FUNCTIONS

A function is nothing but a sub program or a module which can written for achieving a
particular task

OR
A function is a readymade formula, which takes values as input and returns values as
output.
OR

A function is a pre defined program segment that carries specific and well-defined task.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FUNCTIONS:

1. SCALAR OR SINGLE-VALUED FUNCTIONS

2. GROUP OR AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

SCALAR VALUED FUNCTIONS: These functions takes single value as input and
returns single value as output

CLASSIFICATION OF SCALAR VALUED FUNCTIONS:

 MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
 STRING FUNCTIONS
 DATE & TIME FUNCTIONS

MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS:

ABSOLUTE: IT RETURN THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF N

 SELECT ABS(-10.65)
10.65
 SELECT ABS(18.69)
18.67
POWER (M, N): IT RETURN THE M POWER N VALUE
 SELECT POWER(3,2)
9
 SELECT POWER(6,2)
36
SQRT(N): IT RETURN THE SQUARE ROOT VALUE OF N
 SELECT SQRT (2)
SQUARE (N): IT RETURN THE SQUARE VALUE OF N
 SELECT SQUARE (9)
81
 SELECT SQUARE (5)
25
ROUND (M, N): IT WILL ROUND THE VALUE OF M TO NEAREST WHOLE
NUMBER OF IT WILL AROUND.
 SELECT ROUND (15.143)
15
 SELECT ROUND (16.513)
16
 SELECT ROUND (16.816)
17
 SELECT ROUND (21.132,1)
21.1
 SELECT ROUND (25.143)
25

CEILING: IT (CEILING) RETURNS THE SMALLEST INTEGER GREATER THAN ‘N’

 SELECT CEILING (15.13)
16
FLOOR (N): IT RETURN THE LARGEST INTEGER LESS THAN ‘N’
 SELECT FLOOR (15.13)
15
STRING FUNCTIONS:
ASCII (CH): IT RETURNS THE ASCII VALUE OF GIVEN CHARACTER.
 SELECT ASCII (‘A’)
65
 SELECT ASCII (‘a’)
97
 SELECT ASCII (‘0’)
48
 SELECT ASCII (‘’)
32

CHAR (N): IT RETURNS THE CHARACTER FOR GIVEN ASCII VALUE

 SELECT CHAR (65)
A

 SELECT CHAR (98)

b

LOWER (STRING): IT CONVERTS THE UPPER CASE LETTERS IN STRING INTO LOWER CASES

 SELECT LOWER (‘NRSTT’)

nrstt
UPPER (STRING): IT CONVERTS THE LOWER CASES INTO UPPER CASES
 SELECT UPPER (‘nrstt’)
NRSTT

 SELECT ENAME, LOWER (ENAME) LOWER_ENAMES FROM EMP

ENAME LOWER-ENAME
SMITH SMITH
ALLEN ALLEN

LEN (STRING): IT RETURNS THE LENGTH OF GIVEN STRING

 SELECT LEN (‘SQLSERVER’)
9

 SELECT LEN(‘SQL SERVER’)

10
SPACE IS ALSO A CHARACTER

 SELECT ENAME, LEN (‘ENAME’) LENGTH FROM EMP

ENAME LENGTH
SMITH 5
ALLEN 5
MILLER 6

REVERSE (STRING): IT WILL REVERSE THE GIVEN STRING

 SELECT REVERSE (‘SQLSERVER’)

REVRESLQS

SELECT ENAME, REVERSE (ENAME) REV_ENAME FROM EMP

ENAME REV_ENAME
SMITH HTIMS
ALLEN NELLA
MILLER RELLIM

REPLACE (STRING, ‘SEARCHING STRING’, ‘REPLACING STRING’)

 IT WILL REPLACE A SUB STRING IN ASTRING WITH GIVEN STRING
 SELECT REPLACE (‘WRONG’, ‘WR’, ‘R’)

RONG
 SELECT REPLACE (‘JACK AND JUE’, ‘J’, ‘BI’)

BLACK AND BLUE

SUB STRING (‘STRING’, ‘STARTING POSITION’, NO OF CHARACTERS REQUIRED);
IT WILL ENTRACT A SUBSTRING FLOW MAIN STRING
EX: SELECT SUBSTRING (‘ORACLE’, 1, 3’)
ORA
 SELECT SUBSTRING (‘ORACLE’, 2, 2)

RA

SELECT ENAME, SUBSTRING (ENAME,1,2) SUB_ENAME FROM EMP

ENAME SUB_ENAME
SMITH SM
ALLEN AL
DATE FUNCTIONS:
GET DATE (): IT RETURNS THE CURRENT DATE AND TIME
 SELECT GETDATE ()
2005-4-5: 4:30.15.416

DATE PART ABBREVIATION

YEAR YY
QUARTER QQ
MONTH MM
WEEK WW
DAY DD
HOUR HH
MINUTE MM
SIZE SS
MILLISEC MS

DATE ADD (DATE PART, NUMBER, DATE): IT RETURNS THE DATE

ACCORDING TO DATE PART.

 SELECT DATE (YY,1,’2005-3-15’)

2006-3-15

 SELECT DATEADD (MM,1,’1998-4-18’)

1998-5-18
 SELECT DATE ADD (DAY,1,’1999-04-26’)
1999-04-27

DATE DIFF (DATEPART, DATE 1, DATE 2): IT RETURNS THE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN THE DATES ACCORDING TO THE DATE PART

 SELECT DATEDIFF (YEAR,'1999-11-5','2006-11-15')

DATEPART(PART,DATE): IT RETURNS THE PART OF THE GIVEN DATE

SELECT DATEPART(DAY,’2007-09-13’)

OUTPUT: 13
DATENAME(PART,DATE): IT RETURNS THE NAME OF THE GIVEN STRING

SELECT DATENAME(MONTH,’2007-10-31’)

OUTPUT: OCTOBER

AGGRIGATE OR GROUP FUNCTIONS: These functions takes multiple values as

input and returns single value as output, these includes

MAX ( )
MIN ( )
SUM ( )
AVG ( )
COUNT ( )
COUNT_BIG ( )

EMPNO ENAME SAL DEPTNO

----------- -------------------- --------------------- -----------
11 RAM 15000.0000 10
22 RAJ 20000.0000 20
33 ABI 10000.0000 10
44 DP 5000.0000 20
55 NAAG 5000.0000 10

Based on the above table we will do some examples for Aggregate functions

E.g.: SELECT MAX (SAL) AS HISAL FROM EMP

HISAL
20000

E.g.: SELECT MAX (SAL) AS HISAL, MIN (SAL) AS LOSAL FROM EMP

HISAL LOSAL
20000 5000

E.g.: SELECT MAX (SAL) AS HISAL, MIN (SAL) AS LOSAL,

SUM (SAL) AS TOTSAL, AVG (SAL) AS AVGSAL FROM EMP
HISAL LOSAL TOTSAL AVGSAL
20000 5000 55000 11000

E.g.: SELECT MAX (SAL) AS HISAL, MIN (SAL) AS LOSAL,

SUM (SAL) AS TOTSAL, AVG (SAL) AS AVGSAL FROM EMP WHERE
DEPTNO=10

HISAL LOSAL TOTSAL AVGSAL

15000 5000 30000 10000

E.g.: SELECT MAX (SAL) AS HISAL, MIN (SAL) AS LOSAL,

SUM (SAL) AS TOTSAL, AVG (SAL) AS AVGSAL FROM EMP WHERE
DEPTNO=20

HISAL LOSAL TOTSAL AVGSAL

20000 5000 25000 12500