10 EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

1. Microsoft Windows
Purpose
Microsoft Windows serves as the core of most of desktop and laptop computers, with around 90
percent running some version of the operating system. At its most basic, Windows offers a platform
for other programs to run. Microsoft has built on this platform over the last three decades, adding in
more elaborate user interfaces and features that make the computer it runs on more powerful and
easier to use.

Features

Microsoft Windows has a variety of features for Windows users to take advantage of.
Microsoft Windows is an operating system created by Microsoft for PC computers. An operating
system is the software utilized to run and manage programs and functions on the computer. Windows
updates and adds to its features with each release, however some of the features it is known for are
Windows Live, Windows Search, Windows Updates and Windows Taskbar.

Windows Live
Windows Live is a group of tools and software for use with Windows. All Windows users can have
access to Windows Live by creating a free account. Windows Live includes a chat client, networking
tools, a movie maker and photo gallery, and email and Internet functions. A user can choose to
download and use all of these programs, or only download a selection of them depending on needs.

Windows Search
Because of the nature of computers, it can sometimes be difficult to locate a particular file. Windows
Search is a search function included with Windows that allows the user to search their entire
computer. Windows Search is located in the start menu. Users can search for files by name, date and
file. The search function also allows the user to search for text within a file in case you cannot
remember the document name.

Windows Updates
Windows includes an automatic update feature with the intended purpose of keeping ts operating
system safe and up-to-date. Security updates are installed with this feature to help protect against
new risks as well as to apply any software updates and bug fixes. Users can set this feature to check
for new updates and install them automatically or turn off the automatic update feature and check for
updates on their own. Windows recommends automatic checking for updates for the maximum
security.

Windows Taskbar
The taskbar in Windows is located at the bottom of the screen by default, but can be moved to the top
or sides of the screen if the user chooses. The taskbar is the main navigation tool for Windows. It
includes the Start Menu, which allows users to access programs and features. It also includes a clock,
calendar, and program icons for things such as commonly used programs and updates. The taskbar
and the items displayed in it are customizable.

Functions
The Microsoft Windows Operating System is the code that handles processes in the machine, from
handling memory writes to task switching. A lot of the operation of a computer's parts; writing to the
screen, actual disk writes, input handling from the keyboard, mouse, modem, sound input and output
and things like writing pads, touch screens and more are handled not by the operating system but by
drivers provided by the hardware manufacturer.
Also, refers to a series of graphical interface operating system developed, marketed, and sold by
Microsoft.
Window is an enclosed, rectangular area on a display screen. Most modern operating systems
and applications have graphical user interface that let you divide your display into several windows.
Within each window, you can run a different program or display different data.
A window can also be a logical view of a file. By moving the window, you can view different
portions of the file.
Window is an area within a frame on a computer screen, in which a particular program is
operating or in which information of a particular type is shown.
An operating system is the single most important software when you run a computer, it is
what takes care of pretty much everything on a computer system, while the majority of computers we
see happen to be using one ‘type’ of operating system performing the same functions, operating
systems can be branched into several different types as well. It’s been a while since I’ve shared a
fairly technical post on Computer Realm so I guess today would be a good day for one.
An operating system is software, consisting of programs and data, which runs on computers,
manages computer hardware resources, and provides common services for execution of various
application software. For hardware functions such as input & output and memory allocation, the
operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs & the computer hardware.
Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer from cellular phones and
video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers. Examples of popular modern operating
systems for personal computers are: Mac Operating System X, Microsoft Windows and Linux.
Microsoft Windows applications are In the case of "Microsoft Windows", windows programs
are software applications that are run on a computer that is also running Microsoft Windows as an
operating system. A software application, or program, is a set of logical conditions grouped together
to perform some function. Typically a Microsoft Windows application will be run within a "window"
although that is not a requirement. A "window" in the context of software is an area of the screen set
aside to run a single program and may or may not have options for controlling the position and size
of the program area. Some examples of Microsoft Windows applications are:
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Internet Explorer
Notepad
Mozilla Firefox

2. Apple iOS
Purpose
IOS is a mobile operating system for Apple-
manufactured devices. iOS runs on the iPhone, iPad,
iPod Touch and Apple TV.

iOS is best known for serving as the underlying

software that allows iPhone users to interact with their
phones using gestures such as swiping, tapping and
pinching. These finger actions are typically performed
on multitouch capacitive touch screen displays, which
provide fast response and accept inputs from multiple
fingers. Although it is not the No. 1 mobile OS
globally, iOS dominates the North American market by
a large margin, with a 60 percent market share as of
May 2010.

