Part 3 of STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II

Methods of Analysis for Multi-Story Frames:

Analysis of Structures:

1. Exact Solution:
 Slope deflection
 Moment distribution method (Cross method)
 3-moment analysis
 5-moment analysis
 Gaspar Kani method

2. Approximate solution
 Structures analysis under vertical load
 Structures analysis under lateral (horizontal) load

Vertical loads:
 Dead load (D.L.)  Does not move during building life (fixed load) like the weight of
elements or external walls
 Live load (L.L.)  Live Loads are the loads which move or may displace during the
building life (such as people’s weight desk, chair, furniture, partitions (internal walls)

Lateral loads:
 Earthquake load (E.L.)
 Wind load (W.L.)

In calculation and design at normal buildings, only we consider the horizontal component of
the earthquake.

(E.L.) (W.L.)

Load factors (U.S.D. method):

  For Dead Load (D.L.): load factor = 1.2
 For Live Load (L.L.): load factor = 1.6
 For Earthquake Load (E.L.): load factor = 1.6  1.1=1.76
 For Wind Load (W.L.): load factor = 1.7

When using Working Stress Design (W.S.D.) (or called Alternative Method)
In working stress design, the loads are real (with factor 1) but the stresses are limited
When using Ultimate Strength Design (U.S.D.) (or called simply strength design).
In Ultimate strength design, the loads are increased by factors more than 1 and stresses are
equal to ultimate stresses.

When we use W.S.D.:

 Load factor for D.L.=1
 Load factor for L.L.=1
 Load factor for E.L. =1
 Load factor for W.L.=1

When we use U.S.D.:

 Load factor for D.L. =1.2
 Load factor for L.L. =1.6
 Load factor for E.L. =1.76
 Load factor for W.L. =1.7
kgf
Unit of D.L. and L.L.  m2  kilogram-force/meter square
D.L.  400 kgf/m2 < D.L. <1200 kgf/m2 in normal buildings
In houses, school buildings  D.L.  700 kgf/m2

Tiles

Mortors and
other material

reinforced
concrete
slab

gypsium

D.L. = load of permanent, load for 1 m2

L.L.  175 kgf/m2< L.L.<500 kgf/m2

L.L.  200 kgf/m2 (for rooms in houses)

L.L.  300 kgf/m2 (for classrooms)
L.L.  250 kgf/m2 (for corridors for houses)
 L.L.  350kgf/m2 (for corridors in schools and university)
A B C D
W 1

S1 1m
W 2 S1/2+S2/2

S2
W
3

Plan of building

w: in W.S.D
wu: when we use U.S.D. limit of w or wu is kgf/m2 load for meter length of the beam

S1 S 2
w = (D.L.  1 + L.L.  1)  (  )  when we use W.S.D. (Working Stress
2 2
Design) method
S1 S 2
wu = (D.L.  1.2 +L.L.  1.6)  (  )  when we use U.S.D (Ultimate Strength
2 2
Design or simply Strength Design) method

Example:

Suppose you want to design a building a reinforced concrete building by using Strength
Design
Dead load = 750 kgf/m2 and Live load = 250 kgf/m2
Consider the spacing between beams 6m

S1 = 6m S2 = 6m
D.L = 750 kgf/m2
L.L. = 250 kgf/m2
S1 S 2
wu=(D.L.  1.2 +L.L.  1.6)  (  )
2 2
6m 6m
= (750kgf/m2  1.2+250 kgf/m2  1.6)  (  )
2 2
= 7800 kgf/m

Reminder from statics & strength of materials:

1. Pinned (hinged) support

2. Roller supports
3. Fixed supports

Simple support beam:

 A W B

RA L RB
Bending moment
diagram
M +
W .L
2

max
8
W .L
+
2
Shear
- W .L
force
diagram 2
W .L W .L
Reactions: RA =
, RB =
2 2
A Single beam with fixed supports:

A W B
R A  W2.L R  W2.L
A
 
0.21 L 0.21 L  2
RA L RB W .L
 2 M moment 12
W .L - -
M moment 12 + Bending moment
diagram

W .L + 
W. L
2

2
- W .L
M moment  24
2

Supports are beams:

