Inspection of Foundation Works.1

LIEW TZE KIAW
JKR, SARAWAK
CIVIL & STRUCTURAL
BRANCH
ICE
1
BREAKING
INSPECTION OF FOUNDATION
WORKS FOR BUILDING
A. Pad footing / raft foundation
B. Piling works
C. Static Maintained Load Test
2
SESSION PLAN
Time Description
10:30 – 11:00 Tea Break

11:00 – 12:00 Pad Footing
• General Requirements
• Mackintosh Probe
• Plate Bearing Test
12:00 – 13:00 Piling Works
14:00 – 15:00 • Introduction
• Classification Of Pile
• Prestressed Concrete Spun Pile
• R.C. Square Pile
• General Requirement
• Piling Manufacture, Handling & Storage
• Jointing
• Pile Driving Equipment
• Driving Of Pile
• Hiley’s Formula
• Pile Driving Records
• Cutting Of Pile And Preparation Of Pile Head 3
SESSION PLAN
Time Description
13:00 – 14:00 Lunch
15:00 – 16:00 Static Maintained Load Test
• Introduction
• Load Test & Kentledge
• Settlement Measurement
• Equipment & Personnel For Load Test
• Submittals
• Load Test Procedure
• Presentation Of Results
• Schedule Of Recorded Data
• Completion Of Test
• Failure Of Load Test
16:00 – 16:30 Conclusion

Q&A
16:30 – 17:00 Tea Break 4
End
LEARNING OUTCOME
Upon completion of this program you will be able to
1. Inspect / supervise foundation works effectively.
2. Determine the soil bearing pressure on site by using
Mackintosh Probe Result.
3. Determine the working load of the pile by using Hiley’s
Formula.
4. Prepare a comprehensive piling and static maintained
load test record.
5
PAD FOOTING
- GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1. PAD FOOTING / RAFT FOUNDATION
 Shall be founded on cut ground
 Has suitable soil bearing capacity at shallow depth
 Low rise building and light structures
2. The exact depth of the spread foundation shall be
determined on site after conducting
 Mackintosh probe
 Plate bearing test
3. Prior to excavation for Pad Footing, the Contractor shall
engage a geotechnical specialist firm, approved by S.O., to
conduct the soil test on the positions to be specified by the
S.O..Upon completion of the soil test, the contractor shall 6
submit a full result report to the S. O..

PAD FOOTING
- PLATE BEARING TEST EQUIPMENT
7
PAD FOOTING
- PLATE BEARING TEST
1. What is plate bearing test?
 In this test a square or circular rigid plate of standard dimension
(generally 300mm2 for square or 300Ømm for circular) is placed
at foundation level and load is applied in increments. The
settlement of the plate corresponding to each load increment is
recorded for calculating bearing capacity of soil.
8
PAD FOOTING
1. All excavations over 4 ft. (1,220 mm.) in depth of
materials shall be protected by sheeting adequately braced
and strutted or other lining.
2. Excavated material that is required for backfill and is
approved by the S.O. and shall not be stockpiled adjacent
to the excavation.
3. The whole of each excavation shall be kept free of water to
the satisfaction of the S.O. or his representative by
pumping and bailing as necessary.
4. A layer of lean concrete shall be placed at the bottom of
the pit immediately after the depth of excavation had been
achieved.
5. All formwork for concrete and all loose timber and rubbish
of every description shall be removed from excavations in 9
advance of backfilling.
PAD FOOTING
- MACKINTOSH PROBE RESULTS
10
PAD FOOTING
- MACKINTOSH PROBE
(A) Relationship between SPT, JKR Probe and
unconfined strength of Clay (Cohesive soil)
SPT , N Consistency Unconfined JKR probe
(blow/ft) compressive (blow/ft)
strength
(kN/m2)
0–2 Very soft 0 – 25 0 – 10
2–4 Soft 25 – 50 10 – 20
4–8 Medium 50 – 100 20 – 40
8 – 15 Stiff 100 – 200 40 – 70
15 – 30 Very stiff 200 – 400 70 – 100
11
> 30 Hard 400 100
PAD FOOTING
- MACKINTOSH PROBE
(A) Relationship between SPT, JKR Probe and
unconfined strength of Sand (Cohessionless
soil)
SPT , N Consistency Unconfined JKR probe
(blow/ft) compressive (blow/ft)
strength
(kN/m2)
0–4 Very loose Not suitable 0 – 10
4 – 10 Loose 0 – 80 10 – 30
10 – 30 Medium dense 80 – 280 30 – 80
30 – 50 Dense 280 – 470 80 – 110
> 50 Very dense 470 110
12
Case study 1:
Depth (m) No. Of Blows/0.3m

