1A Metals – H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr X04- per + root word + ate

2A Metals- Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra X03- root word + ate

3B Metals- Sc, Y X02- root word + ite

4B Metals- Ti 234, Zr, Hf X0- hypo + rootword+ ite

( ITE, ATE with oxygen)
5B Metals- V 2345, Nb 35 , Ta 5
( IDE, without oxygen)
6B Metals- Cr 236, Mb 356, W 6
7B Metals- Mn 2357
8B Metals– Co, Ni, Fe 23 , Ru 3468,
Os, Ir 34, Pt 24
1B Metals- Cu 12, Ag 1, Au 13
2B Metals- Hg 12, Zn, Cd
3A- B, Al, Ga, In, Tl 13
4A- C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb 24
5A- N 12345, P, As, Sb, Bi
6A- O 2, S, Se, Te 246, Po 24
7A- F, At 1, Cl, I 157, Br 15
8- (0 oxydation)
He, Ne Ar, Kr, Xr, Rn, Og

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6

5s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 2d10 5p6 6s2
4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6
6f14 7d10 7f14
Photosynthesis – process (uses sun energy to synthesize glucose from c02 and water)

Organisms are classified according to how they obtain food:

1. Autotrophs- self-feeders ( creates own food)

- photoautotrophs = through PHOTOSYNTHESIS (plants)
= absorb sunlight through chlorophyll, enabling them to synthesize food by combining water and
carbon dioxide (inorganic molecules) to produce glucose
- chemoautotrophs = uses CHEMICAL ENERGY
“chemosynthesis”- process of using the energy from inorganic substances.

2. Heterotrophs- other feeder ( eats auto or other hete)

SUCH FEEDING PROCESS MARKS A TRANSFER OF ENERGY, this process is called food chain.

METABOLISM AND ITS PHASES

Metabolism- overall chemical reaction

1. Anabolism – constructive phase, store energy are produced, formation of complex substance from small is called
ENDERGONIC REACTION ( energy storing reaction). Ex. Photosynthesis stores chemical energy in the chloroplast to
make glucose.
2. Catabolism- destructive phase, breaks down complex substance to smaller is an EXERGONIC REACTION ( energy
releasing reaction). Ex. Cellular Respiration releases chemical energy stored in glucose to be used by cells.

6CO2 + 6H20  C6H12O6+ 6O2 (Carbon Dioxide + Water  Glucose + Oxygen)

VOCABULARY OTHER IMPORTANT FACTORS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS 

Light- visible portion of sun’s radiation 1. Pigments
Food- High energy molecule that powers activities - Pigments are located in PLASTIDS.
- Chloroplast- contains chlorophyll
Photosynthesis- process wherein producers trap the pigment, site of photosynthesis.
- Chlorophyll- gives leaves GREEN color,
light energy of the sun then transforms it to food.
LIGHT TRAPPING, chlorophyll ABC.
Leaves- Food factories 2. Energy
- Powers the photosynthetic reaction.
RAW MATERIALS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Comes from the SUN in discrete packets
called PHOTONS. ( green wavelength is
- Carbon Dioxide and Water ( they pass through the pores
reflected that’s why green leaves)
called stomata.)
- From (-) ground state to high energy level
- Carbonic Acid- carbon dioxide dissolved in water.
3. Temperature
Chloroplasts and Pigments 4. Electron carriers and enzymes
-EC= accept and release high energy (-)
Chloroplasts -ENZYMES- speed up or slow down reactions.
- chlorophyll and carotene pigments are located here.

- disc shaped structures suspended in cytoplasm.

PARTS OF CHLOROPLAST

1. Thylakoids- thin, flat, disc like sacs ( suspended in stroma)

2. Stroma- jelly like fluid, contains the enzymes that play important roles in photosynthesis.
3. Granum- pile of thylakoids

Photosystem – unit involved in the photosynthetic reaction. Absorption of light and transfer of energy, Consists of following
parts:

1. Reaction Center – chlorophyll molecule that absorbs light and can release electrons.
 2. Electron transport chain- series of electron carriers that forms ETC.
3. Antenna molecules- composed of chlorophyll pigments that gather and absorb light until it reaches reaction center.

Two types of photosystems:

1. Chlorophyll A- P700, phytochrome 700 , 700 nm wavelength

2. Chlorophyll B- P680, phytochrome 680

TWO REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

LIGHT REACTION “ photoreaction” attractive force that holds atoms together.

Stability- resistance to chemical change or physical
Cyclic Reaction Vocabulary disintegration.
- Photosystem 1, p700 Octet Rule- Atoms of all elements need 8 VALENCE ELECTRONS
- ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate
to be stable. Proposed by GILLBERT NEWTON LEWIS.
Non- Cyclic Reaction Vocabulary
Electron Configuration- distribution of electrons at different
- Photosystem 1 and 2, P680 positions in an atom.
- H+ = hydrogen ion
- OH- (H-) = hydroxyl ion AS YOU MOVE ALONG THE PERIODIC TABLE, THERE IS AN
- NADP+ ( NADPH) = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide INCREASE IN THE ENERGY LEVEL OF ATOMS.
phosphate
Valence Electrons- electrons occupying the highest energy
DARK REACTION “ calvin-benson cycle” pp.92 level in an atom. Involved in chemical bonding. (pp.118 for ex)

