as shown. n1 and n2
depend on l, the wavelength of light according to

10.8 ´10 4 10.8 ´ 10 4

n 1 = 1.20 + and n = 1. 45 + where
l2
2
l2
l is in nm. (IITJEE 1998)

D
C
70° At minimum deviation,
n2
n1 600
r1 = r2 = = 300 = r(say)
60° 2
40°
A B
sin i
(a) Calculate the wavelength l0 for which rays incident at \ n1 =
any angle on the interface BC pass through without
sin r
bending at that interface.
(b) For light of wavelength l0, find the angle of incidence \ sin i = n1 × sin 300
i on the face AC such that the deviation produced by

ïì 10.8 ´ 104 ïü æ 1 ö 1.5 3

the combination of prisms is minimum.
–1 sin i = í1.20 + ýç ÷= =
( 600 )2 þï è 2 ø 2 4
Ans. (a) 600 nm ; (b) sin 3/4
îï
10.8 ´ 104 1.80 ´ 104
Sol. n1 =1.20 + and n2 = 1.45 +
l2 l2 æ 3ö
or i = sin-1 ç ÷
è4ø
Here l is in nm.

(a) The incident ray will not deviate at BC if n1 = n2

89. The x-y plane is the boundary between two transparent
4 4
10.8 ´ 10 1.80 ´ 10 media. Medium-1 with z > 0 has a refractive index 2 and
Þ 1.20 + = 1.45 +
l 20 l 20
medium-2 with z < 0 has a refractive index 3 . A ray of
light in medium-1 given by vector
 RAY OPTICS

r i = 600
A = 6 3 î + 8 3 ĵ - 10 k̂ is incident on the plane of
separation. Find the unit vector in the direction of the Unit vector in the direction of QOQ ¢ will be
refracted ray in medium-2. (IITJEE 1999)
Ù Ù
Ù
Ans.
1
(3 î + 4 ĵ - 5 k̂ ) q=
6 3i +8 3j

(6 3 ) + (8 3)
5 2 2 2

Ù Ù Ù
Sol. Incident ray A = 6 3 i + 8 3 j - 10k
1æ Ù Ùö
= ç3 i + 4 j ÷
Ù Ùö æ Ùö
5è ø
æ
= ç 6 3 i + 8 3 j ÷ + ç -10k ÷
è ø è ø Snell’s law gives

= QO + PQ (As shower in figure)

3 sin i sin 600
= =
2 sin r sin r

3
1
\ sin r = 2 =
3 2
2

\ r = 450
Note that QO is lying on x-y plane. Now, we have to find a unit vector in refracted ray’s
Now, QQ ¢ and Z-axis are mutually perpendicular. Hence, Ù
direction OR. Say it is r whose magnitude is 1. Thus,
we can show them in two-dimensional figure as below.
Ù Ù Ù
r = ( 1sin r ) q - ( 1cos r ) k

1 éÙ Ù ù 1 é1 æ Ù Ù ö Ùù
= êq - k ú = ê ç3 i + 4 j ÷- kú
2ë û 2 ë5è ø û

Ù 1 æ Ù Ù Ùö
r= ç 3 i + 4 j - 5k ÷
5 2è ø

90. A quarter cylinder of radius R and refractive index 1.5 is

Vector A makes an angle i with z-axis, given by placed on a table. A point object P is kept at a distance of
mR from it. Find the value of m for which a ray from P will
ì ü emerge parallel to the table as shown in figure.
-1 ïï 10 ïï -1 ì 1 ü
i = cos í ý = cos í ý (IITJEE 1999)
( 10 )2 + ( 6 ) + (8 3 ) î2þ
2 2
ï 3 ï
ïî ïþ
 RAY OPTICS