0.00 0
0.30 25
0.60 30
0.90 55
1.20 70
1.50 90
Based on the information given, please
determine the followings:
1.80 100
1) Size of the pad footing to be used? 2.10 150
2) Depth of excavation for the footing? 2.40 300
PILING WORKS
- INTRODUCTION
RC Square Pile Spun Pile

14
PILING WORKS
- INTRODUCTION
Bore Pile
Steel H-Pile American Petroleum Institute

(Bearing Pile) 15
specification (API) pipe for micro pile
PILING WORKS
- CLASSIFICATION OF PILE
1. Based on material
 Steel pile, concrete pile, timber pile
2. Based on load transfer
 End bearing piles, friction piles
3. Based on method of installation
 Driven pile, bored pile
4. Based on used
 load bearing pile, sheet pile, fender pile, anchor pile
5. Based on displacement of soil
 Displacement pile, non-displacement piles
16
PILING WORKS
- PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SPUN PILE
1. Spun pile can be used in various type of soil condition because
 High bending moment and rack resistance
 Strong pile join
 Driving efficiency
 Uniform strength
 Large bearing capacity
 Prevention from cracking
2. Class for prestressed reinforced concrete spun piles are
 Class A (4.0 N/mm2 effective pressure)
 Class B (5.0 N/mm2 effective pressure)
 Class C (7.0 N/mm2 effective pressure)
3. When lifting on site, sling pile by crane at two points marked on 17
all piles at 1/5 of the pile length from the end.
PILING WORKS
1. S
pun piles specifications:
 Designed and manufactured in accordance with Malaysian Standard
MS1314:2004, BS 8110: Part1: 1985, BS 8004:1986
 Minimum compressive concrete cube strength at 28 days = 60N/mm2
 Spun pile comes with mild steel plate joints that are butt welded at site.
 Pile shoes shall be either:
18
PILING WORKS
1. Pilecap details
19
PILING WORKS
1. Recommended hammer weight
Hammer Weight
Pile Diameter
(mm)
3T 3T - 5T 7T - 9T 9T - 12T 12T - 16T 16T - 20T
300 √
350 √
400 √
450 √ √
500 √
600 √ √
700 √ √
800 √ √
20
PILING WORKS
- REINFORCED CONCRETE SQUARE PILE
1. Class for reinforced concrete square pile are
 RCS Class 1 and Class 2
 Class S
 Class M
 Class J
2. RC pile specifications
 Designed and manufactured in accordance with Malaysian
Standard MS1314:2004, BS 8110: Part1: 1985, BS 8004:1986
 Minimum concrete grade = 45MPa.
 RC pile comes with mild steel plate joints that are butt welded at
site.
 When lifting on site, sling pile by crane at two points marked on 21
all piles at 1/5 of the pile length from the end.
PILING WORKS
22
PILING WORKS
23
PILING WORKS
1. Recommended hammer weight
Pile Size (mm x mm) Min. Hammer Weight (Tonnes)
150 x 150 0.75
200 x 200 1.5
250 x 250 2.5
300 x 300 4
1. Maximum hammer drop height = 1.2m in

accordance with BS 8004.
2. The actual drop shall depend on the hammer
weight and allowable working load. 24
PILING WORKS
1. All aspects of piling shall conform with
 B.S. 8004:1986, Section 7
 JIS A5335
 BS8110
 MS1314 and other relevant standards.
2. The manufacturing processes of these piles shall conform to MS ISO
quality assurance standards. Therefore, the Contractor shall submit
the manufacturer’s details of specified piles conforming to all the
requirements of this specification to the S.O. and shall obtain from
the S.O. a written approval for the supply of the piles from this
manufacturer.
3. Deviation of the pile shall not be
 Vertical pile : > 1º from the vertical 25
 Rake pile: > 2º from the designed angle or rake.

