NORTH AMERICAN

NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL

Volume 10 2004

IN THIS ISSUE:
THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE NORTHWESTERN
TWAYBLADE
ORCHIDS OF GOETHE STATE FOREST
NEW TAXA FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN NORTH
AMERICA
and more…………..
The North American Native Orchid Journal (ISSN 1084-7332) is an annual
publication devoted to promoting interest and knowledge of the native orchids
of North America. A limited number of the print version of each issue of the
Journal are available upon request and electronic versions are available to all
interested persons or institutions free of charge. The Journal welcomes article of
any nature that deal with native or introduced orchids that are found growing
wild in North America, primarily north of Mexico, although articles of general
interest concerning Mexican species will welcome.

Requests for either print or electronic copies should be sent to the editor:
Paul Martin Brown, 10896 SW 90th Terrace, Ocala, FL 34481 or via email at
naorchid@aol.com.
 NORTH AMERICAN
NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL
Volume 10 2004

CONTENTS
NOTES FROM THE EDITOR
1
THE CORRECT NAME FOR
THE NORTHWESTERN TWAYBLADE
Paul Martin Brown
2
GOETHE STATE FOREST:
ONE OF FLORIDA'S ORCHID HOT SPOTS!
Paul Martin Brown
10
DID YOU EVER? WONDERS AND BLUNDERS
SLOW EMPIRICIST
19
NEW TAXA FROM FLORIDA
Paul Martin Brown
21
NEW TAXA FROM
NORTHERN AND WESTERN NORTH AMERICA
34
NEW BOOKS
38
Wild Orchids of the Southeastern United States
Wild Orchids of South Carolina
The Gardner’s Guide to Growing Hardy Perennial Orchids
Growing Hardy Orchids

Unless otherwise credited, all drawings in this issue are by Stan Folsom.
The opinions expressed in the Journal are those of the authors. Scientific articles may be
subject to peer review and popular articles will be examined for both accuracy and scientific
content.
Volume 10 pages 1-38 (2004); issued July 31, 2005.
Copyright 2005 by the North American Native Orchid Alliance, Inc.
Cover: Listera banksiana by Stan Folsom
 NOTES FROM THE EDITOR

Due to a multitude of circumstances this issue of the Journal is over six

months late. My apologies! It contains a number of new taxa--both new color
forms and a new hybrid. Every effort will be made to continue the Journal on
an annual basis, usually in the latter part of the calendar year.
Conferences are now being organized by the Native Orchid Conference,
Inc. Although in no way affiliated with the North American Native Orchid
Alliance, these conferences are supported by the Alliance and all
members/readers are encouraged to support them. The Native Orchid
Conference also maintains a discussion group via email. For more information
about their conferences and the email group see their website at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/nativeorchidconference/.

1
 THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE NORTHWESTERN
TWAYBLADE
Paul Martin Brown

For over a century the Northwestern Twayblade has suffered from a

myriad of incorrect identifications, misapplied names, and has been a victim of
perpetuated error in botanical literature dealing with the genus Listera in North
America. The correct name for this plant is Listera banksiana Lindley, with L.
caurina Piper, and L. retusa Suksdorf treated as synonyms. Extensive evidence to
support this premise is presented.

Listera, as found in North America, is one of the few orchid genera that
has had comparatively little taxonomic and nomenclatural history. Of the seven
species native to North America five have retained their originals species
epithet. The two species that have had the most synonyms or misapplied names
are Listera convallarioides (Swartz) Torrey and Listera caurina Piper. In the late
nineteenth century the names were misapplied in several instances.
The original plants described as Epipactis convallarioides Swartz (1800) have
had several other names applied to them but survived all synonyms as Listera
convallarioides (Swartz) Torrey 1826. Although Nuttall’s name is often applied to
the species within Listera his is a nomen nudum as no description was given.
When R. Brown created the genus Listera in 1813 he transferred Ophrys cordata
and O. ovata to the new genus. Shortly thereafter, in 1823, O. convallarioides was
also transferred to Listera this time by Torrey. Several other species of North
American Listera had and have been illustrated or cited as L. convallarioides, and
subsequently segregated from that species.
In 1792 A. Menzies collected plants he assumed to be Ophrys
convallarioides from Banks’ Island lying between the western coast of British
Columbia and the Queen Charlotte Islands. The island was named for Sir
Joseph Banks, sponsor of Vancouver’s expedition to the Pacific Northwest
upon which Menzies was the botanist. On Lindley’s type sheet the specimen is
annotated Ophrys banksiana Menzies MSS. Subsequently, in 1840, Lindley
described these plants as Listera banksiana. As is not unusual, plants of a similar
description were also published by Piper in 1898 as L. caurina and again in 1900

