Basic Eng. 2

1
LESSON 2: GRAMMAR AND WRITING
SUBJECT :
ADJECTIVE (page 2)
ADVERBS (page 10)
SIMPLE PAST TENSE (page 18)
SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (page 46)
MODALS (page 62)
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE (page 102)
QUESTION WORDS (page 116)
2
ADJECTIVE
A word that tells us something about a noun is called an
adjective (adj.). It can be placed before a noun (n) or after a non-
action verb.
Placement of Adjective Examples
Adjectives before a noun: • Donna likes to eat chocolate cakes.

(adj.) (n)
a pretty girl • I have a black dog.
a chocolate cake (adj.) (n)
an oval table • Janet is a pretty woman
(adj.) (n)
3
ADJECTIVES
Placement of Adjective Examples
Adjectives after a non-action • The old man is generous
verb (v): (v) (adj.)
• The students are hardworking.
a ). non-action verb (am, is, (v) (adj.)
are, was, were, will be). • The story was interesting
(v) (adj.)
• The soup tastes delicious.
b). Other verbs (v) (look, feel, (v) (adj.)
taste, smell, seem, sound) • The teacher sounds angry
(v) (adj.)
• I feel tired
(v) (adj.)
generous –bermurah hati, dermawan
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ADJECTIVE
(Kata Sifat)
Here are a few pairs of adjectives that starts with the

same word and end with -ful or -less
Sometimes adjectives can use -less as the opposite
of the adjectives that use -ful.
5
Adjective Adjective
Ending with -ful Ending with -less
careful careless
colorful colorless
cheerful cheerless
fearful fearless
faithful faithless
fruitful fruitless
harmful harmless
hopeful hopeless
meaningful meaningless
Useful useless
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• Note:
A few words like: boring, exciting, smiling
and charming are Present Participle, and
some of Present Participles can be used as
adjective.
7
• ADJECTIVES ADVERB NOUN
• famous famously famousness
• careful carefully carefulness
• beautiful beautifully beautifulness
• slow slowly slowness
• accurate accurately accurateness
• regular regularly regulation
• correct correctly correctness
• pregnant - Pregnancy
• angry angrily anger
• bright brightly brightness
• happy happily happiness
• relaxed relaxive relaxation
• energetic energetically energy
• weak weakly weakness
• soft softly softener
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• ADJECTIVES ADVERB NOUN
possible possibly possibility

probable probably probability
likely likely likelihood
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ADJECTIVE
Subject Be (Adverb) Adjective To verb Object
I am (really) happy to win this contest
He glad to meet his friend

is
She pretty to wear that gown
It (truly) nice to have a trip to the

mountain
We grateful to get your invitation
are
They sad to fall in the final exam
Anniza (certainly) scared to stay alone in their

and Mita grandma’s house
energetic to perform the dance
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Exercise :
Task 7: Fill in each of the Ugly, plain(polos), pretty,
blanks with appropriate beautiful, handsome,
adjectives for describing disgusting(menjijikan), good
people from the box. looking
(1). used ________is to describe woman;
(2)__________is used to describe man; (3)_________is
used for both; (4)_________is another positive word to
describe a woman, especially for a girl, meaning
“attractive and nice to look at”(5) _________is the most
negative word to describe some one; (6)__________is
also a negative word; (7)________ is more polite.
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Match the sentences with the words in box.
shy mean easy-going friendly
lazy honest Self-confident generous
Selfish modest Bad-tempered Hard-working
1. ________ doesn’t boast

2. ________ always tell the truth selfish - egois
3. ________ gets angry quite a lot. boast - membanggakan
4._________ doesn’t work very hard
5. ________ usually stays late at the office
6. ________ is afraid speaks to strangers.
7. ________ doesn’t like giving away money.
8. ________ isn’t afraid to speak to strangers
9.________ always bring you a little present
10. _______ doesn’t get upset if thing go wrong
11________ is only interested in himself / herself.
12.________ always smiles and says hello when12 we meet.
Look and Learn

Regular Irregular
Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb
bad Badly fast fast
slow Slowly late late
easy Easily early early
rude Rudely good well
loud Loudly
quick Quickly
quiet Quietly
polite Politely
careful carefully
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Choose an adjective or and adverb in the box for the following
sentence:
1. Ssh! Please be ______________!

2. I can’t hear you. Say it again _____________.
3. Please look __________ before you cross the road.
4. I don’t like her. She spoke to me very ______________.
5. Baron is always late. He never arrives ______________.
6. Don’t eat with your mouth open. It isn’t ____________.
7. Please don’t drive so __________! It isn’t ____________.
8. I don’t understand Spanish very___________. Can you say it
again ______________.
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Vocabulary
brown eyes mata coklat pug nose hidung pesek
oval face muka bulat slender langsing
curloy hair rambut ikal slim langsing, kurus
blond hair rambut pirang straight hair rambut lurus
black hair rambut hitam chubby montok, gempal
big beard janggut lebat mole tahi lalat
sideburns cambang bright eyes mata cerah
slender legs kaki bunting padi long nose hidung mancung
good muscles berotot bagus small mouth mulut mungil
dark skin kulit hitam
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ADVERB
• An adverb (adv.) tells you more about a verb
(v). It tells you how something is done.
Example :
The girl speak How?
The girl speaks softly.
Her mother sang How?
Her mother sang sweetly.
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Most adverbs are formed by ending ‘ly’ to an
adjective.
Example: slow - slowly
quick - quickly
easy - easily
sweet- sweetly
soft - softly
• some adjectives like fast, hard, late and low are
also used as adverbs without any changes in form.
Example: The teacher comes late. Jamal runs fast.
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SIMPLE PAST TENSE
The Simple Past Tense is used to describe an activity
that happened at a specific time in the past.
Time phrases used in the Simple Past Tense
• yesterday
• yesterday morning/ evening
• a few days ago
• last week/ Sunday/ month/ year
• when I was a child
• just now
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Affirmative Form of Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense of ‘be’ verbs
Singular Plural Example
Subject Subject
I We • She was sick yesterday
He you • They were in Surabaya last

Was were week
She • I was slim when I was young

It they
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Simple Past Tense of regular action verbs.
Base Action Verb + d, ed, Example

ied
smile + ed = smiled • He smiled at me
rain + ed = rained yesterday
play + ed = played • It rained heavily last
carry + ied = carried night
• They carried the heavy
boxes last Sunday
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Simple Past Tense of irregular action verbs.

