Fourth Class Process Control

Control objective :
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1) Safety
2) Environmental protection
3) Operational constraints
a) Equipment protection
b) Smooth operation
4) Product quality
5) Profit
6) Monitoring and diagnosis

Process dynamic:
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Refers to the time-varying behavior of controlled or uncontrolled process behavior

when there are subject to disturbances.

Process control:
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Controlling the unsteady state behavior and bring the system back to the steady –
state.

Classes of variables:
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1) Un controllable variables: ambient condition ,catalyst activity.

2) Controllable variables: temperature ,pressure ,flow ,level ,pH.
3) Product variables: color ,viscosity, composition.

Laplace transformation:
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Laplace transform is useful for providing qualitative analysis of dynamic processes.

Laplace transform is an operator that transforms the independent variable of a
function from the time domain to the s-domain. In this case, it facilitates the solution
of linear differential equation as Laplace transform converts the ODE into algebraic
variables.

Definition of the Laplace transformation:

−∞

ʆ (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑠𝑠) = � 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡)

𝑓𝑓
0

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Fourth Class Process Control

s is variable defined in the complex plane (i.e. ,s=a+jb)

Transformation of simple functions:

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1) Exponential function

𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 for t ≥0

Then
1
ʆ[𝑒𝑒 −𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ] =
𝑠𝑠+𝑎𝑎

2) The step function

0 t < 0
f (t ) =  
A t > 0
3) Ramp function
𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 for t.≥0 with a is constant
𝑎𝑎
Then ʆ [𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎] = 2
𝑠𝑠
4) Trigonometric function

𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔

𝜔𝜔
ʆ[sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔] =
𝑠𝑠 2 + 𝜔𝜔 2
𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑠𝑠
ʆ[cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔] = 2
𝑠𝑠 + 𝜔𝜔 2
5) Derivatives

 d n f (t ) 
 = s f ( s ) − s f (0) − s f ′(0)....... − sf
n −1 n−2 n−2
 2
n
(0) − f (0)
 dt 
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡)
ʆ� � = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑠𝑠) − 𝑓𝑓(0)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)
ʆ� 2
� = 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑓𝑓(𝑠𝑠) − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(0) − 𝑓𝑓 ′ (0)
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡

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Fourth Class Process Control

6) Integrals

𝑡𝑡
1
ʆ�� 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑� = 𝑓𝑓(𝑠𝑠)
0 𝑠𝑠

Final –value theorem:

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lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = lim[𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑠𝑠)]

𝑡𝑡→∞ 𝑠𝑠→0

Initial-value theorem
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lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = lim [𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑠𝑠)]

𝑡𝑡→0 𝑠𝑠→∞