M=0 Q=0 Q=0

A=0 B=0
Q W Q 0 0 W

X=0.1 L Real X=0.1 L

case(bem)
% 0 Fixity 0<Fixity<%100 %100 Fixity

Approximate Analysis of from under vertical loading:

For the actual cases (in normal buildings) of partial fixity, the point of inflecting (where
M=0) may be assumed to lie somewhere between the two extremes of 0.21L and 0.00L from
the ends of the beam. If they are assumed to be located at one-tenth of the span length (0.10
L) from each end joint, reasonable approximation has been made

M=0

In a real case
0.10 L 0.10 L
0<Fixity<%100

In Frames:

W M=0
- -- - W
0.1L + 0.1L0.1L + 0.1L 0.1L 0.1L
- -- -
+ +
-- - W
-
W W
+ + l=0.8 L
0.10 L 0.10 L

L  (2 x0.1L)  0.8L
l  0.8L

Example:

Please find hereunder the sketch of “Typical Floor Plan” and “Frame Row C” of a building.
This building is under the “Dead Load” equal to 850 kgf/m2 and “Live Load” equal to 350
kgf/m2 on all the floors. The spacing between frames is 6m, assume that the columns have the
same stiffness, determine the bending moments in beams and axial force and bending
moments in columns for frame row C by using the approximate method of structural analysis
and W.S.D. method.

3m K1
K1=Stiffness of columns
3m K1

3m K1

3m K1

1 2 3 4
5m 6m 5m
Frame C
 1 2 3 4

A
6m
B

Spanings 6m D.L. = 850 kgf/m2

C L.L. = 350 kgf/m2
6m Same stiffnesses for columns
D
6m
E
Typical Floor Plan

W.S.D (Working Stress Design)

 
w = D.L.  1  L.L.  1. S 1  S 2 
 2 2 

 
w= 850 kgf / m  1  350 kgf / m .  1 .3  3
2 2

w=1200 kgf/m2  6 m

w =7200 kgf/m
Beams between Rows 1-2 and 3-4 (Beam Type 1):
Bending moment
M=0
- W inflection -
Point Hyperstatic beam
(under Termined
+ beam)
0.1 L 0.1 L
L=5 m
l=0.8 L

W
W W

F1  W  l  W  0.8L


R1 M max R2
W  0.1L  F2 l=0.8 L F2  W  0.1L
A R1 R2 B 
0.1 L 0.1 L Mb
2

M max 
 W L
W L
RA  W  L
8
RB 
2 2

- - ‹ bending
+ moment

W L
V 
max
2 +
shear
force - W L
2

 0.1L
M b  R  0.1L  F
1 2

2
Beams between Rows 1-2 and 3-4 (counted’):

F 1
 W  l  7200 kgf / m  4m  F 1  28800 kgf
l  0.8 L  0.8  5m  4m

R R  F 1

28800 kgf
 14400 kgf  R1  R 2
1 2
2 2

M max  W 8l 
7200 kgf / m  4m
2 2
 7200  16
  14400 kgf .m
8 8
F 2  W  0.1L  7200 kgf / m  0.5m  3600 kgf
 0.1L
M b
 R1  0.1L  F 2 
2
0.5m
 14400  0.5m  3600 
2

M b
 8100 kgf .m

Reactions:
W  L 7200  5m
Rb  2  2  18800 kgf

Checking:
Rb  R1  F 2  14400 kgf  3600 kgf  Rb  18800 kgf
V b max
 Rb  V b max  18800 kgf

Beams between Rows 2-3 (Beam Type 2):

L  6m  l  0.8 L  l  0.8  6m  4.8m

F   W  l  7200 kgf / m  4.8m  F   34560 kgf
1 1

l  0.8L  0.8  6m  4.8m

1

l  0.8 L  0.8  5m  4m

R  R  F 2

34560 kgf
 17280 kgf  R1  R2
1 2
2 2

  W l
7200 kgf / m  4.8m m
2

 20736 kgf .m
 2

M max 8 8
F 2  W  0.1L  7200 kgf / m  0.1m  6  4320 kgf
  0.1L
 R1  0.1L  F 2 

M b
Checking:
2
0.6m
 17280 kgf  0.6m  4320 kgf 
2

M  11664 kgf .m
b


R  R  F  17280 kgf  4320 kgf  R  21600 kgf
 
b 1 2 b
 R   F   17280 kgf  4320 kgf  R

R b
 b
 21600 kgf
1 2

V b max
 R  V 
b
 21600 kgf
b max

Axial Forces in Columns:

Reaction
Rb Rb Rb' Rb Rb' Rb beam

1 2 1

1 2 1

1 2 1 Frame

1 2 1
Type Type

5m 6m 5m
1 2 3 4

Rb=18000kgf Rb+Rb'=39600kgf
negative for
- compressive -
force
2Rb=36000kgf 2(Rb+Rb')=79200kgf

- -
3Rb=54000kgf 3(Rb+Rb')=118800kgf

- -
4Rb=72000kgf 4(Rb+Rb')=158400kgf

- (for Row 1 and - (for Row 2 and

Row 4) Row 3)
External column İnternal column
axial force axial force
diagram

Axial force diagram of columns of Frame C:

18000kgf 18000kgf
39600kgf

- - 79200kgf - -
36000kgf 36000kgf

54000kgf - - 118800kgf - -
54000kgf

- - 158400kgf - -
72000kgf 72000kgf

- - - -
Shear force diagram of beams of Frame C:

18000kgf
18000kgf 21600kgf
+ + +
- 18000kgf - 21600kgf - 18000kgf
18000kgf
18000kgf + 21600kgf
+ +
- - -
18000kgf 21600kgf 18000kgf
18000kgf
18000kgf + 21600kgf + +
- - -
18000kgf 21600kgf 18000kgf
18000kgf
18000kgf + 21600kgf + +
- - -
18000kgf 21600kgf 18000kgf

5m 6m 5m

Bending Moments in columns:

Mb¯ Mb¯=8100kgfm Mb¯ Mb'¯Mb'¯

E J
Mc-ED Mc-JI
Mc-ED K1
Mc-DE K1
Mb¯ Mb¯ Mb'¯Mb'¯
Mc-DE I
Mc-DC D
Mc-DC Mc-IH K1
Mc-CD Mb¯ Mb¯ Mb'¯Mb'¯
Mc-CD H
C
Mc-CB
Mc-CB K1
Mc-BC Mb'¯Mb'¯
Mb¯ Mb¯
Mc-BC G
Mc-BA B
Mc-BA K1
Mc-AB Mb¯ Mb¯ Mb'¯Mb'¯
Mc-AB A F
 
Mb  8100 kgfm
Mb  11664 kgfm



Mc  ED  Mb  8100 kgfm
Mc  DE 8100
Mc _ DE   kgfm  4050 kgfm
2 2

for
Clockwise Transferring factors for columns of the
columns same stiffness is 1/2; it means that the
Clockwise moment at the bottom of the column is
half of the moment at the top of the
column.
The same direction

M

D
 0  Mb  ( Mc  DE)  ( Mc  DC )  0
 8100 kgfm  4050 kgfm  Mc  DC  0
 Mc  DC  4050 kgfm
 EI
K=stiffness of columns = (where: E: Young modulus I: Moment of inertia, l: Columns
l
length)

The moments at the ends of beams distribute to the columns in the proportion of their
stiffness

Mc  CD  Mb 
 K 2

K2  K3
Mc  CB  Mb 
 K 3

K2  K3
Mc  CD  Mb 
 K 1
 Mb 
 1 1
 8100 kgfm   4050 kgfm
K K1 1
2 2
 1 1
Mc  CB  Mb   8100 kgfm   4050 kgfm
2 2
Mc  BC  Mc  BA  4050 kgfm
Mc  BA 4050 kgfm
Mc  AB    2025 kgfm
2 2

Mc  JA  Mb  Mb  11664 kgfm  8100 kgfm

 

 Mc  JA  3564 kgfm
  Mb
 
11664  8100
Mc  IH  Mb 
 1782 kgfm
2 2
11664  8100
Mc  HI  Mc  HG   1782 kgfm
2
Mc  GH  Mc  GF  1782 kgfm