+ve A

P
Q
0.6 cm B
S
P A R

mR R
30 cm 20 cm
Ans. 4/3
Ans. 15 cm, – 3/2
m2 m1 m2 - m1 Sol. Rays coming from object AB first refract from the lens
Sol. Applying - =
v u R and then reflect from the mirror.
First on plane surface Refraction from the lens
u = -20 cm, f = +15 cm
1.5 1 1.5 - 1
- = =0 (R = ¥ )
AI1 -mR ¥ 1 1 1 1 1 1
Using lens formula - = Þ - =
v u f v -20 15
\ AI1 = -(1.5 mR)
Then, on curved surface \ v = +60 cm

v +60
1 1.5 1 - 1.5 and linear magnification,m1 = = = -3
- = u -20
¥ - ( 1.5 mR + R ) -R
i.e. first image formed by the lens will be at 60 cm from it

ëé v = ¥ , because final image is at infinity ûù (or 30 cm from mirror) towards left and 3 times magnified
but inverted. Length of first image A1B1 would be
1.5 0.5
Þ = Þ 3 = 1.5 m + 1 1.2 ´ 3 = 3.6cm (inverted).
( 1.5 m + 1) R R

3 4
Þ m = 2 or m =
2 3

91. A convex lens of focal length 15 cm and a concave mirror

of focal length 30 cm are kept with their optic axis PQ and
RS parallel but separated in vertical direction by 0.6 cm as
shown. The distance between the lens and mirror is 30 cm.
An upright object AB of height 1.2 cm is placed on the
optic axis PQ of the lens at a distance of 20 cm from the Reflection from mirror
lens. If A’ B’ is the image after refraction from the lens and Image formed by lens (A1B1) will behave like a virtual
the reflection from the mirror, find the distance of A’ B’
object for mirror at a distance of 30 cm from it as shown.
from the pole of the mirror and obtain its magnification.
Also locate positions of A’ and B’ with respect to the optic Therefore u = +30cm, f = -30 cm.
axis RS. (IITJEE 2000)
1 1 1 1 1 1
Using mirror formula, + = or + =-
v u f v 30 30

\ v = -15 cm
RAY OPTICS

92. The refractive indices of the crown glass for blue and red
v -15 1
and linear magnification, m2 = - = - =+ light are 1.51 and 1.49 respectively and those of the flint
u +30 2 glass are 1.77 and 1.73 respectively. An isosceles prism of
angle 6° is made of crown glass. A beam of white light is
i.e. final image A ¢B¢ will be located at a distance of 15 cm incident at a small angle on this prism. The other flint
glass isosceles prism is combined with the crown glass
1 prism such that there is no deviation of the incident light.
from the mirror (towards right) and since magnification is+ ,
2 (IITJEE 2001)
(a) Determine the angle of the flint glass prism.
1
length of final image would be 3.6 ´ = 1.8 cm. (b) Calculate the net dispersion of the combined system.
2
Ans. (a) 4° ; (b) – 0.04°

\ A ¢B¢ = 1.8cm Sol. (a) When angle of prism is small and angle of incidence is

Point B1 is 0.6 cm above the optic axis of mirror, therefore, also small, the deviation is given by d = ( m - 1 ) A.

its image B¢ would be Net deviation by the two prisms is zero. So,

1ö
( 0.6 ) æç÷ = 0.3 cm above optic axis.
è2ø

Similarly, point A1is 3 cm below the optic axis,

1
therefore, its image will be 3 ´ = 1.5 cm below the
2

optic axis as shown below

d1 + d 2 = 0

or ( m1 - 1 ) A1 + ( m2 - 1 ) A 2 = 0 ... (i)

Here, m1 and m 2 are the refractive indices for crown and

flint glasses respectively.

1.51 + 1.49
Hence m1 = = 1.5
2
Total magnification of the image,
1.77 + 1.73
æ 1ö 3 and m 2 = = 1.75
m = m1 ´ m2 = ( -3) ç + ÷ = - 2
è 2ø 2
A1 = Angle of prism for crown glass = 60

æ 3ö substituting the values in Eq. (i), we get

\ A¢B¢ = ( m) ( AB ) = ç - ÷ ( 1.2 ) = -1.8 cm
è 2ø (1.5 - 1) (60) + (1.75 - 1)A2 = 0
This gives A2 = -40
 RAY OPTICS

