March 1998 North American Native Orchid Journal

NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE
ORCHID JOURNAL
______________________________________
Volume 4 March
Number 1 1998
a quarterly devoted to the orchids of North America
published by the
NORTH AMERICAN
NATIVE ORCHID ALLIANCE
* * * * * * *
* * * * * * *
IN THIS ISSUE:
POLLINATION BIOLOGY IN SOME
MEMBERS OF THE YELLOW FRINGED
ORCHID COMPLEX
CYPRIPEDIUM ARIETINUM BROWN AND
CYPRIPEDIUM PLECTROCHILUM FRANCHET
CHECKLIST OF THE ORCHIDS OF NORTH
AMERICA
And more…………
ORCHID JOURNAL
(ISSN 1084-7332)
published quarterly in
March June September December
by the
NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID ALLIANCE,
Inc.
a group dedicated to the conservation and promotion of our
native orchids
Editor: Paul Martin Brown

Assistant Editor: Nathaniel E. Conard
Editorial Consultants:
Philip E. Keenan
Stan Folsom
Production Assistant:
Nancy A. Webb
The Journal welcomes articles, of any length, of both a scientific

and general interest nature relating to the orchids of North
America. Scientific articles should conform to guidelines such as
those in Lindleyana or Rhodora. General interest articles and notes
may be more informal. Authors may include line drawings,
and/or black and white photographs. Color inserts may be
arranged. Please send all inquiries or material for publication to
the Editor at PO Box 772121, Ocala, FL 34477-2121 (mid June -
August: PO Box 759, Acton, ME 04001-0759).
1999 Membership in the North American Native Orchid Alliance,

which includes a subscription to the Journal, is $26 per year for
United States addresses, $29US in Canada and $32US other
foreign countries. Payment should be sent to Nancy A. Webb, 84
Etna St. Brighton, MA 02135-2830 USA. Claims for lost issues or
cancelled memberships should be made within 30 days.
ORCHID JOURNAL
Volume 4 March
Number 1 1998
CONTENTS
NOTES FROM THE EDITOR
1

MEMBERS OF THE YELLOW
FRINGED ORCHID COMPLEX
Part 1. Floral morphology, pollinators
and pollination mechanisms
C. P. Argue
3
CYPRIPEDIUM ARIETINUM BROWN AND

CYPRIPEDIUM PLECTROCHILUM FRANCHET
H. Perner
31
NEW TAXA
P. M. Brown
45
SETTING GOALS
The Slow Empiricist
54
AMERICA
north of Mexico
61
ANNOTATIONS TO THE CHECKLIST

P.M. Brown
100
LOOKING FORWARD
June 1998
113
ANNOUCEMENT
rd
3 Annual North American Native Orchid
Conference
114
Unless otherwise credited, all drawings in this issue are by Stan Folsom
Color Plates:
1. p. 41 Cypripedium arietinum
2. p. 42 Cypripedium plectrochilum
3. p. 47 Cypripedium kentuckiense forma pricei;
4. p. 48 Eulophia alta ; Eulophia alta forma pelchatii
The opinions expressed in the Journal are those of the authors. Scientific articles
may be subject to peer review and popular articles will be examined for both
accuracy and scientific content.
Volume 4, number 1, pages 1- 115; issued March 20, 1998.
Copyright 1998 by the North American Native Orchid Alliance, Inc.
Cover: Cypripedium arietinum by Stan Folsom
Perner: CYPRIPEDIUM ARIETINUM & C. PLECTROCHILUM

MEMBERS OF THE YELLOW
FRINGED ORCHID
COMPLEX
Part 1. Floral morphology, pollinators and

pollination mechanisms
Charles P. Argue
Recent studies in the yellow fringed orchid

complex have resolved some important questions
about sexual reproduction in several members of
this group. The present paper reviews the results
for yellow fringed orchid, Platanthera ciliaris (L.)
Lindley and white fringed orchid, P. blephariglottis
(Willdenow) Lindley. More limited data are
available and summarized for several other species
of the complex. Part two, dealing with breeding
systems, reproductive success, and selection, will
appear in a later issue.
Platanthera ciliaris and P. blephariglottis
Floral morphology. The plants of Platanthera

blephariglottis and P. ciliaris are about 0.10 to 1 meter
tall (Smith & Snow, 1976; Folsom, 1984). Their
racemes are cylindrical or ovoid in shape, 5 to 15
5
cm long and about 5 cm wide; the flowers are

bilaterally symmetrical and white in P. blephariglottis
or orange in P. ciliaris (Smith & Snow, 1976). The
perianth is comprised of broadly oval sepals, 5 to
10 mm long; shorter linear to oblong lateral petals
with lacerate distal ends; and an 8 to 16 mm long,
tongue shaped, linear to oblong labellum or lip with
a fringed margin. The labellum is projected into a
downward extending, basal nectar spur which is up
to 3 cm long and is often three-quarters filled with
nectar (Smith & Snow, 1976; Robertson & Wyatt,
1990a; Cole & Firmage, 1984). Both orchids have
an immobile, two celled anther (Luer, 1975). The
anther is separated into two half anther sacs located
above and to either side of the opening to the spur
(Fig. 1a). Each encloses a granular, club-shaped
pollinium, which is attached by a narrow stalk to a
sticky adhesive pad or viscidium (Smith & Snow,
1976; Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a; Luer, 1975). The
pollinia are made up of numerous, small, loosely
associated packets of pollen, the massulae, within
which individual pollen grains are attached to one
another by means of minute elastic threads. The
anther locules diverge and the viscidia point upward
and outward from the flower (Fig. 1a, b) (Smith &
Snow, 1976; Folsom, 1984). One viscidium is
located on either side of the opening to the nectar
spur. The stigma is directly above the entrance to
the spur and
6
Figure 1. Floral morphology and pollination in

Platanthera ciliaris. Sketch adapted from figures 3 and 8
in Folsom (1984). A. The column in face view. Note
position of viscidia. Scale line about 5 mm. B. Lateral
view showing long nectar spur and contact between
viscidia and eye of butterfly. Scale line about 20 mm.
Abbreviations: a = anther, e = eye of butterfly, l = lip
of orchid, n = nectar spur, o = nectar spur opening, p
= proboscis of butterfly, s = stigma, v = viscidium. See
text for explanation.
7
beneath and between the half-anther cells (Fig. 1a)

(Smith & Snow, 1976; Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a).
Pollination mechanisms and pollinators. The

pollination mechanism is similar in both species.
The insect locates the spur opening and inserts its
proboscis. The viscidia are positioned so as to
contact and adhere to the compound eyes of the
vector (Fig. 1b) (Smith & Snow, 1976; Robertson &
Wyatt, 1990a, b), and one or both pollinaria are
extracted from the half anther cells as the insect
withdraws from the flower (Smith & Snow, 1976).
As the stalk dries on one side it rotates down and
inward, positioning the pollinium directly to the
front of the vector’s head where it may later contact
the stigmas of subsequently visited flowers (Luer,
1975; Cole & Firmage, 1984). Pollinaria may remain
attached to the eye for several days (Robertson &
Wyatt, 1990a, b) and in Platanthera blephariglottis, at
least, the pollen can remain viable for upwards of
five days (Cole & Firmage, 1984). When the pollinia
are brushed against a stigma, individual massulae
often separate from one another, and one to several
can be deposited on successive stigmas as the
pollinator moves from flower to flower (Luer, 1975;
Smith & Snow, 1976). In most cases several flowers
are explored on the same raceme before the insect
moves on (Smith & Snow, 1976). A critical
consideration is the relative length of the spur and
proboscis. If, for example, the proboscis is
distinctly longer than the tube, the insect can
8
extract the nectar without contacting the viscidia

with its eyes.
The spur length in both orchids implicates

long-tongued pollinators (Smith and Snow, 1976).
Orange to yellow flower color is known to attract a
variety of vectors including butterflies, whereas
white flowers are often associated with moth
pollination (Smith & Snow, 1976; van der Pijl &
Dodson, 1966; Faegri & van der Pijl, 1979).
However, Cole and Firmage (1984) related white
flower color in Platanthera blephariglottis to butterfly
pollination, the contrast making the flowers
conspicuous against the darker color of the
surrounding bog mat and vegetation. These authors
also reported the production of only a weak
nocturnal as well as diurnal fragrance in P.
blephariglottis. This weak diurnal fragrance is a
feature not usually associated with moth
pollination. However, other floral characters in
addition to the white to cream-colored petals and
sepals, including an absence of both nectar guides
and an ultraviolet pattern, are consistent with
pollination by moths (Cole & Firmage, 1984; Faegri
& van der Pijl, 1979). Accumulating data now
suggest that the association between both orchid
species and their pollinators may be complex and
include factors dependent upon microclimatic
conditions as well as expected geographical
differences. Studies are available on P. ciliaris chiefly
from Michigan and the Carolinas and for P.
blephariglottis from Michigan and Maine.
9
Michigan
Based on two years of research conducted at
Booth Lake Bog, Berrien County, Michigan, Smith
and Snow (1976) concluded that moths were the
chief pollinators of Platanthera blephariglottis and
butterflies were the chief pollinators of P. ciliaris at
this site. According to these authors, butterflies
were initially attracted to P. ciliaris by the bright
orange color of its flowers; as they approached they
were thought to recognize the form of the flower
and finally its odor. Nocturnal moths, on the other
hand, were said to be first drawn to P. blephariglottis
by the flower’s odor and only later, at close range,
by flower form and color. In mixed groups of P.
ciliaris and P. blephariglottis Smith and Snow (1976)
reported that night-flying moths were attracted to
the white flowers of the latter but would
nevertheless follow an odor trail to isolated groups
of P. ciliaris. This differed from diurnal moths which
were not seen to visit P. ciliaris (Smith & Snow,
1976).
Although contradicted by studies that report

little or no floral odor in Platanthera blephariglottis
(Cole & Firmage, 1984) and P. ciliaris (e.g., Folsom,
1984), these observations are consistent with van
der Pijl and Dodson’s (1966) assertion that at least
some diurnal moths (Macroglossa) are more sensitive
to color than night-flying species. They are also
consistent with a set of observations by Smith and
10
Snow (1976) which compared the mean number of

flowers of P. ciliaris pollinated in two microhabitats.
In the first the racemes were located in open areas,
free of concealing vegetation. In the second they
were surrounded and partly obscured by other
plants. The number of flowers pollinated on each
raceme in the first habitat was approximately twice
that of the second. Such a result would be expected
if a visual stimulus were responsible for attracting
the pollinator (Smith & Snow, 1976). For P.
blephariglottis approximately the same number of
flowers per raceme were pollinated in the two
habitats. If the pollinator in this case were attracted
by odor, the presence of surrounding vegetation
would have had little influence on pollination.
Platanthera ciliaris was most frequently

pollinated by Papilio troilus L. (spicebush swallowtail)
in the Michigan study, although this species did
occasionally also visit P. blephariglottis (Smith &
Snow, 1976). Its chief larval food, Linderia benzoin
(L.) Blume (spicebush), was common in the bog,
and the emergence of its second (summer) brood
correlated with the peak flowering period for P.
ciliaris which occurred one to two weeks later than
that for P. blephariglottis (Smith & Snow, 1976). Less
frequent pollinators carrying pollinaria of P. ciliaris
in Michigan included Papilio glaucus L. (tiger
swallowtail), Strymon liparops Boisduval & Leconte
(striped hairstreak), and Danaus plexippus L.
(monarch). Strymon liparops only rarely had pollinaria
attached. Its chief larval food plant, the blueberry
11
(Vaccinium), was common in the bog, and its July

emergence occurred during anthesis of P. ciliaris
(Smith & Snow, 1976). Thus, it might be expected
to play a role, but even though its proboscis is of
sufficient length to reach the nectar, its head is
small and may not always come into contact with
the viscidia (Smith & Snow, 1976). Hyles lineata L.
(white-lined sphinx), a nocturnal species, was seen
to visit the flowers and was considered a probable
pollinator by Smith and Snow (1976) although it
was not observed carrying pollinaria. The ruby-
throated hummingbird, also seen at the flowers,
was not considered a pollinator of P. ciliaris because
of its long beak and large size (Smith & Snow,
1976).
Smith and Snow’s (1976) data on the

pollinators of Platanthera blephariglottis did not reveal
a single vector with a predominance comparable to
that of the spicebush swallowtail for P. ciliaris. The
most frequent insects found carrying pollinaria,
12
Platanthera ciliaris
orange fringed orchis
13
Platanthera blephariglottis
white fringed orchis
14
each observed three times, were spicebush

swallowtails (Papilio troilus) and bumblebees (Bombus
sp.) (Smith & Snow, 1976). Nevertheless, these
authors considered moths to be the primary
pollinators, and those found with attached
pollinaria included Darapsa versicolor Harr. (hydrangia
sphinx) and Hemaris thysbe L. (hummingbird
clearwing). Both were daytime visitors and expected
residents of the bog, as the larval foods of these
species (Cephalanthus occidentalis L. [buttonbush] for
the sphinx moth and Lonicera sp. [honeysuckle] and
Viburnum sp. [“cranberry”] for the clearwing) were
present in the bog (Smith & Snow, 1976). In
addition, a single Danaus plexippus (monarch) was
observed with pollinaria attached. As was the case
with P. ciliaris, this species was probably no more
than an incidental pollinator of P. blephariglottis. It
traveled over a wide area, and its larval foods were
not found in the bog (Smith & Snow, 1976).
Other insects classified by Smith and Snow

(1976) as possible to probable pollinators, but not
observed with attached pollinaria, included Apis
mellifera L. (honeybee) and three night flying moths:
Manduca quinquimaculata Haw. (five-spotted
hawkmoth), Agrotis sp. (cutworm moth), and Hyles
lineata (white-lined sphinx). Apis mellifera has a short
proboscis, and its attempts to locate the nectary
were described as awkward by Smith and Snow
(1976). It was considered an unlikely pollinator. The
larval food plants of Manduca quinquimaculata
(Lycopersicum and Nicotiana) are not bog plants, and
15
it most likely did not visit Platanthera blephariglottis

regularly (Smith & Snow, 1976). Similarly, Smith
and Snow (1976) considered that Agrostis is
probably too small to be effective in transferring
pollen. Hyles lineata may be expected as a frequent
night visitor since Epilobium (willow herb), one of
its larval food plants, occurred in the bogs (Smith &
Snow, 1976). As was the case for P. ciliaris, it carried
no pollinaria, but Smith and Snow (1976) again
believed it to be a likely pollinator. Activity of
nocturnal moths may have been inhibited by low
night time temperatures in the bog. Night flying
moths were inactive when temperatures dropped to
15 C (Smith & Snow, 1976). Only nine nights out
of the 28 day flowering period were warm enough
for night-flying moth activity (Smith & Snow,
1976). Daytime temperatures were never low
enough to interfere with the activity of butterflies,
bees or diurnal moths.
The percentage of flowers pollinated in

Platanthera blephariglottis was inversely related to the
size of the raceme. This, according to Smith and
Snow (1976), was because each pollinator spent
about the same amount of time on large and small
racemes. In P. ciliaris, on the other hand, the smaller
racemes, those with 10 or fewer flowers, showed a
lower percentage of pollination than larger racemes.
Smith and Snow (1976) suggested that butterflies,
depending on sight to find the orchid, may have
overlooked racemes with fewer flowers present. In
addition, the mean number of flowers in each
16
raceme was higher for P. ciliaris than for P.

blephariglottis, a feature which Smith and Snow
(1976) also believed may be due to the visual basis
of butterfly attraction, resulting in the selection of
larger racemes.
The percentage of Platanthera ciliaris flowers

pollinated (45.5%) was about twice that for P.
blephariglottis. According to Smith and Snow (1976),
this may have been related to the cool night time
temperatures noted above. However, Heath and
Adams (1967), in a study of the physiology of the
sphinx moth Hyles lineata, reported that this species
could, through activity, maintain body temperatures
at 34 to 38 C against air temperatures of 10 to 30 C.
Based on the number of flowers of

Platanthera blephariglottis pollinated on the bottom,
middle, and upper thirds of the raceme, Smith and
Snow (1976) concluded that pollination rates were
more or less constant throughout the blooming
period. These authors believed that pollinator
numbers were essentially constant throughout, and
that the pollinators, chiefly moths attracted by
scent, could detect the presence of a few flowers at
the bottom of the raceme about as well as a fully
blooming raceme. On the other hand, they reported
that pollination was 55% greater in the top third as
compared to the bottom third of the raceme in P.
ciliaris. From this they concluded that pollinator
numbers increased in parallel with the number of
17
open flowers, and fully blooming racemes were

more readily detected by the pollen vectors.
Maine
More recently, Cole and Firmage (1984), in a
three year study at the Colby Marston Preserve, a
bog in Kennebec County, Maine, significantly
expanded the list of known pollinators for
Platanthera blephariglottis. In contrast to the results of
the Michigan study, these authors found butterflies
to be much more important than moths and the
almost exclusive pollen vectors of this species in
their study area. Both small and large butterflies
were observed as pollinators throughout the
flowering period, but some seasonal change was
noted with the former being relatively more
abundant early and the latter increasing toward the
end of the season (Cole & Firmage, 1984). Seventy-
nine percent of the visitors and pollinators of P.
blephariglottis at this site were butterflies and skippers
and 15% were bees. Nearly half of all insects
observed on the flowers (46%) were true skippers
(Hesperiidae), and nearly a quarter (22%) were of a
single species, Epargyreus claurs Crammer
(silverspotted skipper). The remainder were
primarily whites and sulfurs (Pieridae) and
hymenoptera (Apidae). Altogether nine species of
lepidoptera and two species of hymenoptera were
identified as pollinators (Table 3 in Cole & Firmage,
1984).
18
No moths were seen with attached pollinaria

during the three year study. Microclimatic
differences in the form of cold air drainage
sometimes reduced night time temperatures in the
Maine bog to below 15 C which may again have
inhibited nocturnal moth activity (Cole & Firmage,
1984). However, light-trapping and observation on
warm nights also failed to reveal the presence of
moths with attached pollinaria (Cole & Firmage,
1984).
Two species which Smith and Snow (1976)

classified as pollinators, Papilio troilus (spicebush
swallowtail) and Danaus plexippus (monarch), were
listed as flower visitors by Cole and Firmage (1984).
Apis mellifera (honeybee), considered an unlikely but
possible pollinator by Smith and Snow (1976), was
regarded as a floral visitor by Cole and Firmage
(1984).
Hemaris and Bombus were thought to be

pollinators by both Smith and Snow (1976) and
Cole and Firmage (1984). Hemaris was observed
visiting the flowers only once in the Maine study,
and as already noted, none were found carrying
pollinaria (Cole & Firmage, 1984). Cole and
Firmage (1984) considered the role of bumblebees
in the pollination of Platanthera blephariglottis to be
minor (Cole and Firmage, 1984); their tongues are
too short for the spur. Bumblebees were implicated
in the pollination of Kalmia angustifolia L. (sheep
laurel) which stopped flowering before P.
19
blephariglottis. Bombus then switched over to P.

