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VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603 203.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
EC6702 – OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
QUESTION BANK
IV YEAR VII SEM
ACDEMIC YEAR: 20162017 ODD SEMESTER
Prepared by
1. T.S.SHERIBA, AP/SG ECE
2. S.SUBBULAKSHMI, AP/SG ECE
3. A.G.MURALI KRISHNA, AP/OG ECE
SUBJECT : EC6702 – OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
SEM / YEAR: VII / IV year B.E.
OBJECTIVES:
• To facilitate the knowledge about optical fiber sources and transmission techniques
• To Enrich the idea of optical fiber networks algorithm such as SONET/SDH and optical
CDMA.
• To explore the trends of optical fiber measurement systems.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBERS 9
Evolution of fiber optic system‐ Element of an Optical Fiber Transmission link‐‐ Total internal
reflection‐Acceptance angle –Numerical aperture – Skew rays Ray Optics‐Optical Fiber Modes
and Configurations ‐Mode theory of Circular Wave guides‐ Overview of Modes‐Key Modal
concepts‐Linearly Polarized Modes ‐Single Mode Fibers‐Graded Index fiber structure.
UNIT II SIGNAL DEGRADATION OPTICAL FIBERS 9
Attenuation ‐ Absorption losses, Scattering losses, Bending Losses, Core and Cladding losses,
Signal Distortion in Optical Wave guides‐Information Capacity determination ‐Group Delay‐
Material Dispersion, Wave guide Dispersion, Signal distortion in SM fibers‐Polarization Mode
dispersion, Intermodal dispersion, Pulse Broadening in GI fibers‐Mode Coupling ‐Design
Optimization of SM fibers‐RI profile and cut‐off wavelength.
UNIT III FIBER OPTICAL SOURCES AND COUPLING 9
Direct and indirect Band gap materials‐LED structures ‐Light source materials ‐Quantum
efficiency and LED power, Modulation of a LED, lasers Diodes‐Modes and Threshold condition
‐Rate equations‐External Quantum efficiency ‐Resonant frequencies ‐Laser Diodes,
Temperature effects, Introduction to Quantum laser, Fiber amplifiers‐ Power Launching and
coupling, Lencing schemes, Fiber ‐to‐ Fiber joints, Fiber splicing‐Signal to Noise ratio ,
Detector response time.
UNIT IV FIBER OPTIC RECEIVER AND MEASUREMENTS 9
Fundamental receiver operation, Pre amplifiers, Error sources – Receiver Configuration–
Probability of Error – Quantum limit.Fiber Attenuation measurements‐ Dispersion
measurements – Fiber Refractive index profile measurements – Fiber cut‐ off Wave length
Measurements – Fiber Numerical Aperture Measurements – Fiber diameter measurements.
UNIT V OPTICAL NETWORKS AND SYSTEM TRANSMISSION 9
Basic Networks – SONET / SDH – Broadcast – and –select WDM Networks –Wavelength
Routed Networks – Non linear effects on Network performance –‐Link Power budget ‐Rise
time budget‐ Noise Effects on System Performance‐Operational Principles of WDM
Performance of WDM + EDFA system – Solutions – Optical CDMA – Ultra High Capacity
Networks.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of the course, students will be able to:
• Discuss the various optical fiber modes, configurations and various signal degradation
factors
associated with optical fiber.
• Explain the various optical sources and optical detectors and their use in the optical
communication system.
• Analyze the digital transmission and its associated parameters on system performance.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Gerd Keiser, "Optical Fiber Communication" Mc Graw ‐Hill International, 4th Edition., 2010.
2. John M. Senior , “Optical Fiber Communication”, Second Edition, Pearson Education, 2007.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBERS 9
Evolution of fiber optic system‐ Element of an Optical Fiber Transmission link‐‐ Total internal
reflection‐Acceptance angle –Numerical aperture – Skew rays Ray Optics‐Optical Fiber Modes and
Configurations ‐Mode theory of Circular Wave guides‐ Overview of Modes‐Key Modal concepts‐
Linearly Polarized Modes ‐Single Mode Fibers‐Graded Index fiber structure.