2
as L. retusa by Suksdorf, his based upon an 1894 collection from the state of
Washington. Examination of the types of all three clearly shows them to be
identical and therefore the same species. It may simply have been that Piper did
not have access to Lindley’s herbarium for comparison and the same for
Suksdorf, as his collections are earlier than those of Piper, et al.
A simple look at the chronology involving Listera banksiana/Listera
caurina helps to clarify the situation.
1793 – Menzies’ collects specimens from Banks’ Island, British Columbia;
assumes (erroneously) they are Ophrys convallarioides
1813 – R. Brown publishes Listera as a new genus and transfers Ophrys cordata
and O. ovata to Listera
1826 – Chamisso & Schlectendal publish L. eschscholtziana from Alaska, plants
of which are identical to the previously published L. convallarioides
1840 – Lindley publishes description of Listera banksiana based up Menzies
collections; notation on type sheet Ophrys banksiana; Lindley also included in
this publication L. australis as a new species
1840-1898 – several additional species of Listera are published, none of which
involves L. banksiana
1898 – Listera caurina Piper is published; no mention of L. banksiana as a
synonym or invalid name
1899 – A Revision of the Genus Listera is published by Wiegand; includes 1 new
species, L. auriculata, and 1 new name, L. smallii. He also lists synonyms for L.
caurina Piper as L. convallarioides Hooker and synonyms for L. convallarioides
(Swartz) Torrey as L. banksiana Lindley and L. eschscholtziana Chamisso &
Schlectendal
1900 – Suksdorf publishes L. retusa based upon earlier collections (1894). Plants
are identical to L. caurina Piper and L. banksiana Lindley. No mention of either
one in the description. Listera retusa is reduced to synonymy and remains there.
1900–1948 – No mention of Listera banksiana could be found in any published
literature. Listera caurina Piper appears in many publications.
1905 - transferred to Ophrys caurina (Piper) Rydberg, no mention of L. banksiana
as a synonym
1948 – Fernald & Schubert’s note in Rhodora on types in the Lindley Herbarium
at Kew. Revalidates Listera banksiana Lindley as the correct name, with L.
caurina Piper as a synonym
1948-1977 – no mention of Listera banksiana as a species or synonym in any of
many regional and continental publications including Correll and Luer
1978 - Scoggin, Flora of Canada uses Listera banksiana Lindley with reference to
Fernald & Schubert article; L. caurina Piper and L. retusa Suksdorf are given as
synonyms

3
1978–present - no mention of Listera banksiana in any of many regional and
continental publications (see note concerning BONAP below) including Flora of
North America
1995 - transferred to Neottia caurina (Piper) Szlachetko, no mention of L.
banksiana as a synonym
Note: 1996 - BONAP lists Listera caurina Piper: synonymy - Listera banksiana
auct. non Lindley, Ophrys caurina (Piper) Rydberg. (This is most curious as L.
banksiana, as an earlier name, most certainly would never be a misapplied name
for L. caurina, whereas L. convallarioides Hooker might be considered auct. non.
Also, auct. non/misapplied name is not a synonym).
Building on erroneous statements in Wiegand that Menzies’ Banks
Island, British Columbia, collections were Listera convallarioides, and that the
original mistaken identification of additional plants collected by Piper and
others as L. convallarioides, Piper’s 1898 publication of Listera caurina was
perpetuated and Lindley’s L. banksiana consigned to obscurity. Listera caurina
Piper appeared in nearly all the literature citing North American Listera species,
notably in Wiegand’s work in 1899, local floras of the Northwest, Correll
(1950), Luer (1975), and Flora of North America, volume 26 (2002). Listera
banksiana does not even appear in these publications as a synonym.
After the conclusion of World War II Fernald and Schubert were doing
a series of notes on studies of American types in British herbaria and examined
the collections of Menzies used by Lindley for Listera banksiana. In a brief note
in Rhodora 50: 231-233 (1948), a concise summary of the history of the species
and illustrations of the types reinforce the correctness of L. banksiana as the
earliest validly published name as provided for in the International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature (1935, 2000).
Scoggin in Flora of Canada, 1978, follows Fernald and Schubert’s
determination and used Listera banksiana for the northwestern twayblade and
cited both L. caurina and L. retusa as synonyms as well as the Fernald &
Schubert note. Lindley’s publication in 1840 of Genera and Species of Orchidaceous
Plants was one that contained many new species, all with the same pattern of
description – brief, but universally accepted. In North American species Listera
australis was among these as were Spiranthes longilabris, S. brevilabris, Cypripedium
montanum, the creation of the genus Platanthera, and numerous other species and
genera.
Part of the confusion may have arisen when, in synopsizing the species
of Listera, Wiegand (1899) stated that Lindley confused Listera banksiana with L.
convallarioides and L. eschscholziana, the latter a synonym for L. convallarioides.
Examining the sheet with Lindley’s type of L. banksiana shows no confusion
and the plants are clearly not L. convallarioides. Perhaps Wiegand did not have an
opportunity to examine these types and only had the information of Piper to

4
rely upon. If this was so, then all authors, excepting Fernald & Schubert and
Scoggin, also relied upon prior written material – that of Piper and Wiegand,
for their treatments of Listera species. Although Correll’s work is dated 1950
and Fernald & Schubert September 1948, Correll’s manuscript was well
finished and being prepared for publication when the latter appeared in
Rhodora. Should Correll have chosen to follow the lead of Fernald & Schubert it
would have been too late to have this information included in his publication.
It is unlikely that Correll was even aware of Listera banksiana, as it is not
included in the synonymy for L. caurina (in Wiegand it appears in the synonymy
for L. convallarioides). Although Luer (1975) was meticulous in researching
synonyms for his work, he too did not include L. banksiana. The same holds
true for Coleman (1995) and Magrath and Coleman (2002).
Therefore the correct name for the Northwestern Twayblade is Listera
banksiana Lindley. Listera caurina Piper, L. retusa Suksdorf, Ophrys caurina (Piper)
Rydberg, and Neottia caurina (Piper) Szlachetko all are relegated to synonyms
and L. eschscholtziana Chamisso & Schlectendal and L. convallarioides Hooker, as
cited in Wiegand, become auct. or misapplied names.
Note: This situation is not unlike that of Epidendrum magnoliae Mühlenberg and
E. conopseum R. Brown, both published in 1813 but only a few months apart.
The diligent research of Hágsater (2000,) uncovered this and the correct name
is now being accepted, albeit slowly, into general usage (Hágsater, 2002; Brown
& Folsom 2002, 2003, 2004; Dueck 2004; Fowler 2005).