Features
Key Features and Enhancements
Dark Mode

Beautiful new look

A new Dark Mode option gives iOS and apps a
beautiful dark color scheme. Perfect for low-light
environments, Dark Mode is easier on your eyes and
won’t disturb people around you.
Turn on manually
Tap the new button in Control Center to quickly turn
Dark Mode on and off, such as when you enter a dark
room or theater.
Scheduled
Have Dark Mode turn on and off at a certain time or
based on sunrise and sunset, which is great when
you’re outside at night or using your iPhone before
you go to bed.
Wallpapers
New wallpapers optimized for Dark Mode
automatically change as you switch between light and
dark.
System integration
Dark Mode is beautifully integrated throughout iOS,
from built-in apps and settings to system-level views.
Works with your favorite apps
An API lets third‑ party developers implement Dark
Mode in their apps.

Functions
iOS comes with a lot of default apps, including an
email client, a Safari Web browser, a portable media
player (iPod) and the phone app.

Developers can use the iOS software development kit

(SDK) to create applications for Apple mobile devices.
The SDK includes tools and interfaces for developing,
installing, running and testing apps. Native apps can
be written using the iOS system frameworks and the
Objective-C programming language. Included in the
iOS SDK are Xcode Tools, which include an integrated
development environment (IDE) for managing
application projects, a graphical tool for creating the
user interface and a debugging tool for analyzing
runtime performance. It also includes an iOS
simulator, which allows developers to test apps on a
Mac, and an iOS developer library, which provides all
the necessary documentation and reference material.
3. Google's Android OS
Purpose
the Android operating system is a mobile operating system that was
developed by Google (GOOGL) to be primarily used for touchscreen devices, cell
phones, and tablets. Its design lets users manipulate the mobile devices
intuitively, with finger movements that mirror common motions, such as pinching,
swiping, and tapping.

In addition to mobile devices, Google employs Android software in televisions,

cars, and wristwatches—each of which is fitted with a unique user interface.

Features- With Android operating system (OS) KitKat version 4.4 rolling out to
mobile devices across the globe, Google is on to something—Android is now more popular
than iOS or the Windows phone. The OS tends to garner rave reviews for its ease of use
and open source, but many iOS or Windows phone users argue that their preferred
operating system can do just as much. In some respects that’s true, but here are 10 features
unique to Android’s OS.
1) Near Field Communication (NFC)
Most Android devices support NFC, which allows electronic devices to easily interact across
short distances. The main aim here is to create a payment option that is simpler than carrying
credit cards or cash, and while the market hasn’t exploded as many experts had predicted, there
may be an alternative in the works, in the form of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).
2) Alternate Keyboards
Android supports multiple keyboards and makes them easy to install; the SwiftKey, Skype, and
8pen apps all offer ways to quickly change up your keyboard style. Other mobile operating
systems either don’t permit extra keyboards at all, or the process to install and use them are
tedious and time-consuming.

3) Infrared Transmission
The Android operating system supports a built-in infrared transmitter, allowing you to use your
phone or tablet as a remote control.
4) No-Touch Control
Using Android apps such as Wave Control, users can control their phones touch-free, using only
gestures. Have messy hands but need to turn off your screen or change a song? Simple. This
could prove especially useful if you’re driving, so you can keep both eyes on the road.
5) Automation
The Tasker app lets you not only control app permissions but also automate them. Do you only
want your location services to be active during the day? Want to create a customized way to start
your music—for example, with a voice command and at a certain volume? Tasker can help.
6) Wireless App Downloads
Accessing app stores on any mobile device can be frustrating, but iOS makes it a little more
difficult—download an app on your computer, and it won’t sync to your mobile device until you
plug in and access iTunes. Using the Android Market or third-party options like AppBrain,
meanwhile, let you download apps on your PC and then automatically sync them your Droid, no
plugging required.
7) Storage and Battery Swap
Android phones also have unique hardware capabilities. Google’s OS makes it possible to
remove and upgrade your battery or to replace one that no longer holds a charge. In addition,
Android phones come with SD card slots for expandable storage.

8) Custom Home Screens

While it’s possible to hack certain phones to customize the home screen, Android comes with
this capability from the get-go. Download a third-party launcher like Nova, Apex or Slide and
you can add gestures, new shortcuts, or even performance enhancements for older-model
devices.

9) Widgets
Apps are versatile, but sometimes you want information at a glance instead of having to open an
app and wait for it to load. Android widgets let you display just about any feature you choose,
right on the home screen—including weather apps, music widgets, or productivity tools that
helpfully remind you of upcoming meetings or approaching deadlines.

