C0Fluid power-is a method of using pressurized fluid to transmit energy

Pneumatic vs. Hydraulic-Same advantages:

-actuators can be stopped without damaging them
-actuator motion can be linear or rotary
-actuator speed is easy control
Advantages of hydraulics system
-provide very high force
-can smoothly and accurately control the motion of the machine
-be able to operate under water and other harsh environments 𝑉∗𝐷
Reynold’s number: 𝑅𝑒 =
𝑣
Advantages of pneumatics
Re=Reynold’s # (no units)
-higher speed can be obtained with pneumatics 𝑓𝑡 𝑚
-can not leak oil so they are better suited to applications such as textiles or electronics v=velocity ( , )
𝑠 𝑠
-lower cost than hydraulics d=diameter (ft,m)
𝑓𝑡^2 𝑚^2
Components of a fluid power system V=kinematic velocity ( , )
𝑠 𝑠
-hydraulic system-has liquid
-Laminar: Re<2000, smooth, layered flow
-pneumatic system-has gas
-Turbulent: Re>4000, rough, chaotic fashion with parcels of fluid flowing in all directions
Units
𝑙𝑏𝑠 Pressure variation in a fluid at rest
-U.S. ( , 𝑝𝑠𝑖) P = *H
𝑖𝑛^2
𝑁
-𝑆𝐼 ( , 𝑃𝑎) P=pressure at bottom of liquid column
𝑚2
𝐹 =specific weight of liquid
Hydraulic Pressure-P=
𝐴 H=liquid column height or head
Pascal’s Law -The pressure exerted on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all P = F*v
directions and acts at right angles to the containing surfaces 𝑙𝑏𝑠∗𝑓𝑡
P=power ( )
𝑊 = 𝐹∙𝑑 𝑠
W=work (ft*lbs, N*m) F=force (lbs)
F=force (lbs, N) v=velocity (ft/s)
d=distance traveled (ft, m)
𝐹 = 𝑊 = 𝑚∗𝑔
F=force (lbs, N)
W=weight (lbs, N)
m=mass (slugs, kg)
g=acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/s^2, 9.81 m/s^2) -Needle valve: Controls the speed of an actuator by controlling the flow rate of oil to the
𝑊 actuator
𝛾=
𝑉
𝛾 =gamma, specific weight (lbs/ft^3, N/m^3)
w=weight (lbs, N)
V=volume (ft^3, m^3)
𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙
(𝑆𝐺)𝑜𝑖𝑙 = -Check valve: Allows fluid to flow in one direction and completely blocks flow in the other
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 direction
𝑆𝐺 =specific gravity of fluid (oil) (no units)
𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 =specific weight of fluid (oil)
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =specific weight of water (62.4 lb/ft^3, 9.81 KN/m^3)
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉
𝜌=rho, density (slugs/ft^3, kg/m^3)
m= mass (slugs, kg) -Flow control valve: Restricts flow in one direction and allows free flow in the other direction
V=volume (ft^3, m^3) Positive displacement pumps operate by opening up a cavity very quickly to create a vacuum,
which allows atmospheric pressure to push fluid in from a reservoir. They then close the cavity
very quickly to force the fluid back out in the direction of the system
Displacement-the volume output per revolution of the pump shaft, the volume required to turn a
motor one revolution
Fixed vs variable
-Fixed displacement pump cannot vary their flow rate without changing the speed at which they
are driven. Variable displacement pump vary their flow rate even while being driven at a
constant speed
Flow rate of pump
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑉𝑝 ∗ 𝑁
𝑖𝑛^3 𝑐𝑚^3
𝑄𝑇 =theoretical flow rate of pump ( , )
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑖𝑛^3 𝑐𝑚^3
𝑉𝑝 =pump displacement ( , )
𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑟𝑒𝑣
N=drive speed ( )
𝑚
Pump power
𝑝∗𝑄 𝑝∗𝑄
𝐻𝑃𝐻 = 𝑘𝑊𝐻 =
1714 60,000
HP=hp kW=kW
p=psi p=kPa
Q=gpm Q=lpm
Pump efficiency