Convention of the positive moment for the beams or columns

left end right end

-8100kgfm 3564kgfm
- E 4050kgfm
zero 1782kgfm
moment +
-
-4050kgfm +
-
+
- 891kgfm
A+
External columns bending Internal columns bending
diagram for moments diagram for moments
Approximate Analysis for Rigid Frames under Lateral loads:

The assumption made in analysis building frames are not suitable for Lateral-Load

8100 kgfm 11664 kgfm 8100 kgfm

-8100 kgfm- - - - - - 8100 kgfm
- + - + - + -
3564kgfm
14400 20736 14400

-4050kgfm - + - - -+
- + +- 4050 kgfm
- + - + - + -
1782kgfm

-4050 kgfm -+ - - + - - + - 4050 kgfm

+
- + - + - + -
1782kgfm

+ - -
-4050 kgfm - + -- + +- 4050 kgfm
- + - + - + -
1782kgfm

+ + + + 2025 kgfm
-2025 kgfm 891 kgfm

Bending moment diagram of force frame C

Analysis and the behavior of structures under lateral load ae completely different from the
structure under vertical load.

 This may be seen in the Following Figures:

M=0
inflection
P1 point

M=0
Page 126
P2

M=0 Fifure (a)

P3

Bending moment diagram A frame

under lateral load
 P1
Points of
inflection

P2
for beam

P3

for column

A Frame of under lateral load

 Actually, when a building Frame is under lateral load, there will be the points of
inflection near the center of girders (beams) and near the center of columns

The assumption that points of inflection occur at the midpoints of all members is,
therefore, a reasonable one and is after among those made to carry out by static and
approximate analysis of Building Frame under Lateral Loads.
 The bending moment curves are shown in figures (a) In these treatments, there are
different methods for approximate analysis of structures as follows:

1. Portal Method
2. Bowman Method
3. The cantilever method
4. Factor method

1- Portal Method:

In the Portal method, the following assumptions are made:

1. There is a point of inflection at the center of each girder.
2. There is a point of inflection at the center of each column.
3. The total horizontal shear on each story is divided between the columns of that story in
a manner such that each interior column twice as much shear s each exterior column.

The last assumption is arrived at considering each story to be made up of a series of

portals, as shown in the figure. Thus, while an exterior column corresponds to a single portal
leg, an interior column corresponds two portal legs, so that it becomes reasonable to assume
interior columns to carry twice the shear of exterior columns.

 Figures
 X 2X 2X X

Example:

600 kN

1 İnflection
600 kN point
2
600 kN

3
5m 6m 5m

Find the shear force in columns for the given frame (when using Portal method)

Solution:

Section 1
V  x  2x  2x  x
V  6x
600 kN  6 x  x  100 kN
V=600 kN F F
1 4
 100 kN
F1 F2 F3 F4 F F
2 3
 200 kN
x 2x 2x x
Section 2

600 kN

600 kN

T=1200kN F1 F2 F3 F4
x 2x 2x x
V = 6x
1200kN = 6x  x = 200kN
F1 = F4 = 200 kN
F2 = F3 = 400kN

Section 3

600 kN V = 6x
1800kN = 6x  x = 300 kN
600 kN
F1 = F4 = 300 kN
600 kN F2 = F3 = 600 kN
V=1800kN F1 F2 F3 F4
(total x 2x 2x x
shear
force)

Design of structures against the wind:

Origin of wind:

Wind is moving air generated by changing the temperature or changing the pressure

P=wind pressure

WIND

F=total wind
force

A=area

Wind Pressure (P):

Wind pressure is a function of V2 or sometimes V3 (but normally is a function of V2) where V

is the wind speed
In designing the structures (buildings)
For Cyprus:
P=100 kgf/m2 (for strong winds)  V=120km/h wind speed
P=75kgf/m2 (for normal winds)  V=100km/h wind speed

Example:
Wind force on a building of NEU

For Cyprus
F= p  A
6m A= 40m  6 =240m2
P = 100kgf/m2 =0.100 ton/m2
F= (0.100 ton/m2)  (240 m2)
F = 24 ton

40m
west pacade(elevation)

Example:
Find the wind forces different floor levels of the shown builds (the building is situated in
Cyprus) (calculate wind forces for frame C)