PART A
Q. No BT Domain
Questions
Level
1. Define attenuation constant of a fiber. BTL 1 Remembering
2. Define numerical aperture of a step index fiber BTL 1 Remembering
3. Define critical angle BTL 1 Remembering
4. What is total internal reflection in a fiber? BTL 1 Remembering
5. State Snell’s law BTL 1 Remembering
6. What is a linearly polarized mode? BTL 1 Remembering
7. State the necessity of cladding for an optical fiber. BTL 2 Understanding
4. (i) What is Numerical Aperture of a fiber? Deduce an expression for
the same with neat figure showing all the details. (8) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Draw and explain the refractive index profile and ray
transmission in multimode step index & single mode step index
fibers. (8)
5. (i) Explain about transmission of light through graded index fiber BTL 2 Understanding
with neat diagrams. ( 8)
(ii) Show that linearly polarized modes in optical fibers is related to
the V number by obtaining proper equations and expressions. (8)
6. (i) Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection using Snell's BTL 2 Understanding
law with figures and calculations. (10)
(ii) Classify fibers and explain them. (6)
7. (i) Show that numerical aperture is dependent on the refractive
indices of core and cladding through proper derivation. (10)
(ii)Explain the advantages of optical communication technology (6) BTL 2 Understanding
8. (i) Apply the basic Maxwells equation to derive the mode equations
for the circular fibre . (10)
With the derived results for a single mode step index fiber, estimate BTL 3 Applying
the shortest wavelength of light which allows single mode operation
when the relative refractive index difference for the fiber is 1%. The
core diameter is 7 μm and core refractive index is 1.49. (6)
9. (i) Choose the proper core size and cladding refractive index for a Si
fiber using proper equations. The silica core refractive index is
1.458, v = 75 and NA = 0.3 and is operated at 820nm. Calculate the BTL 3 Applying
total number of modes entering this fiber.(10)
(ii) Identify the proper angle of incidence so that the total internal
reflection takes place within the optical fiber. (6)
10. (i) Calculate NA of silica fiber with its core refractive index (n1) of BTL 4 Analyzing
1.48 and cladding refractive index of 1.46. Analyze and find out what
should be the new value of ‘n1’ in order to change the NA to 0.23.
(12)
(ii) Distinguish step‐index from graded index fibers. (4)
11. Compare the optical link with that of the satellite link (4) BTL 4 Analyzing
Explain the differences between meridional and skew rays. In detail
discuss about the skew rays. (12)
12. (i) Explain the ray propagation into and down an optical fibre cable. BTL 4 Analyzing
Also derive the expression for the acceptance angle . (10)
(ii) Contrast the advantage and disadvantage of step index, graded
index, single mode propagation and multimode propagation. (6)
13. Determine the fraction of average optical power residing in the BTL 5 Evaluating
cladding of a step index fiber having core radius of 25μm. The fiber
operates at 1300nm and has a numerical aperture of 0.22. (8)
(ii) A fiber has core radius of 25mm, core refractive index of 1.48
and relative refractive index difference (Δ) is 0.01.If the operating
wavelength is 0.84mm, find the value of normalized frequency and
the number of guided modes. Evaluate the number of guided modes
if Δ is reduced to 0.003. (8)
14. (i) A step index fiber has a core diameter of 7μm and core refractive BTL 6 Creating
index of 1.49. Estimate the shortest wavelength of light which allows
single mode of operation when the relative refractive index
difference for the fiber is 1%. (6)
(ii) Suppose that an incoming ray from a light source is not within
the acceptance angle limits. What will happen to the light to be
transmitted? Suggest a proper solution so that the whole of
information to be transmitted is properly through the fiber. (10)
UNIT II SIGNAL DEGRADATION OPTICAL FIBERS 9
Attenuation ‐ Absorption losses, Scattering losses, Bending Losses, Core and Cladding losses, Signal
Distortion in Optical Wave guides‐Information Capacity determination ‐Group Delay‐Material
Dispersion, Wave guide Dispersion, Signal distortion in SM fibers‐Polarization Mode dispersion,
Intermodal dispersion, Pulse Broadening in GI fibers‐Mode Coupling ‐Design Optimization of SM fibers‐
RI profile and cut‐off wavelength.
PART A
Q. Questions BT Domain
No Level
1. Define chromatic dispersion & what are the causes for the same? BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Define signal distortion? How does Signal distortion in single
mode fibers?
13. (i) Based on the behavior of the optical fiber, bring out the design BTL 5 Evaluating
optimization of a single mode fiber. (8)
(ii) Explain how a signal distortion occurs in Optical wave guides.
(8)
14. (i) Discuss about the intermodal dispersion that occurs in a BTL 6 Creating
multimode graded index fiber. (8)
(ii) Imagine a scenario where the energy from the light travelling
through the core is transferred to the cladding. Present the concept
behind this to justify that it leads to the attenuation of the light
signal. (8)
UNIT III FIBER OPTICAL SOURCES AND COUPLING 9
Direct and indirect Band gap materials‐LED structures ‐Light source materials ‐Quantum efficiency and
LED power, Modulation of a LED, lasers Diodes‐Modes and Threshold condition ‐Rate equations‐
External Quantum efficiency ‐Resonant frequencies ‐Laser Diodes, Temperature effects, Introduction to
Quantum laser, Fiber amplifiers‐ Power Launching and coupling, Lensing schemes, Fiber ‐to‐ Fiber
joints, Fiber splicing‐Signal to Noise ratio , Detector response time.