Banks Island was named in 1788 by Captain Duncan of the Princess Royal,
after Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., (1743-1820), then-president of the Royal Society,
and who had accompanied Captain James Cook on the latter's exploratory
journey to the South Seas aboard the Endeavor, 1768-1771. Adopted in the
18th Report of the Geographic Board of Canada, 31 March 1924, as labeled on
British Admiralty Chart 1923, published in 1863, and as labeled on BC map 1A,
1912, et seq. See extensive biography in British Columbia Coast Names, by
Capt. John T. Walbran.

Literature Cited
Brown P.M., and S.N. Folsom 2002. Wild Orchids of Florida. Gainesville, Fla.: University Press
of Florida.
_____. 2003. The Wild Orchids of North America, North of Mexico. Gainesville, Fla.: University
Press of Florida.
_____. 2004. Wild Orchids of the Southeastern United States north of peninsular Florida. Gainesville,
Fla.: University Press of Florida.
Coleman R.A. 1995. Wild Orchids of California. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

5
Correll, D.S. 1950. Native Orchids of North America. Waltham, Mass.: Chronica Botanica.
Dueck, L. 2003. Wild Orchids in South Carolina: the Story. Aiken, South Carolina: Savannah
River Ecology Laboratory.
Fernald, M.L. and B. Schubert 1948. Types in the Lindley Herbarium. Rhodora 50: 231-233.
Fowler, J. 2005. Wild Orchids of South Carolina: a popular natural history. Columbia: University of
South Carolina Press.
Hágsater, E.
-----. 2002. Epidendrum in Flora of North America, volume 26.
International Plant Names Index. http://www.ipni.org/index.html
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of United States, Canada and
Greenland. 3rd edition Chapel Hill, North Carolina Botanical Garden.
Kartesz, J.T. and C.A. Meacham. 1999. Synthesis of the North American Flora, ver. 1.0. Chapel
Hill.
Lindley, J. 1840. Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants. 455.
Luer, C.A. 1975. The Native Orchids of the United States and Canada excluding Florida. Bronx: New
York Botanical Garden.
Magrath, L. and R. Coleman. 2002. Listera in Flora of North America. Flora of North America
Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. 12+ vols. New York and Oxford: Oxford
University Press, Volume 26 (2002) including the Orchidaceae.
Petrie, W. 1981. Guide to the Orchids of North America. Blaine, Wash.: Hancock House.
Piper, C. 1898. Listera caurina. Erythea 6: 32.
Rydberg, P.A. 1905. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 610. Scoggin, H.J 1978. The Flora of Canada. Part 2.
Ottawa. National Museum Natural Science Publications in Botany 7.
Szczawinski, A.F. 1959. The Orchids of British Columbia. British Columbia Provincial Museum
Handbook No. 16.
Szlachetko, D. 1995. Fragm. Florist. Geobot. Supp. 3: 117.
Suksdorf, W. 1900. Listera retusa. Deutsch. Bot. Monatsschr. 18: 155.
Wiegand, K. 1899. A revision of the genus Listera. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 26(4):157-171, 2
plates.
Williams, J.G., A.E. Williams, and N. Arlott. 1983. A Field Guide to Orchids of North America.
New York: Universe Books.

Acknowledgements:
The following herbaria made images available of specimens relating to this study: AMES, K,
ORE, US, WA. Clare Drinkell at Kew kindly provided images and notes on the holotype.
Scott Stewart provided helpful comments on the manuscript.

6
7
Listera banksiana
northwestern
twayblade

8
Listera banksiana
northwestern
twayblade

9
 GOETHE STATE FOREST:
ONE OF FLORIDA'S ORCHID HOT SPOTS!
Paul Martin Brown

Occupying nearly 50,000 acres in southeastern Levy County in west

central Florida, Goethe State Forest presents some of the best wild orchid
habitat in the southeastern United States. The land was purchased in 1992
under Florida's Conservation and Recreation Lands Program. Thirty-four
species of wild orchids and several of their hybrids are to be found here.
Although few paved county roads pass through Goethe, the many miles of
fireroads and trails provide easy access within much of the forest. Because if it
size, Goethe State Forest provides a wide variety of habitats in which to search
for many of these choice native plants. The broad, grassy roadsides of County
Roads 326, 336, and 337 and State Road 121 are ideal homes for many of the
spring and fall flowering ladies'-tresses orchids, Spiranthes species, grass-pinks,
Calopogon species, and the delicate rose pogonia, Pogonia ophioglossoides. This
roadside habitat varies form high and dry in the sand pine and scrub forests to
low and wet as it passes through some of the bald cypress swamps. Seasonal
rainfall and mowing patterns may greatly affect both the flowering times and
quantity of bloom from year to year.
Off the main road many of the fireroads have well excavated wet ditches
on either side, often happy homes for the stately orange fringed orchis,
Platanthera ciliaris, and its smaller cousin the orange crested orchis, P. cristata. In
early summer both species hold their brilliant oranges heads of frilly flowers
well above the surrounding vegetation. By the hot, humid, and buggy days of
midsummer the elusive little jug orchid, Platythelys querceticola, is raising its spikes
of tiny white and pale brown flowers in the rich deep floodplains on the
western edge of the forest. The recent discovery of this species at Goethe
represents not only another site for a rare Florida (and U.S.) orchid but it is also
the largest known site in the world for this species. It is estimated that over
2000 flowering plants were present in August of 2000. Growing with the jug
orchid is the Florida adder's-mouth orchid, Malaxis spicata, with its two shiny