Base Verb Irregular Example
Past
come came • She came to class early yesterday
have had • Amir had his dinner at the restaurant last
night.
do did • Johan did his homework before he went to
sleep last night.
go went • My father cut that tree down two days ago.
cut cut • The villagers caught the thieves who sotle
catch caught their cows.
eat ate • He ate all the cookies that his mother
put put baked.
• He put all his things in a box.
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The Negative Form of the Simple Past Tense

The negative ‘be’ verb is formed in the following
SUBJECT + BE NOT + expansion
manner.
Lenny + was not happy
The boys + were not naughty
The shortened form of the ‘be’ verb in the

Simple Past Tense is formed in the following
manner.
Negative Form Example: Shortened Form Example:
was not • The girl was not wasn’t • The girl wasn’t ugly
were not ugly weren’t • We weren’t bored
• We were not bored
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The shortened form of the ‘be’ verb in the

Simple Past Tense is formed in the following
Negative Example: Shortened Example:
manner.
Form Form
was not • The girl was wasn’t • The girl

were not not ugly weren’t wasn’t ugly
• We were not • We weren’t
bored bored
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NEGATIVE FORM
• The negative action verb is formed in the following manner.
• The shortened form of the action verb in the Simple Past Tense
is formed in the following manner.
Negative Form Shortened Form
did not didn’t
Example:
• He did not answer the •He didn’t answer the question
question • The children didn’t go to the
• The children did not go to the circus last Sunday
circus last Sunday
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SUBJECT + DID + NOT BASE VERB + expansion
They + did + not eat dinner last night

We + did + not have a test yesterday
The girl + did + not cut the cake
The cat + did + not jump over the fence
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The question Form of the Simple Past Tense
A question in the Simple Past Tense (‘be’ verb) is formed in the following
manner:
Affirmative
‘ BE’ + SUBJECT + expansion?
Example : were the children hungry this morning?
Study the sentences below to see how questions

in the affirmative (‘be’ verb) of the Simple Past
Tense are formed.
a) Eric was angry yesterday.
was Eric angry yesterday?
b) Amir and Ahmad were good friends when they were young.
Were Amir and Ahmad good friends when they were young?
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NEGATIVE & SHORTENED NEGATIVE

Negative
BE + SUBJECT + NOT + expansion?
Example: Were they not in class yesterday?
Shortened Negative:
WASN’T/WEREN’T + SUBJECT + expansion?
Example: Weren’t they in class yesterday?
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Study the sentences below to see how questions in

the negative and shortened negative (‘be’ verb) OF
THE Simple Past Tense are formed.
a). She was not sick last night.
was she not sick last night?
b). She wasn’t sick last night?
wasn’t she sick last night?

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A question in the simple Past Tense (action

verb) is formed in the following manner:
Affirmative:
DID + SUBJECT + BASE VERB +
expansion?
Did
Example: she go
there?
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• Study the sentence below to see how questions in the

Affirmative of the Simple Past Tense are formed.
a). Their parents scolded them last night.

Did their parents scold them last night?
b). He left early this morning.
Did he leave early this morning?
Negative:
DID + SUBJECT + NOT+ BASE VERB + expansion?
Example: Did the students not come
Scold – mengomeli, mencaci maki

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• Shortened Negative:
DIDN’T + SUBJECT + NOT + BASE VERB + expansion?
Example: Did the students not come today?
Study the sentences below to see how questions in the negative and
shortened negative of the Simple Past Tense are formed.
• She did not wash her shoes.
• Did she not wash her shoes?
• She didn’t was her shoes.
• Didn’t she wash her shoes?

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Task 8: Complete the conversation with correct form from the

verb.
Grace: (1) _________you sleep well last night?
Bram: (2) No, I (2)____________. I (3) ______________ excited
Grace: Oh? Why (4)____________ you excited?
Bram: I (5)____________thinking about the job interview I had yesterday
afternoon.
Grace: oh? (6)__________you go to an interview yesterday?
Bram: Yes, I (7)_______________
Grace; (8)_____________you nervous?
Bram: No, I (9) ____________the interviewer (10)___________very nice.
Grace: (11)____________you get the job?
Bram: I (12)___________ know yet. I’ll find out today or tomorrow.
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• Use the past tense to complete these

sentences:
1. Johnny’s dreams were (be) always the same.
He ________ (have) wings like a bird, He
________ (be) in the air all of the time he
______ (not be) on the ground a t all . He
_______ (not go) very high above the ground,
but he ________ (go) fast and far. He
________ (not eat) worms and berries.
He__________ (eat) hamburgers and French
fries. He always enjoyed those dreams.
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2. For a long time my dreams _________ (be)

frustrating. Sometimes I ________ (go) to the
post office in my college. I _______ (begin)
to turn the lock. I ___________ (not do) it
right. I could never open it! Other times, I
___________ (be) at public telephone. I
___________ (become) frustrated because I
___________ (not have) the correct number.
Have you ever had a dream like that?.
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3.My math teacher __________ (have) a funny

dream. Her dream _________ our English
class. She __________ (come) into the usual
room, but the students ___________ (not be)
usual students.
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The Past Continuous Tense

The Past Continuous Tense is used to show:
o an action that was going on over a period of time in the
past.
o more than one action that was going on at the same
time in the past.
o a past action which wash going on when something happened.
The phrases used in the Past Continuous Tense
• for one/two/several hours
• the whole afternoon/evening/day
• all morning/afternoon/evening/day
• from 2.00 p.m. To 4.00 p.m.
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AFFIRMATIVE form of the Past Continuous Tense
SUBJECT + ‘BE’ Past + BASE VERB + ING + expansion
My father + Was + Watch + Ing Television the whole of

last night
We + were + clean + ing The toilet for two hours
yesterday
Singular Plural
I
He We
She was working on a project You were working on a project
It They
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Note:
Singular subjects must be used with the singular form of ‘be’ (past) i.e.
was
Plural subject must be used with the plural form of ‘be’ (past) i.e. were
The Past Continuous tense is used to show:
a). An action that was going on over a period of time in the past.
Example: Leela was doing her home work for four hours
yesterday afternoon.
The children were playing in the school
playground all morning.
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Verbs usually NOT Used in Continuous Tense
VERB EXAMPLE
Possession:
belong 1. The ring belonged/belongs to my mother
have 2. Shasa had / has an umbrella
own 3. He owned / owns a car
possess 4. She possessed / possesses lot of jewelry
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• Verbs usually NOT Used in Continuous Tenses
VERB EXAMPLE
Mental activity:
 think 5. I think you are right
believe 6. I believe it is true.
know 7. I know / knew the answer.
mean 8. I meant / mean you, not him.
understand 9. I understand / understood your
recognize questions.
remember 10. he recognized / recognizes me.
11. He remembered / remembers the story.
 The continuous from can be used with some of these verbs but
the meaning might change.
40
The Negative From of the Past Continuous Tense
The negative of the Past Continuous Tense is

formed
SUBJECT in the
+ ‘BE’ Past + following
NOT + BASEmanner.
VERB + ING + Expansion
We + were + not + sit ing together at the party
She + was + not + talk ing to him
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• The shortened form of the Past Continuous

tense is formed in the following manner.
Negative Example Shortened Example :
Form Form
Was not  My son was not wasn’t  My son wasn’t

Were not eating well weren’t eating well.
 The boys were not  The boys weren’t
paying together. playing together.
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Study the following to see how the negative form of the

Past Continuous Tense is formed.
 They were missing from work last night (affirmative).

They were not missing from work last night. (negative).
They weren’t missing from work last night. (shortened negative).
 I was waiting a letter when she called (affirmative).