blephariglottis. In fact, except for this overlap in
certain years, the latter provided the only significant
source of nectar during its blooming period. Thus,
unlike the Michigan site where P. ciliaris was
common (Smith & Snow, 1976), butterflies at the
Maine site would often have been dependent on P.
blephariglottis during its blooming period. Butterflies,
however, had little competition for the available
nectar, and, in particular, no moth competition
except for the infrequently seen diurnal moth
Hemaris (Cole & Firmage, 1984).
Cole and Firmage (1984) recorded a pattern

of pollinator movement on the inflorescence of
Platanthera blephariglottis which may differ from that
usually observed in Lepidoptera (Wyatt, 1982). The
pollinators frequently began their explorations of
the inflorescence with the middle to lower flowers
and fed toward the top. Usually they visited only a
few flowers, feeding on an average of 3.4 (1-19)
from the same part of the inflorescence and
spending an average of 10 (1.3-39) seconds on each
flower (Cole & Firmage, 1984). The average
amount of time the pollinator remained on an
inflorescence of P. blephariglottis, 34 + 8.2 (2-145)
seconds, was less than the mean time required for
the stalk of the pollinarium to rotate into position
to contact the stigma (about 60 seconds) and effect
pollination in that inflorescence (Cole & Firmage,
1984).
20
In contrast to Smith and Snow’s (1976)

report of constant pollination rates on the bottom,
middle, and top thirds of the inflorescence, Cole
and Firmage (1984) found significant differences in
these rates, with that for the top third being either
higher or lower than that for at least one of the
other thirds in each of the three years of their study.
Thus, some factor or combination of factors such
as the number of pollinators or the level of
pollinator activity varied throughout the season at
the Maine study site. Similarly, Cole and Firmage
(1984) were unable to confirm any consistent
negative correlation between raceme size and
percentage capsule set, except for a weak one
during the first year of the study when a relatively
large number of racemes were in bloom.
Cole and Firmage (1984) also saw little

difference in percentage capsule set between
orchids growing on open mat or hidden among
shrubs or trees. However, they considered that
although these plants may have been difficult to
locate visually from ground level, most would not
have been obscured from potential pollinators
flying over them. In any case, butterflies had no
difficulty in locating and pollinating orchids
surrounded by vegetation (Cole & Firmage, 1984).
North and South Carolina

In a two year study Robertson and Wyatt
(1990a, b) found marked differences in pollination
21
ecology between two widely separated populations

of Platanthera ciliaris occurring in the coastal plain of
South Carolina and the Appalachian mountains of
western North Carolina. The coastal plain site was
located close to Awendaw in the Francis Marion
National Forest, the mountain population at
Corveeta Hydrologic Laboratory. Although the
species differed, the pollinators of primary
importance at both locations were large butterflies
(Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). No other insects
carried pollinaria and no other insects were
observed as consistent visitors (Robertson & Wyatt,
1990a).
As in Michigan, the most important

pollinator in the mountains of North Carolina
during both years of the study was Papilio troilus
(spicebush swallowtail) (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a,
b). It was the most frequently observed visitor and
usually had pollinaria attached to its eyes; each
carried an average of 5.9 to 6.8 over the two years
(Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). Battus philenor L.
(pipevine swallowtail), a reportedly toxic species
(Howe, 1975), is similar to and was sometimes
lumped with Papilio troilus, its putative mimic.
However, Battis phelinor proved to be a far less
frequent pollinator than Papillio troilus (Robertson &
Wyatt, 1990a, b). Papilio glaucus (tiger swallowtail)
was observed visiting Platanthera ciliaris both years
and carried pollinaria (three times) during one year
of the study (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). Phoebis
sennae L. (cloudless sulfur) was noted only once. It
22
had a single pollinarium attached (Robertson &

Wyatt, 1990a, b).
On the other hand, the most frequent

pollinator on the coastal plain of South Carolina
both years was Papilio palamedes Drury. (palamedes
swallowtail); over 80% of those examined had
pollinaria attached, and each carried an average of
about 3.5 (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). This
species is restricted to the southeastern United
States and Mexico (Howe, 1975), and its range does
not extend to the mountain population of P. ciliaris.
Phoebis sennae (cloudless sulfur) was also seen to visit
coastal plain populations of Platanthera ciliaris during
both years of the study, but only about one-third
carried pollinaria, and the average number of
pollinaria carried per individual (2.5) was lower than
that observed for Papilio palamedes (Robertson &
Wyatt, 1990a, b). Within an area where both
butterflies were active simultaneously the majority
of palamedes swallowtails bore pollinaria whereas
only a minority of cloudless sulfurs did (Robertson
& Wyatt, 1990a, b). Papilio troilus, the predominant
pollinator in the mountains, was occasionally
observed on the coastal plain but did not
commonly visit Platanthera ciliaris, although one year
it was recorded three times, once with a single
pollinarium attached (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a,
b). It was often seen on Liatris graminifolia Willd.
(blazing star) at a site near the location of Platanthera
ciliaris. These flowers were also frequently visited by
23
Papilio palamedes and Phoebis sennae (Robertson &

Wyatt, 1990a, b).
Major pollinators on the coastal plain carried

fewer pollinaria than did the pollinators in the
mountains, and pollinator activity, evaluated in
terms of the rate of deposition and removal of
pollinaria, was lower on the coastal plain than in the
mountains. Paralleling these observations,
percentage fruit set and the total number of fruits
per plant were lower on the coastal plain than in the
mountains both years of the study. As will be
discussed in the second part, the length of the
nectar spurs in mountain population of Platanthera
ciliaris (23.8 mm) closely approximated the lengths
of the probosci in their primary (19.5-24.9 mm) and
secondary (19.5-24.9 mm) pollinators. In coastal
plain populations, on the other hand, spur length
(25.6 mm), although already significantly longer
than in mountain populations, was shorter than the
probosci of either the primary or secondary
pollinators (both ca. 28.7 mm), and selection for
longer nectar spurs may be occurring at this site.
However, reciprocal transplant studies were
inconclusive (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a), and
further research is needed to clearly establish the
genetic basis of the differences in floral
morphology between mountain and coastal plain
populations.
Experiments conducted to test for nocturnal

pollination found none occurring at either site
24
(Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). Xylophanes tersa L.

(tersa sphinx moth) carried no pollinaria but stole
nectar from the flowers of Platanthera ciliaris on the
coastal plain. Seen on only one occasion, this
species hovered from plant to plant just after dark
and extracted nectar with its long proboscis (32.0
mm long in one individual compared to a spur
length of about 24 to 26 mm) without contacting
the viscidia (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a).
Sometimes other apparent nectar thieves, possibly
carpenter bees, made slits near the bottom of the
spurs at both sites and extracted most of the nectar
(Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b).
In the mountains neither sphinx moths nor

other nectar thieves with long tongues were
observed (Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a). Again, moth
activity could have been limited by low
temperature, as night time minimums during the
flowering season averaged 14.2 C as compared to
20.5 C on the coastal plain (Robertson & Wyatt,
1990a). If visits of sphingid moths at the coastal-
plain site are frequent enough, and if they are
indeed absent or rare in the mountain population,
they could extract sufficient nectar at the former
site to effect some difference in the frequency of
pollinator visits at the two sites (see part 2)
(Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a).
Other yellow fringed orchids

A limited amount of information is available
on the pollination of at least two other species of
25
the yellow fringed orchid complex, Platanthera

cristata (Michx.) Lindl. (crested fringed orchid or
orange-crested orchid) and P. chapmanii (Small)
Luer emend Folsom (Chapman’s fringed orchid).
Platanthera cristata is smaller than P. blephariglottis and
P. ciliaris and has orange to yellow flowers (Folsom,
1984). Platanthera chapmanii, intermediate in many
ways between P. cristata and P. ciliaris and long
considered a hybrid of these species, is treated as a
distinct species by Folsom (1984). In addition to
morphological differences (Folsom, 1984 and
below), P. chapmanii and P. cristata are separated
from one another and other members of the
complex by pollination biology (Folsom, 1984).
In a study conducted on the coastal plain of

Florida and Alabama (Folsom, 1984), Platanthera
chapmanii, like P. ciliaris, was found to be pollinated
by long-tongued butterflies: Papilio troilus, P.
palamedes, P. marcellus Cramer, and Phoebis sennae. It
differs, however, from the butterfly-pollinated
species discussed earlier in the manner of pollinaria
attachment (Folsom, 1984). It will be recalled that
the length of the spur in P. ciliaris approximately
equals the length of the vectors’ probosci, that the
anther locules diverge, and that the viscidia point
upward and outward from the flower and attach to
the eyes of the pollinator (Folsom, 1984).
However, the spur in P. chapmanii is only 10 to 14
mm long (Folsom, 1984), and due to a bend in the
column, the viscidia converge and face the
26
Figure 2. Floral morphology and pollination in

Platanthera chapmanii. Sketch adapted from figures 3
and 8 in Folsom (1984). A. The column in face view.
Note position of viscidia. Scale line about 5 mm. B.
Lateral view of flower with shortness of spur slightly
exaggerated. Note positioning of viscidia and contact
between viscidia and proboscis of butterfly. Scale line
about 10 mm. Abbreviations as in figure 1. See text
for explanation.
27
Platanthera cristata
orange crested orchis
28
labellum (Fig. 2a, b). This positioning and the short

nectary result in an attachment of the pollinaria to
the butterfly’s proboscis rather than to its eyes
(Folsom, 1984).
The small flowers of Platanthera cristata have

an even shorter spur, 5 to 8 mm long (Folsom,
1984). The viscidia are closely spaced and face
forward. Their alignment and positioning are said
to be adapted for attachment of the pollinia to the
head of a bee, and it is reportedly pollinated chiefly
by the bumblebee, Bombus pennsylvanica Degeer
(Folsom, 1984).
To be continued.
Literature Cited
Cole, R. F. and D. H. Firmage. 1984. The floral ecology of

Platanthera blephariglottis. Amer. Jour. Bot. 71: 700-710.
Faegri, K. and L. van der Pijl. 1979. The principals of pollination
ecology. 3rd ed. Pergamon, Oxford.
Folsom, J. P. 1984. A reinterpretation of the status and
relationships of taxa of the yellow fringed orchid
complex. Orquidea 9: 321-346. Reprinted (1995) in
North American Native Orchid Journal 1: 213-238.
Heath, J. E. and P. A. Adams. 1967. Regulation of heat
production by large moths. Jour. Expr. Biol. 47: 21-
33.
Howe, W. H.. 1975. The butterflies of North America.
Doubleday, Garden City, NY.
Luer, C. A.. 1975. The native orchids of the United States and
Canada. New York Botanical Garden. Bronx, NY.
29
Robertson, L. J. and R. Wyatt. 1990a. Evidence for

pollination ecotypes in the yellow fringed orchid,
Platanthera ciliaris. Evolution 44: 121-133.
______. 1990b. Reproductive biology of the yellow fringed
orchid, Platanthera ciliaris. Amer. Jour. Bot. 77: 388-398.
Smith, G. R. and G. E. Snow. 1976. Pollination ecology of
Platanthera (Habenaria) ciliaris and P. blephariglottis
(Orchidaceae). Bot. Gaz. 137: 133-140.
van der Pijl, L. and C. H. Dodson. 1966. Orchid flowers: their
pollinators and evolution. University of Miami Press,
Coral Gables, FL.
Wyatt, R. 1982. Inflorescence architecture: How flower
number, arrangement, and phenology affect
pollination and fruit-set. Amer. Jour. Bot. 69: 585-594
Charles P. Argue, Ph.D., Department of Plant Biology, University of

Minnesota, 220 Biological Sciences Center, 1445 Gortner Avenue, St.
Paul, MN 55108-1095. Dr. Argue last wrote for the Journal in
December of 1995 on the pollination biology of Arethusa,
Pogonia and Calopogon.
Figures 1 & 2 drawn by Dr. Argue after Folsom, 1984.
30
31
CYPRIPEDIUM ARIETINUM BROWN

AND
CYPRIPEDIUM PLECTROCHILUM
FRANCHET
Holger Perner
We had been traveling for several hours on our

way to the northwestern part of New York State, up to
the St. Lawrence River in the area of Lake Ontario.
Here my friend Dr. Charles ("Chuck") J. Sheviak, curator
for botany at the New York State Museum in Albany,
wanted to show me the ram's-head lady's-slipper,
Cypripedium arietinum, which is rare in the US. After
lunch in a small restaurant we went to an area which is
called "limestone barrens". Once there we were greeted
by remarkably big swarms of black flies and mosquitoes,
because usually nobody gets lost there to give them
blood. The completely flat area—a former lakebed—
showed a uniform substrate of limestone. There were
deep gaps between the big flat blocks, some of them
small, some of them over 0.5 m wide. A small layer of
humus allowed only a few plants to grow, some of it was
dropseed, Sporobolus heterolepis (a prairie grass), some of it
was denser, and of several species which made up a
diverse carpet together with field juniper, Juniperus
communis (creeping and erect). There were deciduous
32
shrubs and woods dominated by northern white cedar,

Thuja occidentalis. The rocks were eroded, concave and
created shallow, flat, moist areas.
For a few hours we walked through this area and I

would have been completely lost without Chuck.
Occasionally we found a single large yellow lady's-
slipper, Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens, damaged by
frost, and Chuck apologized for bringing me here.
Completely an error, for I was excited about the rich
flora including such interesting examples as rattlesnake
fern, Botrychium virginianum, showy trillium, Trillium
grandiflorum, bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadense and much
more.
Taxonomic History
For a little while I would like to leave the North
American wilderness and enter the dusty study rooms of
botany and talk about the problem of Cypripedium
arietinum and its sister species C. plectrochilum of China.
In 1813 Robert Brown described Cypripedium

arietinum of North America in "Hortus Kewensis". Five
years later Rafinesque (1818) created the name,
Criosanthes borealis, for the same species and, in 1837,
enriched his new genus with the taxon Criosanthes
parviflorum. Even the smallest differences, which can
occasionally occur in one individual, were enough for
Rafinesque to introduce a new species and even a genus
into the literature.
33
In the eighteen-eighties, a Frenchman, A.