10
oval leaves and delicate spike of orange and green flowers, and many plants of
the fragrant ladies'-tresses, Spiranthes odorata, that will flower in late fall through
early winter.
In addition to the many orchids, Goethe is also home to several rare and
endangered animals such as the Florida black bear, red-cockaded woodpecker
and the delightful Sherman's fox squirrel. While the antics of the fox squirrel
gamboling along the roadsides may entertain the passerby, hidden within these
roadside grasses are but a delicate plants of the rarest orchid, if not the rarest
plant, to be found in Goethe. Late March and early April brings up but a few
flowering plants each year of the short-lipped ladies'-tresses, Spiranthes
brevilabris. Discovered by the author in 1998, this is one of the few known
remaining sites in the world for this rare orchid. Originally there were two small
colonies found, barely a kilometer apart with a total number of plants seen in
the past from 1998-2000 less than 150! The species was formerly known from
about six sites in Florida and the adjacent Gulf states. With a revised mowing
scheme in place along the roadsides there are now several excellent colonies
with upwards to 1000 stems annually.
2004 was a banner year for orchids in Goethe State Forest with
prescribed burn areas revealing several thousand flowering plants of the many-
flowered grass pink and a small colony of Eaton’s ladies’-tresses.
Almost any damp to wet wooded hammock within the state forest is
sure to provide at least a few species of orchids throughout the year. Although
the forest has only one epiphytic orchid, the greenfly orchid, Epidendrum
magnoliae1, the abundance of terrestrial species more than delights the eye. Some
species of orchids can be found in flower each month, and nearly every week,
of the year.

Calopogon barbatus (Walter) Ames

bearded grass-pink
local; sunny roadsides and open pine flatwoods
Calopogon multiflorus
many-flowered grass-pink
forma albiflorus Britton, white-flowered form
locally abundant depending on burns; recently burned flatwoods
Calopogon pallidus Chapman
pale grass-pink
rare; damp, sunny roadsides and open pine flatwoods
1
Traditionally known for many years as Epidendrum conopseum, Eric Hagsater, in the December 2000
issue of the North American Native Orchid Journal, has shown that the name Epidendrum magnoliae
Mühlenberg was published one month earlier than. E. conopseum R. Brown and therefore is the correct
name for the greenfly orchid.

11
Calopogon tuberosus (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenberg
common grass-pink
forma albiflorus Britton, white-flowered form
common; damp, sunny roadsides
Corallorhiza wisteriana Poiret
Wister's coralroot
rare; scattered in mixed woodlands and along trails
Cyclopogon cranichoides (Grisebach) Schlechter
speckled ladies’-tresses
rare; wet woods
Epidendrum magnoliae Mühlenberg
greenfly orchis
uncommon; epiphytic in old live oaks often with the resurrections fern; can
flower at most any time of year but heavily in the winter months
Habenaria quinqueseta (Michaux) Eaton
Michaux's orchis
rare; damp roadsides and mixed flatwoods
Habenaria odontopetala Reichenbach f.
toothed rein orchis
rare; northern limit of range in nearby Marion County; rich damp woodlands;
flowers in October and November
Habenaria repens Nuttall
rare; water spider orchis
our only aquatic orchid, it often forms floating mats on the edges of ponds and
streams and can flower year-round on either sun or light shade
Listera australis Lindley
southern twayblade
forma trifoliata P.M. Brown, three leaved form
forma viridens P.M. Brown, green-flowered form
rare; a winter ephemeral in the damp deciduous forests and floodplains
Malaxis spicata Swartz
Florida adder's-mouth orchid
forma trifoliata P.M. Brown, three leaved form
local; cypress swamps and wooded floodplains
Platanthera ciliaris (Linnaeus) Lindley
uncommon; orange fringed orchis
damp roadsides and open wet flatwoods
Platanthera cristata (Michaux) Lindley
orange crested orchis
rare; damp roadsides and open wet flatwoods
Platanthera flava (Linnaeus) Lindley