Power unit 𝑂 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝑀
-The main components of the power unit are: Electric motor, hydraulic pump, reservoir, suction
Cavitation is the formation of oil vapor and air bubbles on the inlet side of the pump due to very
line, supply line, and return line. Other components of the power unit are: Relief valve, pressure
low pressure (high vacuum). So the result of cavitation causes extremely high localized pressure
gauge, suction strainer, filler/breather, and liquid level gauge
and fluid velocity. These pressures are so high that they actually causes pitting of the metal and
Double-acting hydraulic cylinder
decrease the life and efficiency of the pump
Cylinder circuits use a hydraulic cylinder as an actuator to convert fluid power into mechanical
power. Cylinder circuits are used in applications that require high force and linear motion
Q=v*A
𝑖𝑛^3 𝑚^3 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑙
Q= flow rate ( , ) or ,
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
v= flow velocity
A= area
Continuity equation
Q1=Q2 (Q1=v1 * A1 Q2=v2 * A2) Piston pump
v1 * A1 = v2 * A2
Flow rate keeps constant because hydraulic systems have a pump
Bernoulli’s equation
𝑝1 𝑣12 𝑝2 𝑣22
ℎ1 + + = ℎ2 + +
𝛾 2∙𝑔 𝛾 2∙𝑔
h= height or elevation (in, m)
𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑁
p= pressure ( , )
𝑖𝑛^2 𝑚^2
𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑁
𝛾= specific weight ( , )
𝑖𝑛^3 𝑚^3
𝑖𝑛 𝑚 Vane pump
v= velocity ( , )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑖𝑛 𝑚
g= gravity = 386.4 = 9.81
𝑠^2 𝑠^2
DCV-a valve used to control the direction of flow in a hydraulic circuit
 Gear pump
-Piston pump is the most efficient, gear pump is the least efficient

A cylinder is required to move a load of 20 kN with a pressure of 250 bar. What is the minimum
diameter cylinder (in mm) v1 * A1 = v2 * A2
𝑚
20 kN = 20,000 N 0.471525 * 0.002827𝑚^2 = v2 * 0.000314𝑚^2
𝑁 𝑠
250 bars = 25,000,000 Pa = 𝑚
𝑚^2 v2 = 4.24523
𝐹 20,000 𝑁 𝑠
A= = = 0.0008m^2 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑝 25,000,000
𝑁 Standard hydraulic ( = 0.0324 3 ) oil is flowing at 10 gpm and 100 psi at the pump outlet.
𝑚^2 𝑖𝑛
4𝐴 4∗(0.0008)𝑚^2 The system then flows uphill to an elevation of 100 ft. What is the pressure at this point
D=√ =√ = 0.031915m or 31.915mm 𝑝1 𝑣12 𝑝2 𝑣22
𝜋 𝜋 ℎ1 + + = ℎ2 + + 100psi =
𝛾 2∗𝑔 𝛾 2∗𝑔
Consider an arrangement below, calculate the output force for the following parameters: input 𝑙𝑏
diameter=25mm, output diameter =100mm, input force =15kN 100
𝑖𝑛^2
𝑝1 𝑝2
a. Calculate the output force ℎ1 + = ℎ2 +
𝛾 𝛾
b. Calculate the distance the input piston must be moved to move the
100ft * 12in = 1,200in
output piston 100mm.
c. Calculate the velocity of the input piston if the output piston must 𝑝2 = 𝑝1 − 𝛾(ℎ2 − ℎ1)
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏𝑠
move at 50mm/s 𝑝2 = 100 − 0.0324 3 ∗ 1200𝑖𝑛
a. 𝐴𝐼𝑁= 𝜋D^2 = 𝜋(25𝑚𝑚)^2= 625𝜋𝑚𝑚^2 =156.25𝜋𝑚𝑚^2 𝑖𝑛^2 𝑖𝑛
4 4 4
𝐴 𝜋D^2 𝜋(100𝑚𝑚)^2 10,000𝜋𝑚𝑚^2 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑂𝑈𝑇=
4
=
4
=
4
=2,500𝜋𝑚𝑚^2 𝑝2 = 61.12 𝑜𝑟 61.12𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴 2,500𝜋mm^2 𝑖𝑛2
𝐹𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝑂𝑈𝑇 ∗ (𝐹𝐼𝑁 ) = ∗ (15𝑘𝑁) = 240𝑘𝑁 A 2-m diameter cylindrical tank is filled with oil (𝛾 = 8800 𝑁/𝑚3 ) to a height of 10 m. What is
𝐴 𝐼𝑁 156.25𝜋mm^2
𝐴𝑂𝑈𝑇 2,500𝜋mm2 the pressure at the bottom of the tank
