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Chapter 5: Determinants
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Determinant of a 2 × 2 Matrix (§5.1)
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The 3 × 3 Case (§5.1)
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Determinant of an n × n Matrix (§5.1)
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Determinant of an n × n Matrix (§5.1)
Theorem
The determinant of an n × n matrix A may be obtained by a cofactor
expansion along any row or any column.
In particular, the expansion of the determinant along the i-th row of A is
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Determinant of an n × n Matrix (§5.1)
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2012
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Determinant of an n × n Matrix (§5.1)
Suppose A is an n × n matrix.
Theorem
If one row (or column) of A contains only zeros, then det A = 0.
Theorem
If A is an upper- or lower-triangular matrix, then the determinant of A is
the product of the diagonal entries of A. That is,
Theorem
det A = det AT
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2012
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Elementary Row Operations and
the Determinant (§5.2)
Let A and B be two n × n matrices.
Theorem
Suppose B is obtained from A by multiplying the i-th row of A by the real
number r . Then det B = r det A.
Theorem
Suppose that B is obtained from A by swapping two rows. Then
det B = − det A.
Corollary
If two rows of A are equal, then det A = 0.
Theorem
Suppose that B is obtained from A by adding r times the i-th row of A to
the k-th row. Then det B = det A.
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The Determinant (§5.2)
Theorem
If that A is an n × n matrix, then the following are equivalent:
1 det A 6= 0
2 rank(A) = n
3 A is invertible
Theorem
If A and B are n × n matrices, then det(AB) = (det A)(det B).
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Matrix Inverse by Cofactors and
Cramer’s Rule (§5.3)
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Cramer’s Rule (§5.3)
x1 C11 C21 · · · Cn1 b1
.. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . .
xi = 1 C1i C2i · · ·
det A Cni bi
.. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . .
xn C1n C2n · · · Cnn bn
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Area and the Determinant (§5.4)
u1 v
Let ~u = and ~v = 1 .
u2 v2
v2
v
u
O u1 u1 + v1 x1
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Area and the Determinant (§5.4)
Under a linear transformation with matrix A, the area of a figure is
changed by a factor | det A|.
x2
x2
Ae2
Ae1
x1
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The Determinant and Volume (§5.4)
~ ∈ R3 is
The volume of the parallelepiped induced by three vectors ~u , ~v , w
~ ) = det ~u ~v w
Volume(~u , ~v , w ~ .
u × v
altitude projn w
w
v
O
u base area u × v
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The Determinant and Volume (§5.4)
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