12
southern tubercled orchis
rare; damp roadsides and open wooded floodplains
Platythelys querceticola (Lindley) Garay
low ground orchid
locally common; wooded floodplains
Pogonia ophioglossoides (Linnaeus) Ker-Gawler
rose pogonia, snake-mouth orchid
forma albiflora Rand & Redfield, white-flowered form
local; damp roadsides and wet ditches
Ponthieva racemosa (Walter) Mohr
shadow-witch orchid
frequent; edges of cypress swamps and rich, wooded floodplains
Pteroglossaspis ecristata (Fernald) Rolfe
crestless plume orchid
rare; old fields and open woodlands
Sacoila lanceolata (Aublet) Garay
leafless beaked orchid; scarlet ladies'-tresses
local; primarily roadsides early May - early June
Spiranthes brevilabris Lindley
short-lipped ladies'-tresses
local; damp to dry sunny roadsides
Spiranthes eatonii Ames ex P.M. Brown
Eaton's ladies'-tresses
rare; open flatwoods; flowers in late March - April
Spiranthes floridana (Wherry) Cory
Florida ladies'-tresses
rare; similar to the short-lipped ladies'-tresses; open roadsides in late March -
April
Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames
lace-lipped ladies'-tresses
rare; wet roadside ditches and edges of cypress swamps
Spiranthes longilabris Lindley
long-lipped ladies'-tresses
very rare; open pine flatwoods and grassy roadsides
Spiranthes odorata (Nuttall) Lindley
fragrant ladies'-tresses
frequent; wet roadsides and wooded wetlands, often in standing water
Spiranthes ovalis Lindley
southern oval ladies'-tresses
very rare; rich, shady woodlands; November
Spiranthes praecox (Walter) S. Watson

13
giant ladies'-tresses
frequent; damp pine flatwoods and moist roadsides
Spiranthes sylvatica P.M. Brown
woodland ladies'-tresses
frequent; dry, shady roadsides and open woodlands often under live oak
Spiranthes tuberosa Rafinesque
little ladies'-tresses
local; dry, sunny roadsides and old fields
Spiranthes vernalis Engelmann & Gray
grass-leaved ladies'-tresses
frequent; mown roadsides, front lawns, pastures
Hybrids:
Spiranthes xfolsomii P.M. Brown
(S. longilabris x S. odorata)
Folsom's hybrid ladies'-tresses
found only in one area with both parents
Spiranthes xichetuckneensis P.M. Brown
(S. odorata x S. ovalis var. ovalis)
Itchetucknee hybrid ladies'-tresses
found only in one area with both parents
Triphora trianthophora (Swartz) Rydberg
three birds orchis; nodding pogonia
very rare; large stands occur in Alachua, southwestern Marion and northern
Sumter Counties; open, live oak woodlands and hammocks; flowers from
August - December
Zeuxine strateumatica (Linnaeus) Schlechter
lawn orchid
uncommon; the only non-native orchid to be found in Goethe it prefers mown
roadsides and open lawns

For those who enjoy a real treasure hunt there are still a few species of orchids
which grow nearby but have not yet been found in Goethe State Forest.
Hexalectris spicata (Walter) Barnhardt
crested coralroot
elsewhere in Levy County as well as in nearby Alachua, Marion & Sumter
Counties; dry live oak hammocks and open woodlands; flowers in late June -
July; a leafless orchid that from a distance can look like a bunch of sticks!
Platanthera conspicua (Nash) P.M. Brown
southern white fringed orchid
the white counterpart of the orange fringed orchid and grows in similar
habitats; found in many nearby areas in late summer

14
 337

326

Goethe
State

Forest
336

15
A GALLERY OF GOETHE ORCHIDS

16
17
18
 DID YOU EVER? WONDERS AND BLUNDERS
The Slow Empiricist

Have you ever gone out wild orchid hunting wanting to find the illusive
little devils so much that your heart leaps at a suspected sighting up ahead only
to be dashed when you come up to the plant and find you have been mistaken?
Well I have and I always feel a little foolish when I make such a mistake. I also
feel a certain amount of disappointment with myself for falling for such an
obvious fooler when I get close enough to see my error.
There are other times when I have misidentified a plant and think I have
found such and such an orchid only to later discover it wasn't that particular
species but a close relative. Yellow lady's-slippers, Cypripedium parviflorum, are
a good plant to point out in this regard. The large yellow lady's-slipper, C.
parviflorum var. pubescens, is often incorrectly identified as the small yellow
lady's-slipper, C. parviflorum var. parviflorum and var. makasin. I certainly have
trouble unless you can find the two growing side-by-side in the woodland. That
doesn't happen often enough for me to be really sure when I sight these species
growing alone in the wild.
To see the differences takes a sure knowledge of the plants. This is
where previous study of field guides pays dividends. If you are a lazy sort, I
suggest you take along an expert who can point out which species you are
looking at when you encounter it in the wild. As an amateur who enjoys all
the other experiences when trekking after orchids, I find this last approach is
ideal for me. Then I can marvel at the scenery and inspect other plants and wild
life without having to be bound by the need to identify particular orchids.
Once in a while, however, I discover an orchid that the expert missed as
he or she passed it by in the singular purpose of finding said plant and I with
my ever darting eye picked up on in my wide flung searches and eclectic
viewing. Then I have a superior feeling of wonder that I caught something my
mentor missed. You must be careful to know your companion's level of
tolerance for ribbing if you are inclined to crow about your discovery. Some
folks take their abilities very seriously!
Then sometimes I fall for the need to find an orchid so much that I halt
an expedition with a suspected sighting only to go back to the spot and
discover it was some rank fooler that caught my desperate eye. Then I feel

