DM Matplotlib PDF

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC
Matplotlib
A tutorial
Devert Alexandre
School of Software Engineering of USTC
30 November 2012 — Slide 1/44

Table of Contents
1 First steps
2 Curve plots
3 Scatter plots
4 Boxplots
5 Histograms
6 Usage example
Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 2/44

Curve plot
Let’s plot a curve
i m p o r t math
import m a t p l o t l i b . pyplot as p l t
# Generate a s i n u s o i d
n b S a m p l e s = 256
xRange = (−math . p i , math . p i )
x , y = [] , []
f o r n i n xrange ( nbSamples ) :
k = ( n + 0 . 5 ) / nbSamples
x . append ( xRange [ 0 ] + ( xRange [ 1 ] − xRange [ 0 ] ) ∗ k )
y . append ( math . s i n ( x [ − 1 ] ) )
# Plot the s i n u s o i d
plt . plot (x , y)
p l t . show ( )

Curve plot
This will show you something like this
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0.5
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0.5
1.0 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

numpy
matplotlib can work with numpy arrays
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
n b S a m p l e s = 256
xRange = (−math . p i , math . p i )
x , y = numpy . z e r o s ( n b S a m p l e s ) , numpy . z e r o s ( n b S a m p l e s )
k = ( n + 0 . 5 ) / nbSamples
x [ n ] = xRange [ 0 ] + ( xRange [ 1 ] − xRange [ 0 ] ) ∗ k
y [ n ] = math . s i n ( x [ n ] )
plt . plot (x , y)
p l t . show ( )
numpy provides a lot of function and is efficient

numpy
• zeros build arrays filled of 0
• linspace build arrays filled with an arithmetic
sequence
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
x = numpy . l i n s p a c e (−math . p i , math . p i , num=256)
y = numpy . z e r o s ( n b S a m p l e s )
y [ n ] = math . s i n ( x [ n ] )
plt . plot (x , y)
p l t . show ( )

numpy
numpy functions can work on entire arrays
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
y = numpy . s i n ( x )
plt . plot (x , y)
p l t . show ( )

PDF output
Exporting to a PDF file is just one change
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
plt . plot (x , y)
p l t . s a v e f i g ( ’ s i n −p l o t . p d f ’ , t r a n s p a r e n t=True )

Table of Contents
1 First steps
2 Curve plots
3 Scatter plots
4 Boxplots
5 Histograms
6 Usage example

Multiple curves
It’s often convenient to show several curves in one figure
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
# G e n e r a t e a s i n u s o i d and a c o s i n o i d
z = numpy . c o s ( x )
# Plot the curves

plt . plot (x , y)
plt . plot (x , z)
p l t . show ( )

Multiple curves
It’s often convenient to show several curves in one figure
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0.0
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1.0 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Custom colors
Changing colors can help to make nice documents
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
# Plot the curves

p l t . p l o t ( x , y , c= ’#FF4500 ’ )
p l t . p l o t ( x , z , c= ’ #4682B4 ’ )
p l t . show ( )

Custom colors
Changing colors can help to make nice documents
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0.5
0.0
0.5
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Line thickness
Line thickness can be changed as well
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
# Plot the curves

p l t . p l o t ( x , y , l i n e w i d t h =3 , c= ’#FF4500 ’ )
p l t . p l o t ( x , z , c= ’ #4682B4 ’ )
p l t . show ( )

Line thickness
Line thickness can be changed as well
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Line patterns
For printed document, colors can be replaced by line

patterns
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
# L i n e s t y l e s can be ’ − ’ , ’−−’, ’ − . ’ , ’: ’
# Plot the curves

p l t . p l o t ( x , y , l i n e s t y l e = ’−−’ , c= ’ #000000 ’ )
p l t . p l o t ( x , z , c= ’ #808080 ’ )
p l t . show ( )

Line patterns
For printed document, colors can be replaced by line
patterns
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0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Markers
It sometime relevant to show the data points
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
# M a r k e r s can be ’. ’ , ’,’, ’o ’ , ’ 1 ’ and more
# Plot the curves

p l t . p l o t ( x , y , m a r k e r= ’ 1 ’ , m a r k e r s i z e =15 , c= ’ #000000 ’ )
p l t . p l o t ( x , z , c= ’ #000000 ’ )
p l t . show ( )