F1=? A
3m 5m
F2=? P B
3m 6m
F3=? 5m C
3m 5m
D
Plan of building
1 2 3 4
5m 6m 5m

Frame C

For Frame C
A= 5m  9m= 45m2
F=p  A
A=45m2
p =100kgf/m2 = 0.100 ton/m2
F = (0.100 ton/m2)  45m2  F=4.5 ton (total wind force on Frame C)
F1 = p  A1 = 0.1ton/m2  3mx5m = 1.5 ton
A1=3m  5m=15m2
F2=p  A2=0.1ton/m2  15m2 = 1.5ton
A2=3m  5m=15 m2
F3=p xA3=0.1ton/m2 x15m2 =1 .5ton

Design of buildings against earthquake:

The building should be designed against earthquake for horizontal component or

vertical component?
According to the codes (standards), the normal building should be designed only
against the horizontal (lateral) component of the earthquake.

F1

F2
Laternal (horizontal) eartquake
components
F3

F4

F5

Design of Buildings against earthquake forces:

Design against earthquake

1. Static equivalent method (consider only model 1 vibration)
2. Quasi-static (modal analysis) (we should calculate all modes and combinations of
modes)
3. Dynamic Analysis (is dynamic analysis the time-history graph of the earthquake
should be used displacement

displacement

time history
graph time
 Mode 5 Mode 1

*we use static-equivalent method for designing of the normal and regular building (up to 7
stories (floors))

complitude

eartquake spectrum

Design of Building against earthquake forces by using the Static Equivalent Method:

İ=1
İ=2
İ=3
İ=4 h2 h1
İ=5
İ=6
V

eartquake vibration (from the eart)

*We should calculate the total shear force structural base (V)
*Then should calculate the distribution of forces on the stories (F1, F2, ....., F6, …)
*After finding F1, F2, ....., F6, …, we analyze the building by Portal Method

-----> Influenced parameter in the calculation of V:

V depends on the following parameters:

1- The weight of the building, considering a portion of live load (W)

2- The importance of building (importance factor = I)

I = 1 for normal buildings

I = 1.25 for hospitals, fire fighting stations, for schools,

3- Zone factor (Z)

Z = 1 for normal (strong enough) earthquake’s zone.

Z = 0.75 normal (not very strong for earthquake’s zone)

4- Factors of C, K, S for structural systems, soil types, ...

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Old UBC (Uniform Building Code) of U.S.A. for designing the earthquake forces and
buildings:

V = SZICKW
Where:
W is the weight of the building including a portion of live load

I is the importance factor for the building

I = 1 for normal buildings
I = 1.25 for hospitals, firefighting stations, for school, universities

Z is the zone factor

Z = 1 for normal (strong enough) earthquake zone.
Z = 0.75 for normal (not very strong) earthquake zone

C, K, S factors for structural systems, soil type.

A simplified Formula for designing the earthquake forces on a building:

V=I.Z.C.W
Where:
C is about 0.10 (something between 0.08 to 0.14)
W is the weight of the building including a portion of live load

I = 1 for normal buildings

I = 1.25 for hospitals, firefighting stations, for school, universities

Z is the zone factor

Z = 1 for normal (strong enough) earthquake zone.
Z = 0.75 for normal (not very strong) earthquake zone

a

Consider a mass m under an acceleration according to

Newton's second low, the forces exerted on that is:
F
W force mass accelaration (A)

F=m.a
The weight (W) is a force applied by gravitation
acceleration (g):

W  m.g (B)
W
From (B)  m  (C)
g
First degree affreed W q
We substitute m from (C)  F .a  F  .W
g g

a
F .W F = earthquake force (V) a = earthquake acceleration
g g = gravitational acceleration W=weight of building


V = C.W

By experience the range of C may be:

0.08 < C < 0.14

For normal conditions and for a rough estimation  Take C = 0.10

And use the following Formula for normal building

V = Z.I.C.W

Distribution of forces into different stories:

W  h V i = the number of the floor (story)

Fi  i i

 (W  h
i m
i 1 i i W = weight of the ith floor (story)
i

F = the force in the ith floor (story)