19
foolish for having stopped the journey and delayed the pleasure of finding the
orchids even more. This is especially true if my companion and I are searching
for roadside plants driving along sometimes at 60 miles per hour. I can claim
that the speed made my misidentification but I still feel a certain amount of
chagrin at having caused the retracing of our steps in vain.
I find that when we are scouting for the various species of ladies'-
tresses, Spiranthes, that love to grow along roadsides, I am most often prone to
making an error in sightings. They are so small and delicate in most instances
that they are very hard to see. There are many plants that mimic the Spiranthes
look including grasses (when the spike is out of flower) and plants that have
white flowering spikes like colic root, Aletris farinosa.
Then sometimes I have had great success when I thought I saw
something unusual. My cry of "I think I saw ….," is very effective in halting the
car on its forward pace when I think I have sighted something rare. As we back
up to see what I had spied and we indeed find that I have found something
special, I am rewarded with great feelings of accomplishment. This has
happened enough to make me eager to continue our expeditions.
I, at least, have never found enough orchids not to feel a thrill when I
sight another one. I think this is what keeps most enthusiasts out there hunting.
It is encouraging to find there are young people growing up with a thirst for
wild orchids. These amazing youngsters are out in the wilds scouting for plants
and when not actively searching they are devoting time and energy to learning
about the plants from their elders in the field and from the literature that is
available to them.
In closing, I would encourage you to have as much fun in the field as
you can. Open your eyes to the greater experience and look up once in a while
to take in the entire scope of your surroundings. Don't always be bent to that
task of only finding a particular orchid. There may be some hidden treasures
awaiting you if you are open to that possibility. Secondly, don't let your feelings
of inadequacy keep you from halting an expedition if you think you have
something special. Even if it turns out to wrong you will have learned
something. Even the experts have been fooled and feel foolish at their mistake.
Lastly, take a page from the youngsters and apply as much energy to your
quests as you can spare and you should be richly rewarded.

Bon appetite in your orchid adventures!

Your Slow Empiricist

20
 NEW TAXA FROM FLORIDA
Paul Martin Brown

Several new color and growth forms are presented here. These have
been brought to the attention of the author by several different native orchid
enthusiasts or are the result of recent personal discoveries.

Calopogon multiflorus
The year 2004 was a banner year for Calopogon multiflorus in Goethe State
Forest, Levy County, in central Florida. We saw more than 4000 flowering
plants that spring, with some groups exceeding 50 flowering stems. Plants
showed some variation from the usual bright pink to paler shades of rose and
in only one instance pure white flowers with paler green leaves and stems.

Calopogon multiflorus Lindley forma albiflorus P.M. Brown forma nov.

Forma floribus albus conspeciebus diversa.
Differs from other forms of the species in its pure white flowers.
Type: U.S.A. Florida, Levy County, Goethe State Forest. 10 April 2004.
Holotype: photograph, P.M. Brown, 10 April 2004, North American Native
Orchid Journal 10: 24, fig. 1. 2004.
The new color form is named albiflorus to indicate the white color of the
flowers.

Cleistes
There are few places where both species of Cleistes have been
documented to grow sympatrically. In these locations intermediate plants have
not been noted. At Ochlockonee River State Park in the central Panhandle of
Florida Cleistes bifaria has been seen for some years and numbers vary for only a
few flowering plants to a good year of up to 100. The spring of 2004 displayed

21
a moderate number of plants and we ventured up other search for several other
orchids as well. When we arrived, Linda Trice, the acting park manager took us
to see what she though were some really exceptional plants of Cleistes. Before
we even got out of the car I could see they were -- and the nearest known
documented site was over 100 miles to the east! Growing within the few plants
of C. divaricata were several plants of C. bifaria and four plants that were clearly
intermediate in all aspects of size.

Cleistes xochlockoneensis P.M. Brown hybr. nov

Type: U.S.A.: Florida, Wakulla Co. Ochlockonee River State Park, pine
flatwoods with both parents 25 May 2004
Hybrid e Cleistes divaricata et Cleistes bifaria; floribus et columinus intermedius
Hybrid between Cleistes divaricata et Cleistes bifaria; flowers and column
intermediate
Holotype: Ochlockonee River State Park Herbarium, Sopchoppy, Fla.; photograph,
North American Native Orchid Journal 10: 25. Fig. 2. 2004.
The new hybrid is named in honor of Ochlockonee River State Park.

Corallorhiza wisteriana
Buck and Linda Cooper and their friend Byron Brattie brought this
unusual color form to my attention. It was found growing in the Ocala
National Forest, Marion County, Florida and the 90% of the colony was this
distinctive cranberry-pink color. More than 300 plants were found that year in
2004.

Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad forma cooperi P.M. Brown forma nov.

cranberry-pink colored form
Forma plantae floribus roseus conspeciebus diversa.
Differs from other forms of the species in its rose pink plants.
Type: U.S.A.: Florida, Marion Co. Ocala National Forest, live oak hammock,
14 February 2004
Holotype: FLAS;. photograph: North American Native Orchid Journal 10: 26, fig.
4. 2004.
The new color form is named in honor of Buck and Linda Cooper.

Hexalectris spicata
Both of these unusual color forms were found by Wally and Joel Wilder
in the Withlacoochee State Forest in an area of disturbed limestone spoil. The
entire colony of Hexalectris is small, not more than 30 plants, and only one each

22
of these colors. Curiously enough in larger colonies of Hexalectris in central
Florida no variations of this kind have yet been found.

Hexalectris spicata (Walter) Barnhardt var. spicata forma wilderi P.M.