Franchet, received a small lady's-slipper from China,
which fascinated him by the free-standing lateral sepals.
In 1885 he described the plant as Cypripedium plectrochilum.
Later on it was cited as C. plectrochilon, which was never
used by Franchet. Right after he described it the first
time, Franchet received a flower of C. arietinum from a
cultivated specimen from Godefroy-Lebeuf, the editor
of "L'orchidophile". Immediately Franchet realized the
close similarity to C. plectrochilum and in 1886 he used this
name as a synonym for C. arietinum and excused himself
because Brown didn't talk about the free-standing sepals
in his first description.
Franchet thought about putting Cypripedium

arietinum into its own genus, because of the different
shape of the lip, the different shaped staminodium and
mainly because of the separate sepals. He did not
formally publish this. In this context, he named the
genus Arietinum. In 1833, Beck described C. arietinum as
Arietinum americana. Criosanthes would have been the
prior idea for the genus name, but obviously Franchet
didn't know that name at all. Even if Luer (1975), in
error, put the combination Criosanthes arietinum together
crediting Franchet, this combination was only used by
House in 1905.
In conclusion, I'd like to cite Atwood (1984) who

wants to re-introduce House's combination. His reason
is based on a cladistical analysis in which he focuses on
three primitive characters:
34
lateral sepals free standing

lip with a spur
staminodium barely different from a fertile
anther.
These characters are supposed to characterize
Cypripedium arietinum as the most primitive lady's-slipper,
even more so than the tropical genus Selenipedium.
Therefore, he names two more characters that are shared
by C. arietinum and Selenipedium:
very small epidermal cells of the leaves
thickened cells of the pericycel (the layer
around the central cylinder of the root.)
and one more character that is shared by C. arietinum and
Phragmipedium:
sepals are rolled within the bud.
The last three characters actually point to special
patterns of C. arietinum. In my opinion, the first three
characters are not as convincing as Atwood thinks to
describe a new genus.
The degree of separation of the lateral sepals

varies in the other species of the genus very strongly, so
that you can find in the sparrow's egg lady's-slipper,
Cypripedium passerinum, individuals with completely
separate lateral sepals. Cypripedium passerinum is a lady's-
slipper with very small flowers as is C. arietinum. The
function of the synsepalum (fused sepals) is to
strengthen the lip. Maybe that is also an explanation for
the strangely expanded lower bottom side of the lip. It
could contribute to the stability of the lip and, therefore,
a synsepalum would not be needed any longer. Certainly
35
the bottom side of the lip is not a spur as far as the

biology of the flowers is converned, because the flower
of C. arietinum is an insect trap for the same pollinators
as the small white lady's-slipper, C. candidum and C.
parviflorum var. pubescens. The pollinators are two species
of small bees of the families Halictidae and Andrenidae
(Catling, 1984). Also, it can not be an original spur
without function, because, referring to evolutionary
knowledge, it then would have been degraded.
The staminodium of Cypripedium arietinum does

have an external structure that strongly reminds one of
the structure of an original anther. It is not such a
primitive form like the very original C. subtropicum or the
genus Selenipedium. In contrast, the staminodium is
rather big in relation to the whole flower and completely
developed as an attraction signal and landing place for
pollinating insects. This is even clearer in the closely
related C. plectrochilum.
There also is no biochemical argument to separate

Cypripedium arietinum from the genus Cypripedium. The
American botanist, Dr. Martha Case (1994), examined
the isoenzymes of some North American Cypripedium
species. She found that the isoenzymes of C. arietinum
and C. parviflorum var. pubescens are more similar than
those of the latter one and the pink lady's-slipper, C.
acaule.
Back to the limestone barrens

Meanwhile we were in an area, which had plenty
of large and small groups of Cypripedium parviflorum var.
36
pubescens in flower and barely frost-damaged. While

searching though the surrounding Thuja woods, we
finally found the first C. arietinum. The plants were in the
complete shade, very small and without flowers. There
was barely a difference from the sterile broad-leaved
helleborine, Epipactis helleborine, which also grow in the
shade. Finally, we found some flowering C. arietinum in
the margins of the woods, still under trees, but they were
partly exposed to the sun. They were 20-25 cm high
with flowers of 3 cm on average. Some of the plants
were only 2 m away from the flowering plants of C.
parviflorum var. pubescens.
The flower of Cypripedium arietinum only lasts for

about one week. Once pollinated, the upper sepal
comes down onto the opening of the slipper within one
day. All of the 16 flowering ram's-head lady's-
slippers we found on July 4, 1993, showed completely
developed fresh flowers. Thus it must be the main
flowering time for this area. The black-brownish soil
had a pH of 5.87 (measured with 0.1 n KOH, pH 6.44
with H20) and a humus content of 78%. The water
content is 62%.
We were not only there for observation, but also

we wanted to collect some material for comparative
isoenzyme analyses of Cypripedium arietinum and C.
plectrochilum for Martha Case. Therefore, we took only
one leaf of each plant selected. We collected 34 leaves
from the 80 plants so that we would get a representative
average of the population.
37
In the late afternoon we were at the parking lot on

the shore of Lake Ontario so as not to be bothered by
the annoying insects. There we cut the leaves into halves,
rolled them up and put them each into a plastic tube
with a cover. Then everything was put into a Styrofoam
box with ice. In the morning, we took leaves of
Cypripedium plectrochilum that were cultivated in the
museum in Albany and put them into the iced box. We
were able to send the box to Martha Case at Michigan
State University before the post office in Watertown,
NY closed.
A few days later I visited another location of

Cypripedium arietinum in a swampy area in the middle of
the state. Here the plants are very rare. They grow on
the hummocks above the swampy ground. The
hummocks are elevations (around 1 m) that were built
up by trunks, roots etc. The plants in the swamp don't
occur in very moist or wet areas, unlike the northern
small yellow lady's-slipper, C. parviflorum var. makasin
(previously known only as C. parviflorum) which grows
here as well.
The third, and most beautiful, location I got to

know at the end of my visit to the state of New York
was located on the western shore of Lake Champlain,
only half an hour drive from the Canadian border. The
substrate consists of marble, partly established as high
cliffs above the lake. We passed cottages for miles - they
were built close to the lake and have probably destroyed
the habitat for many Cypripedium plants. Here you only
find C. acaule and C. parviflorum var. pubescens. However,
38
on private property on a peninsula of the lake, you can

find a large colony of C. arietinum that is protected by the
owner. Chuck was allowed to have a look once. 'I'oday,
he wanted to show me a colony on a steep slope.
Therefore, we drove to the end of the slope and walked
on the railroad track that lead along the shore.
Occasionally there were deep, narrow gorges cut into the
rocks for the railroad. I preferred to listen on the rail
before walking into the gorges, who knows...?
There was a specific species of rattlesnake (timber

rattlesnake ed.) in this area that I would have liked to see
once, as a biologist. But I suppressed this wish while I
was partly forced to climb on the steep cliffs. I did not
feel well anyway, because I am scared of heights and did
not at all want to imagine touching such a poisonous
snake while seeking for holds on the cliff. I felt much
better after standing on solid ground again. Then I could
be impressed by the wonderful habitat. On the rock
ledges pines grow (eastern white pine, Pinus strobus, and
red pine, Pinus resinosa). The ledges collected bark and
litter from dead needles. In the litter thick patches of
common polypody fern, Polypodium virginianum, and
Cypripedium acaule, with its gorgeous flowers, grew. The
substrate here is extremely acid (pH 3.12) and less
nutrient-rich. Cypripedium arietinum was only found in a
location where the soil was enriched with more minerals
and was deeper. Besides Thuja occidentalis, there were also
found sugar maple, Acer saccharum, and other deciduous
trees. The soil had a pH of 4.85 (measured with 0.1 n
KOH, pH 6.42 with H20). The humus content was
59%, the water content, 62%.
39
Cypripedium arietinum grows in moderately acid to

neutral soils in shade or partial shade. In full shade it
does not form flowers and stays small, like most of the
other Cypripedium species. The soil is usually well
drained. In the US, C. arietinum has its largest
populations in sandy soils with limestone substrate in the
upper Great Lakes of central North America (Fred Case,
1987). It can stand periodic drought better than
constant wetness. The range of distribution is spread
from Manitoba (Canada) over the northeast of the US
from the Great Lakes to Nova Scotia (Canada).
The southwestern Chinese Cypripedium plectrochilum

is very similar to C. arietinum. Its habitats are also on
limestone substrate. It is found in northern Yunnan and
in Sechuan in southwest China. There it grows at
elevations of 2200-3000 m (Handel-Mazetti, 1936) in less
shady pine woods and open areas. Looking at
descriptions of habitats and mapped habitats, it seems to
prefer more open habitats than C. arietinum. Phillip
Cribb found C. plectrochilum at Yulongxue Shan
(mountain range) in Yunnan growing between limestone
rocks in a dark humus soil with pine needle litter. This
soil should be quite similar to those I found in
northeastern North America.
To distinguish species, Schlechter (1919) allowed

Cypripedium plectrochilum to be a species. His reasons
were: the less inflated labellum (in contrast to C.
arietinum) which is more expanded to the front; and the
much wider and bigger staminodium, which is more
40
expanded to the outside and less carinated in the inside.

I also can see consistent color differences. Whereas the
bottom part of the lip of C. arietinum is strongly red
colored with a faint reticulated pattern and contrasting to
the white surface, the lip of C. plectrochilum seems to be
much lighter. There is only one, in comparison, slightly
dark red pattern of vertical stripes, which goes down to
the lip opening. The staminodium of C. arietinum is
mainly tan to olive colored; that of C. plectrochilum is
white with a strong red at the tip.
41
Cypripedium arietinum
ram's-head lady's-slipper
Windsor County, Vermont
photos by P. M. Brown
C
r
W
41 p
42
top:
Cypripedium plectrochilum
China
photo by Phillip Cribb
bottom:
Cypripedium plectrochilum
in hort.
photo by Charles J. Sheviak
43
Because there are distinct differences between

both taxa, which allow a separation into two species,
I've not yet found characters that would justify putting
together both species into Cypripedium arietinum. In this
context, the result of the isoenzyme analysis by Martha
Case will be interesting.
Literature Cited:
Atwood, J.T. 1984. The relationships of the slipper orchids.
Selbyana 7:129-247.
Beck, L.C. 1833. Arietinum americanum. Botany of the Northern and
Middle States. p. 352
Brown, R.1813.Cypripedium arietinum in Aiton, Hortus Kewensis, ed.
2, 5:222.
Catling, P M. 1984. Distribution and pollination biology of
Canadian orchids in Proceedings of the 11th. World Orchid
Conference-Miami. pp.121-131.
Case, F. 1987: Orchids of the western Great Lakes region. pp.73-75.
Cranbrook Institute, Bloomfield Hill, MI.
Case, M. 1994, Extensive variation in the levels of genetic diversity
and degree of relatedness among five species of
Cypripedium. American Journal of Botany. 81 (2): in press.
Franchet, A. 1885. Cypripedium plectrochilum. Bulletin la Societe
Botanique de France, T. 32, II Serie, 7:27.
Handel-Mazzet, H. 1936. Symbolae Sinicae, Teil VII. pp.1323-1324.
House. H. 1905.Criosanthes arietina. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club. 32:374.
Luer, C.1975. The native orchids of the United States and Canada.
New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY
Rafinesque, C.S.1818. Criosanthes borealis. American Monthly
Magazine and Critical Review. 2:268.
- 1837. Criosanthes parviflorum. Flora Tellularia 4:46.
Philadelphia
Schlechter, R. 1919. Orchideologia Sino-japonicae Prodomus. Fedes Rep.
Sp. Nov. Beihefte 4. p. 84.
44
Holger Perner, Reddarallee3, D-214834 Lütau, Germany

Dr. Perner writes extensively on Cypripedium and recently
contributed the horticultural section to Phillip Cribb's The Genus
Cypripedium (reviewed in NANOJ Sept. 1997)
This article originally appeared in Die Orchidee in German and in a

different format. The Journal wishes to thank Ann Holmer and
Stan Folsom for their valuable assistance in translating this article,
and Chuck Sheviak and Phil Cribb for the loan of slides of
Cypripedium plectrochilum.
45
Brown: NEW TAXA & COMBINATIONS
NEW TAXA & COMBINATIONS

Paul Martin Brown
Two new taxa and three new combinations are

proposed. The new taxa both represent white-flowered
forms, or those lacking in anthocyanins within the
flowers.
Cypripedium kentuckiense C. F. Reed forma pricei

P.M. Brown forma nov.
TYPE: United States, Arkansas, Montgomery
County. May 8, 1984. (Holotype: N. A. Native Orchid
Journal 4(1):47)
A forma kentuckiense floribus sine rubellipigmento

(sepalis et petalis albo-viridibus) labello et staminodio
immaculato) differt.
Differing from the forma kentuckiense in its flowers

lacking all reddish pigmentation: sepals and petals clear
green, lip pure white without any markings; staminode
yellow without markings.
Typical plants of Cypripedium kentuckiense vary

from ivory-white to yellow lips but always with petals
and sepals marked in some degree with dark
reddish/purple pigmentation. Often this pigmentation
45
is also present on the underside of the lip and the

staminode.
Named for its discoverer, Jack Price, of

Blanchard, Louisiana, who first brought this most
unusual form to my attention. Jack tells of first finding
the plants on a hillside in southern Arkansas near Collier
Spring. He and his wife had been botanizing for yellow-
flowered lady's-slippers that day and had encountered
great numbers. At this point Jack ventured uphill and
found this colony. There were seven flowering plants
present with several others in bud that may also have
been this form. A similar situation, with all pigmentation
lacking, occurred in Cypripedium montanum forma
praetertinctum Sheviak as described in Rhodora 92:47-49.
1990.
Eulophia alta Fawcett & Rendle forma pelchatii

P.M. Brown forma nov.
TYPE: United States, Florida, Collier County. 3 Nov.
1996. (Holotype: N. A. Native Orchid Journal 4(1):48.)
Forma floribus albido-viridis conspecibus diversa.
Differing from the species by its white and green

flowers.
46
Cypripedium kentuckiense
forma pricei
ivory-lipped lady's-
slipper, white-flowered
form
Montgomery Co., Arkansas
photos by Jack Price
47
47
top:
Eulophia alta
wild coco
typical
coloration
bottom:
Eulophia alta
forma pelchatii
green petals
and sepals with
white lip
Collier Co.,
Florida
photos by Cliff
Pelchat
48
Cliff Pelchat writes of the discovery:
There are about 200 species of orchids both terrestrial and

epiphytic in the genus Eulophia and most of these are found in
Africa. In Florida, Eulophia alta, commonly called wild coco, is a
locally common terrestrial orchid found in most of the central and
southern counties. We have observed it growing in Brevard and
Collier counties. It has a reported range in the Western
Hemisphere from Central Florida to South Florida, Mexico, the
West Indian Islands, Central America and South America.
All of the plants we have observed from Brevard county

south into Collier County have the typical color form as described
in Carlyle Luer's book on native Florida orchids (1972). They
typically have bronze colored petals and sepals with bronze to red
and sometimes paler colored lips. At times they have been
reported as having green sepals and petals with some pale colored
forms of the lip. There are pictures (plate 72) in Luer's book
illustrating two of the pale colored forms. These are known as
Eulophia alta forma pallida (Brown, 1995). One picture shows a
flower with green sepals and petals and the lip has a white center
with a fringe of red.
We found a single plant in the Big Cypress Swamp

Preserve on November 3, 1996 that is a white flowered form of
Eulophia alta. It was growing near our campsite in a patch of
woods that most likely had been disturbed by clearing carried out
to create primitive campsites for hunters. The patch was
approximately 60 feet long by 30 feet wide with a couple of slash
pine trees and some palmetto bushes. In this same patch of
woods we counted 14 plants, 3 in fruit with waning leaves, one in
bud, and the white flowered form plant in full bloom. The plant
in bud was 60 feet from the one in bloom and the buds showed
potential for being white flowered also because there was a lack of
the darker colors in the sepals. Most of the other plants had
already set capsules that were well on their way to ripening. The
white flowered plant, which was growing close to the base of a
49
Palmetto bush, had 18 flowers with all white lips, green sepals and
petals, and not a trace of red. Needless to say we were very excited
to find this plant because all of the Eulophia alta we have observed
from Brevard County south have been red or some form of red
color. On Bear Island we have found numerous plants of the red
color form growing in the pinewoods usually close to pine trees.
John Beckner, of the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, has told me
that this color form has been observed in the past and Ken
Roberts has told me that Ken Anderson of Bradenton, Florida has
white-flowered Eulophia alta in cultivation. Other than these
reports I know of no other documented observation of this form
growing in the wild, and, based on our observations I would be
confident in stating that this was a rare find.
We have kept a close observation on this particular plant

visiting it each time we've been in the area, On Thanksgiving
weekend we visited the site to find that 13 of the 18 flowers had
been successfully pollinated and there were ripening seed capsules.
On February 23, 1997 the same plant had three capsules left at the
very top of the raceme which looked to be about 2 -3 weeks away
from full maturity. These three capsules were green and healthy,
but there was no trace of any of the other capsules. Most of the
other plants in the area had completely disappeared due to the
deciduous nature of this species even though there were some
racemes with seed capsules. Many of the seed capsules on other
plants had turned brown and did not appear to have reached
maturity. An inspection of one revealed that the seed inside was
black and had evidently been attacked by some form of fungus.
There was also evidence of the fungus growing on the outside of
the capsules in the form of a black powdery coating. I suspect
that the rest of the capsules on the white flowered plant we have
been observing met a similar fate.
Brown, P.M. 1995. New and recently published taxa. NA Nat.