Markers
It sometime relevant to show the data points
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0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Legend
A legend can help to make self–explanatory figures
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
# l e g e n d l o c a t i o n can be ’ b e s t ’ , ’ center ’ , ’ left ’, ’ right ’ , etc .
# Plot the curves

p l t . p l o t ( x , y , c= ’#FF4500 ’ , l a b e l= ’ s i n ( x ) ’ )
p l t . p l o t ( x , z , c= ’ #4682B4 ’ , l a b e l= ’ c o s ( x ) ’ )
p l t . l e g e n d ( l o c= ’ b e s t ’ )
p l t . show ( )

Legend
A legend can help to make self–explanatory figures
1.0
sin(x)
cos(x)
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Custom axis scale

Changing the axis scale can improve readability
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
# Axis setup
f i g = plt . figure ()
a x i s = f i g . add subplot (111)
a x i s . s e t y l i m ( −0.5 ∗ math . p i , 0 . 5 ∗ math . p i )
# Plot the curves

p l t . show ( )

Custom axis scale

Changing the axis scale can improve readability
1.5
sin(x)
cos(x)
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Grid
Same goes for a grid, can be helpful
i m p o r t math
i m p o r t numpy
# Axis setup

a x i s . g r i d ( True )
# Plot the curves

p l t . show ( )

Grid
Same goes for a grid, can be helpful
1.5
sin(x)
cos(x)
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Error bars
Your data might come with a known measure error
import math
import numpy
import numpy . random
# Generate a noisy s i n u s o i d
y = numpy . s i n ( x + 0 . 0 5 ∗ numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( l e n ( x ) ) )
y e r r o r = 0 . 1 ∗ numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( l e n ( x ) )
# Axis setup
# Plot the curves

p l t . p l o t ( x , y , c= ’#FF4500 ’ )
p l t . e r r o r b a r ( x , y , y e r r=y e r r o r )
p l t . show ( )

Error bars
Your data might come with a known measure error
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Table of Contents
1 First steps
2 Curve plots
3 Scatter plots
4 Boxplots
5 Histograms
6 Usage example

Scatter plot
A scatter plot just shows one point for each dataset entry
i m p o r t numpy
i m p o r t numpy . random
# G e n e r a t e a 2d n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n
n b P o i n t s = 100
x = numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s )
y = numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s )
# Plot the points

plt . scatter (x , y)
p l t . show ( )

Scatter plot
A scatter plot just shows one point for each dataset entry
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3
2
1
0
1
2
3
43 2 1 0 1 2 3

Aspect ratio
If can be very important to have the same scale on both
axis
i m p o r t numpy
n b P o i n t s = 100
y = 0 . 1 ∗ numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s )
# Axis setup
a x i s = f i g . a d d s u b p l o t ( 1 1 1 , a s p e c t= ’ e q u a l ’ )
# Plot the points

p l t . s c a t t e r ( x , y , c= ’#FF4500 ’ )
p l t . show ( )

Aspect ratio
If can be very important to have the same scale on both
axis
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3 3 2 1 0 1 2 3

Aspect ratio
Alternative way to keep the same scale on both axis
i m p o r t numpy
n b P o i n t s = 100
y = 0 . 1 ∗ numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s )
# Axis setup
cmin , cmax = min ( min ( x ) , min ( y ) ) , max ( max ( x ) , max ( y ) )

cmin −= 0 . 0 5 ∗ ( cmax − cmin )
cmax += 0 . 0 5 ∗ ( cmax − cmin )
a x i s . s e t x l i m ( cmin , cmax )
a x i s . s e t y l i m ( cmin , cmax )
# Plot the points

p l t . s c a t t e r ( x , y , c= ’#FF4500 ’ )
p l t . show ( )

Aspect ratio
Alternative way to keep the same scale on both axis
2 1 0 1 2

Multiple scatter plots

As for curve, you can show 2 datasets on one figure
i m p o r t numpy
c o l o r s = ( ’#FF4500 ’ , ’#3CB371 ’ , ’ #4682B4 ’ , ’#DB7093 ’ , ’#FFD700 ’ )
n b P o i n t s = 100
x , y = [] , []
x += [ numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s ) ]
y += [ 0 . 2 5 ∗ numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s ) ]
x += [ 0 . 5 ∗ numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s ) + 3 . 0 ]
y += [ 2 ∗ numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( n b P o i n t s ) + 2 . 0 ]
# Axis setup
# Plot the points

f o r i in xrange ( len ( x ) ) :
p l t . s c a t t e r ( x [ i ] , y [ i ] , c=c o l o r s [ i % l e n ( c o l o r s ) ] )
p l t . show ( )