PILING WORKS
1. The tolerance on the position of all piles in plan at the head
of the pile shall be 75 mm.
2. Where piles have not been positioned or driven within the
limits described in the contract. The S.O. may require piles
so positioned to be withdrawn and re-driven, or take such
other action as he considers necessary.
3. If, in the opinion of the S.O., adjustments to the pile
construction methods are required to ensure that the
specified piles are constructed in a sound workmanlike
manner, the Contractor shall be held fully responsible for
implementing such adjustments.
4. The Contractor shall be responsible for removing all existing
material in the ground that is likely to impede the path of any 26
pile down to founding level.
PILING WORKS
- PILING MANUFACTURE, HANDLING AND
STORAGE
1. Piles shall be manufactured in accordance with MS ISO Quality
Assurance Standards.
2. The method and sequence of lifting, handling, transporting and
storing piles shall be such that piles are not damaged.
3. During transport and storage, piles shall be placed on adequate
supports located under the lifting points of the piles.
4. All piles within a stack shall be in groups of the same length.
5. Packings of uniform thicknesses shall be provided between
piles at the lifting points.
6. In the handling of the pile sections during loading, transporting,
unloading and stacking and any pile damaged as a result of
negligence by the Contractor in these respects shall be replaced
at his expense.
27
PILING WORKS
- JOINTING
1. When two lengths of piles are jointed, the end plates must bear
over their complete areas. Shims for packing will not be
accepted.
2. The two end plates are jointed by butt welded along their entire
periphery.
3. All welding shall be carried in accordance with BS 5135.
4. The Contractor shall satisfy the S.O. that the welding operators
are qualified and for this purpose, their name and qualifications
shall be recorded and made available for inspection. Magnetic
particle and dye penetration test shall be conducted to detect
any defects on weld.
5. After being welded, the joint shall be painted with three (3)
heavy coats of approved bitumastic paint. Before painting the
joint surfaces shall be cleaned to clear off all dirt or grease or
other deleterious substances. 28
PILING WORKS
- JOINTING
29
PILING WORKS
- PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT
30
PILING WORKS
31
PILING WORKS
1. It shall be the Contractor’s responsibility to select and provide
suitable equipment for driving piles to the anticipated founding levels
indicated on the drawings and to achieve the specified ultimate
capacity.
2. Equipment employed for top end driving shall incorporate:
 Fixed leads so arranged that they hold the pile firmly in position
and concentric with the hammer throughout the driving operation.
 A drop hammer
 An approved helmet to protect the pile during driving.
3. The Contractor shall obtain the S.O.’s prior approval to the type of
equipment proposed for pile driving.
32
PILING WORKS
- DRIVING OF THE PILES
1. The Contractor shall give the S.O. due and reasonable notice of his intention to carry
out pile driving to facilitate arrangements for inspection. The final sets and temporary
compressions are to be taken in the presence of the S.O. or persons appointed by the
S.O. to carry out these duties.
2. The required working load of the pile is indicated on the drawings. The required
ultimate capacity for the reinforced concrete piles shall be 2 times the working load.
3. The pile shall be driven using the pile driving criteria which calculated by using
Hiley’s formula. For this requirement, the contractor shall submit the followings for
approval of the S.O. before the commencement of the piling works:
 The source of the proposed pile
 Method statement for the pile driving and set criteria
 Pile product brochures
 Pile test certificate, etc.
 Type of pile shoe used
 Driving machined used
 Hammer weight 33
 Hammer drop height