10) Custom ROMs

This is a big one. Because the Android operating system is open source, developers can tweak
the current OS and build their own versions, which users can download and install in place of the
stock OS. Some are filled with features, while others change the look and feel of a device.
Chances are if there’s a feature you want, someone has already built a custom ROM for it.

Functions

Android is an operating system for mobile devices. It is mostly used for smartphones,
like Google's own Google Pixel, as well as by other phone manufacturers
like HTC and Samsung. It has also been used for tablets such as the Motorola Xoom
and Amazon Kindle. A modified Linux kernel is used as Android's kernel.[11]
Google says that over 1.3 million Android smartphones are sold every day.[12] Most
mobile phones run Android, making it the most popular mobile operating system. It is also
the most popular operating system in general.
It supports multitasking and two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphics.

4. Apple macOS
Purpose
important part of the Mac computer is the firmware. Firmware is a level of
programming that exists directly on top of a hardware layer. It's not part of
the operating system itself. The Mac firmware is the first stored program
that executes when you turn on a Mac computer. Its job is to check the
 computer's CPU, memory, disk drives and ports for errors. The PC
equivalent to the Mac firmware is called BIOS, which stands for basic input-
output systems. A second program called a bootloader loads the Mac OS
X, assuming there are no errors reported by the firmware.
Features-
The features that Apple highlighted during WWDC focused on the user interface. They’ll
make your Mac easier and more efficient to use. Here’s a list of some of the new
features. Click on the link to get more information, including instructions on how to use
the feature in macOS Mojave. (If there’s no link, we’re working on the article and will
post it soon.)

 Continuity Camera
 Dark Mode
 Desktop Stacks
 Dynamic Desktops
 Finder enhancements: Gallery View, view metadata, and Quick Actions
 Improved OS and Safari security
 Screenshot markup

Apple had touted Group FaceTime as a new feature, but with the seventh Mojave
developer beta, the company announced in the release notes that Group FaceTime will
not be available in the initial release of Mojave. It will be available as a software update
later in the fall.

Group FaceTime will allow you to perform a group chat with up to 32 people at the
same time, either audio or video. The feature works on both Mojave Macs and iOS
devices running iOS 12.

Funtions

 Stability and reliability? Because the operating system has been designed using modern
architectural principles, it is very stable. When an application does crash or hang, only that
application is affected. The system manages its resources much more effectively than
previous versions of the OS did. The result is that Mac OS X keeps working without those
annoying crashes that were far too common with previous versions. Mac OS X is as stable
as a rock.
 Speed? The OS is optimized for maximum performance on Mac hardware. It also takes
advantage of other modern Mac hardware features such as faster memory, modern data
buses, and so on. All operations under Mac OS X are much faster than under previous
versions; these improvements in speed have continued in version 10.3. Mac OS X flies.
 Beauty? Although it might seem odd to list beauty as a benefit of an operating system, if you
have seen Mac OS X before, you probably understand why I listed this. Because of the
advanced graphics subsystem, the images, fonts, icons, and other graphic elements of the
operating system are very pleasing to look at. The new interface design uses color and other
graphic effects in a visually stunning way. Mac OS X looks very, very good.
 Multiple user support? Mac OS X is designed to facilitate many people using the same
machine. Unlike previous versions of the Mac OS, this support is native to the OS rather than
being an add-on. Mac OS X is meant to be shared.
 Organization? Mac OS X features a logical organization that is user friendly?things are
where you expect them to be. Mac OS X is your digital housekeeper.
 Security? Mac OS X has many security features you can employ to protect your machine
and its data from other people who use it, as well as from those who share the same network
as you, and even from Internet attacks through its built-in firewall. Mac OS X makes the
digital life a secure life.
  Compatibility? With its Classic environment, Mac OS X can use most applications that are
written for earlier versions of the Mac OS. This means that from the day Mac OS X was
introduced, there were thousands of Mac OS X?compatible applications. Because Mac OS X
is based on Unix, it is also compatible with many Unix applications. This brings hundreds of
sophisticated applications to the Mac that were previously unavailable. Mac OS X can run
thousands of applications.
 Power? Mac OS X is a very powerful OS. Its multiple layers provide this power in many
areas, such as graphics, the Internet, and so on. Its standards-based networking architecture
enables you to connect to any system, anywhere. And you have much greater, direct access
to system processes than ever before. You can access this power at many levels, from the
GUI to using Unix text commands. Mac OS X has all the power you need.
 Network-readiness? Mac OS X provides support for all sorts of networks, from those
containing all Macintosh computers to those composed of Windows PCs. Mac OS X's
networking system is powerful, flexible, and relatively easy to configure. With its Rendezvous
technology, Mac OS X Macs can automatically seek out and configure other Rendezvous
devices with which they can communicate. From LANs to WANs, Mac OS X has been built to
connect.
 High-technology support? Mac OS X supports many advanced technologies, including
Bluetooth, that enable the OS to interact with wireless devices, such as cell phones and
PDAs. The Ink system provides Mac OS X with handwriting recognition so that you can
provide input with graphics tablets and other devices in all your Mac OS X applications.
FireWire 800 support means you can access the fastest hard drives and other peripherals.
When it comes to high-tech, Mac OS X is all you need.
 Ease of use? Although power and ease of use are usually conflicting terms, Mac OS X
provides both. Its interface features the tools and techniques that have made the Mac OS
traditionally the most intuitive and easiest-to-use operating system. You don't have to be a
rocket scientist to use Mac OS X (although it is a great OS for rocket scientists, too).
 Customizability? It wouldn't be a Mac OS if you couldn't tweak the interface to suit your
preferences.