Multiple scatter plots

As for curve, you can show 2 datasets on one figure
43 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Showing centers
It can help to see the centers or the median points
i m p o r t numpy
c o l o r s = ( ’#FF4500 ’ , ’#3CB371 ’ , ’ #4682B4 ’ , ’#DB7093 ’ , ’#FFD700 ’ )
n b P o i n t s = 100
x , y = [] , []
# Axis setup
# Plot the points

col = colors [ i % len ( colors )]
p l t . s c a t t e r ( x [ i ] , y [ i ] , c=c o l )
p l t . s c a t t e r ( [ numpy . median ( x [ i ] ) ] , [ numpy . median ( y [ i ] ) ] , c=c o l , s =250)
p l t . show ( )

Showing centers
It can help to see the centers or the median points
43 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Marker styles
You can use different markers styles
i m p o r t numpy
m a r k e r s = ( ’+ ’ , ’ ˆ ’ , ’ . ’ )
n b P o i n t s = 100
x , y = [] , []
# Axis setup
# Plot the points

m = markers [ i % l en ( markers ) ]
p l t . s c a t t e r ( x [ i ] , y [ i ] , m a r k e r=m, c= ’ #000000 ’ )
p l t . s c a t t e r ( [ numpy . median ( x [ i ] ) ] , [ numpy . median ( y [ i ] ) ] , m a r k e r=m, s =250 , c= ’ #000000
p l t . show ( )

Marker styles
You can use different markers styles
10
44 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Table of Contents
1 First steps
2 Curve plots
3 Scatter plots
4 Boxplots
5 Histograms
6 Usage example

Boxplots
Let’s do a simple boxplot
i m p o r t numpy
# Generate normal d i s t r i b u t i o n data

x = numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( 2 5 6 )
# Show a b o x p l o t o f t h e d a t a
plt . boxplot (x)
p l t . show ( )

Boxplots
Let’s do a simple boxplot
3 1

Boxplots
You might want to show the original data in the same

time
i m p o r t numpy

x = numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( 2 5 6 )
p l t . s c a t t e r ( [ 0 ] ∗ l e n ( x ) , x , c= ’ #4682B4 ’ )
p l t . boxplot (x , p o s i t i o n s =[0])
p l t . show ( )

Boxplots
You might want to show the original data in the same
time
4 0

Multiple boxplots
Boxplots are often used to show side by side various
distributions
i m p o r t numpy

data = [ ]
f o r i in xrange ( 5 ) :
mu = 10 ∗ numpy . random . r a n d o m s a m p l e ( )
s i g m a = 2 ∗ numpy . random . r a n d o m s a m p l e ( ) + 0 . 1
d a t a . append ( numpy . random . n o r m a l (mu , sigma , 2 5 6 ) )
p l t . boxplot ( data )
p l t . show ( )

Multiple boxplots
Boxplots are often used to show side by side various
distributions
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12
10
2 1 2 3 4 5

Orientation
Changing the orientation is easily done
i m p o r t numpy

data = [ ]
f o r i in xrange ( 5 ) :
mu = 10 ∗ numpy . random . r a n d o m s a m p l e ( )
p l t . b o x p l o t ( data , v e r t =0)
p l t . show ( )

Orientation
Changing the orientation is easily done
6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Legend
Good graphics have a proper legend
i m p o r t numpy

l a b e l s = [ ’ m e r c u r y ’ , ’ l e a d ’ , ’ l i t h i u m ’ , ’ t u n g s t e n e ’ , ’ cadnium ’ ]
data = [ ]
f o r i in xrange ( len ( l a b e l s ) ) :
mu = 10 ∗ numpy . random . r a n d o m s a m p l e ( ) + 100
# Axis setup
axis . s e t t i t l e ( ’ Alien nodules composition ’ )

xtickNames = p l t . setp ( axis , x t i c k l a b e l s = l a b e l s )
a x i s . s e t y l a b e l ( ’ c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( ppm ) ’ )
p l t . boxplot ( data )
p l t . show ( )

Legend
Good graphics have a proper legend
112 Alien nodules composition
110
108
concentration (ppm)
106
104
102
100 mercury lead lithium tungstene cadnium