- RUDP5= ribulose diphosphate ( a five carbon sugar) 2)8)18)32

(From rudp5 to rudp6)
- RUDP6= unstable compound TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING:
- Enzyme rubisco- catalyzer
1. Ionic- transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
(rudp5 is described as carbon dioxide acceptor)
It will be called ionic compound. GAIN AND LOSE
(rudp6 splits into two PGA)
- PGA- phosphoglycerate ELECTRONS. Charged = ion , If the charge is + cation, -
PGA PLUS H+ PLUS NADPH ELECTRONS PLUS anion. Metal to nonmetal.
PHOSPHATE FROM ATP = PGAL 2. Metallic- the electrostatic force that holds atoms
- PGAL= phosphoglyceraldehyde together in metals. Formed when metal cations
attract free valence electrons. A sea of electrons
moves throughout the entire metallic crystal,
producing attraction. ( see notes of Julia) pp.139
3. Covalent-results in sharing of valence electrons. A
Neutral particile that forms as a result of electron
Lewis Electron Dot Structure ( LEDS) sharing is called molecule. TWO NON METALS

- Used to emphasize the atom’s valence electrons.

- Symbol of element surrounded by dots.

THE LEAD STRUCTURE

- Write the element name

- Draw the dots : the dots are the valence electrons

TO GET VALENCE ELECTRONS : LOOK AT THE FAM #

Ex. Lead Ex. Palladium

THE BOND FORMATION USING LEDS

 - Metals to non-metals , identify which is m or nm.
POLYATOMICS
- Metal will transfer electrons to nonmetals to be stable.
WHEN GIVEN IS ELEMENT NAME:
Ex. CuBr – copper and bromine
*FROM SUPERSCRIPT MAGIGING SUBSCRIPT

* If there is a subscript from the compound,

IGNORE IT.

TWO INSTANCES:
- Identify the family of each element so you will know the corresponding
Valence electrons. 1. If the metal has one oxidation
- Write the valence of the metal then complete the dots of the nonmetal. number:
- Using the metal, transfer the needed electrons to the nonmetal using - Just do criss cross
an Ex. Lithium Phosphate
Arrow. If it is stable, the answer is correct, if not yet you should ADD or Li1+ PO4^3 = Li3Po4
Change. 2. If the metal has more than one:
- There is parenthesis.
DAPAT LAHAT NG VALENCE ELECTRONS MATATRANSFER! Ex. Barium Acetate
Ba2+ C2H3O2 = Ba (C2H3O2)2
NAMING MONATOMIC IONS
When it has a stock, use the stock as
- Metals starts in capital , nonmetals lowercase oxidation number then criss- cross.
ONE OXYDATION WHEN GIVEN IS ELEMENT SYMBOLS:
- Monatomic cations with one oxidation number : Group 123 - Criss cross then translate.
- If family 123, there is the ion word Ex. Al ( ClO3-)3 = Aluminum
- DAPAT ISA LANG TALAGA OXYDATION NIYA kahit fam 123 Chlorate
Ex. gold ion = Au+ ( lowercase)

MORE THAN ONE

1. Classical
- Latin name + ous (LOWER OXYDATION STATE)
- Latin name + ic (HIGHER STATE)
- Some elements doesn’t have latin name so… WHEN GIVEN IS ELEMENT NAME:
IF THE LETTER IS NOT SEEN IN THE CHEMICAL SYMBOL
USE CHEMICAL NAME NOT LATIN NAME. ( minsan lng) *FROM SUPERSCRIPT MAGIGING SUBSCRIPT
Ex. Fe 2+ - ferrous * If there is a subscript from the compound, IGNORE IT.
Fe3+ - ferric
TWO INSTANCES:
2. Stock
- Name of element then roman numeral according to 3. If the metal has one oxidation number:
electron - Just do criss cross
in the element name given. Ex. Lithium Phosphate
Ex. Li+ = Lithium (I) , Be2+= Berrylium (II) Li1+ PO4^3 = Li3Po4
4. If the metal has more than one:
NAMING MONATOMIC ANIONS - There is parenthesis.
Ex. Barium Acetate
- Add -ide at the end of the element name Ba2+ C2H3O2 = Ba (C2H3O2)2
Ex. sulfide
- NON METALS WALANG STOCK METHOD When it has a stock, use the stock as oxidation number then
criss- cross.

BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS WHEN GIVEN IS ELEMENT SYMBOLS:

- Always use criss-cross method! - Criss cross then translate.

- If same superscript, cancel! Ex. Al ( ClO3-)3 = Aluminum Chlorate
- Kahit marami siyang oxidation number, u have to
see if pwedeng macancel if u choose this certain num.

WHEN GIVEN IS ELEMENT NAME:

*FROM SUPERSCRIPT MAGIGING SUBSCRIPT

Ex. Aluminum bromide = (Al ^3+ Br^1- = AlBr3 )

WHEN GIVEN IS ELEMENT SYMBOLS:

- Criss cross muna then translate to element name.

- When translating, look at the oxidation number then
follow the certain (IOUS, IC)

Ex. Cr203 - Cr^3+ 0^2+ = Chromous oxide