PILING WORKS
1. The order of driving shall be to the approval of the S.O..
2. A specified quantity of test piles of the specified length shall be
supplied to site and installed first prior to supply of the working piles.
These test pile shall form part of the foundation later.
3. The sets shall be calculated using the Hiley’s formula and the
following information:
 Weight of hammer
 Allowance for hammer efficiency and pile weight
 Specified ultimate resistance required
 Temporary compression factors as measured on site
4. In the event that a test pile indicates that the specified ultimate
resistance has not been achieved, the S.O. may instruct the
Contractor’s responsibility to re-drive the piles. 34
PILING WORKS
1. On completion of the test pile and load tests, the S.O. shall
decide and inform the contractor in writing on the exact length
to be supplied to site.
2. During driving the tops of the piles shall be protected by an
approved driving helmet. Piles shall not be bent or sprung into
place during or after driving, but shall be effectively guided and
held in true position.
3. Leads shall be constructed so as to afford freedom of movement
to the hammer and shall be held in position by guys or stiff
braces to ensure support to the pile during driving.
4. If the piles are pushed up by the driving of adjacent piles, they
shall be re-driven and all costs relating to thereto shall be borne
by the Contractor.
35
PILING WORKS
- HILEY'S FORMULA
Ultimate load capacity, Pa = eWHn/(S+C/2)
Where
n = (W + k2Ws)/(W+Ws)
e = Effective drop (hammer efficiency)
W = weight of hammer (Ton)
H = height of hammer (mm)
Ws = Weight of pile (Ton)
k = coefficient of restitution
S = Set/blow (mm)
C = Temporary compression
36
PILING WORKS
- HILEY'S FORMULA
1. Example calculation (Question 2)
Given the following information. Please calculate the S (set/blow)
for a spun pile.
Design working load = 30 Ton
Pile length = 48m
Nominal weight of pile = 0.118Ton/m
e = 0.85
C = 17mm
k = 0.25
Height of hammer = 400mm
Weight of hammer = 3 Ton 37
PILING WORKS
- HILEY'S FORMULA
1. Example calculation (Question 1)
Given the following information. Please calculate the permissible
load capacity, Pa for a spun pile.
Pile length = 48m
Nominal weight of pile = 0.118Ton/m
e = 0.85
C = 17mm
S = 5 mm /blow
k = 0.25
Height of hammer = 400mm
Weight of hammer = 3 Ton 38
Safety factor = 2
PILING WORKS
- PILE DRIVING RECORDS
1. The Contractor shall maintain records for all piles showing the
following information:
 The date and time of driving
 The level of the ground surface at commencement of
operations
 Details of any special circumstances notified by the S.O.
 Length of pile pitched, size of section, details of spliced
lengths and penetration when spliced and time of splicing
works.
 Final depth driven and RL of toe
 Record of number of blows/300 mm of penetration
 Final set and temporary compression for the last 10 blows
39
 Type and weight of hammer used
PILING WORKS
 Type and conditions of the packing on the pile head and
of the dolly on the helmet
 For a single acting hammer the final drop
 For a double acting hammer the final frequency of the
blows
 Details of any interruption of driving
 Time of commencement and completion of jointing of
pile
 Details of any re-driving
 Any other information specified by the S.O.
40
PILING WORKS
1. Copies of the work done each day shall be submitted in
duplicate to the S.O. within 24 hours.
2. The Contractor shall notify the S.O. immediately of any
circumstances which indicates that ground conditions
differ from those expected by the Contractor from his
interpretation of the soil survey so as to effect materially
the bearing capacity.
3. Such additional data as may be required for test piles will
be specified by the S.O..
41
PILING WORKS
- CUTTING OF PILE AND PREPARATION OF PILE HEAD
1. The head of the pile shall be cut off to the level specified or
shown on the drawings with a permissible tolerance of ±25
mm.
2. For reinforced concrete pile, the length of reinforcing bars
projecting above this level shall be as shown or specified on
the drawings, and shall be stripped of all surrounding
concrete as necessary so as to be embedded in the cast-in-
place concrete cap as shown or specified on the drawings.
3. For prestressed reinforced concrete spun pile, the pile head
shall be cut to smooth surface using a diamond cutter and
hacking is strictly prohibited. The pile shall be anchored
into the pilecap with reinforcement bar and concrete plug as
42
indicated on the drawing and to manufacturer’s details.
STATIC MAINTAINED LOAD TEST
- INTRODUCTION
1. The purpose of pile load test are:
 To determine settlement under working load
 To determine ultimate bearing capacity
 To ascertain as a proof of acceptability
43
- INTRODUCTION
44
- JACK LOADING REACTION BY LOADED PLATFORM
45
46
47
48