I was not waiting a letter when she called. (negative).
I wasn’t waiting a letter when she called. (shortened negative).
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A question in the Past Continuous Tense is form

in the following manner:
Affirmative
‘Be’ + Subject + Base Verb + ing + expansion?
Example: was Amir doing his work the whole of

last night?
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Study the sentence below to see how questions in the Past

Continuous Tense are formed.
a) He was talking to her for one hour.
Was he talking to her for one hour?
b). The old woman were buying some cakes for their grand
children.
Were the old woman buying some cakes for their grand
children?
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Negative:
‘BE’ + SUBJECT + NOT + VERB + ING + expansion?
Example: Was Amir Not doing his work the whole of
last night?
Shortened Negative:
WASN’T/WEREN’T + SUBJECT + VERB + ING + expansion?
Example:
Wasn’t George doing his work the whole of last night?
 She was not studying last weekend
 Was She not studying last weekend?
 She wasn’t studying last weekend
 Wasn’t she studying last weekend?
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Use the past tense to complete these sentences
1. Johnny’s dreams were (be) always the same. He ________ (have)
wings like a bird, He ________ (be) in the air all of the time he
______ (not be) on the ground a t all . He _______ (not go) very
high above the ground, but he ________ (go) fast and far. He
________ (not eat) worms and berries.
He__________ (eat) hamburgers and French fries. He always
enjoyed those dreams.
2. For a long time my dreams _________ (be) frustrating. Sometimes I
________ (go) to the post office in my college. I _______ (begin) to
turn the lock. I ___________ (not do) it right. I could never open it!
Other times, I ___________ (be) at public telephone. I ___________
(become) frustrated because I ___________ (not have) the correct
number. Have you ever had a dream like that?.
3.My math teacher __________ (have) a funny dream. Her dream
_________ our English class. She __________ (come) into the usual
room, but the students ___________
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(not be) usual students.
Task No. 9 Complete the dialogue below using the verbs in brackets (
The Past Continuous Tense : AFFIRMATIVE and INTERROGATIVE).
Albert : I saw the man out side No. 64 again last night.
Bram: You mean the one with the scar? What 1____________ he
________ (do) ?
Albert: I don’t know. He had a newspaper but he 2 __________
(not/read) it when I walked past.
Bram: 3 _____________he__________ (wear) dark glasses again?
Albert: Yes, and he 4 ___________ (carry) a bag. There were two
younger men with him.
Bram: What 5 ____________ they ___________ (do) ?
Albert: They 6 ___________ (stand) in front of a big blue car. The
bonnet was up but they 7 ___________ (not/ repair) the engine.
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Bram; how do you know?
Albert: Well, they 8 ___________ (not/hold) any tools and their hands weren’t
dirty.
Bram: 9 ___________ the man with the scar ________ (talk) to them?
Albert: No. He 10 ______________ (just / watch) them.
Bram: it sound very suspicious.
--------------------
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The Past Continuous Tense

The Past Continuous Tense is used to show:
 An action that was going on over a period of
time in the past.
 More than one action that was going on at
the same time in the past.
 A past action which wash going on when
something happened.
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The phrases used in the Past Continuous Tense
for one/two/several hours

the whole afternoon/evening/day
all morning/afternoon/evening/day
from 2.00 p.m. To 4.00 p.m.
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Affirmative form of the Past Continuous Tense
SUBJECT + ‘BE’ BASE + ING + expansion

Past VERB
My + Was Watch + Ing Television the

father + were clean + ing whole of last night
We The toilet for two
hours yesterday
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Singular Plural
I We
He You were working on a project
She was working on a They
project
It
53
Note:
Singular subjects must be used with the
singular form of ‘be’ (past) i.e. was
Plural subject must be used with the plural
form of ‘be’ (past) i.e. were
The Past Continuous tense is used to show:
a). An action that was going on over a
period of time in the past.
54
Example:
• Petricia was doing her home work for four
hours yesterday afternoon.
• The children were playing in the school
playground all morning.
b). More then one action that was going on at
the same time in the past.
We used joining words while, As at the
beginning or within the sentence.
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PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Example:
Last Sunday while Marisa was flying some
vegetables, her mother was baking a cake.
My sister was sleeping while my parents were
watching television and my brother was playing
with his friends.
As I was doing my home work, my roommate was
singing a love song.
Karim was playing video games as the children ware
having fun with their toys.
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PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
A past action which was going on when something

happened. Then , the Simple Past Tense must be used
for the specific activity.
Example:
 As the old man was crossing the road, he
slipped fell into a hole.
 Yesterday when I was cooking in the kitchen, I heard
a strange noise.
 Their parents arrived just as they were leaving the
house this morning.
 While I was walking to the library last weekend, I
saw an accident.
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VERB EXAMPLE
be 1. He was / is sad.
Senses: 2. I heard / hear some noise
hear taste 3. The soup tasted / taste delicious.
smell 4. It smells bas.
see 5. I see / saw a cat.
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VERB EXAMPLE
Attitude: 6. He appeared/ appears to be old.
appear 7. We appreciated / appreciate your
appreciate concern
dislike 8. I disliked / dislike durians.
hate 9. She hated/ hates me.
like 10. Mary liked /likes children.
love 11.He loved / loves her.
look 12.Mother looked / looks sad.
need 13.The plant needed / needs water.
prefer 14.The customer preferred / prefers coffee.
seem 15.The teacher seemed / seems angry.
want 16.I wanted / wants an explanation
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VERB EXAMPLE
Possession: 17. The ring belonged/belongs to my
belong mother
have 18. Shinta had / has an umbrella
own 19. He owned / owns a car
possess 20. She possessed / possesses lot of
Mental activity: jewellery
think 21. I think you are right
believe 22. I believe it is true.
Know 23. I know / knew the answer.
mean 24. I meant / mean you, not him.
understand 25. I understand / understood your
recognize questions.
Remember 26. he recognized / recognizes me.
27. He remembered / remembers the
story.
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The continuous from can be used with some of

these verbs but the meaning might change.
The Negative From of the Past Continuous Tense

The negative of the Past Continuous Tense is formed
in the following manner.
SUBJECT + ‘BE’ PAST + NOT + BASE VERB + ING +
Expansion
We + were + not + sit ing
together at the party.
She + was + not + talk ing to
him
61
The shortened form of the Past Continuous tense is formed in

the following manner.
Negative Example Shortened Example :
Form Form
Was not  My son was not wasn’t  My son wasn’t

Were not eating well weren’t eating well.
 The boys were  The boys
not paying weren’t
together. playing together.
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Past Continuous Tense is formed
Study the following to see how the negative form of the
Past Continuous Tense is formed.
a. They were missing from work last night
(affirmative).
They were not missing from work last night.
(negative).
They weren’t missing from work last night.
(shortened negative).
b. I was waiting a letter when she called
(affirmative).
I was not waiting a letter when she called.
(negative).
I wasn’t waiting a letter when she called.
(shortened negative).
63
The question form of the Past Continuous

Tense
A question in the Past Continuous Tense is
form in the following manner:
Affirmative
‘Be’ + Subject + Base Verb + ing
+ expansion?
Example: was Amir

doing his work the whole of last night?
64
Questions in the Past Continuous Tense
Study the sentence below to see how questions in the
Past Continuous Tense are formed.
a) He was talking to her for one hour.