Brown forma nov.
Forma plantae et floribus albus conspeciebus diversa.
Differs from other forms of the species in its pure white plants and flowers.
Type: U.S.A.: Florida, Hernando Co. Withlacoochee State Forest, rocky woods
10 June 2004
Holotype: Withlacoochee State Forest Herbarium, Brooksville, Fla.; photograph:
North American Native Orchid Journal 10: 27, fig. 5. 2004.
The new color form is named in honor of Wally Wilder.

Hexalectris spicata (Walter) Barnhardt var. spicata forma lutea P.M.

Brown forma nov.
Forma plantae et floribus luteus conspeciebus diversa.
Differs from other forms of the species in its yellow flowers and plants.
Type: U.S.A.: Florida, Hernando Co. Withlacoochee State Forest, rocky woods,
18 June 2005
(holotype: Withlacoochee State Forest Herbarium, Brooksville, Fla.) photograph:
North American Native Orchid Journal 10: 28, fig 6. 2004.
The new color form is named lutea to indicate the yellow color of the plants.

23
 NEW TAXA FROM FLORIDA

Fig. 1. Calopogon multiflorus Lindley forma albiflorus P.M. Brown

10 April 2004 P.M. Brown

24
 NEW TAXA FROM FLORIDA

Fig. 2 Cleistes
xochlockoneensis

Fig. 3 Cleistes divaricata Cleistes bifaria

All photographed at Ochlockonee River State Park 25 May 2004

25
 NEW TAXA FROM FLORIDA

Fig. 4 Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad forma cooperi P.M. Brown

Ocala National Forest 14 February 2004

26
 NEW TAXA FROM FLORIDA

Fig. 5 Hexalectris spicata (Walter) Barnhardt var. spicata

forma wilderi P.M. Brown
Photograph by Myron D. Shufelt, 10 June 2004, Withlachoochee State Forest

27
 NEW TAXA FROM FLORIDA

Fig. 6 Hexalectris spicata (Walter) Barnhardt var. spicata

forma lutea P.M. Brown, 18 June 2005, Withlachoochee State Forest

28
 NEW TAXA FROM NORTHERN AND
WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Fig. 7 Amerorchis rotundifolia (Banks ex Pursh) Hultén

forma rosea P.M. Brown
Manitoba, July 17, 2003 photograph by Lorne Heshka

29
 NEW TAXA FROM NORTHERN AND
WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Fig. 8 Amerorchis rotundifolia (Banks ex Pursh) Hultén

forma wardii P.M. Brown
Manitoba, June 6, 1999 photograph by Ian Ward

30
 NEW TAXA FROM NORTHERN AND
WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Fig. 9 Calypso bulbosa (Linnaeus) Oakes var. americana (R.Brown) Luer

forma biflora P.M. Brown
Maine 6 June 2003

31
 NEW TAXA FROM NORTHERN AND
WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Fig. 10 Cypripedium fasciculatum Kellogg ex S. Watson

forma purpureum P.M. Brown Oregon 16 June 1996

Fig. 11 Cypripedium fasciculatum Kellogg ex S. Watson

forma viride P.M. Brown
Oregon 8 June 1996

32
 NEW TAXA FROM NORTHERN AND
WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Fig. 12 Piperia unalascensis (Sprengel) Rydberg forma olympica P.M. Brown

Hurricane Ridge, Olympic Mts., Washington 10 July 1990

33
 NEW TAXA FROM NORTHERN AND
WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Amerorchis rotundifolia
Few of us have the luxury of seeing large colonies of Amerorchis unless
we are in northern Newfoundland or Manitoba where they are relatively
abundant in open tundra-like areas. The rose colored plants were first observed
by myself in Newfoundland in 1997 and subsequently noted by Tom Sampliner
a few years later in Alberta and then in 2003 by Lorne Heshka with his
photograph of the exceptionally beautiful plants from Manitoba used for the
holotype.

Amerorchis rotundifolia (Banks ex Pursh) Hultén forma rosea P.M.

Brown forma nov.
Forma floribus roseus conspeciebus diversa.
Differs from other forms of the species in its rose-pink flowers.
Type: Canada, Manitoba, July 17, 2003. Dene Village
(Holotype: photograph Lorne Heshka. North American Native Orchid Journal 10:
29, fig. 7. 2004.)
The new color form is named rosea to indicate the pink color of the flowers.

Lorne Heshka brought to my attention these particularly distinctive and

beautiful plants of Amerorchis discovered and photographed by Ian Ward of
Manitoba. They are unlike any others that I have ever seen.
Amerorchis rotundifolia (Banks ex Pursh) Hultén forma wardii P.M.
Brown forma nov.
Forma floribus albus, roseus, et viride conspeciebus diversa.
Differs from other forms of the species in its white, pink and green flowers.
Type: Canada. Manitoba, June 6, 1999 Libau Bog
Holotype: photograph, Ian Ward, June 6, 1999: North American Native Orchid
Journal 10: 30, fig. 8, 2004.
The new color form is named wardii in honor of Ian Ward.

34
Calypso bulbosa
First mentioned by O.O. Nylander in Orchids of Northern Maine p. 65
and a specimen is preserved in his herbarium in Caribou, Maine. Plants with
twin flowers are rarely seen growing in nature. The photo here is of a plant
observed for several years in succession and always with two flowers.