5. Linux Operating System

Purpose- free software for our use. It can be used for anything from servers to
desktops to running the software for DIY projects. The only purpose of Linux, and its
distributions, is to be free so that you can use it for whatever you want. The people
who work on Linux do the behind-the-scenes work so you don’t have to, then give it
to you free so anybody can use it.
Features-
 Portable – Portability means softwares can works on different types of hardwares in same way.Linux
kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform.
 Open Source – Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project.
Multiple teams works in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is
continuously evolving.
 Multi-User – Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like
memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.
 Multiprogramming – Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at
same time.
 Hierarchical File System – Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files/ user files
are arranged.
 Shell – Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the
operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations, call application programs etc.
 Security – Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/
controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.
Functions

1. Memory management. The kernel allocates and deallocates memory and

assigns physical memory locations based upon requests, either implicit or
explicit, from application programs. In cooperation with the CPU, the kernel also
manages access to memory to ensure that programs only access those regions
 of memory which have been assigned to them. Part of memory management
includes managing the swap partition or file and the movement of memory pages
between RAM and the swap space on the hard drive.
2. Task management. The Linux kernel manages the execution of all tasks running
on the system. The scheduler portion of the kernel allocates CPU time to each
running process based on its priority and whether it is capable of running. A task
which is blocked — perhaps it is waiting for data to be delivered from the disk, or
for input from the keyboard — does not receive CPU time. The Linux kernel will
also preempt a lower priority task when a task with a higher priority becomes
unblocked and capable of running.
3. Interprocess communication. Interprocess communication (IPC) is vital to any
multitasking operating system. Many tasks must be synchronized or
communicate with each other to ensure that their work is properly coordinated.
The kernel manages a number of IPC methods. Shared memory is used when
two tasks need to pass data between them. The Linux clipboard is a good
example of shared memory. Data which is cut or copied to the clipboard is stored
in shared memory. When the stored data is pasted into another application, that
application looks for the data in the clipboard’s shared memory area. Named
pipes can be used to communicate data between two programs. Data can be
pushed into the pipe by one program and the other program can pull the data out
of the other end of the pipe. A program may collect data very quickly and push it
into the pipe. Another program may take the data out of the other end of the pipe
and either display it on the screen or store it to the disk, but it can handle the
data at its own rate.
4. Device management. The kernel manages access to the physical hardware
through the use of device drivers. Access to physical devices must be managed
carefully or more than one application might attempt to control the same device
at the same time. The Linux kernel manages this so that only one program
actually has control of or access to a device at any given moment. One example
of this is a COM port. Only one program can communicate through a COM port
at any given time. If you are using the COM port to get your e-mail from the
Internet, for example, and try to start another program which attempts to use the
same COM port, the Linux kernel detects that the COM port is already in use.
The kernel then uses the hardware error handler to display a message on the
screen that the COM port is in use.
5. I/O Management. The kernel is also responsible for managing I/O devices. This
includes USB, parallel and serial port I/O, and file system I/O. The kernel does
not actually handle physical access to the disk, but rather manages the requests
for disk I/O submitted by the various running programs. It passes these requests
on to the file system, whether it be EXT[2,3,4], VFAT, HPFS, CDFS (CD-ROM
file system), or NFS (Network file system), and manages the transfer of data
between the file system and the requesting programs.