PART A
Q.N Questions BT Domain
o Level
1. Define internal quantum efficiency of LED and Laser. BTL 1 Remembering
2. What is meant by mechanical Splice? BTL 1 Remembering
12. Explain the various fiber alignment and joint losses with BTL 4 Analyzing
diagram.(8) Remembering
Write notes on fiber splices and connectors. (8) BTL 1
13. Analyze the front end optical amplifiers and explain.(8) BTL 4 Analyzing
Construct power launching and coupling in optical fiber amplifiers BTL 3 Applying
(8)
UNIT IV FIBER OPTIC RECEIVER AND MEASUREMENTS
Fundamental receiver operation, Pre amplifiers, Error sources – Receiver Configuration– Probability of
Error – Quantum limit.Fiber Attenuation measurements‐ Dispersion measurements – Fiber Refractive
index profile measurements – Fiber cut‐ off Wave length Measurements – Fiber Numerical Aperture
Measurements – Fiber diameter measurements.
PART A
Q.N Questions BT Domain
o Level
1. List the advantages of using transimpedance front end receiver BTL 1 Remembering
configuration.
2. State the Significance of maintaining the fibre outer diameter BTL 1 Remembering
constant
3. Define bit‐error rate. BTL 1 Remembering
4. Write any two advantages of trans‐impedance amplifiers. BTL 1 Remembering
5. A digital fiber optic link operating at 1310 nm,requires a maximum BTL 1 Remembering
BER of 10‐8.Identify the average photons per pulse.
6. The photo detector output in a cutback‐attenuation set up is 3.3 V BTL 1 Remembering
at the far end of the fiber.After cutting the fiber at the near end,5m
from the far end,photo detector output read was 9.2 V.Recite the
attenuation of the fiber in dB/Km?
7. Generalize the error sources of receiver. BTL 2 Understanding
8. Give main idea about quantum limit. BTL 2 Understanding
9. Express dark current. BTL 2 Understanding
10. Summarize the different methods for measuring refractive index BTL 2 Understanding
profile.
11. Justify the Use of silicon is preferred to make optical receivers. BTL 3 Applying
12. Interpret Modal Noise and Mode partition Noise BTL 3 Applying
13. Calculate the mean of (1/f)noise corner frequency BTL 3 Applying
14. Point out the advantages of preamplifiers. BTL 4 Analyzing
15. Categorize the types of preamplifiers? BTL 4 Analyzing
16. Examine the standard fiber measurement techniques? BTL 4 Analyzing
17. Determine Bend attenuation BTL 5 Evaluating
18. Why the attenuation limit curve slopes towards to the right? BTL 5 Evaluating
19. Develop the measures to avoid modal noise. BTL 6 Creating
20. Propose the range of system margin in link power budget. BTL 6 Creating
PART – B
1. Draw the block diagram of fundamental optical receiver. Write BTL 1 Remembering
about each block.
2. With diagrams describe the following:
(i)Measurement of NA of a fiber (8) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii)Measurement of refractive index profile. (8)
3. Explain in brief the blocks and their functions of an optical BTL 1 Remembering
receiver with schematic diagrams.
4. (i)A digital fiber optic link operating at 850 nm requires a BTL 1 Remembering
maximum BER of 10^‐9.Cite the quantum limit in terms of the
quantum efficiency of the detector and the energy of the incident
photon. (8)
(ii)Define the attenuation and dispersion measurements in detail.
(8)
5. (i)Explain any two types of pre amplifiers used in a receiver (12)
(ii)Estimate the terms‐Quantum limit and Probability of Error with BTL 2 Understanding
respect to a receiver with typical values (4)
6. (i)Give main idea about ‘Insertion‐Loss method’ used for
attenuation measurement. (8) BTL 2 Understanding
(ii)Express the technique used in Frequency‐Domain intermodal
Dispersion measurement. (8)
7. (i)List the various types of pre amplifiers available for optical
networks and its significance in optical networks. (8) BTL 2 Understanding
(ii) Explain any three of them with their circuit diagrams. (8)
8. Demonstrate the following in detail:
(i)Fibre refractive index profile measurement. (8) BTL 3 Applying
(ii)Fibre cutoff wavelength measurement (8)
9. Construct the optical receiver operation and its performance with BTL 3 Applying
neat diagram
10. (i) Examine the dispersion and numerical aperture measurements BTL 4 Analyzing
of fibre.