- JACK LOADING REACTION BY ANCHOR PILE
49
50
51
52
-LOAD TEST AND KENTLEDGE
 The Contractor shall engage a specialist sub-contractor with
qualified registered professional S.O. complete with all the
necessary equipments etc. to carry out the maintained load
test.
 The test load shall be applied by means of an hydraulic jack
of adequate capacity fitted with measuring devices capable
of registering loads in increments not exceeding 5 tons.
 The hydraulic jack and measuring devices shall be approved
by the S.O. before use. Certificates of calibration for all
measuring devices shall be submitted for S.O.’s
consideration of the approval.
53
 The kentledge shall be provided by a heavy mass of dead load,
exceeding the maximum test load required (≈ 2.5 times the working
load), supported centrally over the test pile on suitably constructed
temporary staging or by means of anchor piles.
 The heavy mass of dead load shall be provided using units of
reinforced concrete block of regular mass. The concrete block shall
be of regular dimension to enable the dead weight to be estimated
accurately or by weighing if necessary and it can be handle, stack
and pack properly and safely for the purpose of the works.
 Piles are not allowed to be used as kentledge load.
 If anchor piles are used to provide reaction for the jack, these piles
shall not be closer to the test pile centre to centre than 5 feet or 5
pile diameters whichever is the larger. 54
 Anchor piles, which later form part of the piled
foundation to the structure, shall be appropriately
re-driven to the required set or level as directed by
the S.O. all to his full satisfaction.
 R.C. square pile or R.C. spun pile shall not be used
as anchor pile.
55
-SETTLEMENT MEASUREMENT
 Vertical movements of the test pile shall be measured by at least two
dial gauges, with a minimum of 1 inch travel, graduated in 0.001 inch
divisions.
 The gauges shall be erected on stiff steel beams, the ends of which
shall rest on or be fixed to reliable supports.
 Such supports shall be located not closer than 6 feet from the test pile,
and shall be rigidly fixed to the ground to a depth of not less than 3 feet
of concrete surround.
 In addition, the elevation of the supports shall be checked frequently
with reference to a fixed benchmark.
 The entire measuring assembly shall be properly protected against rain,
direct sunlight and other disturbances that might affect its reliability.
56
 Temperature readings shall be taken when requested by the S.O..
- EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNEL FOR
LOAD TEST
 All kentledge, staging, anchor piles, equipment, shelter,
supports, etc. required for the load test shall be provided by
the Contractor, who shall also provide all necessary
facilities to enable the S.O. or his representatives to check
all readings during the progress of the test.
 The contractor is required to employed qualified and skilled
personnel for the proper execution of the test.
 The Contractor shall also allow for the construction and
dismantling of the load staging and handling of the
kentledge materials on and off the load stage, etc. and for
the continuous and competent watching of the whole set-up,
all to the full satisfaction of the S.O.. 57
- SUBMITTALS
 Prior to the performance of any load test, the contractor
shall submit to the S.O. for his approval, working
drawings showing the method and equipment he proposes
to use in the performance of the load test and the
measuring of settlements, such submission shall include
design calculations, lateral supports or other methods used
in insuring against buckling stability shall be provided to
the pile to be loaded whenever the ratio of the unsupported
height to the least cross-section dimension is 20 or more.
58
- SUBMITTALS
 Horizontal supports shall provide full support without
restraining the vertical movement of the pile in any way.
 The method of preparation and construction of the pile head
shall also be proposed including the compound/grout to be
used.
 The submittal shall also include Certificates of Calibration
for all measuring devices of loads and settlements and
provided readily for inspection anytime as and when
requested by the S.O..
 However this approval of the S.O. shall not relieve the
Contractor of his responsibility towards the safe and
59
satisfactory completion of the load test.
- LOAD TEST PROCEDURE
 Load applied in increment at the rate of 25% of working
load till working load is reached.
 For each load increment maintain the load constant till
settlement rate is < 0.25mm per hour.
 When working load has reached hold the load for 24hrs
and unload.
 Unload the working load at the rate of 25% of working
load till working load is unload fully.
 For each load reduction maintain the load constant till
settlement rate is < 0.25mm per hour or 6 hrs whichever is
longer. 60
- LOAD TEST PROCEDURE