Was he talking to her for one hour?
b). The old woman were buying some cakes for their
grand children.
c). Were the old woman buying some cakes for their
grand children?
65
MODALS
(Kata Kerja Bantu)
Modals are parts of Auxilliary verbs.

Pure Modals
66
Modal auxiliary verbs
Modals auxiliary verbs are a very complex area of
English grammar, so in this quick guide we will not
be able to go into much detail, but we will at least
get an overall idea of what their function is in a
sentence. In an earlier section of this guide we
looked at how the verb phrase can be broken down
into its constituent parts and we noted that one of
these parts was called a modal auxiliary verb. Just
to remind you of the previous examples, a section
of the chart has been reproduced below:
67
68
Examples of modal auxiliary verbs

Before we look at some of the possible
meanings of modal auxiliary verbs we need to
have some idea of what constitutes a modal in
English and where they occur in a sentence. A
few more examples should enable us to
answer the second of these points fairly
quickly and easily - the modals are in bold:
69
• He should be here by now.

• I could swim quite well when I was younger.
• You mustn't blame yourself for this.
• You might have discussed it with me first.
• You can't be serious!
• Could you open the window please?
• Must you make so much noise?
• She had to take her brother along with her.
• We ought to be going.
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• It should be clear from these examples that the
modal verb occupies the first position in verb
phrase, coming before any other auxiliary verb
(like have or be) and the main lexical verb.
• In questions the modal verb is simply inverted
with the subject of the sentence as in examples 6
and 7 and it also carries the negative particle not
(3rd and 5th examples).
• The subject of the sentence has no effect on the
form of the modal since almost in all cases they
do not change at all.
71
So, a modal verb is quite simple as far as its
form and position in various types of sentence
are concerned; but what exactly are the modal
verbs in English? The chart below lists the
main modal auxiliaries that you are likely to
meet and divides them into two categories
pure modals and semi-modals, although in
most cases the distinction is merely formal
and their meanings are not affected by this
division.
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73
*** need is a special verb since as an auxiliary it

is almost always negative and it is also a lexical
verb as in sentences like he needs to speak to
you now, while it acts as a modal verb in
sentences such as you needn't come to work
tomorrow where it has the same meaning as
don't have to.
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• The forms of pure modals
• The main characteristics of the pure modals
are:
• they never change their form irrespective of
the subject of the sentence
e.g. he can swim, not *he cans swim
• following on from the above feature, they do
not change to show past tense
e.g. she had to leave not *she musted leave
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• they all carry the negative of the sentence by
the addition of not/n't
e.g. I can't remember not *I don't can
remember
• they all form questions by inversion with the
subject of the sentence.
e.g. should I stay?
• they are all followed by the base form of the
verb without the addition of to
e.g. he can swim not *he can to swim
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• The forms of semi-modals
• You will notice that this type of modal is made
up of two or more separate words, the last
one invariably being to. They are all modal in
meaning but not in form as they behave
differently in a sentence from the pure
modals. It is perhaps best to think of the semi-
modals in the form with the to infinitive that is
given in the table rather than thinking of them
as modals that need to + base form. We need
to look at the form of each individual semi-
modal separately. 77
Be able to
We use this semi-modal to express possibility or
the ability to do something, but unlike the pure
modals, be able to has a full range of tenses and
also needs to inflect to show agreement with its
subject. For example:
He is able to offer you the best price possible.
We were able to get in to see the film.
They haven't been able to find the missing
document.
So, you aren't able to help. 78
Notice that the negative is carried either by the
be element or the auxiliary verb that is closest
to the subject of the sentence. It can also be
accompanied by any of the pure modals:
• I will be able to see you after lunch.
• They might not be able to put us up for the
night.
79
• Has/have (got) to
• This is used to express necessity or obligation
to do something and shares some of the
features of be able to discussed above. The
have element of the form has to change to
agree with its subject. Although it is normally
used in the present tense, it also has its own
past (had to) and can be used with pure
modals to show the future or the attitude of
the speaker:
80
• They have to be more punctual.
• He has to take responsibility for the accident.
• I had to help my father repair his car.
• We will have to put this off until tomorrow.
• You shouldn't have to suffer in silence.
• You don't have to come if you don't want to.
• He didn't have to do all the shopping.
From these few examples it should be clear that the
negative not again attaches itself to the auxiliary
verb (modal or main) that comes immediately after
the subject of the sentence. 81
• Ought to
• It is usually claimed that the meaning of ought
to is the same as should whether it refers to
giving advice or making a logical deduction.
So, to most native speakers the following
sentences with ought to and should feel the
same:
• You ought to see a doctor.
• You should see a doctor.
• They ought to have got back home by now.
• They should have got back home by now. 82
In practice, most speakers tend to prefer should
for negatives and questions because the ought
to and oughtn't ... to forms can sound rather
clumsy and awkward.
• Ought you to be doing that?
• They oughtn't to (ought not to) do that.
• Oughtn't we to leave now?
83
Meanings of modal verbs
The main function of modal verbs is to allow the
speaker or writer to express their opinion of, or their
attitude to, a proposition. These attitudes can cover a
wide range of possibilities including obligation, asking
for and giving permission, disapproval, advising,
logical deduction, ability, possibility, necessity,
absence of necessity and so on. The problem with
each modal verb is that it can have more that one
meaning and the interpretation of a particular modal
will depend heavily on the context in which it is being
used. The following examples should help to illustrate
this point. 84
• It might take more than a week. (possibility)
• You might have told me about it! (showing
disapproval)
• He must take his medicine three times a day.
(obligation)
• He must be French. (logical deduction)
• I can't lift that suitcase by myself. (ability)
• That can't be the right answer. (logical deduction)
• May I look at the questions now? (asking for
permission)
• They say it may snow tomorrow. (possibility)
85
You probably also noticed from the examples
that notions like permission and possibility can
be expressed using different modal verbs - this,
of course, only serves to complicate matters
further since one modal verb can have more
that one meaning, and one meaning can be
expressed by more than one modal verb. In the
space that we have available here it would be
impossible to cover all the meanings of each of
the modals, so as examples we will look at some
of the ways that obligation and logical deduction
can be expressed. 86
Obligation
The two main modals here are must and have to. The
difference between them is usually given as follows:
must is used to express an internal obligation that is
imposed by the speaker, while have to refers to rules
and regulations that are imposed from outside the
speaker. Again, as with many points of grammar this is
only intended as a rough guide.
To express a lack of obligation we cannot just
automatically add not to the modal verbs without
thinking more carefully about it first. How do you feel
about the following sentences for instance?
•He must sing loudly.
•He mustn't sing loudly. 87
In the first sentence you would probably agree that this
is obligation originating from, say, a teacher or
someone with authority. The second sentence,
however, does not express a lack of obligation but a
prohibition to do something. The form that we use to
express a lack of obligation could be one of the
following:
• He doesn't have to get up early.
• He doesn't need to get up early.
• This lack of balance in the use of modals can cause
many problems for people who are learning English
since it is quite illogical.
88
Logical deduction
This is another area of modal use that is fraught with
difficulties for reasons similar to those just discussed
above. Look at the following sentences:
The telephone rings:
• That'll be Frank.
• That must be Frank.
• That should be Frank.
• That could be Frank.
• That might be Frank.
• That may be Frank.
89
The modal verbs used here have been listed in
what many consider to be the order of
likelihood of something being true. You may or
may not agree with this listing, but it gives you
some idea of some of the choices available for
drawing logical conclusions from situations. If
we look at the negatives of these sentences,
however, you can see just how much more
complex it can become:
90
• That won't be Frank.
• * That mustn't be Frank.
(To use musn't in this way as logical deduction
is incorrect; we use can't instead.)
• That shouldn't be Frank.
• That couldn't be Frank.
• That mightn't be Frank.
91
Many of these sentences now denote
completely different attitudes to the situation
and you may even agree that some of them are
either not English or are only marginally
acceptable. The sentence which has probably
moved furthest from its original intention is the
second one (mustn't) which sounds very odd. In
fact, the negative of must when we talking
about deduction is can't - one more example of
how complicated and counter-intuitive the
system of English modals can be.
92
Past time with modals
We noted earlier that the pure modals do not change
to show tense. Most of these modals do in fact have
either present or future reference, but sometimes we
need to refer back to the past. With the semi-modals
there is little problem, but how can we do this for pure
modal verbs? You may have picked up from some of
the previous examples that one way to do this is to
insert have immediately after the pure modal. But this
is not always the case since can has its own past tense
could when it refers to general ability. Some examples
should help:
93
• I can speak German.
• I could speak German when I was seven years
old.
• You should see this film.
• You should have seen this film.
• Indonesia must be hot.
• Indonesia must have been hot.
• He could find his wallet.
• He could have found his wallet.
94
• Notice that in the third pair of sentences the