İ
V = Base shear of the building
hi = the height of the ith floor
Example:
A plan of the building located in North Cyprus is given below. The Dead load is 850 kgf/m2
and the Live load is 300 kgf/m2. By using the simplified method and W.S.D. (Working Stress
Design) method (i.e. Load factors equal 1) calculate:
a) The total shear force at the base of the building due to the earthquake (for frame C)
b) Distribution of loads on different floors due to the earthquake (for Frame C)

1 2 3 4
A
h =9m1
4.333m
B

4.333m 4.333m
h =6m
2
C
h =3m
3 4.333m
D

Plan of Building
5m 6m 5m

Frame C

Solution:
W .S.D  w  ( D.L. 1  L.L 1)  S
w = (850 kgf/m2x1+300 kgf/m2x1) x 4.333m
w = 4983kgf/m

W1=W2=W3=W.L=4983kgf/m  (5m+6m+5m) (Total weight of each floor)

 W1=W2=W3= 79728 kgf
Total weight of frame C, W= W1+ W2+W3 = 79728kgf  3
W=239184 kgf  W = 239,184 ton
V=Z.I.C.W V=1  1  0.10  239,184
V= 23.92 ton (Base Shear of earthquake)
Z = 1(for Cyprus)
I =1 (for normal building)
C = 0.10 (for Cyprus)
W=239.184 tones

W  h V 
Fi  i i

 (W  h
i m

 (W h )  W . h  W h  W h
i 3
i 1 i i
i 1 i i 1 1 2 2 3 3

 (79728 kgf  9m)  (79728 kgf  6m)  (79728 kgf  3m)

 79728 kgf .(9m  6m  3m)
 1435104 kgfm

For i=1

 W  h  V  79728 kgf  9m  23,92ton

1 i1
F
 (W  h
1 i 3
1435104 kgf
i 1 i i

F 1
 11,96ton
For i=2

 W  h  V  79728 kgf  6m  23,92ton

2 2
F
 (W  h
2 i 3
1435104 kgf
i 1 i i

F 2
 7,973ton

For i=3

W  h  V  79728 kgf  3m  23,92ton

F3  3 3

 (W  h
i 3
1435104 kgf
i 1 i i

F 3
 3,987 ton

Checking:
F1+F2+F3 should be equal to V

F1+F2+F3=23,92ton
V=23,92 ton

Example: (Application of Portal method):

Please consider the shown figure (containing plan and frame C) for dimensions of a building
located in Cyprus. Considering the W.S.D. method, calculate:
a) The wind forces
b) The bending moment, shear and axial load diagrams for the given wind forces on the
building (Portal method)
inflection
point 1 2 3 4
F1=1.3 ton A
h/2 =1.5m
3m 4.333m
F1=1.3 ton B
3m 4.333m
4.333m
F1=1.3 ton C
3m 4.333m
D

Plan of Building
5m 6m 7m
Frame C
Solution:

Part a) -Wind forces:

F = p.A
F1=p.A1 A1 =4,333  3m
F2=p.A2 A2 =4,333  3m
F3=p.A3 A3=4,333  3m

For Cyprus  P=100kgf/m2=0.1 ton/m2

F1=p.A1=0.1ton/m2  (4,333  3m)  F1=1.3 ton

F2=p.A2=0.1ton/m2  (4,333  3m)  F2=1.3 ton
F3=p.A3=0.1ton/m2  (4,333  3m)  F3=1.3 ton

Part b) Application of Portal method:

 We select the inflection points at the middle of the beams and columns
 We calculate the shear force on the middle of columns (on under inflection points for
all levels)

We start from the top of the building

F1=1.3
ton
M=0 M=0 M=0 M=0

V1 =x V2=2x V3=2x V4 =x  At the inflection

points bending
moment is zero, therefore at the inflection points we have only shear force (V) and
axial force (in the vertical direction)
 The contribution of internal columns for shear force is twice the external columns

For level 1

 Fx = 0  F1-V1- V2 –V3-V4 = 0
F1=V1+V2+V3+V4
F1= x+2x+2x+x  1.3 ton =6x
X = 0.2166 ton
 V1 = x = 0.2166 ton
V2 = 2x = 0.4333 ton
V3 = 2x = 0.4333 ton
V4 = x = 0.2166 ton
 F1=1.3
ton