61
- PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
 A summary in writing to the S.O., unless otherwise directed,
within 24 hours of the completion of the test, which shall give:-
i. For each stage of loading, the period for which the load
was held, the load and the maximum settlement or uplift
recorded.
ii. Graph of Load /Settlement, Load/Time, Time/Settlement
 The completed report with schedule or recorded data etc. within
3 days of the completion of the test.
 All results and report shall be certified by Professional Engineer.
by affixing his Professional Engineer seal and signature clearly
on the documents.
62
- SCHEDULE OF RECORDED DATA
a. General
 Site location
 Contract identification
 Proposed structure
 Main contractor
 Piling contractor
 S.O./Architect
 Client
 Date of test
63
a. Pile details
 Identification (No. and Location)
 Position relative to adjacent piles
 Ground level at pile locations
 Head level at which test load is applied
 Vertical or raking, compression or tension
 Shape and size of cross-section of pile position of change in
cross section
 Shoe or base details
 Head details
 Length in ground 64
 Level of toe
a. Installation details
 Dates and times of driving of test pile and adjacent pile
 Unexpected circumstances and difficulites
 Date and time of casting concrete pilecap
 Start and finish of each operation during or installation of a pile and
subsequent testing
 Difficulties in handling, pitching and driving pile
 Delays due to sea and water weather conditions
 Method of support of pile and hammer (frame, hanging leaders,
suspended hammer or other method)
 Driven length of pile or temporary casting at final set
 Hammer type, size or weight
65
 Dolly and packing, type and condition before and after driving
 Driving log (depth, blows per 300mm, interruptions or
breaks in driving)
 Final set as penetration in mm per 10 blows
 Redrive check, time interval and set as above
 At final set and at redrive set, for drop or single acting
hammer the length of the drop or stroke, for diesel hammer
the length of the stroke and blows per minute, for double-
acting hammer the number of blows per minute
 Condition of pile head or temporary casting after driving
 Use of a follower
 Lengthening 66
a. Test procedure
 Weight of Kentledge
 Tension pile, ground anchor or compression pile details
 Plan of test arrangement showing position and distance of
Kentledge supports, rafts, tensions or compression piles and
reference frame to test pile
 Jack capacity
 Method of load measurement
 Method(s) of penetration or uplift measurement
 Proof test by maintained loading 67
 Relevant dates and times
a. Test results
 In tabular form
 In graphical form: load plotted against settlement (uplift), load and
settlement (uplift) plotted against time
 Ground heave
68
- COMPLETION OF A TEST
a. Measuring equipment
 Dismantled, checked and either stored so that they
are available for use in further tests or removed
from the site.
b. Kentledge
 Kentledge and its supporting structure shall be
removed from the test pile and stored so that they
are available for use in future tests or removed from
the site.
69
- COMPLETION OF A TEST
a. Load test pilecap
 On completion of a Load Test on a working pile, the test pile cap, if
in concrete, shall be stripped, the pile left in a state ready for
incorporation in the Permanent Works and the resulting materials
disposed off the site.
b. Ground anchor and temporary pile
 temporary piles and ground anchors shall be removed, cut off as
specified or, if agreed, incorporated in the Permanent Works.
70
-FAILURE OF LOAD TEST
 A pile shall be deemed to have failed the load test if any one of the
following observations is recorded:-
a) The maximum settlement under test load of 200% working load
maintained for 24 hours exceeds 25mm.
b) The permanent or residual settlement after removal of the test loads
exceeds 6mm.
c) The test could not be completed due to instability of the Kentledge.
d) The test could not be completed due to failure of the pilecap through
whatever cause.
e) The scales and/or measuring instrument used for found to have
tampered with.
f) The pile is found to have cracked, crumbled, distorted from its
original shape, deflected from its original position and the like.
g) The contractor shall not be paid for pile test which has failed. 71
Successful test will be paid for as specified.
CONCLUSION
72
Q&A
Thank You
73

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LIEW TZE KIAW

10:30 – 11:00 Tea Break

16:00 – 16:30 Conclusion

submit a full result report to the S. O..

Depth (m) No. Of Blows/0.3m

RC Square Pile Spun Pile

Steel H-Pile American Petroleum Institute

1. Maximum hammer drop height = 1.2m in

 Rake pile: > 2º from the designed angle or rake.

 Hammer drop height

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