Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Contar con los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de exportación,

requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras para apropiar las normas y pasos
a seguir, sino también comprender y extraer los aspectos más importantes de cada
texto. Existen gran cantidad de textos referentes exportación e importación en
inglés, por lo cual es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1

Setting up the business

Whether it is a new or existing export-import business, the legal form, or

structure, will determine how the business is to be conducted, its tax liability,
and other important considerations. Each form of business organization has
its own advantages and disadvantages, and the entrepreneur has to select
the one that best fulfills the goals of the entrepreneur and the business.
Selection of an appropriate business organization is a task that requires
accounting and legal expertise and should be done with the advice of a
competent attorney or accountant.

Ownership structure

In this section, we examine different forms of business organizations: sole

proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.

1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
Sole proprietorships

A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by one individual. No

separate legal entity exists. There is one principal in the business who has
total control over all export-import operations and who can make decisions
without consulting anyone. The major advantages of sole proprietorships are
as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control. Establishing an export-

import business as sole proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and requires
little or no government approval. At the state level, registration of the business
name is required, while at the federal level, sole proprietors need to keep
accurate accounting records and attach a profit or loss statement for the
business when filing individual tax returns (Schedule C, Internal Revenue
Service Form 1040). They must operate on a calendar year and can use the
cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or corporations. The

owner makes all operational and management decisions concerning the
business. The owner can remove money or other assets of the business
without legal or tax consequences. He or she can also easily transfer or
terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal government regulations versus

other business concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an individual, at a rate lower

than the corporate income tax rate. Losses from the export import business
can be applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other sources. Sole
proprietors are also allowed to establish tax exempt retirement accounts.
(Harper, 1991; Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import concern as a sole
proprietorship is the risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally liable
for the debts and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought to
protect against these liabilities; however, if insurance protection is not
sufficient to cover legal liability for defective products or debts, judgment
creditors’ next recourse is the personal assets of the owner. Another
disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access to capital is limited to personal
funds plus any loans that can be obtained. In addition, very few individuals
have all the necessary skills to run an export-import business, and the owner
may lack certain skills. The business may also terminate upon the death or
disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization: pointers

 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of the export-import

business? If not, how many people have an ownership interest?

 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or expertise?

 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for management?

 What legal form affords the most advantageous tax treatment for the
business concern and individual entrepreneurs?

 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to establish and subject
to a low degree of government regulation?

 How important is it to limit personal liability of owners?

 o Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light of the goals and
objectives of the export-import business? (Belay, 2009).

2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, mínimo de 15 palabras y escriba