Orchid J. 1(2): 132.
Luer, C. 1972. The Native Orchids Of Florida, New York Botanical
Gardens, Bronx, NewYork.
50
New Combinations
Recent research and revisions necessitate several

new combinations. Much confusion has existed in the
correct generic names for many of the Spiranthiode
species. Ackerman (1995) points out that Cyclopogon is
preferred to Beadlea, based on the existence of
intermediate species between the two genera, with
Cyclopogon having priority.
Cyclopogon cranichoides forma albolabia (Brown &

McCartney) P.M. Brown comb. nov.
Basionym: Beadlea cranichoides forma albolabia Brown &
McCartney. North American Native Orchid Journal 1(2):8.
From Wes Higgins at the University of Florida

whose research on the genus Encyclia has resulted in
extensive new combinations at the species level, the
follow new combinations are needed for our Florida
species.
An ongoing systematic study of the genus Encyclia based

on holomorphology has determined that the genus is neither
morphologically cohesive nor monophyletic. In a preliminary
molecular study, analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)
sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA supports the morphological
conclusion that the Encyclia subgenus Osmophytum clade should be
raised to the generic level because these species are sister to the
Cattleya-Laelia clade not to Encyclia subgenus Encyclia. However,
the monophyly of the three currently recognized subgenera of
Encyclia i.e., Encyclia subg. Osmophytum, Encyclia subg. Encyclia, and
51
Encyclia subg. Dinema, is supported by cladistic analysis of both

morphological and molecular data. Encyclia subgenus Osmophytum
is raised to generic level and treated as Prosthechea.
Prosthechea boothiana (Lindley) W.E. Higgins var.

erythronioides (Small) W.E. Higgins comb. nov.
Basionym: Epidendrum erythronioides Small, Fl. South-
eastern US. 328, 1329. 1903.
Synonym: Encyclia boothiana (Linnaeus) Dressler var.
erythronioides (Small) Luer. Luer, Nat. Orchids of Fl. 204.
1972.
Prosthechea cochleata (Linnaeus) W. E. Higgins

var. triandra (Ames) W.E. Higgins comb. nov.
Basionym: Epidendrum cochleatum Linnaeus var. triandrum
Ames, Contrib. Ames Bot. Lab. 1:16. 1904.
Synonym: Encyclia cochleata (Linnaeus) Dressler var.
triandra (Ames) Dressler. Luer, Nat. Orchids of Fl. 202.
1972.
Prosthechea cochleata (Linnaeus) W. E. Higgins

var. triandra (Ames) W.E. Higgins forma
albidoflava (P. M. Brown) P. M. Brown comb. nov.
Basionym: Encyclia cochleata (Linnaeus) Dressler var.
triandra (Ames) Dressler forma albidoflava P.M. Brown.
Brown, P.M. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(2): 131. 1995.
52
In addition to general membership information it

contains a full set of Tables of Contents for all issues -
Volume 1, 1995-Volume 3, 1997 - and will be updated as
each issue is published. Other information of interest
and occasional articles will also be available on-line.
Special thanks to the Florida Museum of Natural History

at the University of Florida for hosting our website. We
appreciate the assistance of Dick Ruble in the FLMNH
Office of Museum Technology and Kent Perkins,
Manager of the Collection, in the FLMNH/University of
Florida Herbarium.
53
Empiricist: SETTING GOALS
SETTING GOALS
The Slow Empiricist
As spring slowly advances up the Northern

Hemisphere, awakening the dormant flora with its gentle
caress, the botanical enthusiast is also awakening from
his/her long winter's nap. Of course this is not so much
the case for those fortunate enough to live in the more
southerly regions, or for those who can afford a mid-
winter vacation to the south, where there is still evidence
of things growing and blooming all season. For many,
spring signals the beginning of another season of
botanizing. This article aims at helping you to prioritize
your activities and achieve a satisfying set of experiences
for the 1998 calendar year.
If you are like me, you probably try to crowd too

much into your schedule and end up frustrated when
you can't meet all of your plans fully. A calendar comes
in very handy as you start to map out your year's activity.
This way you can see what days and weeks are available
to you for your intended activities. If you want to take a
course, or plan an extended field excursion (if you know
the approximate blooming times of the orchids you want
to see), calendars will help you choose the correct dates
for your activities. Once you have identified your needs
54
and wants, you have a variety of ways to organize

yourself to meet those needs.
I am going to deal mostly with ways to

successfully plan your field experiences because once
you have identified the courses you would like to enroll
in for the coming season, you have most of the planning
already done for you by the schedule of the course. If
you read the rest of this article, however, the attitudes
that I am trying to foster may help you get more out of
the instruction you are receiving. The underlying
principles that apply to fieldwork should have some
carry-over for you in your course work.
Different people approach tasks in different

ways. Some like to be totally organized with every
minute accounted for. On the other extreme, there are
individuals who hate to be constrained by schedules and
rigid boundaries. The totally organized are like the
tourists who visit a foreign country and have spent the
entire year before their trip reading up on the place.
They have set a schedule of visits to museums, galleries
and note-worthy landmarks that cannot be easily
breached. The free-spirited individual has a general idea
of what is in the foreign country but cannot bring
himself/herself to plan any kind of itinerary to follow. In
both cases, they may miss important experiences: one,
because their rigid schedule won't permit it; the other,
because they hadn't done enough homework to be aware
of what they were missing.
55
For my own self, I like to have an underlying

structure to base my plans on that allows me the
freedom to take advantage of the unexpected
occurrence. This approach avoids the pitfalls of being
too lax or too tied to a goal. To me, you should always
be open to the unexpected, weighing the possibilities and
making a decision that will best answer the situation for
you and your companions. I would like to go on record
as saying that I don't always follow this advice I have
freely shared with you, the reader. I have become so
involved with my activity that time slips beyond my
awareness and I have found myself far afield, enticed by
the plants I am finding. Ruefully, I find myself running a
race with the fleeting daylight to regain civilization.1
Usually, the next time I am botanizing I remember the
last experience and don't over-extend myself.
Whatever type of organizer you are, you might be

more successful if you set down the goals you would like
to attain this year on a sheet of paper. A list made on a
computer is even better because you can rearrange the
items with simple maneuvers as you think through what
you really want to do with your time. So once you have
set your activities in some kind of order of importance, it
would be wise to look at the incidentals that can affect
the success or failure of your quest.
For many of you, I suspect, the top priority is to

locate a new member of the Orchidaceae that has eluded
you in other years. This may entail travel, which may
1
See Flops and Failures, NANOJ 2(4): 350-360. 1996.
56
require time, and other resources like monetary expenses

as well as information as to the whereabouts of said
plants. It may also encompass traveling companions who
have to be considered. If you are using your computer to
help set your goals, you can insert sections that cover
these areas to help you see what is required of you in
order to meet those goals. If you are more into making
hand-written lists you might be wise to create a list in a
loose leaf-leaf or spiral-bound notebook. If you put a
heading at the top of each page of what you want to
accomplish, you can add the things that need to be done
to achieve your goal under the appropriate heading. I
would suggest that you determine the order of
importance of your goals for 1998. Then you can avoid
over-crowding your schedule by having specific areas
that you have set up in order of importance. By doing
this kind of list-making you can weed out those things
that take undue amounts of your time and attention and
allowing the really important things to be concentrated
on to become richer and fuller experiences.
This writing down of your goals may sound

daunting to the free-spirited individual, so I would
suggest that if you are inclined not to be constrained by
rigid plans, you might hold in your mind the following
things as you lay your plans. The following suggestions
are also important headings for the highly organized
individual to include in his/her lists of things to take into
consideration. A successful quest in the field will require
an appropriate amount of time to complete it, so you
should think about the time requirements. Location is
another need that requires attention. Have you got
57
accurate information and good maps to guide you? Will

your quest require an overnight stay? This can be
especially true for distant sites that require four or more
hours to reach. Traveling eight or more hours in one
day, combined with fieldwork, usually makes the return
trip very tiring. If this is a new site for you, it will
probably take more time than you thought to find your
quarry. It might be wise to set an early departure time to
allow for exploration, or plan for an overnight near the
site.
Finally, think of the needs that are important to

you. Are you a photographer? What do you need to
include in your equipment to insure a successful session
with the plants you are hoping to photograph? What
about the weather? Have you included the appropriate
clothing to give you comfort as you explore the
territory? How far will you be from facilities that you
require like bathrooms or restaurants? Keeping an
awareness of your expectations will help you better meet
them when you are in the actual situation.
If you do a little preparation before you venture

into new areas, the success rate for your adventure
should be higher. You still need to be open to
unexpected events that come across your path. I have
seen single-minded individuals pass up plants that they
have come upon accidentally, as they strive to reach their
new enthusiasm. Conversely, I have seen people become
so distracted by the unexpected that they lose sight of
their intended goal. For me, I try to keep things in some
kind of balance. If I consider the accidental discovery,
58
appreciate it for what it is, and weigh it against my goal

for that day, I can make a reasonable judgement of what
should be done. If I find that the quest to find that
elusive orchid I have never seen before is becoming too
complicated (by the new discovery), or if the weather,
distance, or some other constraint is affecting my
enjoyment, I can give up the attempt of reaching my
goal. Although it has taken me a long time to realize the
fact, I have come to know that by not succeeding, I will
still have the goal to try for on another day or in another
year.2 I can also rationalize that, although frustrated, all is
not lost; I have not done my homework in vain for I
have grown in knowledge and experience.
To summarize: If you can prepare yourself for the

coming season of exploration and grow in your
understanding of what you need to put into such
activities you will have a more successful time. Whether
you keep detailed lists or just have a general idea in the
back of your head as to what is required, by being aware
of the possibilities, you should have a more rewarding
year of botanizing. I approach my botanical work by
using a little of both methods. That way, I can have what
to me is the best of both worlds. Before I go out into the
field to explore, I can be prepared with the correct
information as to location and times of blooming. I try
to know as well what I have to put into the effort as far
as travel, expense and the physical effort needed to meet
my goal while I still remain flexible enough to take
2
See Flops and Failures, NANOJ 2(4): 350-360. 1996.
59
advantage of the unexpected that I may encounter.

Lastly, I try not to view a failed objective as something
negative, but something I can learn from and, hopefully,
grow from, to be more competent in the future.
The Slow Empiricist
60
CHECKLIST

AMERICA
north of Mexico
Since the publication of Carlyle A. Luer's two volume

work, (1972, 1975) on the orchids of the United States and
Canada much taxonomic work has taken place. Schrenk's (1977)
checklist was reasonably comprehensive, but in addition to being
generally unavailable to most orchidists, it contained some very
different concepts of genera and species. The 2nd edition of
Kartesz' (1994) Checklist of US and Canadian plants brought a
more realistic list of species, but did not deal with several newer
species, genera concepts or taxa at the forma level. This checklist
has been compiled in order to help coordinate all current North
American orchid taxonomic information. Literature citations are
given for recently described, little known or significantly revised
taxa.
Synonyms are given if the names differ from those used by

Luer.
Coleman (1995) should be consulted for the most current
information on the genus Piperia.
Garay (1982) and Catling (1989) are followed for most of the
generic changes in Spiranthes, although Ackerman (1995) is
applicable to all of the Florida taxa.
Sheviak's recent work on the green-flowered Platanthera has
helped considerably in sorting out these confusing taxa.
Wes Higgins' work on the genus Encyclia has resulted in
several new generic combinations.
The recent work for volume 26 of the Flora of North America,
which will contain the Orchidaceae has resulted in numerous
61
CHECKLIST
nomenclatural changes. Those changes appear in this edition of

the checklist. The publication of that volume is scheduled for
late in 2001.
White-flowered forms, often referred to as albinos, exist for
many of our native species.
Ranges given are for reference only and do not imply precise
distribution or extant populations.
Abbreviations for the states and provinces are standard and the
following should be noted: CtA=Central America; Mx=Mexico;
BA= Bahama Archipelago; WtI=West Indies; SA=South
America; RM=Rocky Mountains; AM=Appalachian Mountains;
* indicates species documented to be either introduced or
adventive
note: Chuck McCartney has recently called my attention to the
fact that several of the rarer 'lost' species in southern Florida may
represent waifs as the result of the efforts of past orchidists to
establish orchid gardens within the wild in tropical Florida. This
could easily account for the one-time records for several of the
more southerly species. One possible example could be Pelexia
adnata.
References:
Ackerman, J. D. 1995. An Orchid Flora of Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands. Memoirs Volume 73. New York Botanical
Garden, Bronx, NY.
Catling, P.M. 1989. Biology of North American representatives
of the subfamily Spiranthoideae, in North American Native
Terrestrial Orchid Propagation and Production. Brandywine
Conservancy. Chadds Ford, PA.
Coleman, R.A. 1995. The Wild Orchids of California. Piperia:
105-135. Comstock Publishing Associates/Cornell University
Press, Ithaca, NY.
Garay, L.A. 1982. A generic revision of the Spiranthinae,
Botanical Museum Leaflet, Harvard University 28: (4): 277-425.
62
CHECKLIST
Hammer, R. L. 1981. Finding New Orchids, a Contribution to

the Orchidaceae of Florida. Fairchild Tropical Garden Bulletin
36(3): 16-18.
1992. The Strange Case of Carter's Orchid.
Fairchild Tropical Garden Bulletin 47(2): 34-39.
2001. Status report on the orchids of southern
Florida. North American Native Orchid Journal 7(1)
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular
plants of United States, Canada and Greenland. 2nd. ed. Timber
Press. 2 vols.
Luer, Carlyle A. 1972. The native orchids of Florida. New York
Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY
1975. The native orchids of the United States &
Canada excluding Florida. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx,
NY
McCartney, C.L., Jr. 1981. The orchids of Rabenau Camp -- 1.
The Epiphytes. American Orchid Society Bulletin 50(5): 527-
535.
1981. The orchids of Rabenau Camp -- 2. The
Terrestrials. American Orchid Society Bulletin 50(6): 653-660.
1985. The Orchids of Everglades National
Park -- 1. American Orchid Society Bulletin 54(3): 265-276.
1987. A thrice annotated checklist of the orchids
of southeastern Florida. (Revised edition.) Published privately.
2226 Lincoln St., Apt. 3, Hollywood, FL 33020.
1992. Orchids of south Florida's rock pinelands.
Fairchild Tropical Garden Bulletin 47(2): 12-33.
Schrenk, W.J. 1977. Zussammenstellung der Orchideenarten der
Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und der amerikanishen
Jungferninsein. Die Orchidee 28: 98-104.
63
CHECKLIST
Amerorchis rotundifolia (Banks) Hulten

SMALL ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS
AK - NF s to MT, WY; MN - ME
forma angustifolia Rousseau - narrow-leaved form
beckettiae (Boivin) Hulten - white-flowered form
immaculata Mazurski & L.P. Johnson - white-lipped form
lineata (Mousley) Hulten - lined-lip form
Brown, P.M. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(2): 132.
Johnson, L.P. 1995. Lindleyana 10(1): 1.
Aplectrum hyemale (Mulhenberg ex Willdenow) Torrey

PUTTY-ROOT; ADAM AND EVE
MN - MA s to AR - GA
forma pallidum House - yellow-flowered form
Arethusa bulbosa Linnaeus

DRAGON'S-MOUTH
MN - NF s to NC
forma albiflora Rand & Redfield - white-flowered form
subcaerulea Rand & Redfield - lilac-blue flowered form
Basiphyllaea corallicola (Small) Ames

CARTER'S ORCHID
seFL; BA, WtI
Hammer, R. L. 1992. Fairchild Trop. Gard. Bulletin. 47(2): 34-39.
McCartney, C.L., Jr. 1991 . Florida Orchidist. 34(4): 136-157.
_______________ 1992. Florida Orchidist. 35(1): 195-211.
Beloglottis costaricensis (Reichenbach f.) Schlechter

SYN: Spiranthes costaricensis Reichenbach f.
COSTA RICAN LADIES'-TRESSES
sFL; CtA, nSA
Bletia patula Hooker

HAITIAN PINE-PINK*
se FL; WtI
Bletia purpurea (Lambert) de Candolle

PINE-PINK
forma alba (Ariza-Julia & J. Jiménez Alm.) P.M. Brown - white-flowered
form
sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
64
CHECKLIST
Brown, P.M. 2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(4):
Bletilla striata (Thunberg) Reichenbach f.

URN ORCHID*
wFL
Brassia caudata (Linnaeus) Lindley

SPIDER ORCHID
sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
Bulbophyllum pachyrhachis (A. Richard) Grisebach

RAT-TAIL ORCHID
sFL; WtI, CtA, SA
Calopogon barbatus (Walter) Ames

BEARDED GRASS-PINK
NC - FL w to LA
Calopogon multiflorus Lindley

MANY-FLOWERED GRASS-PINK
GA - FL w to MS
Calopogon oklahomensis D.H. Goldman

OKLAHOMA GRASS-PINK
s. IN, eKS, eOK, swMO, AK, eTX, wcLA

Goldman, D.H. 1995. Lindleyana 10(1): 37-42.
Goldman, D.H. and S. Orzell. 2000. Lindleyana 15(4): 237-251.
Calopogon pallidus Chapman

PALE GRASS-PINK
VA - FL w to LA
forma albiflorus P.M. Brown - white flowered form
Calopogon tuberosus (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns & Poggenberg var.

tuberosus
GRASS-PINK
[including var. latifolius (St. John) Fernald]
MN - NF s to FL w to TX
forma albiflorus Britton - white flowered form
Catling, P.M. & Z. Lucas. 1987. Rhodora 89: 401-413.
65
CHECKLIST
Calopogon tuberosus (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns & Poggenberg var.

simpsonii (Small) Magrath
SIMPSON'S GRASS-PINK
sFL
forma niveus P.M. Brown - white-flowered form
Magrath, L.K. & J.L. Norman. 1989. SIDA 13(3): 371-372.
Calypso bulbosa (Linnaeus) Oakes var. americana (R.Brown) Luer

EASTERN FAIRY-SLIPPER
AK - NF s in the RM; s to upper GtL, n New Eng.
forma albiflora P.M. Brown - white-flowered form
rosea P.M. Brown - pink-flowered form
Brown, P.M.. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 17.
Calypso bulbosa (Linnaeus) Oakes var. occidentalis (Holtzman)Boivin
WESTERN FAIRY-SLIPPER
AK - CA e to ID
forma nivea Brown & Coleman - white-flowered form
Coleman, R.A. 1992. AOS Bulletin 61(8): 776-781/fc.
Campylocentrum pachyrrhizum (Reichenbach f.) Rolfe

CROOKED-SPUR ORCHID
sFL; WtI, nSA
Cephelanthera austiniae (A. Gray) Heller

PHANTOM ORCHID
sBC - CA e to ID
Catling, P.M. & C.J. Sheviak. 1993. Lindleyana 8(2): 79.
Cleistes bifaria (Fernald) Catling & Gregg

SYN: Pogonia bifaria P.M. Brown & Wunderlin
UPLAND SPREADING POGONIA
WV - FL w to eLA
Brown & Wunderlin. 1997. NA Native Orchid Journal 3(4): 450-452.
Catling, P.M. & K.B. Gregg. 1992. Lindleyana 7(2): 57-73.
Cleistes divaricata (Linnaeus) Ames

SYN: Pogonia divaricata (L.) R. Br.
SPREADING POGONIA
NJ - FL
forma leucantha P.M. Brown - white-flowered form
66
CHECKLIST
Catling, P.M. & K.B. Gregg. 1992. Lindleyana 7(2): 57-73.
Coeloglossum viride (Linnaeus) Hartman var. viride

NORTHERN BRACTED GREEN ORCHIS
[including var. islandicum (Lindley) Schulze and Habenaria viridis var.
interjecta Fernald]
AK - NF; Eurasia
Coeloglossum viride (Linnaeus) Hartman var. virescens (Mulhenberg) Luer
LONG BRACTED GREEN ORCHIS
AK - NF s to WA, NM, IA, NC
Corallorhiza bentleyi Freudenstein

