EE/AA 547, LJ Ratliff HW 3 DUE 201824 (WED) @ 11:30AM

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problem, please appropriately cite that source.

Problem 1. Adjoints Consider an inner product space (Cn , C), equipped with the standard inner
product in Cn , and a map A : Cn → Cn which consists of matrix multiplication by an n × n matrix
A. Find the adjoint of A.

Problem 2. Continuity and Linearity. Show that a linear map between finite dimensional
vector spaces is continuous.

Problem 3. Range and Null Spaces. State if the following are True or False and provide a proof
to support your answer.

1. R(L) = R(L∗ L)

2. R(A)⊥N (A∗ )

Problem 4. Least Norm Solution. Consider L : Rm → Rn is a surjective map. Show that the
least norm solution of Lx = y is given by

x = LT (LLT )−1 y

Problem 5. Linear Maps and Eigenvalues. Consider the operator L : Rn×n → Rn×n given by

L(X) = BXA − X

1. Is it linear? (prove or provide a counter example)

2. What are the eigenvalues of L in terms of the eigenvalues of A and B?

3. When is the map L bijective?

4. What are the eigenvalues of the linear map M : Rn×n → Rn×n defined by

M (Y ) = AY + Y B

Problem 6. Induced Norms. Prove that

m
X
kAk1,i = max |aij |
j∈{1,...,n}
i=1

for A ∈ F m×n .

Problem 7. Adjoints. Let A : Rn → Rm be a real matrix (not necessarily square). If the null
space of A is {0}, show that the matrix A∗ A is invertible and positive definite.

Problem 8. Symmetric Matrices and Eigenvalues. Let A be an n × n real symmetric matrix

with eigenvalues λ1 ≤ λ2 ≤ · · · ≤ λn and corresponding orthonormal eigenvectors v1 , . . . , vn . Show
that
hx, Axi
λ2 = min
x6=0,x⊥v1 kxk2

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EE/AA 547, LJ Ratliff HW 3 DUE 201824 (WED) @ 11:30AM

Problem 9. Lie Brackets. Define the Lie Bracket of two matrices A, B ∈ Rn×n to be a new
matrix [A, B] = AB − BA. Show that for any three matrices A, B, C ∈ Rn×n that

[A, [B, C]] + [B, [C, A]] + [C, [A, B]] = 0

Problem 10. Existence and uniqueness. Let A(t) and B(t) be respectively n × n and n × m
matrices whose elements are real (or complex) valued piecewise continuous functions on R+ . Let
u(·) be a piecewise continuous function from R+ to Rm . Show that for any fixed u(·), the differential
equation
ẋ(t) = A(t)x(t) + B(t)u(t)
satisfies the conditions of the fundamental theorem of ODEs.