11. (i)Explain in detail about the front end optical amplifiers . (8) BTL 4 Analyzing
(ii)Considering the probability distributions for received logic 0
and 1 signal pulses,derive the expressions for BER and error
function. (8)
12. Analyze the following: BTL 4 Analyzing
(i)Fibre refractive index profile measurement. (8)
(ii)Fibre cut‐off wavelength measurement. (8)
13. Evaluate the error sources of fundamental receiver operations. BTL 5 Evaluating
Discuss the performance of digital receiver by defining the
probability of error
14. (a)Develop the schematics of pin photodiode and APD and explain. BTL 6 Creating
(8)
(b)Design the fundamental receiver operation in optical
communication. (8)
UNIT V OPTICAL NETWORKS AND SYSTEM TRANSMISSION
Basic Networks – SONET / SDH – Broadcast – and –select WDM Networks –Wavelength Routed
Networks – Non linear effects on Network performance –Link Power budget ‐Rise time budget‐ Noise
Effects on System Performance‐Operational Principles of WDM Performance of WDM + EDFA system –
Solitons – Optical CDMA – Ultra High Capacity Networks.
PART A
Q.No Questions BT Domain
Level
1. State the concept of WDM. BTL 1 Remembering
2. Define soliton BTL 1 Remembering
3. What is SONET BTL 1 Remembering
4. Summarize the transmission bit rate of the basic SONET frame BTL 1 Remembering
in Mbps
5. Outline interchannel cross talk that occurs in a WDM system BTL 1 Remembering
6. Write about broadcast and select network? BTL 1 Remembering
7. List the benefits of SONET over PDH networks. BTL 2 Understanding
8. Give the significance of solitons. BTL 2 Understanding
9. Illustrate the problems associated with PDH networks? BTL 2 Understanding
10. Express the various SONET/SDH layers. BTL 2 Understanding
11. Demonstrate a model of EDFA BTL 3 Applying
12. Report about Chirping BTL 3 Applying
13. Demonstrate the difference between fundamental and higher BTL 3 Applying
order soliton.
14. Analyze the cross‐phase modulation BTL 4 Analyzing
15. Analyze how the speckle pattern can form. BTL 4 Analyzing
16. Classify the important features of time‐slotted optical TDM BTL 4 Analyzing
network.
17. Justify the features in DWDM BTL 5 Evaluating
18. Conclude the advantages of using soliton signals through fiber. BTL 5 Evaluating
19. Develop the basic performance of the WDM BTL 6 Creating
20. Propose the three topologies used for fiber optic network BTL 6 Creating
PART – B
1. Draw the block diagram of OTDR. Cite about the measurement of BTL 1 Remembering
any two fiber optic measurement with this. (16)
2. Describe the following:
(i)WDM networks (8) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii)Ultra high capacity networks (8)
3. (i)Define and explain the principle of WDM networks (8) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii)State the nonlinear effects on optical network performance.(8)
4. (i)Outline the features of ultra high capacity networks (8) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii)Identify the OTDR and its applications (8)
5. (i)Generalize four‐fiber BLSR ring in a SONET. Explain the BTL 2 Understanding
reconfiguration of the same during node or fiber failure. (8)
(ii)Restate ‘broadcast‐ and –select multihop network’. Explain.
(8)
6. (i)Explain the following requirements for the design of an BTL 2 Understanding
optically amplified WDM link: (8)
(1)Link Bandwidth
(2)Optical power requirements for a specific BER.
(ii)Paraphrase notes on solitons. (8)
7. (i)Give main idea about SA/SA protocol and modified SA/SA BTL 2 Understanding
protocol of broadcast and select networks. (8)
(ii)Express the non‐linear effects on network performance (8)
8. (i)Model the Layered architecture of SONET/SDH with neat BTL 3 Applying
diagram. (8)
(ii)Illustrate the detailed notes on optical CDMA and its
applications. (8)
9. Demonstrate SONET layers and frame structure with BTL 3 Applying
diagram.(16)
10 With suitable example, analyze the conditions and constraints in
the formulation and solution of routing and wavelength BTL 4 Analyzing
assignment problem in an optimal way. (8)
Analyze the features of Solitons (8)
11 Find out the concepts of media access control protocols in
broadcast and select networks. Explain(16) BTL 4 Analyzing
12 (i)Group the non‐linear effects on network performance in detail.
(8) BTL 4 Analyzing
(ii)Inspect the basics of optical CDMA systems. (8)
13 Deduce the basic frame structure and network architecture of BTL 5 Evaluating
SONET. (16)
14 Propose the salient feature of solitons using relevant expressions BTL 6 Creating
and diagrams (8)
Develop a theory on the noise Effects on System Performance (8)