Calypso bulbosa (Linnaeus) Oakes var. americana (R.Brown) Luer

eastern fairy-slipper forma biflora P.M. Brown forma nov.
Forma floribus biflorus conspeciebus diversa.
Differs from the typical species in having two flowers.
Type: U.S.A.: Maine, Aroostook County, Woodland. Spring 1908, O.O.
Nylander s.n. Thuja swamp.
Holotype: Nylander Museum, Caribou, Me.; photograph: North American Native
Orchid Journal 10: 31, fig. 9. 2004.
The new form is named biflora to indicate the two flowers, whereas the species
normally has only a single flower.

Cypripedium fasciculatum
Most flowers of the diminutive Cypripedium fasciculatum are a mottled
purple-green and not particularly attractive in their coloration. These two forms
represent the extremes in solid coloration. The forma purpureum with deep
mahogany-purple flowers and the forma viride with green flowers and the lip
lacking all traces of purple coloration; rare plants will also have pure green
petals and sepals. Excellent color photographs of these forms appear in
Coleman, Wild Orchids of California and in Brown & Folsom, Wild Orchids of the
Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies.

Cypripedium fasciculatum Kellogg ex S. Watson forma purpureum P.M.

Brown forma nov.
Forma floribus purpureus conspeciebus diversa.
Differs from other forms of the species in its purple flowers.
Type: U.S.A.: Oregon, Douglas County, 16 June 1996
Holotype: photograph, P.M. Brown. North American Native Orchid Journal 10: 32,
fig. 10, 2004.

Cypripedium fasciculatum Kellogg ex S. Watson forma viride P.M.

Brown forma nova
Forma floribus viridis conspeciebus diversa.
Differs from other forms of the species in its green flowers.

35
Type: U.S.A.: Oregon, Douglas County, 9 June 1996
Holotype: photograph, P.M. Brown. North American Native Orchid Journal 10: 32,
fig. 11, 2004

Dactylorhiza aristata
Both of these forms are based upon photographs in Luer, and have been
readily seen by others exploring for orchids in coastal Alaska.

Dactylorhiza aristata (Fischer ex Lindley) Soó var. aristata forma

albomaculata P.M. Brown forma nov.
Forma floribus albus cum maculatus roseus conspeciebus diversa.
Differs from other forms of the species in its white flowers with pink spotting.
Type: U.S.A.: Alaska, Adak, Aleutian Islands, June 1967
Holotype: photograph, C. Luer. Native Orchids of the United States and Canada
excluding Florida, p.159, pl. 39:1.

Dactylorhiza aristata (Fischer ex Lindley) Soó var. kodiakensis Luer &

Luer forma alba P.M. Brown forma nov.
Forma floribus albus conspeciebus diversa.
Differs from other forms of the species in its pure white flowers.
white-flowered form
Type: U.S.A.: Alaska, Adak, Aleutian Islands, June 1967
Holotype: photograph: C. Luer. Native Orchids of the United States and Canada
excluding Florida, p. 139, pl. 39:2.

Piperia unalascensis
Plants of the relatively common Piperia unalascensis may be easily seen on
the lower and moderate elevation of Hurricane Ridge Road in the Olympic
Mountains. Once the middle elevations are reached the plants no longer are
found and when one reaches the alpine meadows of the summit and the
Hurricane Ridge Trail (at 5000 feet elevation) they appear again but in a very
different form. The plants are short, densely-flowered, with up to six basal
leaves, and with slightly rounder flowers. They also lack the distinctive musky
fragrance found at lower elevations. The montane forms have adapted to this
harsh environment of the open summits and although perhaps not distinctive
enough to be described as a variety, they should be recognized as a distinct
form. Plants have been found primarily along Hurricane Ridge Trail, in part

36
because that is the only area where exploration is readily permitted. If other
similar peaks in the Olympics are explore more plants may be found.

Piperia unalascensis (Sprengel) Rydberg forma olympica P.M. Brown

forma nov.
Forma plantibus nanus conspeciebus diversa.
Differs from other forms of the species in its dwarf nature.
Type: U.S.A.: Washington, Clallam County, Olympic Mountains, Hurricane
Ridge along high trail within 10 m of trailhead; altitude ca. 5000 feet 23 July
2001
Holotype: S. Stewart 100 (Illinois College Herbarium, Jacksonville, Ill.); photograph,
P.M. Brown, North American Native Orchid Journal 10: 33, fig. 12, 2004.

37
 NEW BOOKS

Four new titles of interest have been published in 2004 and into 2005; because
to the lateness of this issue of the NANOJ they have all been included at this
time.

Wild Orchids of the Southeastern United States, north of peninsular

Florida.
Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2004.
University Press of Florida.
416 pages 6 X 9 field guide and more; 325+ full color photographs, 80 line
drawings, 88 maps, keys for identification
$65.00 Cloth: ISBN: 0-8130-2748-9
$27.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-2749-7

Wild Orchids of South Carolina: a popular natural history.

Fowler, J.A. 2005.
University of South Carolina Press.
264 pages 253 color illustrations, 56 maps, 4 line art
$39.95 cloth, ISBN 1-57003-566-0 6 x 9

The Gardener’s Guide to Growing Hardy Perennial Orchids

W. Mathis. 2005
The Wild Orchid Company
11" X 9" 104 pages
175+ color photos, drawings
$24.95 paper ISBN: 0-9765335-0-2

Growing Hardy Orchids

J. Tullock. 2005
Timber Press.
244 pages. 6 x 9 in (230 x 155 cm) 99 color illustrations
$29.95 Cloth ISBN: 0-88192-715-5

38