BENTLEY'S CORALROOT
Bentley, S. 2000. Native Orchids of the Southern Appalachians, pp. 71-75.
Freudenstein, J.V. 1999. Novon 9(4): 511-513.
Corallorhiza maculata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque var. maculata

SPOTTED CORALROOT
BC - NF s to CA, AZ, NM; AM to nGA
forma flavida (Peck) Farwell - yellow-stemmed form
rubra P.M. Brown - red-stemmed form
Brown, P.M..1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 8.
Corallorhiza maculata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque var. occidentalis (Lindley)

Ames
WESTERN SPOTTED CORALROOT
BC - NF s to CA, AZ, NM, MN, New Eng., VA
forma aurea P.M. Brown - golden yellow/spotted form
immaculata (Peck) Howell - yellow spotless form
intermedia Farwell - brown-stemmed form
punicea (Barth.) Weatherby & Adams - red-stemmed form
Freudenstein, J.V. 1986. Contr. Univ. Mich. Herb. 16: 145-153.
1997. Harvard Papers in Botany 10:5-51.
Corallorhiza mertensiana Bongard

WESTERN CORALROOT
sAK - CA e to MT, wWY
forma albolabia P.M. Brown - white-flowered form
pallida P.M. Brown - pale colored form
67
CHECKLIST
Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willdenow) Nuttall var. odontorhiza
AUTUMN CORALROOT
SD - ME s to OK - GA
forma flavida Wherry - yellow-stemmed form
Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willdenow) Nuttall var. pringlei (Greenman)
Freudenstein
PRINGLE'S AUTUMN CORALROOT
IA - ME s to TN, NC; MX
Freudenstein, J.V. 1993. Dissertation. Cornell University.
1997. Harvard Papers in Botany 10:5-51.
Corallorhiza striata Lindley var. striata

STRIPED CORALROOT
BC - PQ s to CA, NY
forma eburnea P.M. Brown - yellow/white form
Corallorhiza striata Lindley var. vreelandii (Rydberg) L.O. Williams
SYN: Corallorhiza striata forma fulva Fernald
VREELAND'S STRIPED CORALROOT
CA - ND s to NM; PQ; MX
forma flavida (Todson & Todson) P. M. Brown -
yellow/white form
Corallorhiza trifida Chatelain

EARLY CORALROOT
[including var. verna Fernald]
AK - NF s to OR, s in RM e toWV; Eurasia
Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad

WISTER'S CORALROOT
MT - NJ s to AZ - FL; MX
forma albolabia P.M. Brown - white-flowered form
rubra P.M. Brown ined. - red-stemmed form
Brown, P.M.. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 9-10.
Cranichis muscosa Swartz

MOSS-LOVING CRANICHIS
sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
68
CHECKLIST
Cyclopogon cranichoides (Grisebach) Schlecter

SYN: Beadlea cranichoides (Grisebach) Small
Spiranthes cranichoides (Griesebach) Cogniaux
SPECKLED LADIES'-TRESSES
FL; BA, WtI, CtA, SA
forma albolabia (Brown & McCartney) P.M. Brown - white-lipped form
1998. NA Native Orchid Journal 4(1):52
Cyclopogon elatus (Swartz) Schlecter

SYN: Beadlea elata (Swartz) Small
Spiranthes elata (Swartz) L.C. Richard
TALL NEOTTIA
sFL; WtI, MX, CtA, nSA
Cypripedium acaule Aiton

PINK LADY'S-SLIPPER; MOCCASIN FLOWER
NWT - NF s to MN - GA
forma albiflorum Rand & Redfield - white-flowered form
biflorum P.M. Brown - two-flowered form
Cypripedium arietinum R. Brown

RAM'S-HEAD LADY'S-SLIPPER
MAN - NS s to MN - MA
forma albiflorum House - white-flowered form
biflorum P.M. Brown - two-flowered form
Cypripedium californicum Gray

CALIFORNIA LADY'S-SLIPPER
OR-CA
Cypripedium candidum Mulhenberg ex Willdenow

SMALL WHITE LADY'S-SLIPPER
SAS - MN - wNY s to MO, KY, NJ
Cypripedium fasciculatum Kellogg ex S. Watson

CLUSTERED LADY'S-SLIPPER
WA - CA e to MT s to CO
Brownell , V.R. & P.M. Catling. 1987. Lindleyana 2(1): 53-57.
Elliman, T. & A. Dalton. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 59-73.
69
CHECKLIST
Cypripedium guttatum Swartz

SPOTTED LADY'S-SLIPPER
AK - NWT; Siberia
Cypripedium kentuckiense C.F. Reed

KENTUCKY LADY'S-SLIPPER
neVA; KY - eTX
forma pricei - white-flowered form
Atwood, J. T. Jr. 1984. AOS Bulletin 53(8): 835-841.
1998. NA Native Orchid Journal 4(1): 45.
Reed, C. 1981. Phytologia 48(5): 426-428.
Weldy, T. W., H. T. Mlodozeniec, L. E. Wallace & M. A. Case. 1996.
Sida 17(2): 423-435.
Cypripedium montanum Douglas ex Lindley

MOUNTAIN LADY'S-SLIPPER
sAK - CA e to ALB-WY
forma praetertinctum Sheviak - white-petaled form
welchii P.M. Brown - crimson edge-lipped form
Sheviak, C.J.. 1990. Rhodora 92: 47-49.
Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. parviflorum

SYN: Cypripedium calceolus Linnaeus var. parviflorum Salisbury
SOUTHERN SMALL YELLOW LADY'S-SLIPPER
KS -MA s to LA - GA
forma albolabium Magrath & Norman - white-lipped form

Magrath, L.K. & J.L. Norman. 1989. SIDA 13(3): 371-372.
Sheviak, C.J. 1994. AOS Bulletin 63(6): 664-669.
__________. 1995. AOS Bulletin 64(6): 606-612.
__________. 1996. NA Native Orchid Journal 2(4): 319-343.
Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. makasin (Farwell) Sheviak
SYN: Cypripedium calceolus Linnaeus var. parviflorum Salisbury
NORTHERN SMALL YELLOW LADY'S-SLIPPER
BC - nCA - NF s to IL - PA
Sheviak, C.J. 1993. AOS Bulletin 62(4): 403.
__________. 1994. AOS Bulletin 63(6): 664-669.
__________. 1995. AOS Bulletin 64(6): 606-612.
Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. pubescens (Willdenow) Knight
SYN: Cypripedium calceolus Linnaeus var. pubescens (Willdenow) Correll
70
CHECKLIST
LARGE YELLOW LADY'S-SLIPPER

(including var. planipetalum Fernald)
AK - NF s to AZ - GA
__________.1995. AOS Bulletin 64(6): 606-612.
Cypripedium passerinum Richmond var. passerinum

SYN: Cypripedium passerinum Richmond var. minganense Victorin
SPARROW'S EGG LADY'S-SLIPPER; FRANKLIN’S LADY’S-
SLIPPER
AK - PQ s to n MT
Cypripedium reginae Walter

SHOWY LADY'S-SLIPPER
SAS -NF s to AR, n. AL
forma albolabium Fernald & Schubert - white-flowered form
Cypripedium yatabeanum Makino

SYN: Cypripedium guttatum var. yatabeanum (Makino) Hulten
YELLOW SPOTTED LADY'S-SLIPPER
AK; Siberia, n Japan

Hybrids:
Cypripedium xalaskanum P.M. Brown
ALASKAN SPOTTED LADY'S-SLIPPER
(C. guttatum x C. yatabeanum)
Cypripedium xandrewsii Fuller nm. andrewsii

ANDREWS' LADY'S-SLIPPER
(C. candidum x C. parviflorum var. makasin)
Cypripedium xandrewsii Fuller nm. favillianum (Curtis) Boivin

FAVILLE'S LADY'S-SLIPPER
(C. candidum x C. parviflorum var. pubescens)
Cypripedium xandrewsii nm. landonii (Garay) Boivin

LANDON'S LADY'S-SLIPPER
(C. candidum x C. xandrewsii nm. favillianum)
71
CHECKLIST
Cypripedium xcolumbianum Sheviak

COLUMBIA LADY'S-SLIPPER
(C. parviflorum x C. montanum)
Cyrtopodium polyphyllum(Vell) Pabst ex F. Barrios

YELLOW COWHORN ORCHID*
FL; SA
in Luer, 1972 as C. andersonii (Lambert ex Andrews) R. Brown; p. 234,
pl. 71:1.
Menezes, L.C. 1995. AOS Bulletin 64(3): 248-251.
Hammer, R. 1997. NA Native Orchid Journal 3(2): 194-202.
Cyrtopodium punctatum (Linnaeus) Lindley

COWHORN ORCHID
FL; Mx, CtA, WI, SA
Dactylorhiza aristata (Fischer ex Lindley) Soo var. aristata

FISCHER'S ORCHID
AK; ne Asia
forma alba P.M. Brown - white-flowered form
Dactylorhiza aristata (Fischer ex Lindley) Soo var. kodiakensis Luer &
Luer f.
KODIAK ORCHID
AK
forma rosea P.M. Brown - pink form
perbracteata (Lepage) P.M. Brown - leafy, flowerless form
Brown, P.M. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(3): 199, 241.
Ospina H., M. 1997. NA Native Orchid Journal 3(3): in press
Dactylorhiza cf. fuchsii (Druce) Soo

TIMMINS MARSH ORCHID*
ON; Europe
in Luer, 1975 as D. maculata (Linnaeus) Soo; p. 160, pl. 39:8-9.
Catling, P.M. & C.J. Sheviak. 1993. Lindleyana 8(2): 80-81.
Dactylorhiza praetermissa (Druce) Soo

SYN:Dactylorhiza majalis (Reich.f.) Summerhays subsp. praetermissa
(Druce) D.M.Moore & Soo
SOUTHERN MARSH ORCHID
72
CHECKLIST
NF; Europe
Catling,P.M. & C.J. Sheviak. 1993. Lindleyana 8(2): 80-81.
Meades, S. 1994. Saraccenia. 5(1): 13-15.
________ 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(3): 245.
Dactylorhiza praetermissa (Druce)Soo var. junialis (Vermeulen) Senghas
SYN: Dactylorhiza majalis (Reich.f.) Summerhays subsp. praetermissa
(Druce) D.M.Moore & Soo var. junialis (Vermeulen) Senghas
LEOPARD MARSH ORCHID

NF; Europe
Clase, H.J. & S.J. Meades. 1996. NA Native Orchid Journal 2(3): 208-
217.
Deiregyne confusa Garay

In Luer as Deiregyne durangensis (Ames & Schweinfurth) Garay
SYN: Spiranthes durangensis Ames & Schweinfurth
DURANGO LADIES'-TRESSES
TX; MX
Dendrophylax lindenii (Lindley) Bentham ex Rolfe

SYN: Polyrrhiza lindenii (Lindley) Cogniaux
Polyradicion lindenii (Lindley) Garay
GHOST ORCHID; FROG ORCHID
sFL; CUBA
Dichromanthus cinnabarinus (Llave & Lexara) Garay

SYN: Spiranthes cinnabarina (Llave & Lexara) Hemsley
CINNABAR LADIES'-TRESSES
TX; MX
Eltroplectris calcarata (Swartz) Garay & Sweet

SYN: Centrogenium setaceum (Lindley) Schlecter
SPURRED NEOTTIA
FL; BA, WtI, nSA
Encyclia rufa (Lindley) Britton & Millspaugh

REDDISH EPIDENDRUM
sFL
Encyclia tampensis (Lindley) Small

FLORIDA BUTTERFLY ORCHID
FL
forma albolabia P.M. Brown - white lipped form
73
CHECKLIST
Epidendrum acuñae Dressler

ACUÑA'S STAR ORCHID
sFL; CtA; WtI
Epidendrum amphistomum A. Richard

DINGY-FLOWERED EPIDENDRUM
sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
forma rubrifolium P.M. Brown - red-leaved form
Hagsater, E. 2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(4): 300-310.
Epidendrum floridense Hagsater

SYN: Epidendrum difforme Jacquin in part
Neolehmannia difformis (Jacquin) Pabst
FLORIDA UMBELLED EPIDENDRUM
sFL; WtI, CtA, n + cSA
Hagsater, E. & G. Salazar. 1993. Icones Orchidacearum
Romero, G.A.1994. A.O.S. Bulletin 63(10): 1168-1170.
Epidendrum magnoliae var. magnoliae

GREEN-FLY ORCHIS
NC s to FL w to LA
Epidendrum magnoliae var. mexicanum (L.O. Williams) P.M. Brown
BRONZE GREEN-FLY ORCHIS
FL; MX
Brown, P.M. 1998. NA Native Orchid Journal 5(1):3
2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(4): 337-338.
Epidendrum nocturnum Jacquin

NIGHT-FRAGRANT EPIDENDRUM
Epidendrum radicans Paven ex Lindley

CLIMBING EPIDENDRUM*
sFL
Epidendrum rigidum Jacquin

RIGID EPIDENDRUM
74
CHECKLIST
Epidendrum strobiliferum Swartz

CONE-BEARING EPIDENDRUM
Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffman ex Bernhardii) Besser

RED HELLEBORINE*
VT; Europe
Epipactis gigantea Douglas ex Hooker

STREAM ORCHID
sBC - MT s to CA, AZ, NM - SD ; MX
forma citrina P.M. Brown - yellow-flowered form
rubrifolia P.M. Brown - red-leaved form
2001. NA Native Orchid Journal 7(1) ined.
Coleman, R.A. 1995. Wild Orchids of CA. p. 75; pl. 13.
Epipactis helleborine (Linnaeus) Cranz

BROAD-LEAVED HELLEBORINE*
e US; se CAN; scattered w NA; Europe
forma alba (Webster) Boivin - white-flowered form
luteola P. M. Brown - yellow-flowered form
monotropoides (Mousley) Scoggin - albino form
variegata (Webster) Boivin - variegated form
viridens A. Gray - green-flowered form
Eulophia alta (Linnaeus) Fawcett & Rendle

WILD COCO
GA - FL; MX, WtI, CtA, SA, Africa
forma pallida P.M. Brown - pale colored form
pelchatii P.M. Brown - white flowered from

Brown, P.M. 1995 NA Native Orchid Journal 1(2): 131.
Galeandra bicarinata G.A. Romero & P.M. Brown.

TWO KEELED GALEANDRA
sFL; CUBA
Romero, G.A. & P.M. Brown. 2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(2):
Galearis spectabilis (Linnaeus) Rafinesque
75
CHECKLIST
SHOWY ORCHIS
MN - ME s to AR - GA
forma gordinierii (House) Whiting & Catling - white-flowered form
willeyi (Seymour) P.M. Brown - pink-flowered form
Brown, P.M. 1988. Wild Flower Notes 3(1): 20.
Goodyera oblongifolia Rafinesque

GIANT RATTLESNAKE ORCHIS
sAK - NF s to ME; CA, NM; MX
forma reticulata (Boivin) P.M. Brown - reticulated leaf form
Goodyera pubescens (Willdenow) R. Brown

DOWNY RATTLESNAKE ORCHIS
ON - NS s to AR - SC
Goodyera repens (Linnaeus) R. Brown

LESSER RATTLESNAKE ORCHIS
AK - NF s to WY, sRM, sAM
forma ophioides (Fernald) P.M. Brown - white veined leaf form
Goodyera tesselata Loddiges

CHECKERED RATTLESNAKE ORCHIS
ON - NF s to MN - MD
Govenia floridana P.M. Brown

FLORIDA GOVENIA
sFL
Brown, P.M. 2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(3): 230-240.
in Luer, 1972 as Govenia utriculata (Swartz) Lindley; p. 243, pl.73:1-4.
Greenwood, E. W., 1991. AOS Bulletin 60(9): 867-869.
Greenwood, E.W. 1996. NA Native Orchid Journal 2(1):344-349.
Gymnadenia conopsea (Linnaeus) R. Brown

SYN: Habenaria conopsea (Linnaeus) Bentham
FRAGRANT ORCHID*
(CT)
Habenaria distans Grisebach

FALSE WATER-SPIDER ORCHID
sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
76
CHECKLIST
Habenaria macroceratitis Willdenow

LONG-HORNED HABENARIA
FL; MX
Habenaria odontopetala Reichenbach f.