Hence, angle of flint glass prism is 40 (Negative sign shows 1 1 1

= +
that flint glass prism is inverted with respect to the crown F f1 f2
glass prism).
æ1 1 ö æ1 1ö
(b) Net dispersion due to the two prism is = ( m1 - 1) ç - ÷ + ( m 2 - 1) ç - ÷
è R -R ø è -R ¥ ø

( ) (
= m b1 - m r1 A1 + m b2 - m r2 A2 ) æ3 öæ 2 ö æ 4 öæ 1 ö
= ç - 1 ÷ç ÷ + ç - 1 ÷ç - ÷
è2 øè R ø è 3 øè R ø
( )
= ( 1.51 - 1.49 ) 60 + ( 1.77 - 1.73) -40 ( )
1 1 2 3R
= -0.040 = - = or F =
R 3R 3R 2
\ Net dispersion is -0.040
Now, image coincides with the object when ray of light

93. A thin biconvex lens of refractive index 3/2 is placed on a retraces its path or it falls normally on the plane mirror.
horizontal plane mirror as shown in the figure. The space This is possible only when object is at focus of the lens
between the lens and the mirror is then filled with water of
system.
refractive index 4/3. It is found that when a point object is
placed 15 cm above the lens on its principal axis, the object Hence, F = 15 cm (distance of object = 15 cm)
coincides with its own image. On repeating with another
liquid, the object and the image again coincide at a distance 3R
or = 15 cm or R = 10 cm
25 cm from the lens. Calculate the refractive index of the 2
liquid. (IITJEE 2001)
In the second case, let m be the refractive index of the

liquid filled between lens and mirror and let F¢ be the

focal length of new lens system. Then,

Ans. 1.6
Sol. Let R be the radius of curvature of both the surfaces of
the equi-convex lens. In the first case :

1 æ1 1 ö æ1 1ö
= ( m1 - 1 ) ç - ÷ + ( m - 1 ) ç - ÷
F¢ è R -R ø è -R ¥ ø

1 æ3 öæ 2 ö ( m - 1 )
or = ç - 1 ÷ç ÷ -
F¢ è 2 øè R ø R

Let f1 be the focal length of equi-convex lens of refractive

1 m - 1 (2 - m )
or = - =
index m1 and f2 the focal length of planoconcave lens R R R

of refractive index m 2 . The focal length of the combined

R 10
\ F¢ = = ( R = 10cm)
lens system will be given by 2- m 2- m
 RAY OPTICS

Now, the image coincides with object when it is placed at

25 cm distance.

Hence, F¢ = 25

10
or = 25
2- m

or 50 - 25 m = 10

or 25 m = 40
m 3 m 3 - m1 m3 R
40 = or v2 =
\ m= = 1.6 v2 R m 3 - m1
25
Therefore, focal length of the given lens system is
or m = 1.6
m3 R
m 3 - m1
94. In the figure, light is incident on a thin lens as shown. The
radius of curvature for both the surfaces is R. Determine
the focal length of this system. (IITJEE 2003)
95. A prism of refracting angle 30° is coated with a thin film of
transparent material of refractive index 2.2 on face AC of
the prism. A light of wavelength 6600Å is incident on face
AB such that angle of incidence is 60°. Find
(IITJEE 2003)

30°
m3R 60°
Ans. m 3 - m1 3
B
Sol. For refraction at first surface, C

(a) the angle of emergence and

m 2 m 1 m 2 - m1
- = ...(i) (b) the minimum value of thickness of the coated film on
v1 -¥ +R
the face AC for which the light emerging from the face
has maximum intensity. [Given refractive index of the
For refraction at second surface,
material of the prism is 3]
m 3 m 2 m 3 - m2
- = ...(ii) Ans. (a) zero ; (b) 1500Å
v 2 v1 +R
Sol. (a) sin i1 = m sin r1
Adding eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
 RAY OPTICS

B C

45°
O E
P Q

60°
A D

Ans. 6.06 m
Sol. Applying Snell’s law on face AB,

( 1) sin 450 = ( )
2 sin r

or sin 60 0 = 3 sin r1
1
\ sin r =
1 2
\ sin r1 = or r1 = 300
2 or r = 300
Now, r1 + r2 = A i.e. ray becomes parallel to AD inside the block.