meaning of must is logical deduction not
obligation. If we want to use must for
obligation then the past tense is had to.
• She must visit her mother.
• She had to visit her mother.
95
Infinitive Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle

To be am-are-is was-were been
To have have-has had had
To do do did done
To be able to can could been able to
Am, are, is able was, were been able to
to able to
Tobe allowed to may might ............

To be obliged to must had to had to
96
Infinitive Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle

need need didn’t need to needed
....... needn’t have ............
to
ought ought to ought to ............
dare-dares dared dared
dare ........ didn’t dare to ............
used ........ Used to ............
will will would ............

shall shall should ............
97
Pure Modals is always follows by Infinitive

without ‘to’
Example:
I will come to your party tonight
Saya akan datang kepestamu nanti malam
He could be right
Dia mungkin benar
98
Periphrastic modals (semi modals) are as

follows:
• Have to
• Ought to
• Used to
• Be able to
• Be about to
• Be to
• Be supposed to
• Be allowed to
99
Periphrastic modals has the same function as

pure modals, but most of them Periphrastic
modals is reputed as a verb.
Example:
CAN (dapat, bisa) dapat digunakan untuk

menyatakan:
a. Kemampuan atau kemahiran seseorang.
Example:
He can lift the big box
Dia dapat mengangkat kotak besar itu.
100
b. Declare permission (Menyatakan ijin)

Example:
You can go home now
Kamu dapat pulang sekarang
c. Declare possibility (Menyatakan kemungkinan).

Example:
She can be a doctor
Ia bisa menjadi seorang dokter
101
CAPABILITIES
1. Can expresses capability in the present or future
• I can swim free style well
• I can’t either speak Japanese or Chinese.
• it could run to 110 kilometers before.
• I couldn’t swim when I was young.
2. Be able to is also used to express capability, but can
is more usual. Be able to is more commonly used in
combination with other auxiliaries.
• I’m able to take short short hand
• We will be able to have it done for you.
102
3. Was able to is used when someone managed to do
something in one particular situation.
• I was able to swim across the swimming pool
yesterday.
• He was able to fix his motorcycle by himself when
the engine failure on his way home.
103
2. COULD (dapat, bisa)

COULD is the past form of CAN. Generaly used
to declatre:
a. Ability in te past.
Example:
He could play volley ball when he was young
Dia dapat bermain bola volley ketika dia muda.
b. Request or permission by more formal and

polite than using can or may.
.
104
Example:
Could you help me for a moment?
Dapatkah kamu membantuku sebentar?
c. Pilihan dari kemungkinan yang ada tetapi

belum diputuskan.
Example:
You could see him in his house or in his office.
Kamu bisa menemuinya di rumahnya atau
kantornya.
105
B. LESSON 2: GRAMMAR AND WRITING
MAY (boleh)
MAY can be used to declare:
 Request and permission (Permintaan dan ijin)
Example:
May I go with her to the movie?
Bolehkah saya pergi dengannya ke bioskop?
 A possibility (Suatu kemungkina)

Example:
I may stay here for a while
Saya mungkin tinggal disini sebentar
106
B. LESSON 2: GRAMMAR AND WRITING
• Permission denial to do a certain thing if used in

negative sentence.
Example:
The student may not smoke in the class.
Para siswa tidak diijinkan merokok di dalam kelas.
 Prayer request for somebody.
Example:
May God bless you.
Semoga Tuhan memberkatimu.
107
MIGHT (boleh, mungkin) is the past form of

MAY. Generaly used to declare:
 Indirect speech.
Example:
She said that I might use her car.
Dia berkata bahwa saya boleh memakai
mobilnya.
108
 Possibility feebler is compared may

(Kemungkinan yang lebih lemah dibandingkan
may)
Example:
She might come tomorrow.
Dia mungkin datang besok
 Permission softer than may (Ijin yang lebih halus

dari may)
Example:
Might I know your name?
Bolekah saya mengetahui nama anda?
109
• MUST (harus, tentu) used

to declare:
• a certain duty and necessity.
Example:
I must do my homework.
Saya harus mengerjakan pekerjaan rumahku.
 A strong possibility (Suatu kemungkinan yang kuat).
Example:
He must have missed the train.
Dia pasti telah ketinggalan kereta.
 A prohibition if used in the form of negative
sentence.
 Example:
You mustn’t do that.
Kamu jangan mengerjakan itu.
110
WILL (akan) used to declare :

• a. Activity that will happen.
Example:
I will go to Jakarta tomorrow.
Saya akan pergi ke Jakarta besok.
b. The will (Kemauan).
Example:
I will help you.
Saya akan membantu kamu
111
c. Eternal truth (Kebenaran abadi)

Example:
Stone will sink in the water
Batu akan tenggelam didalam air
d. Request softly and polite, if augmenting please.
Example:
Will you come in please?
Maukah anda masuk?
e. Promise or determination that be done (Janji atau
tekad yang akan dilakukan).
Example:
I Will ask her when I see her.
Saya akan menanyainya saat saya bertemu dengannya.
112
WOULD (akan) is the past form of will. in general used
to declare:
Request or softly command compared by using will,
if augmenting with word ‘please’, and more regular
is used than will.
Example:
Would you open the window, please?
Maukah kamu membuka jendela itu?
Habit that done in the past.

Example:
When she was young, her mother would tell her stories.
Ketika dia muda, ibunya suka berceritera tentang kisahnya.
113
Karateristik seseorang atau sesuatu yang telah

diduga sebelumnya.
Example:
He would be about 80 when he died.