SYN: Habenaria strictissima Reichenbach f. var. odontopetala
(Reichenbach f.) L.O. Williams
TOOTHED HABENARIA
FL; MX, WtI, CtA
forma heatonii P.M. Brown- albino form
Brown, P.M. 2001. NA Native Orchid Journal 7(1): ined.
Habenaria quinqueseta (Michaux) Eaton

MICHAUX'S ORCHID
SC - FL w to TX
Habenaria repens Nuttall

WATER SPIDER ORCHID
NC - FL w to seAR, TX; MX, WtI, CtA
Harrisella porrecta (Reichenbach f.) Fawcett & Rendle

SYN: Campylocentrum porrectum Reichenbach f.
LEAFLESS HARRISELLA
FL; MX, CtA, WtI
Ackerman., J.D.. . 1995. Orchids of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. p.
87..
Hexalectris grandiflora (A. Richard & Galeotti) L.O. Williams
GREENMAN'S CRESTED CORALROOT
TX; MX
Hexalectris nitida L.O. Williams

SHINING CRESTED CORALROOT
TX; MX
Hexalectris revoluta Correll

RECURVED CRESTED CORALROOT
AZ,TX; MX
Hexalectris spicata (Walter) Barnhardt var. spicata

CRESTED CORALROOT
AR, MO; sIL - MD s to FL - TX; MX
77
CHECKLIST
forma albolabia P.M. Brown - white flowered form

Hexalectris spicata (Walter) Barnhardt var. arizonica (S. Watson) Catling &
Engel
ARIZONA CRESTED CORALROOT
AZ, TX; MX
Catling, P.M. & V.S. Engel. 1993. Lindleyana 8(3): 119-126.
Hexalectris warnockii Ames & Correll

TEXAS PURPLE-SPIKE
AZ; TX
Ionopsis utricularioides (Swartz) Lindley
DELICATE IONOPSIS
sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
Isotria medeoloides (Pursh) Rafinesque

SMALL WHORLED POGONIA
MI - ME s to MO - GA
Isotria verticillata Rafinesque

LARGE WHORLED POGONIA
MI - ME s to TX - FL
Laelia rubescens Lindley

PALE LAELIA*
sFL
Lepanthopsis melanantha (Reichenbach f.) Ames

CRIMSON LEPANTHOPSIS
sFL; WtI
Lophiaris carthagenensis (Jacquin) G.A. Braem

SPREAD-EAGLE OORCHID
sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
Braem, G.A. 1993. Schlechteriana 4:17
Lophiaris maculata (Aublet) Ackerman
78
CHECKLIST
SPOTTED MULE-EARED ORCHID

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
forma flavovirens (P.M. Brown) P.M. Brown - unspotted with a yellow-
green base
Ackerman, J. 2000. Lindleyana 15(2): 92-93.
2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(4):
Liparis elata Lindley
SYN: Liparis nervosa (Thunberg) Lindley in part

TALL TWAYBLADE
FL; WtI, MX
Liparis liliifolia (Linnaeus) Richard

LILY-LEAVED TWAYBLADE
MN - VT s to AR - GA
forma viridiflora Wadmond - green-flowered form
Liparis loeselii (Linnaeus) Richard

LOESEL'S TWAYBLADE; FEN ORCHIS
sWA, MT; MAN - NS s to MS, sAM; Eurasia
HYBRID:
Liparis xjonesii S. Bentley
JONES' HYBRID TWAYBLADE
Bentley, S. 2000. Native Orchids of the Southern Appalachians, pp. 138-
139.
Listera auriculata Wiegand

AURICLED TWAYBLADE
ON - NF s to MI - ME
forma trifolia (Lepage) Lepage - three-leaved form
Listera australis Lindley

SOUTHERN TWAYBLADE
PQ, NS, NB - FL w to TX
forma scottii P.M. Brown - many leaved form
trifolia P.M. Brown - three-leaved form
79
CHECKLIST
viridis P.M. Brown - green-flowered form

2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(1):
Listera borealis Morong

NORTHERN TWAYBLADE
AK - NF s to UT, CO
forma trifolia Lepage - three-leaved form
Listera caurina Piper

NORTHWESTERN TWAYBLADE
sAK - ALB s to CA, WY
Listera convallarioides (Swartz) Nuttall

BROAD-LIPPED TWAYBLADE
swAK; BC - NF s to CA, WY e to nMI - nME
forma trifolia P. M. Brown - three-leaved form
Brown, P.M. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 11
Listera cordata (Linnaeus) R. Brown var. cordata

HEART-LEAVED TWAYBLADE
AK - NF s to CA, NM in RM; NC in AM; Eurasia
forma disjuncta Lepage - alternate-leaved form
trifolia P. M. Brown - three-leaved form
variegata P. M. Brown - variegated-leaved form
viridens P.M. Brown - green-flowered form
Brown, P.M. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 11; 1(4): 288.
Listera cordata (Linnaeus) R. Brown var. nephrophylla (Rydberg) Hulten
WESTERN HEART-LEAVED TWAYBLADE
RM w to CA n to AK
forma rubescens P.M. Brown - reddish-flowered form
Brown, P.M. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(3): 240; 1(4): 288.
Listera ovata (Linnaeus) Aiton f.

COMMON TWAYBLADE*
ON
Listera smallii Wiegand

SMALL'S TWAYBLADE
nNJ; PA - GA
forma variegata P.M. Brown - variegated-leaved form
80
CHECKLIST
Hybrid:
Listera xveltmanii Case
VELTMAN'S TWAYBLADE
(L. auriculata x L. convallarioides)
Macradenia lutescens R. Brown

TRINIDAD MACRADENIA
sFL; WtI, nSA
Malaxis bayardii Fernald

BAYARD'S ADDER'S-MOUTH
NS; MA - NC w to OH
Catling, P.M. 1991. Lindleyana 6(1): 3-23.
Luer, C.A. 1975. Nat. Orchids US & Can. Pl. 79:5.
Malaxis brachypoda (Gray) Fernald

SYN: Malxis monophyllos (Linnaeus) Swartz. var. brachypoda (A. Gray)
Morris & Eames
WHITE ADDER'S-MOUTH
sAK - NF s to CA, CO, IN, PA
forma bifolia (Mousley) Fernald - two-leaved form
Malaxis corymbosa (S. Watson) Kuntze

CLUSTERED ADDER'S-MOUTH
AZ; MX
Malaxis diphyllos Chamisso

SYN: Malaxis monophyllos (Linnaeus) Swartz. var. diphyllos (Chamisso)
Luer
TWO-LEAVED ADDER'S-MOUTH
swAK
Malaxis paludosa (Linnaeus) Swartz

SYN: Hammarbya paludosa (Linnaeus) Kuntze
BOG ADDER'S-MOUTH
AK- wONT s to MN; nEurasia

Reeves, T. & L. M. Reeves. 1984. AOS Bulletin 53(12): 1280-1292.
81
CHECKLIST
Reeves, T. & L. M. Reeves. 1985. Rhodora. 87: 133-136.
Malaxis porphyrea (Ridley) Kuntze

PURPLE ADDER’S-MOUTH
AZ,NM; MX
in Luer, 1975 as Malaxis ehrenbergii (Reichenbach f.) Kuntze, p. 296,
pl. 81.
Todsen, T. SIDA 1997. 17: 637-638.
Malaxis soulei L.O. Williams

SYN: Malaxis macrostachys (Lexara) Kuntze
RAT-TAILED ADDER'S-MOUTH
AZ, NM, TX; MX
Malaxis spicata Swartz

FLORIDA ADDER'S-MOUTH
VA - FL; BA; WtI
Malaxis tenuis (S. Watson) Ames

THIN ADDER'S-MOUTH
AZ, NM; MX
Malaxis unifolia Michaux

GREEN ADDER'S-MOUTH
MAN - NF s to TX - FL; MX
forma bifolia (Mousley) Fernald - two-leaved form
Malaxis wendtii Salazar

WENDT'S ADDER'S-MOUTH
TX; MX
Salazar, G. 1993. Orquidea(Mex.) 13(1-2): 281-284.
Todsen, T. SIDA 1995. 16(3): 591.
Todsen, T. SIDA 1997. 17: 637-638.
Maxillaria crassifolia (Lindley) Reichenbach f.
FALSE BUTTERFLY ORCHID

sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
Maxillaria parviflora (Poeppig & Endlicher) Garay

SYN: Maxillaria conferta (Grisebach) C. Schweinfurth ex Leon
DENSELY-FLOWERED MAXILLARIA
82
CHECKLIST
sFL; WtI, MX, CtA, SA

Attwood, J. T. Lindleyana 8(1): 25-31.
Hammer, R. 1981. Fairchild Trop. Gard. Bulletin 36(3): 16-18.
McCartney, C. 1993. Florida Orchidist. 36(3): 25-29.
Mesadenus lucayanus (Britton) Schlechter

(Syn: Ibidium lucayanum Britton; Spiranthes lucayana (Britton) Cogniaux
COPPER LADIES'-TRESSES
FL; MX, BA, WtI, CtA
Oeceoclades maculata (Lindley) Lindley

SPOTTED AFRICAN ORCHIS*
sFL; WtI, SA; Africa
Johnson, S.R. 1993. Lindleyana 8(2): 69-72.
Stern, W.S. 1988. AOS Bulletin 57(9): 960-971.
Oncidium floridanum Ames

SYN: Oncidium ensatum Lindley in part
FLORIDA ONCIDIUM
sFL; BA
see Lophiaris for additional species
Pelexia adnata (Swartz) Sprengl

SYN: Spiranthes adnata (Swartz) Bentham ex Fawcett
GLANDULAR LADIES'-TRESSES
sFL; WtI, CtA, MX, nSA
Hammer, R. L. 1981. Fairchild Trop. Garden Bulletin 36(3): 16-18.
McCartney, C.L., Jr. 1983. Florida Orchidist 26(3): 124-129.
Piperia candida Morgan & Ackerman

SLENDER WHITE PIPERIA
sAK - CA
Morgan, R. & J. Ackerman. 1990. Lindleyana 5(4): 205-211.
Piperia colemanii Morgan & Glicenstein

COLEMAN'S PIPERIA
CA
Morgan, R. & L. Glicenstein. 1993. Lindleyana 8(2): 89-95.
Piperia cooperi (S. Watson) Rydberg

COOPER'S STOUT-SPIRE ORCHID
83
CHECKLIST
CA
Coleman, R. A. 1992. AOS Bulletin 61(2): 130-135.
Coleman, R.A. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 75-78.
Piperia elegans (Lindley) Rydberg subsp. elegans

SYN: Piperia maritima Rydberg
ELEGANT PIPERIA
BC - CA; nID, wMT
Piperia elegans subsp. decurtata Morgan & Glicenstein

PT. REYES PIPERIA
CA
Morgan, R & L. Glicenstein. 1993. Lindleyana 8(2): 89-95.
Piperia elongata Rydberg

SYN: Piperia elegans var. elata (Jepson) Luer
LONG-SPURRED PIPERIA
BC - CA; nID, wMT
Piperia leptopetala Rydberg

LACE ORCHID
WA - CA
Piperia michaelii (E. Greene) Rydberg

SYN: Piperia elongata var. michaelii (Greene) Ackerman
MICHAEL'S PIPERIA
OR - CA
Piperia transversa Suksdorf

FLAT-SPURRED PIPERIA
BC - CA
Piperia unalascensis (Sprengel) Rydberg

ALASKA PIPERIA
AK - CA w. to MT; nNM ; ON, MI, PQ
Piperia yadonii R. Morgan & J. Ackerman

YADON'S PIPERIA
CA
Morgan, R & J. Ackerman. 1990. Lindleyana 5(4): 205-211.
Platanthera aquilonis Sheviak
84
CHECKLIST
SYN: Platanthera hyperborea (Linnaeus) Lindley in part

NORTHERN GREEN BOG ORCHIS
AK - NF s to CA, NM, IA e to MA
forma alba (Light) P.M. Brown - albino form
Light, M.S. & M. MacConaill. 1989. Lindleyana 4(3): 158-160.
Sheviak, C.J. 1999. Lindleyana 14(4): 193-203
Platanthera blephariglottis (Willdenow) Lindley var. blephariglottis

NORTHERN WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS
MI - NF s to IL; OH - NJ
forma holopetala (Lindley) P.M. Brown - entire-lip form
Platanthera blephariglottis (Willdenow) Lindley var. conspicua (Nash) Luer
SOUTHERN WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS
se MA - FL w to TX
Platanthera brevifolia (Greene) Kranzlein

SYN: Platanthera sparsiflora (S. Watson) Schlecter var. brevifolia (Greene)
Luer
SHORT-LEAVED REIN ORCHIS
NM; MX
Platanthera chapmanii (Small) Luer emend. Folsom

CHAPMAN'S FRINGED ORCHIS
seGA, nFL, eTX
Folsom, J.P. 1984. Orquidea (Mex) .9(2): 344.
Platanthera chorisiana (Chamisso) Reichenbach f.

CHAMISSO'S ORCHID
AK - WA; Asia
Platanthera ciliaris (Linnaeus) Lindley

ORANGE FRINGED ORCHIS
MI - MA s to TX - FL
Platanthera clavellata (Michaux) Luer var. clavellata

LITTLE CLUB-SPUR ORCHIS
WI - ME s to TX - GA
forma slaughteri P.M. Brown - white-flowered form
Platanthera clavellata (Michaux) Luer var. ophioglossoides (Fernald) P.M.
Brown
85
CHECKLIST
NORTHERN CLUB-SPUR ORCHIS

ON - NF s to MI - MA
Platanthera cristata (Michaux) Lindley

ORANGE CRESTED ORCHIS
MA - FL w to TX
forma straminea P.M. Brown - pale yellow form
Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindley var. dilatata

TALL WHITE NORTHERN BOG ORCHIS
AK - NF so to CA - NM; MN -IN, PA
Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindley var. albiflora (Chamisso) Ledebour
BOG CANDLES
AK - WA e to UT, CO
Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindley var. leucostachys (Lindley) Luer
SIERRA REIN-ORCHID
sAK - CA e to WY - nAZ
Platanthera flava (Linnaeus) Lindley var. flava

SOUTHERN TUBERCLED ORCHIS
swNS; MO - MD s to TX - FL
Platanthera flava (Linnaeus) Lindley var. herbiola (R. Brown) Luer
NORTHERN TUBERCLED ORCHIS
MN - NS s to MO - GA; s in AM
forma lutea (Boivin) Whiting & Catling - yellow-flowered form
Platanthera grandiflora (Bigelow) Lindley

LARGE PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS
MN - NF s to WV - NJ; s in AM to GA
forma albiflora (Rand & Redfield) Catling - white-flowered form
bicolor P.M. Brown - bicolor-flowered form
carnea P.M. Brown - pink-flowered form
mentotonsa (Fernald) P.M. Brown - entire-lip form
Brown, .M. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 12.
Stoutamire, W.P. 1974. Brittonia 26: 42-58.
Platanthera hookeri (Torrey) Lindley

HOOKER'S ORCHIS
forma abbreviata (Fernald) P.M. Brown - dwarfed form
MAN - NF s to IA - NJ
86
CHECKLIST
Platanthera huronensis (Nuttall) Lindley

SYN: Platanthera hyperborea (Linnaeus) Lindley var. huronensis (Nuttall)
Luer
GREEN BOG ORCHIS
AK - NF s to CA - PA
Platanthera hyperborea (Linnaeus) Lindley var. gracilis (Lindley) Luer

LAXLY FLOWERED BOG ORCHIS
sAK - MT s to CA - CO
Platanthera hyperborea (Linnaeus) Lindley var. viridiflora (Chamisso) Luer
SYN: Platanthera convallariifolia (Fischer) Lindley
TALL ALASKA GREEN ORCHIS
AK
Platanthera integra (Nuttall) Lindley

YELLOW FRINGELESS ORCHIS
NJ - FL w to TX
Platanthera integrilabia (Correll) Luer

MONKEY-FACE
KY - NC s to MS - GA
Zettler, L.W. 1994. AOS Bulletin 63(6): 686-688
Zettler, L.W. & J.E. Fairey, III. 1992. Lindleyana 5(4): 212-217.
Platanthera lacera (Michaux) G. Don

GREEN FRINGED ORCHIS; RAGGED ORCHIS
MAN - NF s to OK - GA
Catling, P.M. 1997. Lindleyana. 12(2):79-88..
Platanthera leucophaea (Nuttall) Lindley

EASTERN PRAIRIE FRINGED ORCHIS
NE - ME s to OK - VA
Sheviak, C. J. & M. Bowles. 1986. Rhodora. 88: 267-290.
Platanthera limosa Lindley

THURBER'S BOG ORCHID
AZ-NM; MX
Platanthera macrophylla (Goldie) P.M. Brown

GOLDIE'S PAD-LEAVED ORCHIS
87
CHECKLIST
ON - NF s to MI - PA
Reddoch, A.H. & J. M. Reddoch 1993. Lindleyana. 8(4): 171-188.
Platanthera nivea (Nuttall) Luer

SNOWY ORCHIS
sNJ - FL w to TX
Platanthera obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) Lindley

BLUNT-LEAVED REIN ORCHIS
AK - NF s to CO, GtL, MA
forma collectanea (Fernald) P.M. Brown - dwarfed form
foliosa P.M. Brown - multiple-leaved form
Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindley

PAD-LEAVED ORCHIS
seAK, BC - NF s to WA - MD, s in AM to NC
forma lehorsii (Fernald) P.M. Brown - dwarfed form
trifolia (Mousley) P.M. Brown - three leaved form
Reddoch, A.H. & J. M. Reddoch. 1993. Lindleyana. 8(4): 171-188.
Platanthera pallida P.M. Brown

PALE FRINGED ORCHIS
eNY
Brown, P.M. 1993. Novon. 2(4): 308-311.
Platanthera peramoena (A. Gray) A. Gray

PURPLE FRINGLESS ORCHIS
MO - NJ s to MS - GA
Spooner, D.M. & J.S. Shelly. 1983. Rhodora. 85: 55-64.
Platanthera praeclara Sheviak & Bowles

WESTERN PRAIRIE FRINGED ORCHIS
WY - MN s to OK - MO
Sheviak, C. J. & M. Bowles. 1986. Rhodora. 88: 267-290.
Smith, W.R. 1995. Orchids of Minn. p. 136-137.
Platanthera psycodes (Linnaeus) Lindley

SMALL PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS
MN - NF s to OH - NJ, s in AM to GA
forma albiflora (R. Hoffman) Whiting & Catling -
88
CHECKLIST
white-flowered form
ecalcarata (Bryan) P.M. Brown - spurless form
rosea P.M. Brown - pink -colored form
varians (Bryan) P.M. Brown - entire-lip form
Stoutamire, W.P. 1974. Brittonia .26: 42-58.
Platanthera purpurascens (Rydberg) Sheviak & Jennings

SHORT-SPURRED BOG ORCHIS
CA - NM n to CO
Sheviak & Jennings. 1997. NA Native Orchid Journal 3(4): 444-449.
Platanthera sparsiflora (S. Watson) Schlecter var. sparsiflora

FEW-FLOWERED REIN-ORCHIS
WA - CA; UT-NM; MX
Platanthera sparsiflora (S. Watson) Schlecter var. ensifolia (Rydberg) Luer
NARROW-LEAVED REIN-ORCHIS
WA-CA
Platanthera stricta Lindley