\ r2 = A - r1 = 300 - 300 = 00 Now applying,

Therefore, ray of light falls normally on the face AC and

m 2 m 1 m 2 - m1
angle of emergence i2 = 00. - = on face CD,
v u R
(b) Multiple reflection occur between surface of film.
Intensity will be maximum if constructive interference 1.514 2 1.514 - 2
- =
takes place in the transmitted wave. OE ¥ 0.4
For maximum thickness Solving this equation, we get OE = 6.06 m

Dx = 2mt = l ( t = thickness )
97. An object is approaching a thin convex lens of focal length
l 6600 0 0.3 m with a speed of 0.01 m/s. Find the magnitudes of the
\ t= = = 1500 A rates of change of position and lateral magnification of
2m 2 ´ 2.2
image when the object is at a distance of 0.4 m from the
lens. (IITJEE 2004)

96. Figure shows an irregular block of material of refractive Ans. 0.09 m/s, 0.3/s

index 2 . A ray of light strikes the face AB as shown in 1 1 1

Sol. Differentiating the lens formula - = with
the figure. After refraction it is incident on a spherical v u f
surface CD of radius of curvature 0.4 m and enters a medium
of refractive index 1.514 to meet PQ at E. Find the distance respect to time, we get
OE upto two places of decimal. (IITJEE 2004)
1 dv 1 dv
- 2
× + × =0 (as f = constant)
v dt u2 dt
 RAY OPTICS

æ dv ö æ v ö du
2
ç ÷ ç 2 ÷÷ ×
= ç ...(i)
è dt ø è u ø dt

Further, substituting proper values in lens formula, we

have

1 1 1
+ = (u = -0.4 m, f = 0.3 m)
v 0.4 0.3

or v = 1.2 m
æm ö æ 1 ö
Putting the values inEq. (i), we get qC1 = sin-1 ç 1 ÷ = sin-1 ç ÷ = 450
è m2 ø è 2ø
Magnitude of rate of change of position of image = 0.09
m/s
æm ö æ 3ö
qC2 = sin-1 ç 3 ÷ = sin-1 çç ÷÷ = 60
0
v è m2 ø è 2 ø
Lateral magnitude, m =
u
Therefore, minimum angle of incidence for total internal

dv du reflection to take place on both slabs should be 600.

u× - v×
dm (-0.4)(0.09) - (1.2)(0.01)
\ = dt 2 dt = imin = 600
dt u (0.4)2
99. A ray of light is incident on a prism ABC of refractive index
= -0.3/s
3 as shown in figure. (IITJEE 2005)
\ Magnitude of rate of change of lateral magnification =
0.3/s B D

60° 60°

98. AB and CD are two slabs. The medium between the slabs 60°
has refractive index 2. Find the minimum angle of incidence A C E
of Q, so that the ray is totally reflected by both the slabs.
(IITJEE 2005) (a) Find the angle of incidence for which the deviation of
light ray by the prism ABC is minimum.
(b) By what angle the second identical prism must be
A Q B rotated, so that the final ray suffers net minimum
deviation.
Ans. (a) 60° ; (b) 60°
Sol. (a) At minimum deviation, r1 = r2 = 300
P
C D
\ From Snell’s law

Ans. 60° sin i1 sin i1

m= or 3=
Sol. Critical angles at 1 and 2
sin r1 sin 300

3
\ sin i1 = or i1 = 60 0
2
RAY OPTICS

(b) In the position shown net deviation suffered by the

ray of light should be minimum. Therefore, the second
prism should be rotated by 600 (anti-clockwise).

Differentiate equation

dr
ncos r = + sin r = 0
dn

dq 1
= (cos30´ tan30 + sin30)
dn cos60

æ1 1ö
= 2ç + ÷ = 2
è2 2ø

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