su respectivo significado en inglés.
vocabulario
Advantages: Circumstance or
situation that gives superiority in
something.
Disadvantages: Circumstance of being
worse or being in a worse situation
one thing with respect to others of
the same nature with which it is
compared. Less favorable situation in
which a person or thing is with
respect to others with which it is
compared.
Attorney: Person legally authorized to
advise and defend the rights and
interests of another person in legal
matters and represent it in a lawsuit.
Without: Indica falta o carencia de
alguna cosa material o inmaterial.
Proprietorships: Property rights
In the right, the domain or property,
is the direct and immediate power
over an object or good, by which is
attributed to its owner the ability to
dispose of it, without further
limitations than those imposed by
law.
Returns: The return is the act of
giving something back to someone. It
is a process that is based on a right of
possession of a certain person with
respect to a certain good that was
delivered with some type of specific
objective.
Applied: That puts effort, interest
and perseverance in the
accomplishment of a work or in the
significado
Ventajas: Circunstancia o situación
que da superioridad en alguna cosa.
Desventajas: Circunstancia de ser
peor o estar en peor situación una
cosa respecto a otras de la misma
naturaleza con la que se compara.
Situación menos favorable en que se
halla una persona o cosa respecto a
otras con las que se compara.
Abogado: Persona legalmente
autorizada para asesorar y defender
los derechos e intereses de otra
persona en materia jurídica y
representarla en un pleito.
Sin: Indicates lack or lack of
something material or immaterial.
Propietarios: Derecho de propiedad,
en el derecho, el dominio o
propiedad, es el poder directo e
inmediato sobre un objeto o bien,
por la que se atribuye a su titular la
capacidad de disponer del mismo, sin
más limitaciones que las que
imponga la ley.
Devoluciones: La devolución es el
acto de entregar algo nuevamente a
alguien. Es un proceso de se sustenta
en un derecho de posesión de una
determinada persona con respecto a
un determinado bien que fue
entregado con algún tipo de objetivo
específico.
Aplicado: Que pone esfuerzo, interés
y constancia en la realización de un
 development of an activity, especially trabajo o en el desarrollo de una
in the study. actividad, en especial en el estudio.
Loans: A loan is an operation by Prestamos: Un préstamo es una
which a financial institution puts at operación por la cual una entidad
our disposal a certain amount of financiera pone a nuestra disposición
money through a contract. una cantidad determinada de dinero
mediante un contrato.
Skills: The ability is the innate Habilidades: La habilidad es la
aptitude, talent, skill or ability that a aptitud innata, talento, destreza o
person holds to carry out and of capacidad que ostenta una persona
course with success, certain activity, para llevar a cabo y por supuesto con
work éxito, determinada actividad,
trabajo
Losses: Small amount of blood or Pérdidas: Cantidad pequeña de
discharge from the womb that is sangre o flujo procedente de la
abnormally expelled outside of the matriz que se expulsa anormalmente
menstrual period. fuera del período menstrual.
Upon: Heritage prefix of Latin origin Sobre: Prefijo patrimonial de origen
that enters the formation of names latino que entra en la formación de
with the meaning of 'above', nombres con el significado de ‘por
'besides'. encima de’, ‘además de’.
Judgment: Faculty of understanding, Juicio: Facultad del entendimiento,
by virtue of which man can por cuya virtud el hombre puede
distinguish good from evil and true distinguir el bien del mal y lo
from false. verdadero de lo falso.
Income: Amount of money earned or Ingresos: Cantidad de dinero ganada
collected. o recaudada.
Little: That has a smaller size than Pequeño: Que tiene un tamaño
normal. menor de lo normal.
Sole: It applies to one or several Único: Se aplica a una o varias cosas
things of which or of whose species de las cuales o de cuya especie no
there are no others. hay otras.
3. El texto sugerido al inicio de esta evidencia cuenta con varios párrafos, y al
interior de cada párrafo se encuentran varias ideas principales. Por favor, lea el
material complementario “Identifying the main idea” para conocer cómo se puede
encontrar la idea principal en un párrafo escrito en inglés.

 How to carry out a business

 There are different forms of commercial organizations

  The director controls all export and import operations

 The sole proprietors are simple and low in costs

 The owners are in charge of making all the decisions

 The individual companies are governmental

 The individual owners have a lower rate than the tax rate

 The owners are responsible for their business

4. Luego de analizar el material complementario, por favor escriba las ideas

principales de cada párrafo, en presente simple, en inglés. No haga transcripción
literal de los párrafos. A continuación, transforme la oración a presente
progresivo, también en inglés.

Simple Present Tense Present Progressive Tense

Think how to carry out a business. Carry out a business.
There must be different forms of There are forms of commercial
commercial organizations. organizations.
The director complies in controlling all The director controls all export
export and import operations. and import operations.
Owners are considered simple and low in The owners are simple and low in
costs. costs.
Owners must take care of making all The owners are responsible for
decisions. making all decisions.
Individual companies comply with Individual companies are
government. governmental.
Individual owners have a lower rate than Individual owners have a lower
the tax rate rate than the tax rate
Individual owners have a lower rate than The owners are responsible for
the tax rate their business.
5. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se conecten
coherentemente, en 15 líneas.

It can be concluded that carrying out an export and import business, to different
commercial addresses, the director controls all export and import operations.
Individual companies are, however, at a lower rate than the tax rate, which entails
the responsibility of the company.
Selection of an appropriate business organization is a task that requires accounting
and legal expertise and should be done with the advice of a competent attorney or
accountant.

What should be done to have greater knowledge and have the legal results in the
environment, even with a single administrator or boss. the legal and health aspects
for better export or good communication and good recognition at an international
level and for great success in the industry.

There are disadvantages that in an export-import company as sole owner is the

risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally responsible for the debts and
other responsibilities of the company. The business can also end with the death or
disability of the owner.

Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta el material de

formación “Using simple present and progressive to export” y el material
complementario asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.
Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta ofimática de su preferencia y envíe el
archivo al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de aprendizaje en formato .doc
o .pdf.

Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.

2. Clic en Examinar mi equipo y buscar el archivo previamente guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.

Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la guía de

aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas las actividades propuestas,
saber cómo desarrollarlas y entregarlas correctamente
Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un texto técnico en
inglés.