b. 𝑑𝐼𝑁 = ∗ (𝑑𝑂𝑈𝑇 ) = ∗ (100𝑚𝑚) = 1,600𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐼𝑁 156.25𝜋mm 2
𝑃𝐻 = 𝛾 ∗ ℎ
𝐴𝑂𝑈𝑇 2,500𝜋mm^2 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑁
c. 𝑉𝐼𝑁 = ∗ (𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 ) = ∗ (50 ) = 800
𝐴𝐼𝑁 156.25𝜋mm^2 𝑠 𝑠 𝑃𝐻 = 8,800 ∗ 1𝑚
One gas at 68℉ and under atmospheric pressure has a specific weight of 0.0852 lb/ft3. Find its 𝑚^3
𝑁
specific gravity 𝑃𝐻 = 88,000
𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑚^2
𝑥 = 0.0852 A 100-kN load must be moved at a velocity of 1 m/s. How much power (in kW) is required
𝑓𝑡^3 𝑃 = 𝐹∗𝑣
𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑚
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.0765 𝑃 = 100𝑘𝑁 ∗ 1
𝑓𝑡^3 𝑠
𝑘𝑁𝑚
x=gas 𝑃 = 100 = 100𝑘𝑊
𝑥 𝑠
𝑠𝑔𝑥 =
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 A pump having a 96% volumetric efficiency delivers 29 lpm of oil at 1000 rpm. What is the
𝑙𝑏
0.0852 𝑓𝑡^3 volumetric displacement of the pump
𝑠𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑏 = 0.001365 𝑄𝐴
62.4 𝑓𝑡^3
𝑉 =
Calculate the weight of a reservoir of oil if it has a mass of 825 kg 𝑄𝑇
w=m*g 29𝑙𝑝𝑚
𝑚 0.96 =
w=825 kg * 9.81 𝑄𝑇
𝑠^2
𝑘𝑔∗𝑚 𝑄𝑇 = 30.208𝑙𝑝𝑚
w=8093.25 = 8,093.25 N 𝑄𝑇
𝑠^2
A liquid with a bulk modulus of 275,000 psi is subjected to a pressure of 5000 psi. By how 𝑉𝐷 =
𝑁
much is it being compressed relative to the unpressurized state 0.030208 ∗ 60
p = 5000 psi – Opsi = 5000 psi 𝑉𝐷 =
60 ∗ 1000
𝑉 −𝑝 −5000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑚^3
= = = 0.018182 1.812
𝑉 𝐵 275,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑉𝐷 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑟𝑒𝑣
100 * 0.018182 = 1.8182% 60,000
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚3 𝑙
In a system that will have a flow rate of 20 gpm, it has been determined that the flow velocity 𝑉𝐷 = 30.208 ∗ 10−6 𝑜𝑟 0.0302
𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑣
should not exceed 15 ft/s. What is the minimum conduit ID (in inches) A positive displacement pump has an overall efficiency of 88% and a volumetric efficiency of
20 𝑓𝑡^3 1 𝑓𝑡^3
Q=𝑣∗𝐴 Q = 20gpm = 1gpm = 92%. What is the mechanical efficiency
454.54 𝑠 454.54 𝑠
Q = 0.044
𝑓𝑡^3 𝑂 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝑀
𝑓𝑡^3 𝑓𝑡
𝑠 0.88 = 0.92 * 𝑀
0.044 = 15 ∗ 𝐴 𝑂
𝑠 𝑠
𝑀 =
𝑉
𝑓𝑡^3
0.044 𝑠
A= 𝑓𝑡 = 0.002933𝑓𝑡^3
15 0.88
𝜋∗D^2
𝑠
𝑀 =
A= . 92
4
𝜋∗D^2 𝑀 = 0.9565 * 100
0.002933ft^2 = 𝑀 = 95.65%
4
D^2 = 0.003734 How much hydraulic horsepower would a pump produce when operating at 2000 psi and
D = 0.061106𝑓𝑡 ∗ 12𝑖𝑛 1ft = 12 in delivering 10 gpm? What HP electric motor would be selected to drive this pump if its overall
D = 0.733272in efficiency is 85%
Standard hydraulic oil (𝛾 = 8800 𝑁/𝑚3 ) is flowing at a constant rate of 80 lpm through a 𝑝∗𝑄
conduit that has a 60-mm ID. What is the flow velocity? If the conduit ID is reduced to 20 mm 𝐻𝑃𝐻 =
1714
in one section of the system, what will the velocity be at this point 𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝜋∗ 𝐷12 2000𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 10
𝐴1 = Q = 80 lpm 𝐻𝑃𝐻 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛
4 1714
𝜋 60 𝑚^3
𝐴1 = ∗ ( 𝑚) ^2 Q = 80 * 1.6667x10^-5 1lpm = 𝐻𝑃𝐻 =11.6686hp
4 1000 𝑠
𝑚^3
1.6667x10^-5 𝐻𝑃𝐻
𝑠
𝐴1 = 0.002827𝑚^2 Q = 0.0013333
𝑚^3 𝑂 =
𝑠 𝐻𝑃𝐼
11.6686ℎ𝑝
0.85 =
𝑄1 = 𝑣1 ∗ 𝐴1 𝐻𝑃𝐼
0.0013333
𝑚^3
= v1 * 0.002827𝑚^2 𝐻𝑃𝐻
𝑠 𝐻𝑃𝐼 =
v1 = 0.471525
𝑚 𝑂
𝑠 11.6686ℎ𝑝
𝐻𝑃𝐼 =
𝜋∗ 𝐷22 0.85
𝐴2 = 𝐻𝑃𝐼 = 13.7278ℎ𝑝
4
𝜋 20
𝐴2 = ∗ ( 𝑚) ^2
4 1000
𝐴2 = 0.000314𝑚^2