32 PADOLINA, Ma. Angelica Q.

2HPH

Assignment
Part I: Solubility

1. Differentiate solubility and miscibility.

- Both solubility and miscibility is the concentration after the solute dissolves in a
solvent. In solubility, the solute is often solid substance while in miscibility the solute
refers to a liquid substance.

2. Discuss the principal factor that affects the solubility of a drug.

- The principal factor that affects the solubility of a drug is temperature. It has an
influence to the exchange of energy in the solution wherein the particles move faster in
high temperature and slower in low temperature.

3. What is the effect of temperature change on the solubility of a drug (solid) if the heat of
solution is
a) Positive
- It causes decrease of solubility
b) Negative
- It causes increase of solubility

4. How does the chemical structure of a drug influence its solubility in terms of
a) Dipole moment
- It is polar which comprises charges that are permanently separated. This makes
molecules with high dipole moment more soluble in polar solvents like water.
c) Dielectric properties
- It affects the interaction of a solvent like water where the arrangement of oxygen and
hydrogen permits oxygen to pull electrons from hydrogen and produce partial charges.
d) Hydrogen bonding
- It is significant because it is responsible for the intermolecular bonds holding the
substance in a solution. Some functional groups such as alcohol, amine, and thiol
attracts water that makes water solubility higher.

5. How is the solubility of a drug affected when it is micronized?

Crystal lattice energy is responsible for holding the solute together thus requiring higher
energy to separate ions. When a drug is micronized, it undergoes to the process of breaking
down the crystal lattice of a solid thus requiring lower energy and increases solubility.

6. State the general solubility rules.

1.) Like dissolves like. The greater the similarity between the solute and the solvent
(similar physical-chemical properties), the greater the solubility.
2.) Solubility in water is increased by increasing the capacity of the solute for H bonding
with polar groups (e.g., OH, NH2, SO3H, COOH).
 3.) Solubility in water is decreased with an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the
solute (i.e., an increase in molecular weight without increasing polarity). For example,
polymers with a high molecular weight are insoluble.
4.) For many organic molecules, high melting point means lower water solubility.
5.) Cis (z) isomer is mire soluble than trans (e) isomer; cis has a lower melting point.
6.) Increasing unsaturation increases solubility in polar solvents.
7.) Anhydrous solutes are more soluble than are those that are crystalline.

7. Define solubility product constant

- A constant coming from the product of each ion raised to stoichiometric coefficient and
equilibrium concentrations of dissolved ions of a salt.

8. a) What are weak acids and weak bases?

- In equilibrium, weak acids partially dissociate in water to donate hydrogen ions and
weak anions and weak bases react with water taking a proton to be the associated weak
base and donate hydroxide ion.
b) How is the solubility of weak acids and weak bases in water affected by pH change?
- Based on le chatelier principle, in weak acid, if you add something basic it increases
the solubility and if you add something acidic, it decreases the solubility. On the other
hand in weak base, if you add something acidic, it increases the solubility and wif you
add something basic it decreases the solubility.

9. Give an example of how the solubility of liquids in liquids is influenced the temperature
- A 10% phenol in a water solution is not likely at 25C. As to 37C or near body
temperature, it makes a solution.

10. What solvents can best dissolve the following kind of substances?
a) strong electrolytes
- Water can best dissolve strong electrolytes.
b) weak electrolytes
- Cosolvents (alcohol) can best dissolve weak electrolytes.
c) non-electrolytes
- Organic solvents can best dissolve non-electrolytes.

Reference:

Mobley, W., Amiji, M. and Cook, T. (2019). Applied physical pharmacy. New York: McGraw-
Hill.