Group 1

Experiment No.1

TENSILE TESTING
Part A: Tensile testing of Mild Steel as received sample

Aim: This Experiment is aimed at understanding mechanical behaviour of materials under

tensile loading. This experiment will calculate the following parameters:
1. Young’s modulus ‘E’
2. Strain hardening coefficient ‘n’ and σUTS
3. Resilience
4 Yield strength ‘σy’
5. Fracture stress
6. Ductility
7. Toughness

Apparatus and the sample

1. A screw driven universal testing machine is used to perform the tensile tests on the given
sample as in our case it is mild steel as received.
2. A UTM consists of a Load frame upon which a cross head moves up and down through the
rotation of lead screws that are fixed at either ends of the frame that are controlled by an
electric motor.
3.To perform tensile test two grip holders are attached to both stationary and the cross head
and finally load is applied.
4. A Load cell is placed inside individual grip holders that measures the load applied on the
sample.
5.Strain gauges are used to measure the elongation in the sample.
6. ASTM E8 standard should be used for tensile testing.
7. The ASTM sample shape is dog bone. It is because having larger area in the grip portion
increases grip and smaller area in the gauge portion concentrates stress to give out fracture
in the gage portion.
8.The curvature helps to retain the sample geometry. It is because the grips of the holder
may give out plastic deformation in the grip portion that might change the sample geometry.

Dimensions of the given sample

Gauge length 31.9 mm
Gauge width 5.89 mm
Gauge thickness 0.940 mm
Overall length 99.51 mm
Grip length 32.00 mm (30.5 mm for lower grip)
Grip width 9.66 mm
Area 5.536 mm sq.

Observations, Stress vs Strain curves and Calculations

The below table shows the final dimensions of the sample at the fracture point.
Gauge length 33.00 mm
Gauge width 5.72 mm
Gauge thickness 0.919 mm
Total length 101.00 mm
A) The initial rectangular cross section area is ai = 5.89 x 0.94 mm2, i.e. ai = 5.536 mm2.
Initial length : 31.9 mm
B) The final rectangular cross sectional area if a = 5.78 x 0.92 mm2, i.e. a = 5.320 mm2.
Final length : 46mm
C) The reduction in cross sectional area is q = 0.216 mm2.
D) From the experimental data we calculate
o Engineering stress (σ) = load/Initial
Cross section area
o Engineering strain (ε) = displacement/initial length
o True stress (s) = σ(1+ε)
o True strain (e) = ln(1+ε)

Young’s modulus ‘E’

Strain hardening coefficient ‘n’ and σUTS
Resilience
Yield strength ‘σy’
Fracture stress
Ductility
Toughness

Aluminium Annealed
Young’s modulus ‘E’ 20082.192MPa

Strain hardening coefficient ‘n’ 0.2855

Resilience 0.8124

Yield strength ‘σy’ 135.3

Fracture stress
Ductility 0.098

Toughness 11.96

Aluminium as received
Young’s modulus ‘E’ 26.3 GPa

Strain hardening coefficient ‘n’ 0.29976

Resilience 0.4061MPa

Yield strength ‘σy’ 134.4 MPa

Fracture stress 102.65MPa

Ductility 0.0697

Toughness 7.0763

Copper Annealed
Young’s modulus ‘E’ 30.3

Strain hardening coefficient ‘n’ 0.21603

Resilience 0.8495

Yield strength ‘σy’ 172.44

Fracture stress 230 MPa

Ductility 0.8495

Toughness 84.36