Dia mungkin berusia 80 tahun ketika dia meninggal
114
WOULD
Below are several uses of ‘would’:
a. When we imagine a situation or action.
Example:
• It would be nice to buy a new cellphone,
but I can’t afford it.
• I would like to live by the sea.
• They helped us a lot. I don’t know what we
would have done without their help.
115
b. Sometimes, ‘would/ wouldn’t’ is the past pf
‘will/ won’t’.
Example:
• Merry: I’ll phone you on Sunday.”
Merry said that she would phone me on
Sunday.
• Felix: “I promise I won’t be late.”
Felix promised that he wouldn’t be late.
116
c. When somebody wouldn’t do something
(he/she refuses to listen).
Example:
• I tried to worn him, but he wouldn’t listen to
me. ( he refuse to listen)
• the car wouldn’t start( it refuses to start)
117
d. When you talk about thing that happened
regularly in the past, in this case would be
similar with ‘used to’.
Example:
• Whenever Johan is angry, he would walk out
of the room.
• When we were children, we lived by the sea.
In the summer, if the weather was fine, we
would get up early and go for a swim.
118
e. Offering something/ inviting someone/ asking
for something.
Example:
• Would you like a cup of coffee?
• Would you like to come to dinner this
evening?
• (at a shop) I’d like you to try on this jacket,
please.
119
• SHALL (akan, boleh, harus) is generaly used for

subject I and We, but Will is often used by all
subject. This form is often used to declare:
a. Condition or activity that will happen or done.
Example:
We shall come here next week.
We will come here next week.
Kami akan datang kesini minggu depan.
120
 Strong determination or heart consistence. (Tekad yang kuat
atau ketetapan hati).
Example:
I shall do as he says.
Saya harus mengerjakan seperti yang dia katakana.
 Advice request, sanctions, and offered aid or service
(Permintaan nasehat atau persetujuan atau menawarkan
bantuan atau jasa).
Example:
I shall do as he says.
Saya harus mengerjakan seperti yang dia katakan.
 Obligation (Kewajiban).
Example:
You should pay your tax every year.
Kamu harus membayar pajakmu setiap tahun..
121
SHOULD (akan, boleh, harus) is the past form of Shall. Pada
umumnya digunakan untuk menyatakan:
a. Perintah yang tidak terlaksana.
Example:
You should have received my letter.
Kamu seharusnya telah menerima surat saya.
b. Anjuran atau nasehat.

Example:
We should take a rest.
Kita seharusnya beristirahat.
122
c. Possibilities that did not happen.
Example:
They should be at home now.
Mereka seharusnya ada dirumah sekarang
 Obligation (Kewajiban)
Example:
We should obey our perents.
Kita seharusnya mematuhi orang tua kita.
 Obligate (keharusan)
Any student oblige to obey school rules.
Every citizen oblige to pay tax
 To be (harus)
We are to thank our God
Woman is to be faithful to her husband
123
124
USED TO
There are two construction of ‘used to’ which have different
meaning. Study the explanation below.
• Used to + V1
This construction is used to talk about something that
happened regularly in the past, but no longer happens.
Example:
• I used to play football a lot, but don’t play very often now.
• Grace used to be very thin when he was a child.
• We used to live in Solo, but now we live in Jakarta.
To form a negative sentence we use ‘didn’t use to’ or ‘used to not’
Example :
I didn’t use to like him
I used to not like him
125
The pattern question is did (you) use to…..?

Example :
• Did you use to eat a lot of candies when you were a child?
• Did you used to be a guitar player in a band?
be/ get used to + V-ing
This construction is used to talk about something that is not new or
strange for somebody.
Example:
• James is used to living far from his parents.
• Denny isn’t used to getting up early
• Bruce is used to riding a bicycle to go to school.
Note:
When we say ‘I’m used to something’. To is a preposition and not part
of infinitive. That why we should say ‘Bruce is used to living far from
his parents’ instead of ‘Bruce is used to live far from his parents’.
126
USED TO (kata kerja bantu)

USED TO (auxiliary verb) is used to express a habit in the past,
but now no longer worked.
Example:
She used to play tennis when she was young.
Dia dahulu bermain tennis ketika dia muda.
Or it can also be used to declare an act that has been repeated

in the past.
I used to sleep after lunch

Saya dahulu biasa tidur setelah makan siang.
127
BE USED TO used to practice in the present.

I’m used to getting up early.
Saya biasa bangun pagi-pagi
I’m used to noice

Saya biasa dengan kebisingan
He is used to come late

Dia biasa datang terlambat
128
HAVE TO is another form or replacement of Must, but not

included in the auxiliary verb.
Example:
• I must - I have to
• You must - you have to
• He must - He has to
• She must - She has to
• It must - It has to
• We must - We have to
• They must - They have to
Example:
• I must go to the museum today.
• I have to go to the museum today.
Saya harus pergi ke museum129hari ini.
Have to + Infinitive
Translation: HARUS (karena tuntutan keadaan).

Example:
• I have to go now because it is getting dark.
Saya harus pergi sekarang karena sudah mulai gelap.
• She has to wear glasses because she is very short-sighted.

Dia harus memakai kaca mata karena sangat rabun dekat.
• I didn’t want to stop but I had to (stop) as I needed petrol.

Saya tidak mau berhenti tetapi saya harus berhenti karena
saya membutuhkan bensin.
130
Note:
Got used to have to be added to have got to
do / did could well have added to the Negative and
Interrogative.
In the British Classic, Negative & Interrogative with do /

did, which is used to having a habit (kebiasaan).
Meanwhile, Negative and Interrogative with have got to

used to having a rather ordinary (keharusan).
The American Classic, Negative & Interrogative of all types

must use do / did.
131
British English American English
NEGATIVE / NEGATIVE /
INTERROGATIV INTERROGATIV
E E
No habit Have not got to Do not have to

Has not got to Does not have to
Had not got to Did not have to
Habit Do not have to Do not have to

Does not have to Does not have to
Did not have to Did not have to
132
British English American English
1. Have you got to do it? 1. Do you have to do it?
Haruskah engkau membuat itu? Haruskah engkau membuat itu?
2.Do you have to do it? 2.Do you have to do it?
Bisakah engkau harus membuat Bisakah engkau harus membuat
itu? itu?
3. Have you got to work next 3.Do you have to work on
Saturday? Saturdays?
Bisakah engkau harus bekerja Bisakah engkau harus bekerja
pada hari Sabtu? pada hari Sabtu?
4.He hasn’t got to go there 4. He doesn’t have to go there
Dia tidak usah pergi kesana Dia tak usah pergi kesan a
5. She doesn’t have to leave alone at 5. She doesn’t have to leave alone at
night night
Biasanya dia tidak usah berangkat Biasanya dia tidak usah berangkat
sendirian dimalam hari sendirian dimalam hari
133
Ought to (should, ought, should) is the word of the

