Porifera -9,092

>5 classes

Protostomia:

Lophotrochozoa
-mollusca- 65,442, 9 classes
-Annelida- 14,399, 2 classes
-Brachiopoda- 396, 9 classes
-Bryozoa- 5,434, 3 classes
-Nemertea- 1,371, 4 classes
-Phoronida- 19, 1 class
-Sipuncula- 205, 2 classes
-Entoprocta- 171, 1 class
-Chaetognatha- 132, 1 class

Ecdysozoa
-Arthropoda- 1,082,297 , 18 classes
-Nematoda- 3,455, 2 classes
-Tardigrada- 1,018, 3 classes
-Onychophora- 167, 1 class
-Nematomorpha- 361, 2 classes
-Cephalorhyncha- 237, 3 classes

Platyzoa
-cycliophora- 2, 1 class
-rotifera- 2,014, 2 classes (gnathifera)
-gastrotricha- 852, 1 class
-Gnathostomulida- 100, 1 class (gnathifera)
-micrognathozoa- 1, 1 class (gnathifera)

Metazoa
-Myxozoa

Mesozoa-
-Dicyemida- 122, 1 class (spiralia)
-Orthonectida- 25, 1 class

Deuterostomia
-Chordata- 69,913, 14 classes
-Echinodermata- 6,828, 5 classes
-Hemichordata- 139, 2 classes
Guide questions: expt 8

Databases are useful in the study of diversity such as ‘Catalogue of Life’ due to the
features it provides. Firstly, it has a species checklist wherein it identifies species,
management classification and integration of global species databases that are
authorized by specialist. Secondly, it has a management classification that yields a
hierarchical view of relationships between taxa. Lastly, it has an integration of
global species databases from an expanding group of supplier databases. Its
database is controlled as to provide a strong order of the species in the world as
well. More over, there is a pressing concern on the decline of biodiversity here on
earth, which is why this database supports major biodiversity and conservation
information. And although there is an estimation of less than a fifth of the taxonomy
of the world, its checklist aids towards the documentation of biodiversity.
(Catalogue of Life 2015)

https://www.catalogueoflife.org/content/resources
c2015

‘Catalogue Life’ provides essential information of different species. It provides

information regarding synonymic indexing wherein it supplies alternatives of an
accepted name of the species. It also provides higher taxa wherein species are
clustered and allows one to acquire an estimated size of a taxonomic group. Aside
from that, this database allows one to browse the different taxonomic tree and
classification of different kingdoms. More so, under each kingdom, it provides its
different phyla and classes. (ADD MOREEEE) (Catalogue of Life 2015)

‘Catalogue Life’ supports major biodiversity and conservation information. It

contributes to the target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and is a
significant component of the Global Taxonomy Initiative. However, all that being
said, it does not actually contribute directly to the conservation but is just an
enabler of the programs that do. And as mentioned in the first question, this
database only covers an estimate of less than a fifth of the taxonomy of the world.
(????) (Catalogue of Life 2015)

Guide questions expt 7

Fictional characters such as Dragons in games are employed, as relevant tools in
making cladograms or in phylogenetic analysis due to their ‘anatomical
characteristics and variations between ‘species’ perceived as dragons. Another
fictional character is the traditional ‘Caminalcules ‘made by Joseph H. Camin. And it
is said that these fictional dragons’ craniate and reptilian anatomy are easily
interpreted in real-world biological concepts as they are established in science. It
allows students to better comprehend the biology of true species as well. Even its
strange characteristics mentioned in the experiment such as the ‘breath weapon’
can be explained scientifically while its other characteristics allow for convenience
in examining the practical evolutionary relationship of their different kinds of
species. However, its limitations are the lack of established phylogenies since they
are fictional characters and are limited in range as well. Aside from that, they have
strange characteristics hence; there is confusion as to which of these characteristics
are more important than the others. (Cruz 2017)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319604999_Here_Be_Dragons_Using_Dr
agons_as_Models_for_Phylogenetic_Analysis
September 2017
Cruz, Ronald Allan. (2017). Here Be Dragons: Using Dragons as Models for
Phylogenetic Analysis. The American Biology Teacher. 79. 544-551.
10.1525/abt.2017.79.7.544.

Common concepts of the Darwinian evolution include the concept of all living things
having a descent to a common ancestor and can evolve through a ‘descent with
modification’ (Than 2018). Another concept is in regards to natural selection or
‘survival of the fittest’ wherein organism with traits that is heritable for survival and
reproduction will produce more offspring to pass on these traits across generations
(Khan Academy 2019). This allows the organism to adapt to their surroundings
better (Than 2018). With that being said, we would modify the characteristics of the
dragons mentioned in the experiments to characteristics that are more realistic and
applicable modifications and that could be actually passed on by true dragons
across generations for survival. It was only the wyvern that possessed characters
with a primitive relation to the true dragons such as having four limbs, has wings
and no breath weapon (Cruz 2017). ADD MORE?????
 Kingdom Animalia

Porifera 9,092 – 5
classes
Parazoa
Placozoa 2 – 1 class

Radiata Bilateria

Xenacoelomorpha 456 – 1
11,151 –5 Cnidaria Myxozoa 245 – 1 class
classes class

200 – 4 Ctenophora 200 – 4

classes classes
Protostomes Deuterostomes

Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa

Platyhelminthes Arthropoda

Rotifera Nematoda

Entoprocta Tardigrada

Brachiopoda Onychophora

Annelida Nematomorpha

Mollusca Cephalorhyncha

Bryozoa

Nemertea

Phoronida
 Cycliopho
ra
Sipuncala
ozoa Gastrotricha
Chaetognatha

Gnathostomulida

Micrognathozoa

Dicyemida

Orthonectida

Acanthocephala Chordata

Echinodermata

Hemichordata