SYN: Platanthera saccata (Greene) Hulten
SLENDER BOG ORCHIS
AK - ALB s to CA - WY
Platanthera tipuloides (Linnaeus). Lindley var. behringiana (Rydberg)

Hulten
BEHRING ORCHID
AK; neAsia
Platanthera zothecina (Higgins & Welsh) Kartesz & Ghandi

CLOISTERED BOG ORCHID
UT, CO, AZ
Higgins, L.C. & S. L. Welsh. 1986. Great Basin Naturalist. 46: 259.
in Long, J.C. 1970. Nat. Orchids Col. as Habenaria sparsiflora S.
Watson, p. 22.
Hybrids:
Platanthera xandrewsii (Niles) Luer
SYN: Platanthera lacera var. terrae-novae (Fernald) Luer
ANDREWS' FRINGED ORCHIS
(P. lacera x P. psycodes)
Catling, P.M. & V. Catling. 1994. Lindleyana 9(1): 19-32.
89
CHECKLIST
Platanthera xbicolor (Rafinesque) Luer

BICOLOR FRINGED ORCHIS
(P. blephariglottis var. conspicua x P. ciliaris)
Platanthera xcanbyi (Ames) Luer

CANBY'S FRINGED ORCHIS
(P. blephariglottis var. conspicua x P. cristata)
Platanthera xchannellii Folsom

CHANNELL'S FRINGED ORCHIS
(P. ciliaris x P. cristata)
Folsom, J.P. 1984. Orquidea (Mex) 9(2): 344.
Platanthera xcorrellii Schrenck

CORRELL'S REIN ORCHIS
(P. hyperborea x P. stricta)
Schrenck, W.J. 1975. Die Orchidee. 26: 258-263.
Schrenck, W.J. 1978. AOS Bulletin. 47(5): 429-437.
Platanthera xestesii Schrenck

ESTES REIN ORCHIS
(P. dilatata var. albiflora x P. stricta)
Platanthera xkeenanii P.M. Brown

KEENAN'S FRINGED ORCHIS
(P. grandiflora x P. lacera)
Brown, P.M. 1993. A Field Guide to the Orchids of N.E. & N.Y. p. 189.
Catling, P.M. & V. Catling. 1994. Lindleyana 9(1): 19-32.
Platanthera xlassenii Schrenk

LASSEN REIN ORCHIS
(P. leucostachys x P. sparsiflora)
Platanthera xmedia (Rydberg) Luer

INTERMEDIATE REIN ORCHIS
(P. hyperborea x P. dilatata)
Platanthera xreznicekii Catling, Brownell & Allen
90
CHECKLIST
REZNICEK'S ORCHID
(P. leucophaea x P. psycodes)
Catling, Brownell & Allen. 1999. Lindleyana 14(2):77-86.
Platanthera xvossii Case

VOSS' REIN ORCHIS
(P. blephariglottis var. blephariglottis x P. clavellata var.
ophioglossoides)
Case, F. W. 1983. Michigan Botanist. 22: 141-144.
Platytheles querciticola (Lindley)Garay

SYN: Erythrodes querciticola (Lindley) Ames
LOW GROUND ORCHID
TX - FL
Platytheles sagreana (A. Richard) Garay

CUBAN GROUND ORCHID
sFL; WtI
Pleurothallis gelida Lindley

FROSTED PLEUROTHALLIS
sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
Pogonia ophioglossoides (Linnaeus) Ker-Gawler

ROSE POGONIA
ON - NF s to TX - FL
forma albiflora Rand & Redfield - white-flowered form
forma brachypogon (Fernald) P.M. Brown - short-bearded form
Polyradicion see Dendrophylax lindenii
Polystachya concreta (Jacquin) Garay & Sweet

SYN: Polystachya flavescens (Lindley) J.J. Small
PALE-FLOWERED POLYSTACHYA
Ponthieva brittoniae Ames

SYN: Ponthieva racemosa (Walter) C. Mohr var. brittonae (Ames) Luer
MRS. BRITTON'S SHADOW-WITCH
sFL; BA
McCartney, C.L., Jr. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(2): 106-116.
91
CHECKLIST
Ponthieva racemosa (Walter) Mohr

SHADOW-WITCH
VA - FL w to TX; MX, WtI, CtA, SA
Prescottia oligantha (Swartz) Lindley

SMALL PRESCOTTIA
Prosthechea boothiana (Lindley) W.E. Higgins var. erythronioides (Small)

W.E. Higgins
SYN.:Encyclia boothiana (Lindley) Dressler var. erythronioides (Small)
Luer
FLORIDA DOLLAR ORCHID
sFL; CtA, WtI
Higgins, W.E. 1998. Phytologia 85(5):370-383.
Prosthechea cochleata (Linnaeus) W.E. Higgins var. triandra (Ames) W.E.

Higgins
SYN: Anacheilum cochleatum (Linnaeus) Small var. triandrum (Ames)
Saleuda et al.
Encyclia cochleata (Linnaeus) Dressler var. triandra (Ames) Dressler
FLORIDA CLAM-SHELL ORCHID
sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
forma albidoflava (P.M.Brown) P. M. Brown - pale colored form
Prosthechea pygmaea (Hooker) W.E. Higgins

SYN: Encyclia pygmaea (Hooker) Dressler
Hormidium pygmaceum (Hooker) Bentham ex Hemsley
DWARF BUTTERFLY ORCHID
sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
Pseudorchis straminea (Fernald) Soo

SYN: Habenaria albida (Linnaeus) R. Brown var. straminea (Fernald)
Morris & Ames
Platanthera albida (Linnaeus) Lindley var. straminea (Fernald) Luer
92
CHECKLIST
Pseudorchis albida (Linnaeus) Love & Love subsp. straminea

(Fernald) Love & Love
NEWFOUNDLAND ORCHIS
NF; wPQ; Greenland, Iceland
Reinhammar, L. 1995. Nordic Journal of Botany 15(5): 469-481.
Pteroglossaspis ecristata (Fernald) Rolfe

SYN: Eulophia ecristata (Fernald) Ames
CRESTLESS PLUME ORCHID
NC-FL w to LA; Cuba
forma flava P.M. Brown - yellow-flowered form
Sacoila lanceolata (Aublet) Garay var. lanceolata

SYN: Spiranthes lanceolata (Aublet) Leon
Spiranthes orchioides (Swartz) A. Richard
Stenorrhynchos lanceolatum (Aublet) Richard ex Sprengel
LEAFLESS BEAKED ORCHID
FL; MX, BA, WtI, CtA, SA
forma albidaviridis Catling & Sheviak - white/green flowered form
folsomii P.M. Brown - golden-bronze form
FOLSOM'S GOLDEN LADIES'-TRESSES
Catling, P. M. & C. J. Sheviak. 1993. Lindleyana. 8(2): 77-81.
Sacoila lanceolata (Aublet) Garay var. paludicola (Luer) Saluda,
Wunderlein et Hansen
SYN: Spiranthes lanceolata (Aublet) Leon var. paludicola Luer
FAHKAHATCHEE BEAKED ORCHID
sFL
forma lutea P.M. Brown ined. - yellow flowered form
Catling, P.M. & C.J. Sheviak. 1993. Lindleyana 8(2): 77-81.
Brown, P.M. 2001. NA Native Orchid Journal 7(1): ined.
Sacoila squamulosa (H.B.K.) Garay

HOARY LEAFLESS BEAKED ORCHID
Syn: Sacoila lanceolata (Aublet) Garay var. squamulosa (H.B.K.)
Szlachetko
Spiranthes squamulosa (H.B.K.) Leon
Stenorrhynchos squamulosum (H.B.K.) Sprengel
FL; W Indies
Brown, P.M. 2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(4):
93
CHECKLIST
Schiedeella arizonica P.M. Brown

RED-SPOT LADIES'-TRESSES
AZ - TX
in Luer, 1975 as Spiranthes parasitica (A. Richard & Galeotti) Schlecter;
p. 128, pl. 29:4-9.
Spathoglottis plicata Blume

PURPLE JAVANESE ORCHID
ecFL
Spiranthes amesiana Eaton
AMES' LADIES'-TRESSES
FL; CtA
Spiranthes brevilabris Lindley

SHORT-LIPPED LADIES'-TRESSES; TEXAS LADIES'-TRESSES
TX - SC & FL
Spiranthes casei Catling & Cruise var. casei

CASE'S LADIES'-TRESSES
ON - NS s to MI, PA, NY - ME
in Luer, 1975 as Spiranthes intermedia Ames; p. 108, pl. 23:3-5.
Catling, P.M. & J.E. Cruise. 1974. Rhodora 76: 256-536.
Spiranthes casei Catling & Cruise var. novaescotiae Catling
CASE'S NOVA SCOTIAN LADIES'-TRESSES
NS
Catling, P.M. 1981. Can. J. Bot. 59: 1253-1270
Spiranthes cernua (Linnaeus) L.C. Richard

NODDING LADIES'-TRESSES
SD - NS s to TX - GA
Sheviak, C.J. 1991. Lindleyana 6(4): 228-234.
Spiranthes delitescens Sheviak

CIENEGAS LADIES'-TRESSES
AZ
in Luer, 1975. as Spiranthes graminea Lindley; p. 129, pl. 29:1-3
McClaren, M.C. 1996. NA Native Orchid Journal 2(2): 151-169.
McClaren, M.C. & P.C. Sundt.1992. Southwestern Naturalist 37: 299-333.
Sheviak, C.J. 1990. Rhodora 92: 213-231.
94
CHECKLIST
Spiranthes diluvialis Sheviak

UTE LADIES'-TRESSES
WA; UT, NV, CO, WY, MT, NE
Arf, A. M. 1994. Aquilegia 18(2): 1,4-5.
________ 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(2): 117-128.
Sheviak, C.J. 1984. Brittonia 36: 8-14.
Spiranthes eatonii Ames ex P.M. Brown

EATON'S LADIES'TRESSES
NC - FL w to eLA
Spiranthes. floridana (Wherry) Cory

FLORIDA LADIES'-TRESSES
TX - NC
Spiranthes infernalis Sheviak

ASH MEADOWS LADIES'-TRESSES
NV
Sheviak, C.J. 1989. Rhodora 91: 225-234.
Spiranthes lacera Rafinesque var. lacera

NORTHERN SLENDER LADIES'-TRESSES
ALB - NS s to MO - VA
Spiranthes lacera Rafinesque var. gracilis (Bigelow) Luer
SYN: Spiranthes gracilis Bigelow
SOUTHERN SLENDER LADIES'-TRESSES
KS, MI - ME s to TX - GA
Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames

LACE-LIPPED LADIES'-TRESSES
sNJ - FL w to TX
Spiranthes longilabris Lindley

LONG-LIPPED LADIES'-TRESSES
VA - FL w to TX
Spiranthes lucida (H.H. Eaton) Ames

SHINING LADIES'-TRESSES
WI - NS s to KS - WV
Spiranthes magnicamporum Sheviak

GREAT PLAINS LADIES'-TRESSES
95
CHECKLIST
ND - sON s to NM, TX - GA; swVA
Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydberg) Rydberg

YELLOW LADIES'-TRESSES
MI - NS s to KY - VA
Spiranthes odorata (Nuttall) Lindley

SYN: Spiranthes cernua var. odorata (Nuttall) Correll
FRAGRANT LADIES'-TRESSES
NJ - FL w to TX
Spiranthes ovalis Lindley var. ovalis

SOUTHERN OVAL LADIES'-TRESSES
AR - TX e to FL
Catling, P.M. 1983. Brittonia 35: 120-125.
Spiranthes ovalis Lindley var. erostellata Catling
NORTHERN OVAL LADIES'-TRESSES
WI - sON s to LA - FL
Catling, P.M. 1983. Brittonia 35: 120-125.
Spiranthes parksii Correll

NAVASOTA LADIES'-TRESSES
TX
Catling, P.M. & K. L. McIntosh. 1979. SIDA 8: 188-193.
Spiranthes porrifolia Lindley

WESTERN LADIES'-TRESSES
WA - CA e to NV
Spiranthes praecox (Walter) S. Watson

GIANT LADIES'-TRESSES
NY - FL w to TX
forma albolabia Brown & McCartney - white-lipped form
Brown,P.M. 1995. NA Native Orchid Journal 1(1): 13.
Spiranthes romanzoffiana Chamisso

HOODED LADIES'-TRESSES
AK - NF s to CA, nNM, IN, PA; Ireland
Spiranthes torta (Thunberg) Garay & Sweet

SYN: Spiranthes tortilis (Swartz) L.C. Richard
SOUTHERN LADIES'-TRESSES
sLA , sFL; BA, WtI, CtA
96
CHECKLIST
Spiranthes tuberosa Rafinesque

SYN: Spiranthes grayi Ames
LITTLE LADIES'-TRESSES
Spiranthes vernalis Engler & Gray

GRASS-LEAVED LADIES'-TRESSES
NE - NH s to TX - FL; MX
Hybrids:
Spiranthes xborealis P.M. Brown
NORTHERN HYBRID LADIES'-TRESSES
(S. casei var. casei x S. ochroleuca)
Brown, P.M. 1995. N.A Native Orchid Journal 1(4): 290.
Spiranthes xfolsomii P.M. Brown

(S. longilabris x S. odorata)
FOLSOM"S HYBRID LADIES"TRESSES
Spiranthes xitchetuckneensis P.M. Brown

ITCHETUCKNEE SPRINGS LADIES'-TRESSES
(S. ovalis var. ovalis x S. odorata)
Brown, P.M. 1999. N.A Native Orchid Journal 5(4): 358-367.
Spiranthes xintermedia Ames

HYBRID LADIES'-TRESSES
(S. lacera var. gracilis x S. vernalis)
Catling, P.M. 1978. Rhodora 80: 377-389.
Spiranthes xmeridionalis P.M. Brown

SOUTHERN HYBRID LADIES'-TRESSES
(S. vernalis x S. praecox)
Brown, P.M. 1999. N.A Native Orchid Journal 5(4): 358-367.
2000. N.A Native Orchid Journal 6(2): 139.
Spiranthes xsimpsonii Catling & Sheviak

SIMPSON'S LADIES'-TRESSES
(S. lacera var. lacera x S. romanzoffiana)
Catling, P.M. & C.J. Sheviak. 1993. Lindleyana. 8(2): 78-80.
97
CHECKLIST
Stenorrhynchos michuacanum (Llave & Lexara) Lindley

SYN: Spiranthes michuacana (Lexara) Hemsley
MICHOACAN LADIES'-TRESSES
AZ, TX; MX
Coleman, R.A. 1996. Orchids 65(12): 1284-1287.
Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nuttall

CRANE-FLY ORCHIS
forma viridifolia P.M. Brown
Brown, P.M. 2000. NA Native Orchid Journal 6(4):336-337.
Tolumnia variegata (Swartz) Braem

SYN: Oncidium varigatum (Swartz)
Oncidium bahamense Nash ex Britton & Millspaugh
Tolumnia bahamensis (Nash ex Britton & Millspaugh) G.J. Braem
FLORIDA VARIEGATED ONCIDIUM
se cFL, BA
Ackerman, J. 2000. Lindleyana 15(2): 93.
Sauleda, R.P. & R.M. Adams. 1989. Rhodora 91(866): 188-200.
Triphora amazonica Schlechter.

SYN: Triphora latifolia Luer f
WIDE-LEAVED TRIPHORA
FL; WtI
Ackerman, J. 2000. Lindleyana 15(2): 93-94.
Triphora craigheadii Luer

CRAIGHEAD'S TRIPHORA
FL
Triphora gentianoides (Swartz) Ames & Schlecter

LEAST FLOWERED TRIPHORA
seFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
Triphora trianthophora (Swartz) Rydberg subsp. trianthophora

THREE BIRD'S ORCHIS; NODDING POGONIA
[including var. schaffneri Campbell]
IA - ME s to TX - FL
forma albidoflava Keenan - white-flowered form
caerulea P.M. Brown ined.- blue-flowered form
rossii P.M. Brown - multi-color form
Brown, P.M. 1999. NA Native Orchid Journal 5(1): 5
98
CHECKLIST
2001. NA Native Orchid Journal 7(1): ined.

Keenan, P. 1992. Rhodora 94: 38-39.
Medley, M.E. 1991. Selbyana 12: 102-103.
Triphora rickettii Luer

RICKETT'S TRIPHORA
FL
Tropidia polystachya (Swartz) Ames

MANY-FLOWERED TROPIDIA
sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
Vanilla barbellata Reichenbach f.

WORM-VINE; LEAFLESS VANILLA
sFL; WtI
Vanilla dilloniana Correll

DILLON'S VANILLA
sFL; WtI
Vanilla mexicana Miller
SYN: Vanilla inodora Schiede
SCENTLESS VANILLA
sFL; WtI, CtA, nSA
Vanilla phaeantha Reichenbach f.