Table of Contents
1 First steps
2 Curve plots
3 Scatter plots
4 Boxplots
5 Histograms
6 Usage example

Histograms
Histogram are convenient to sum-up results
i m p o r t numpy
# Some d a t a
d a t a = numpy . a b s ( numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( 3 0 ) )
# Show an h i s t o g r a m
p l t . b a r h ( r a n g e ( l e n ( d a t a ) ) , data , c o l o r= ’ #4682B4 ’ )
p l t . show ( )

Histograms
Histogram are convenient to sum-up results
30
25
20
15
10
00.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Histograms
A variant to show 2 quantities per item on 1 figure
i m p o r t numpy
# Some d a t a
data = [ [ ] , [ ] ]
f o r i i n xrange ( l e n ( data ) ) :
d a t a [ i ] = numpy . a b s ( numpy . random . s t a n d a r d n o r m a l ( 3 0 ) )
l a b e l s = range ( l e n ( data [ 0 ] ) )
p l t . b a r h ( l a b e l s , d a t a [ 0 ] , c o l o r= ’ #4682B4 ’ )
p l t . b a r h ( l a b e l s , −1 ∗ d a t a [ 1 ] , c o l o r= ’#FF4500 ’ )
p l t . show ( )

Histograms
A variant to show 2 quantities per item on 1 figure
30
25
20
15
10
03 2 1 0 1 2 3

Labels
Very often, we need to name items on an histogram
i m p o r t numpy
# Some d a t a
names = [ ’ Wang Bu ’ , ’ Cheng Cao ’ , ’ Zhang Xue L i ’ , ’ Tang Wei ’ , ’ Sun Wu Kong ’ ]
marks = 7 ∗ numpy . random . r a n d o m s a m p l e ( l e n ( names ) ) + 3
# Axis setup
a x i s . s e t x l i m (0 , 10)
p l t . y t i c k s ( numpy . a r a n g e ( l e n ( marks ) ) + 0 . 5 , names )
a x i s . s e t t i t l e ( ’ Data−m i n i n g marks ’ )
a x i s . s e t x l a b e l ( ’ mark ’ )
p l t . b a r h ( r a n g e ( l e n ( marks ) ) , marks , c o l o r= ’ #4682B4 ’ )
p l t . show ( )

Labels
Very often, we need to name items on an histogram
Data-mining marks
Sun Wu Kong
Tang Wei
Zhang Xue Li
Cheng Cao
Wang Bu
0 2 4 6 8 10
mark

Error bars
Error bars, to indicate the accuracy of values
i m p o r t numpy
# Some d a t a
names = [ ’ 6809 ’ , ’ 6502 ’ , ’ 8086 ’ , ’ Z80 ’ , ’ RCA1802 ’ ]
s p e e d = 70 ∗ numpy . random . r a n d o m s a m p l e ( l e n ( names ) ) + 30
e r r o r = 9 ∗ numpy . random . r a n d o m s a m p l e ( l e n ( names ) ) + 1
# Axis setup
p l t . y t i c k s ( numpy . a r a n g e ( l e n ( names ) ) + 0 . 5 , names )
a x i s . s e t t i t l e ( ’ 8 b i t s CPU benchmark − s t r i n g test ’)

axis . set xlabel ( ’ score ’ )
p l t . b a r h ( r a n g e ( l e n ( names ) ) , s p e e d , x e r r=e r r o r , c o l o r= ’ #4682B4 ’ )
p l t . show ( )

Error bars
Error bars, to indicate the accuracy of values
8 bits CPU benchmark - string test

RCA1802
Z80
8086
6502
6809
0 20 40 60 80 100
score

Table of Contents
1 First steps
2 Curve plots
3 Scatter plots
4 Boxplots
5 Histograms
6 Usage example

Old Faithful
Let’s display some real data: Old Faithful geyser

Old Faithful
This way works, but good example of half-done job
i m p o r t numpy
# Read t h e d a t a
d a t a = numpy . l o a d t x t ( ’ . / d a t a s e t s / g e y s e r . d a t ’ )
# Axis setup
# Plot the points

p l t . s c a t t e r ( d a t a [ : , 0 ] , d a t a [ : , 1 ] , c= ’#FF4500 ’ )
p l t . show ( )