Should the equation used to express:
a. The requirement that occurred in the past.
Example:
– We should think before we speak.
– We ought to think before we speak.
Kita seharusnya berpikir sebelum kita bicara.
b. Soft
commands, more likely as a suggestion.
Example:
– You shouldn’t behave like that.
– You ought to behave like that.
Kamu seharusnya tidak bertingkah laku seperti itu.
134
Dare (auxiliary verb, bold) are generally used in

negative sentences and interrogative sentences.
Example:
• Dare you smoke in class?
• Apakah kamu berani merokok didalam kelas?
• Would you dare to fight a daredevil?
• Beranikah anda melawan serang pemberani?
• How dare you do such a thing?
• Bagaimana kau berani melakukan hal semacam
itu?
135
Need (auxiliary verb) is generally used in negative

sentences and interrogative sentence.
Example:
• Need she go?
Perlukah dia pergi?
• I needn’t do it again?
Saya tidak perlu mengerjakannya lagi.
• He needn’t come at present.
Dia tak perlu datang sekarang.
136
• Need this form in addition to used as an

auxiliary verb, can also be used as an
infinitive. When used as an infinitive, in the
form of negative sentences or sentence Q,
then the user need to be accompanied with
do or does.
Example:
• They don’t need much money.
• Mereka tidak memerlukan banyak uang.
137
• Note:
To determine the sense of wonder to a
statement put forward the approval of an
affirmative statement expressed by the following
structure:
S + subject + auxiliary
• Translation: Oh, begitu? = Oh, ya?
• Memang begitu? = memang demikian?
Example:
• Your glass is empty. So, it is. - oh, ya?
• She is very pretty. So she is. - oh, ya?
138
To emphasize the clear statement of what was raised

the affirmative approval of the statement expressed
by using the following structures:
a. Of course + subject + auxiliary = Tentu

b. n deed + subject + auxiliary = Benar
c. Certainly+ subject + auxiliary = Pasti
d. Surely+ subject + auxiliary = Memang
e. Undoubtedly+ subject + auxiliary = Tak ragu lagi
f. You can see+ subject + auxiliary = Kaulihat sendiri
g. It’s quite clear + subject + auxiliary= Jelas sekali
139
Example:
• They say we shall win. Of course we shall
Mereka katakan kita akan menang. Pasti kita
akan menang.
• Would you give me your signature, Madam?
Surely, I will
Sudikah nyonya memberikan tanda tangan
nyonya? Memang saya mau.
140
To reject prejudice expressed in both the statements in the

affirmative and negative statements, then use the following
structure:
But + subject + auxiliary = Tetapi………….
• Why didn’t you write to me? But I did.

Mengapa engkau tidak menulis kepada saya?
Tetapi saya menyurati.
• You have stolen it. But I haven’t.
Engkau telah mencurinya. Tetapi saya tidak
mencurinya.
141
Auxiliaries Used Present/ Future Past
May 1.Polite request •May I borrow your He may have been

2.Formal permission book? in the library
3.Less than 50% certainly •You may leave the room
•Where is John?
•He may be at library
might 1.Polite request (are) •Might I borrow your He might have

2.Less than 50% certainly pen? been in the library
•Where is John?
•He may be at library
can 1.Informal permission •Can I borrow your pen?

2.Informal polite request •You can use my car
tomorrow.
could 1.Polite request •Could you help me?

2.Giving permission •You could have an
appointment tomorrow
142
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE (Kalimat Tanya)

Auxiliaries used for interrogative sentence are
as follows:
Present Tense Past Tenese
am, are, is was, were
can could
may might
must should
shall should
will would
has/ have had
143
• Auxiliary Do / Does and Did is only used for

an interrogative sentence when no any of
other auxiliaries:
• ( am, are, is, can, may, must. shall, will, need,

dare / was, were, could, might, should,
needed, dared)
Present Tense Past Tense
Do / does did
144
Auxiliary
note :
Auxiliary to do is only used in Interrogative
sentence , and in negative sentence; it’s used
for Simple Present and Past Tense which has
only main verb.
V1 V2 V3
Do / does did done
145
Example:
• He can speak English. Ia dapat berbicara
Bahasa Inggris.
• Can he speak English? Dapatkah ia berbicara
bahasa Inggris ?
• Yes, he can. Ya. Dia bisa
• Rina goes to school now. Rina pergi ke sekolah
sekarang
• Does Rina go to school now? Apakah Rina
pergi ke sekolah sekarang?
146
• Yes, She does. Ya

• Your father took your mother to the doctor.
Ayahmu mengantar ibumu ke dokter.
• Did your father take your mother to the
doctor? Apakah ayahmu mengantar ibumu ke
dokter?
• Yes, he did. Ya
147
If a positive sentence uses 'to have', then asked

to form sentences are to put to have at the
beginning of the sentence.
Contoh:
• Have you a travel bag? Apakah anda
mempunyai tas untuk bepergian?
• Yes, I have. Ya, saya punya
• Has she some ink? Apakah dia mempunyai
tinta?
• Yes, she has. Ya, dia punya
148
Untuk membentuk sebuah kalimat tanya,

apabila yang digunakan adalah salah satu kata
kerja bantu (Auxiliary) berikut ini:
Present Tense Past Tnese
am, are, is was, were
can could
may might
must should
shall should
will would
has/ have had
149
• maka kata kerja bantu (Auxiliary) tersebut harus ditempatkan di
depan subject. Apabila tidak menggunakan salah satu dari kata-
kata bantu diatas, maka harus menggunakan:
Present Tense Past Tnese

Do / does did
Catatan:
• Auxiliary to do hanya digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat Tanya
(Interrogative sentence) dan bentuk kalimat menyangkal (negative
sentence); digunakan untuk Simple Present dan Past Tense yang
memiliki kata kerja utama saja (main verb).
V1 V2 V3
Do/does did done
150
Example:
• He can speak English. Ia dapat berbicara Bahasa Inggris.
• Can he speak English? Dapatkah ia berbicara bahasa Inggris ?
• Yes, he can. Ya. Dia bisa
• Rina goes to school now. Rina pergi ke sekolah sekarang
• Does Rina go to school now? Apakah Rina pergi ke sekolah
sekarang?
• Yes, She does. Ya
• Your father took your mother to the doctor. Ayahmu mengantar
ibumu ke dokter.
• Did your father take your mother to the doctor? Apakah
ayahmu mengantar ibumu ke dokter?
• Yes, he did. Ya
151
If a positive sentence uses 'to have', then in the
form interrogative sentence, ‘have' must be
placed at the beginning of the sentence.
Example:
• Have you a travel bag? Apakah anda
mempunyai sebuah tas untuk bepergian?
• Yes, I have. Ya, saya punya
• Has she some ink? Apakah dia mempunyai
sedikit tinta?
• Yes, she has. Ya, dia punya.
152
If a positive sentence using 'have to', then the
interrogative sentence must use the 'do‘ or 'does‘ or
'did' and put it at the beginning of the sentence.
Example:
• Do I have to go now?
• Apakah saya harus pergi sekarang?
• Yes, you have to.
• Ya, anda harus pergi sekarang.
• Does she have to come right now?
• Apakah dia harus datang sekarang juga?
• Yes, she has to.
• Ya,dia harus kesini sekarang.
153
See examples of interrogative sentence is
preceded by the words of auxiliary verbs and
the following question words:
Beginning with auxiliary verbs:
• Do you like apple?
• Is your father at home?
• Can they come to our party?