F2=1.3
M=0 M=0 M=0 M=0
ton
V'1 =x V'2=2x V'3=2x V'4 =x

For level 2
 Fx =0 
F  F V  V  V  V 
1 2 1 2 3 4
0

F  F  V  V V  V 
1 2 1 2 3 4

1.3ton  1.3ton  x  2 x  2 x  x
x  0.4333ton

V   x  0.4333ton
1

V   2 x  0.8666ton
2

V   2 x  0.8666ton
3

V   x  0.4333ton
4

For level 3

F1=1.3
ton

F2=1.3
ton
 Fx = 0 
F3=1.3
ton M=0 M=0 M=0 M=0

V1'' =x V2''=2x V3''=2x V ''=x

4

F  F  F  V   V   V   V 
1 2 3 1 2 3 4
1.3 ton +1.3 ton+1.3 ton=6x
X=0.65 ton

V   x  0.65
1

V   2 x  1.30ton
2

V   2 x  1.30ton
3

V   x  0.65ton
4
Calculation of bending moments:

M N O P
3m

I J K L
3m

E F G H
3m
A B C D
5m 6m 7m

 We name the joints

 We calculate the bending moments in columns joint

MMI Bending moment=T=M=F.d

MNJ

h/2 V1=0.2166 V2=0.4333

External column Internal column

MMI=V1x h/2=0.2166 ton x 3m/2 MMI=0.325 ton.m

MNJ=V2 x h/2 =0.4333 ton x 3m/2 MNJ=0.65 ton.m
MOK=V3 x h/2 =0.4333 ton x 3m/2 MOK=0.65 ton.m
MPL=V4 x h/2 =0.2166 ton x 3m/2 MPL=0.325 ton.m

I J K L

v' 1 v'
2 v' 3 v' 4

MIE=V’1 x h/2=0.4333 x3m/2 MIE=0.65 ton.m

MJF=V’2 x h/2 =0.8667x3m/2 MJF=1.3 ton.m
MKG=V’3 x h/2=0.8667x3m/2 MKG=1.3 ton.m
MLH=V’4 x h/2=0.4333x3m/2 MLH=0.65 ton.m
 MEA MFB MGC MHD

V1'' V2'' V3'' V ''

4

MEA=V’1 x h/2=0.65ton x 3m/2 MEA=0.975ton.m

MFB=V’2 x h/2=1.3ton x3m/2 MFB=1.95ton.m
MGC=V’3 x h/2=1.3ton x 3m/2 MGC=1.95 ton.m
MHD=V’4 x h/2=0.65ton x 3m/2 MHD=0.975ton.m

Bending moment of the top of column = bending moment bottom of that column.

External column Internal Column:

MIM=MMI=0.325ton.m MJN=MNJ=0.65ton.m
MLP=MPL=0.325ton.m MKO=MOK=0.65ton.m

MEI=MIE=0.65ton.m MFJ=MJF=1.3ton.m
MHL=MLH=0.65ton.m MGK=MKG=1.3ton.m

MAE=MEA=0.975ton.m MBF=MFB=1.95ton.m
MDH=MHD=0.975ton.m MCG=MGC=1.95ton.m
 0.325 0.325 0.325
0.325 0.65 0.325
0.65
0.325 M 0.325 N O P
0.325

0.65
0.975
1.3
0.975
1.3
0.975
0.65
Bending moment
0.325
I 0.65 J 0.65 K 0.325
L diagram
0.975 0.975 0.975

1.625 1.625 1.625

0.975 1.95 1.95 0.975
0.65
E 1.3
F 1.3
G 0.65 H
1.625 1.625
1.625

0.975 A 1.95 B 1.95 C 0.975 D

The rule for finding moments in beams

 Mbeams at two ends are equal
  Mbeam=  Mcolumn

We start from exterior columns joints:

For joint M:

 Mbeam=  Mcolumn
MMN=MMI MMN=0.325 ton.m =MPO

For joint I:

 Mbeam=  Mcolumn
MIJ=MIM+MIE
MIJ=0.325tonm+0.65ton.m  MIJ=0.975ton.m=MLK

For joint E:

 Mbeam=  Mcolumn
MEF=MEI+MEA
MEF=0.65tonm+0.975ton.m  MEF=1.625ton.m=MHG

For joint A:

 Mbeam=  Mcolumn
 MAB=MAE

Since the bending moments of two ends of beam are equal, thus:

MNM=MMN=0.325ton.m
MOP=MPO=0.325ton.m
MJI=MIJ=0.975ton.m
MKL=MLK=0.975ton.m
MFE=MEF=1.625ton.m
MGH=MHG=.625ton.m

For internal beams:

For joint N:

 Mbeam=  Mcolumn
MNM=MNO=MNJ
0.325ton.m+MNO=0.65ton.m MNO=0.325ton.m
MON=MNO=0.325ton.m

For joint J:

 Mbeam=  Mcolumn
MJI+MJK=MJN+MJF
0.975ton.m+MJK=0.65ton.m+1.3ton.m MJK=0.975ton.m
MKJ=MJK=0.975ton.m

For joint F:

 Mbeam=  Mcolumn
MFE+MFG=MFJ+MFB
1.65ton.m+MFG=1.3ton.m+1.95ton.m MFG=1.625ton.m
MGF=MFG=1.625ton.m

Shear force:
2M
 MA = 0  +M+M-P.l=0  2M = P.l  P 
l

M
action
M reaction

beam

V(+) right
left side side
Shear force (V)

 2M  2M  2M
V  P  V  V
l l l
M: bending moment on one end of the beam
l: length of the beam
V = shear force

0.325
- - 0.325 - 0.325 -
0.325 M 0.325 N 0.325O P - -
+ + +
0.975 0.975 0.975
- - - -
I J K L - -
0.975 0.975 0.975
+ + +
- 1.625 - 1.625 - 1.625 -
E F G H - -
1.625 + 1.625+ 1.625+

A B C D
5m 6m 7m Shear force diagram
(due to bending moment)
 2M MN  2  0.325ton.m
VMN=   VMN= -0.13ton
l 5m
 2M NO  2  0.325tonm
VNO=   VNO= -0.108ton
l 6m
 2M OP  2  0.325ton.m
VOP=   VOP= -0.092ton
l 7m
 2  M IJ  2  0.975ton.m
VIJ=   VIJ= - 0.39ton
l 5m
 2M JK  2  0.975ton.m
VJK=   VJK=0.325ton
l 6m
 2M KL  2  0.975ton.m
VKL=   VKL=0.278ton
l 7m
 2M EF  2  1.625ton.m
VEF=   VEF=0.65ton
l 5m
 2M FG  2  1.625ton.m
VFG   VFG=0.541ton
l 6m
  2M GH  2  1.625ton.m
VGH=   VGH=0.46ton
l 7m

Axial force of columns:

Shear force or
reaction

O.13ton O.13ton O.108ton O.108ton O.92ton O.092ton

M N O P

F NJ F OK FPL
FMI O.39ton O.39ton O.325ton O.325ton O.278ton O.278ton
I J K L

F JF F KG FLH
FIE O.65ton O.65ton O.541ton O.541ton O.46ton O.46ton
E F G H

FFB FGC HD
FEA
A B C D

FMI = 0.13 ton

FIE= 0.13ton+0.39ton=0.52ton
FEA= 0.52ton+0.65ton=1.17ton

FNJ= 0.13ton+0.108ton=0.238ton
FJF= 0.238ton+0.39ton+0.325ton=0.953ton
FFB=0.953ton+0.65ton+0.541ton=2.144ton

FOK=0.108ton+0.092ton=0.2ton
FKG=0.2ton+0.325ton+0.278ton=0.803ton
FGC=0.803ton+0.541ton+0.46ton=1.804ton

FPL=0.092ton
FLH=0.092ton+0.278ton=0.37ton
FHD=0.37ton+0.46ton=0.83ton
0.13ton 0.238ton 0.2ton 0.092ton

axial load(compression)= -
- - - - axial load(tension)= +

0.52ton 0.953ton 0.803ton 0.371ton

- - - -
1.17ton 2.144ton 1.804ton 0.83ton

- - - -

Axial force diagram(due to

bending moment)