Old Faithful
This way works, but good example of half-done job
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.530 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Old Faithful
Let’s make a more readable figure
i m p o r t numpy
d a t a = numpy . l o a d t x t ( ’ . / d a t a s e t s / g e y s e r . d a t ’ )
# Axis setup
a x i s . s e t t i t l e ( ’ Old F a i t h f u l g e y s e r d a t a s e t ’ )
a x i s . s e t x l a b e l ( ’ w a i t i n g t i m e (mn . ) ’ )
a x i s . s e t y l a b e l ( ’ e r u p t i o n d u r a t i o n (mn . ) ’ )
# Plot the points

p l t . show ( )

Old Faithful
Let’s make a more readable figure
5.5 Old Faithful geyser dataset
5.0
4.5
eruption duration (mn.)
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.530 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
waiting time (mn.)

Mercury & fishes
Let’s display more complex data: fishes and mercury

poisoning

Mercury & fishes

A first try
i m p o r t numpy
d a t a = numpy . l o a d t x t ( ’ . / d a t a s e t s / f i s h . d a t ’ )
# Axis setup
a x i s . s e t t i t l e ( ’ North C a r o l i n a f i s h e s mercury c o n c e n t r a t i o n ’ )
a x i s . s e t x l a b e l ( ’ weight (g . ) ’ )
a x i s . s e t y l a b e l ( ’ m e r c u r y c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( ppm ) ’ )
# Plot the points

p l t . show ( )

Mercury & fishes

A first try
4.0 North Carolina fishes mercury concentration
3.5
3.0
mercury concentration (ppm)
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.51000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
weight (g.)

Mercury & fishes

Show more information with subplots
North Carolina fishes mercury concentration

5000
4000
weight (g.)
3000
2000
1000
0
(ppm)concentration (ppm)
100020 30 40 50 60 70
4.0 length (cm.)
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.51000
mercury
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

4.0 weight (g.)
3.5
mercury concentration
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.520 30 40 50 60 70
length (cm.)

Mercury & fishes

Data from one river with its own color
North Carolina fishes mercury concentration
5000
4000
weight (g.)
3000
2000
1000
0
(ppm)concentration (ppm)
100020 30 40 50 60 70
4.0 length (cm.)
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.51000
mercury
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

4.0 weight (g.)
3.5
mercury concentration
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.520 30 40 50 60 70
length (cm.)

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UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OF USTC

30 November 2012 — Slide 1/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 2/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 3/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 4/44

numpy provides a lot of function and is efficient

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 6/44

numpy functions can work on entire arrays

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 7/44

Exporting to a PDF file is just one change

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 8/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 9/44

It’s often convenient to show several curves in one figure

# Plot the curves

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 10/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 10/44

Changing colors can help to make nice documents

# Plot the curves

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 11/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 11/44

Line thickness can be changed as well

# Plot the curves

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 12/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 12/44

For printed document, colors can be replaced by line

# Plot the curves

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 13/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 13/44

It sometime relevant to show the data points

# M a r k e r s can be ’. ’ , ’,’, ’o ’ , ’ 1 ’ and more

# Plot the curves

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 14/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 14/44

A legend can help to make self–explanatory figures

# l e g e n d l o c a t i o n can be ’ b e s t ’ , ’ center ’ , ’ left ’, ’ right ’ , etc .

# Plot the curves

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 15/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 15/44

Custom axis scale

# l e g e n d l o c a t i o n can be ’ b e s t ’ , ’ center ’ , ’ left ’, ’ right ’ , etc .

a x i s . s e t y l i m ( −0.5 ∗ math . p i , 0 . 5 ∗ math . p i )

# Plot the curves

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 16/44

Custom axis scale

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 16/44

# l e g e n d l o c a t i o n can be ’ b e s t ’ , ’ center ’ , ’ left ’, ’ right ’ , etc .

a x i s . s e t y l i m ( −0.5 ∗ math . p i , 0 . 5 ∗ math . p i )

# Plot the curves

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 17/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 17/44

a x i s . s e t y l i m ( −0.5 ∗ math . p i , 0 . 5 ∗ math . p i )

# Plot the curves

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 18/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 18/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 19/44

# Plot the points

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 20/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 20/44

# Plot the points

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 21/44

Devert Alexandre (School of Software Engineering of USTC) — Matplotlib — Slide 21/44

cmin , cmax = min ( min ( x ) , min ( y ) ) , max ( max ( x ) , max ( y ) )

# Plot the points