OBLONG-LEAVED VANILLA
sFL; WtI
Vanilla planifolia Jackson in Andrews

COMMERCIAL VANILLA
sFL; WtI, CtA, n + wSA
Vanilla pompona Schiede

SOUTHERN VANILLA*
sFL
Zeuxine strateumatica (Linnaeus) Schlechter

LAWN ORCHID*
GA - FL; PR; se Asia
99
Paul Martin Brown
The following annotations are designed to help the

reader with recently revised taxa, call attention to
significant range extensions and clarify some finer points
of taxonomic controversy. Full reference citations are
included within the Checklist. Several persons
contributed to the information in the annotations
including (but not limited to) Chuck Sheviak, Paul
Catling, Dick Wunderlin, Bruce Hansen, Bob Dressler,
Chuck McCartney and John Beckner.
Corallorhiza maculata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque var.

occidentalis (Lindley) Ames
Corallorhiza odontorhiza var. pringlei (Greenman)
Freudenstein
Freudenstein's recent mongraph on Corallorhiza details
the differences and ranges. 1997.
100
Cyclopogon cranichoides (Grisebach) Schlechter

Cyclopogon elatus (Swartz) Schlechter
At one time viewed as Spiranthes, more recently as Beadlea
and, currently by Ackerman (1995) as Cyclopogon; based
on the presence of intermediate taxa between Beadlea and
Cyclopogon, with the latter name having priority
Cypripedium kentuckiense C. F. Reed

PURLOINED LADY'S-SLIPPER; IVORY-LIPPED
LADY'S-SLIPPER
Well known, but recently described species with a long
(and convoluted) taxonomic history. See Brown, 1995
for details. Sheviak suggests purloined lady's-slipper
for the common name in reference to the original
discovery and subsequent publication!
Recent range extension to eastern Virginia
Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. parviflorum

Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. makasin (Farwell)
Sheviak
Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. pubescens
Again a long, and often confusing, taxonomic history,
but Sheviak (1996) has apparently sorted this out with a
great degree of satisfaction.
Cyrtopodium paranaense Schlecter

This is the only correct identification of the 'other
Cytopodium' in Florida See Roger Hammer's excellent
and detailed article of misidentification and eventual
determination (1997).
Cyrtopodium andersonii does not occur - either native or
introduced - in Florida.
101
Dactylorhiza praetermissa (Druce) Soo

One of two taxa of dactylorchids present in
Newfoundland. Some taxonomic confusion, but recent
European work uses this epithet rather than D. majalis
var. praetermissa.
D. praetermissa var. junialis

Recent discovery in eastern Newfoundland. Meades,
1995; Clase & Meades, 1996.
Encyclia rufa
Based upon a collection of Small from Brevard Co.,
Florida.
Epidendrum floridense Hagsater

After years of confusion with the genus Hagsater (1993)
has sorted them all out and described a number of new
taxa, most of them geographically isolated. Epidendrum
floridense is endemic to Florida and all specimens of E.
difforme are E. floridense.
Govenia sp.
See Ed Greenwood's work in for details of why this is
not G. utriculata and perhaps cannot be accurately
identified. 1991/1996.
102
Habenaria odontopetala Reichenbach f.

SYN: Habenaria strictissima Reichenbach f. var. odontopetala
(Reichenbach f.) L.O. Williams
Habenaria floribunda Lindley
Although some Florida botanists are using Habenaria
floribunda based on the possibility that there may be
several taxa (3 in Florida) present within what most are
calling H. odontopetala. If this is correct and there are also
additional taxa in the Caribbean and Central and South
America, until all of these can be sorted out they would
fall under the oldest name for the group, which is H.
floribunda. Much work is needed to resolve this situation.
Liparis nervosa (Thunberg) Lindley

SYN: Liparis elata Lindley in part
A simple case of lumping and splitting. The broader
taxon is L. nervosa. If one recognizes New World plants
as separate from Old World plants, L. elata is applicable.
Garay (1971) concluded that they are synonymous.
Malaxis porphyrea (Ridley) Kuntze

Malaxis wendtii Salazar
Malaxis ehrenbergii (Reichenbach f.) Kuntze
A tale of three red-flowered adder's-mouths from the
Southwest U.S. A bit confusing to follow because of
several publications and subsequent reassessments.
Here is the recent chronology:
red-flowered Malaxis from Arizona, New Mexico,
Texas and Mexico all known as Malaxis ehrenbergii
Salazar (1993) publishes Malaxis wendtii to separate
two taxa in Mexico.
103
Todsen (1995) reassesses the US plants and publishes

note that they should be referred to M. wendtii as are
those in northern Mexico.
Closer examination by Coleman and Todsen of
Arizona and New Mexico material show they are not
M. wendtii nor are they the more southerly M.
ehrenbergii. Subsequently they are identified as M.
porphyrea, with the type specimen from Arizona.
These include plants from Arizona and New Mexico.
1997.
Todsen determines that plants from the Big Bend
area of west Texas are actually M. wendtii. 1997.
Malaxis soulei L.O. Williams

Prior and valid name for M. macrostachya
Platanthera pallida P.M. Brown

Recently describe from eastern Long Island and part of
the P. cristata/blephariglottis/ciliaris complex. Plants
reduced to synonymy with P. cristata and at one time with
P. xcanbyi (hybrid between P. cristata and P. blephariglottis).
Recent unpublished work form the University of
Wisconsin shows that they have parentage with P. cristata
and P. blephariglottis, but not in the same proportions as
P. xcanbyi. P. pallida forms large, reproducing colonies
whereas P. xcanbyi occurs as scattered individuals with
both parents. A similar situation can be found in P.
chapmanii and P. xchannellii. 1993.
Platanthera purpurascens (Rydberg) Sheviak & Jennings
104
See Sheviak and Jennings (1997) recent article on this

new combination
Prosthechea boothiana (Lindley) W.E. Higgins

var. erythronioides (Small) W.E. Higgins
Prosthechea cochleata (Linnaeus) W.E. Higgins
var. triandra (Ames) W.E. Higgins
Prosthechea pygmaea (Hooker) W.E. Higgins
All formerly in the genus Encyclia. From Wes Higgins at
the University of Florida:
An ongoing systematic study of the genus Encyclia based
on holomorphology has determined that the genus is neither
morphologically cohesive nor monophyletic. In a preliminary
molecular study, analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)
sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA supports the morphological
conclusion that the Encyclia subgenus Osmophytum clade should be
raised to the generic level because these species are sister to the
Cattleya-Laelia clade not to Encyclia subgenus Encyclia. However,
the monophyly of the three currently recognized subgenera of
Encyclia i.e., Encyclia subg. Osmophytum, Encyclia subg. Encyclia, and
Encyclia subg. Dinema, is supported by cladistic analysis of both
morphological and molecular data. Encyclia subgenus Osmophytum
is raised to generic level and treated as Prosthechea. 1998.
Pseudorchis straminea (Fernald) Soo

Recent analysis by Lars-Gunner Reinhammar
(1995/1997) indicates that two distinct species should be
recognized. Ours in North America is the above.
Schiedeella fauci-sanguinea (Dod) Burns-Balogh

Although plants of Schiedeella parasitica in the
southwestern US may be referable to this taxon, research
is underway that indicates that it most likely is neither S.
105
fauci-sanguinea nor S. parasitica and may be in need of a

new description. 1996.
Spiranthes sinensis (Persoon) Ames

Recent and most curious addition to the orchid flora of
North America. See John Beckner's detailed account.
1996.
Spiranthes amesiana Schlechter

Included by Wunderlin et al. in the Florida Atlas based
upon the single specimen at AMES. Included in
synonymy with S. torta by most other authorities.
Whether it was a single anomaly or has simply been
overlooked remains to be determined. Fieldwork in
south Florida should help to solve this mystery. 1996.
Spiranthes brevilabris Lindley

Spiranthes floridana (Wherry) Cory
Recognized by Wunderlin et al. as separate species. If
based purely on degree of pubescence and range, that
hardly seems sufficient. If there are other characters that
separate the taxa, then perhaps they can be viewed as
two species. Has been suggested that perhaps S.
brevilabris is a hybrid of S. vernalis and S. floridana. 1996.
RECENTLY DESCRIBED OR TRANSFERRED

TAXA
In the past 25 years many new species have been

described for North America, as well as several varieties
elevated to species level. The following lists them with
106
their date of publication. This list does not include

forma.
New Species
Calopogon oklahomensis 1995
Cypripedium kentuckiense 1981
Malaxis wendtii 1993
Piperia candida 1990
Piperia colemanii 1993
Piperia elegans subsp. decurtata 1993
Piperia yadonii 1990
Platanthera pallida 1993
Platanthera praeclara 1986
Platanthera zothecina 1986
Spiranthes casei var. casei 1974
Spiranthes casei var. novaescotiae 1981
Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata 1983
Spiranthes delitescens 1990
Spiranthes diluvialis 1984
Spiranthes inferrnalis 1989
New status
Cypripedium parviflorum var. makasin
Corallorhiza odontorhiza var. pringlei
Hexalectris spicata var. arizonica
Restored to the species level, from either varietal

status or synonymy
Cleistes bifaria
Cypripedium yatabeanum
Malaxis bayardii
Malaxis diphyllos
107
Malaxis porphyrea
Malaxis soulei
Platanthera macrophylla
Platanthera purpurascens
Ponthieva brittoniae
Pseudorchis straminea
Spiranthes amesiana
Spiranthes floridana
Spiranthes odorata
Spiranthes ochroleuca
From the hybrid level

Platanthera chapmanii
New Hybrids
Cypripedium xalaskanum
Platanthera xchannellii
Platanthera xkeenanii
Platanthera xvossii
Spiranthes xborealis
Spiranthes xsimpsonii
Excluded species:
In the Spring 1997 issue of The Palmetto Chuck
McCartney deals will a number of Florida species which
have had dubious documentation in the United States.
Those species are excluded from the checklist.
Brassavola nodosa
Leochilus labiatus
Maxillaria sanguinea
Restrepiella ophiocephala
Tetramicra caniculata
108
Those species which are considered introduced or

adventive:
This often becomes a difficult assessment. Some
species are well documented, such as an escaped Bletilla
or Cyrtopodium, others are more difficult to assess. There
could perhaps be additional species listed here, such as
Pelexia adnata, if we consider that they simply may have
'blown over' from the Caribbean. See note on
Spiranthes sinensis in the next article.
Bletilla striata
Cyrtopodium paranaense
Dactylorhiza cf. fuchsii
Epidendrum radicans
Epipactis atrorubens
Epipactis helleborine
Gymnadenia conopsea
Listera ovata
Oeceoclades maculata
Zeuxine strateumatica
Those species formerly included in the genus

Habenaria and most often found within that species
in the majority of the literature.
It is implied that all subspecies and varieties are included
within the species, and are listed only if the name is
significantly different. This list is not meant to be
exhaustive, but contains the vast majority of synonyms
used with Habenaria in the bulk of the literature.
Habenaria albida var. straminea = Pseudorchis straminea

Habenaria blephariglottis = Platanthera blephariglottis
109
Habenaria brevifolia = Platanthera brevifolia

Habenaria chorisiana = Platanthera chorisiana
Habenaria ciliaris = Platanthera ciliaris
Habenaria clavellata = Platanthera clavellata
Habenaria cooperi = Piperia cooperi
Habenaria correlliana = Platanthera integrilabia
Habenaria cristata = Platanthera cristata
Habenaria dilatata = Platanthera dilatata
Habenaria elegans = Piperia elegans
Habenaria elegans var. elata = Piperia elongata
Habenaria elongata = Piperia elongata
Habenaria flava = Platanthera flava
Habenaria grandiflora = Platanthera grandiflora
Habenaria hookeri = Platanthera hookeri
Habenaria huronensis = Platanthera huronensis
Habenaria integra = Platanthera integra
Habenaria integrilabia = Platanthera integrilabia
Habenaria lacera = Platanthera lacera
Habenaria leucophaea = Platanthera leucophaea
Habenaria leucophaea var. praeclara = Platanthera praeclara
Habenaria limosa = Platanthera limosa
Habenaria macrophylla = Platanthera macrophylla
Habenaria maritima = Piperia elegans
Habenaria michaelii = Piperia michaelii
Habenaria nivea = Platanthera nivea
Habenaria obtusata = Platanthera obtusata
Habenaria orbiculata = Platanthera orbiculata
Habenaria peramoena = Platanthera peramoena
Habenaria psycodes = Platanthera psycodes
Habenaria purpurascens = Platanthera purpurascens
Habenaria saccata = Platanthera stricta
Habenaria sparsiflora = Platanthera sparsiflora
110
Habenaria stricta = Platanthera stricta

Habenaria straminea = Pseudorchis straminea
Habenaria tipuloides var. behringiana = Platanthera tipuloides
var. behringiana
Habenaria unalascensis = Piperia unalascensis
Habenaria unalascensis var. elata = Piperia elongata
Habenaria unalascensis var. maritima = Piperia elegans
Habenaria viridis = Coeloglossum viride var. viride
Habenaria viridis var. bracteata = Coeloglossum viride var.
virescens
Habenaria zothecina = Platanthera zothecina
Hybrids:
Habenaria xandrewsii = Platanthera xandrewsii
Habenaria xbicolor = Platanthera xbicolor
Habenaria xcanbyi = Platanthera xcanbyi
Habenaria xmedia = Platanthera xmedia
Those species formerly included in the genus

Spiranthes and most often found within that species
in the majority of the literature.
Spiranthes adnata = Pelexia adnata

Spiranthes cinnabarina = Dichromanthus cinnabarinus
Spiranthes costaricensis = Beloglottis costaricensis
Spiranthes cranichoides = Cyclopogon cranichoides
Spiranthes durangensis = Deiregyne durangensis
Spiranthes elata = Cyclopogon elatus
Spiranthes lanceolata = Sacoila lanceolata var. lanceolata
Spiranthes lanceolata var. paludicola = Sacoila lanceolata var.
paludicola
Spiranthes michuacana = Stenorrhynchos michuacanum
Spiranthes orchioides = Sacoila lanceolata var. lanceolata
111
Spiranthes parasitica = Schiedeella fauci-sanguinea

Spiranthes polyanthus = Mesadenus polyanthus
Other genera often used
Stenorrhynchos lanceolatum = Sacoila lanceolata var. lanceolata
Beadlea cranichoides = Cyclopogon cranichoides
Beadlea elata = Cyclopogon elatus
112
LOOKING FORWARD
JUNE 1998
Historical Orchid Collections from Brooklyn, New

York
Amerorchis rotundifolia forma lineata
Trifling with Triphora and Silly Ciliaris
The Growing Season
New Chromosome Number Determinations in

Platanthera
113
5th ANNUAL NORTH AMERICAN
NATIVE ORCHID CONFERENCE
Lake Itasca State Park, Minnesota
July 8, 9, 10 & 11, 1998
We will begin at noon on July 8th and continue with speakers'

meetings and a wide variety of programs and workshops on July 9th•
Field trips on the 10th & 11th present an opportunity to see a diversity
of native orchids in full flower. The two specialties of the conference
will be
Malaxis paludosa BOG

ADDER'S-MOUTH
and a special trip to the international boundary in Manitoba to see
Platanthera praeclara WESTERN
PRAIRIE FRINGED ORCHIS
in one of the largest stands known-
in 1996 over 20,000 flowering stems were seen
Speakers include:
Welby Smith, author, Orchids of Minnesota Bill
Steele, Spangle Creek Labs Larry Zettler,
Illinois College Lorne Heshka, Orchids of
Manitoba Dianne Plunkett, photographing
orchids Mark Larocque, Piperia mysteries
Paul Martin Brown, Color Variation and Form
Margaret From, Platanthera praeclara Nancy Cowden,
Platanthera ciliaris complex
114

March 1998 North American Native Orchid Journal

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NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE

Editor: Paul Martin Brown

The Journal welcomes articles, of any length, of both a scientific

1999 Membership in the North American Native Orchid Alliance,

POLLINATION BIOLOGY IN SOME

CYPRIPEDIUM ARIETINUM BROWN AND

ANNOTATIONS TO THE CHECKLIST

POLLINATION BIOLOGY IN SOME

Part 1. Floral morphology, pollinators and

Recent studies in the yellow fringed orchid

Platanthera ciliaris and P. blephariglottis

Floral morphology. The plants of Platanthera

cm long and about 5 cm wide; the flowers are

Figure 1. Floral morphology and pollination in

beneath and between the half-anther cells (Fig. 1a)

Pollination mechanisms and pollinators. The

extract the nectar without contacting the viscidia

The spur length in both orchids implicates

Although contradicted by studies that report

Snow (1976) which compared the mean number of

Platanthera ciliaris was most frequently

(Vaccinium), was common in the bog, and its July

Smith and Snow’s (1976) data on the

each observed three times, were spicebush

Other insects classified by Smith and Snow

it most likely did not visit Platanthera blephariglottis

The percentage of flowers pollinated in

raceme was higher for P. ciliaris than for P.

The percentage of Platanthera ciliaris flowers

Based on the number of flowers of

open flowers, and fully blooming racemes were

No moths were seen with attached pollinaria

Two species which Smith and Snow (1976)

Hemaris and Bombus were thought to be

blephariglottis. Bombus then switched over to P.

Cole and Firmage (1984) recorded a pattern

In contrast to Smith and Snow’s (1976)

Cole and Firmage (1984) also saw little

North and South Carolina

ecology between two widely separated populations

As in Michigan, the most important

had a single pollinarium attached (Robertson &

On the other hand, the most frequent

Papilio palamedes and Phoebis sennae (Robertson &

Major pollinators on the coastal plain carried

Experiments conducted to test for nocturnal

(Robertson & Wyatt, 1990a, b). Xylophanes tersa L.

In the mountains neither sphinx moths nor

Other yellow fringed orchids

the yellow fringed orchid complex, Platanthera

In a study conducted on the coastal plain of

Figure 2. Floral morphology and pollination in

labellum (Fig. 2a, b). This positioning and the short

The small flowers of Platanthera cristata have

Cole, R. F. and D. H. Firmage. 1984. The floral ecology of

Robertson, L. J. and R. Wyatt. 1990a. Evidence for

Charles P. Argue, Ph.D., Department of Plant Biology, University of

CYPRIPEDIUM ARIETINUM BROWN

We had been traveling for several hours on our

shrubs and woods dominated by northern white cedar,

For a few hours we walked through this area and I

In 1813 Robert Brown described Cypripedium

In the eighteen-eighties, a Frenchman, A.