154
Beginning with question words:
• When will you visit us?
• What do you know about it?
• Why are you coming late?
• Which boy is your brother?
• Where did you spend your holiday?
• How many times
• How often 155
Beginning as subjects:
• Who can help me to do it?
• What makes the child cry?
• Who give you this present?
Beginning as object:
• Whom do you want to accompany her to go?
Beginning as possessive:
• Whose bag is on the table?
156
QUESTION WORDS (Kata-kata Penaya)
WHO - (siapa).
Who used to ask about a person or more as
subjects.
Example:
• Who comes to visit Marry?
• Charles came to visit Marry.
• Who wants to go with me to the shop?

• Salmah wants to go with you to the shop.
• Who can answer that question?

• Jane and Peter can answer
157
that question.
Whom (siapa).
Whom used to ask about objects.
Example:
• Whom are you going to pick to the airport
tomorrow morning?
• Roy hendak menjemput pamannya ke
bandara besok pagi.
• Roy is going to pick up his uncle to the airport
tomorrow morning.
• Whom did you pass the message to?
• I passed the message to my teacher.
158
• WHOSE - (siapa)
Whose used to ask about possession.
Example:
• Whose baby is crying?
• Jane’s baby is crying.
• Whose bag are you carring?

• I’m carring my mother’s bag.
159
WHICH - (yang mana).

Which used to select something from two or
more to the subject or object.
• Which country should I visit, India or Nepal?
You should visit India.
• Which countries did she visit on her trip?
She visited Germany, France and Italy.
160
WHAT (apa).
What used to ask the object or animal.
Example:
• What animal is that?
• Binatang apa itu?
• What do you buy?

• Apa yang engkau beli?
161
WHERE - (dimana, kemana.)

Where used to ask about place.
Example:
• Where are you going now?
Kemana kamu sedang pergi sekarang?
• Where is the famous restaurant located?

Dimana resetoran terkenal itu berada?
162
WHEN – (kapan).
When used to ask about time.
Example:
• When are you going to Bali?
Kapan anda ke Bali?
• When will they arrive?

Kapan mereka tiba?
163
WHY - (mengapa),
Why used to ask about reasons or causes.
Example:
• Why is he going to Paris?
Mengapa dia pergi ke Paris?
• Why did she stay at home?

Mengapa dia tinggal dirumah?
164
HOW -(bagaimana, dengan apa)

How used to ask the state or manner.
Example:
• How do you go to school?
• I go to school by bus.
• How much did you pay for the book?
• I paid ten thousand rupiah for it
165
Respond to question words

• ‘What’
• ‘When’
• ‘Where’
• ‘Why’
• ‘Who’
• ‘How’
Use the correct grammatical constructions.
166
Task 10: Write the questions with WHEN. WHERE, WHY , WHO,
HOW
1. A:______________(where/you?) 5. A:
B: I live in Jakarta. _______________(how/you?)
2. A:____She______?) B: I go to work by bus.
B. She always gets up at 6:00 6. A:
o’clock. ______________where/you?)
3. A:___________(how often/ you? B: I have lunch at canteen.
B: I watch TV every day. 7. A: _______________(why/
4. A:___________(who/ your you?)
sister?) B: I was late because of traffic
B: He takes my sister to jump.
hospital. 8.
_________________(when/you?
)
I did it last night.
167
Moving forward
Have you ever visited Singapore? Well, if you haven’t,
let me tell you about Singapore. Singapore is an island
city. Its population is about three million people. Most
Singaporeans live in high rise district. Singapore is a
beautiful city with lots of parks and open space. It’s
also a very clean city. You know, the business section is
very modern, with lots of tall and new buildings.
Now, let me tell you about the old section of the city.
In Chinatown there are rows of old shop center.
The government buildings in Singapore are also very
antique and unique.
They date back to the British colonial days.
168
Shopping! Wow, this is the part that I like very
much! Singapore is famous for many great
shopping centers. Most of the goods are duty
free. It’s heaven for shopping!
What about food? There are various kinds
Singapore’s restaurants styles Chinese, Indian,
Malay, and European food, and the prices are
quite cheap. I bet you’ll like it.
Well, since Singapore lies near the equatorial
line, of course, it has a tropical climate, with nice
weather in both dry and rainy seasons.
169
Answer the question below.
• What is the topic of the monolog above?
• What is the population of Singapore?
• What does Singapore look like?
• What can you find in the old part of the city?
• Why Singapore considered heaven for shopping?
• Do Singaporean foods taste good?
• How is the weather in Singapore?
• What is the purpose of the speaker talking about
Singapore?
• What does underlined word “it” refer to?
170

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1

LESSON 2: GRAMMAR AND WRITING

Adjectives before a noun: • Donna likes to eat chocolate cakes.

Here are a few pairs of adjectives that starts with the

possible possibly possibility

I am (really) happy to win this contest

He glad to meet his friend

It (truly) nice to have a trip to the

Anniza (certainly) scared to stay alone in their

energetic to perform the dance

1. ________ doesn’t boast

Look and Learn

1. Ssh! Please be ______________!

He you • They were in Surabaya last

She • I was slim when I was young

Simple Past Tense of regular action verbs.

Base Action Verb + d, ed, Example

Simple Past Tense of irregular action verbs.

The Negative Form of the Simple Past Tense

The shortened form of the ‘be’ verb in the

The shortened form of the ‘be’ verb in the

was not • The girl was wasn’t • The girl

They + did + not eat dinner last night

Study the sentences below to see how questions

NEGATIVE & SHORTENED NEGATIVE

Example: Were they not in class yesterday?

WASN’T/WEREN’T + SUBJECT + expansion?

Example: Weren’t they in class yesterday?

Study the sentences below to see how questions in

a). She was not sick last night.

was she not sick last night?

b). She wasn’t sick last night?

wasn’t she sick last night?

A question in the simple Past Tense (action

• Study the sentence below to see how questions in the

a). Their parents scolded them last night.

Example: Did the students not come

Scold – mengomeli, mencaci maki

Example: Did the students not come today?

• She did not wash her shoes.

• Did she not wash her shoes?

• She didn’t was her shoes.

• Didn’t she wash her shoes?

Task 8: Complete the conversation with correct form from the

• Use the past tense to complete these

2. For a long time my dreams _________ (be)

3.My math teacher __________ (have) a funny

The Past Continuous Tense

SUBJECT + ‘BE’ Past + BASE VERB + ING + expansion

My father + Was + Watch + Ing Television the whole of

The Negative From of the Past Continuous Tense

The negative of the Past Continuous Tense is

We + were + not + sit ing together at the party

She + was + not + talk ing to him

• The shortened form of the Past Continuous

Was not  My son was not wasn’t  My son wasn’t

Study the following to see how the negative form of the

 They were missing from work last night (affirmative).

 I was waiting a letter when she called (affirmative).

A question in the Past Continuous Tense is form

Example: was Amir doing his work the whole of

Study the sentence below to see how questions in the Past

a) He was talking to her for one hour.