BUSINESS LOGIC We make use of abstract concepts in philosophy but only to aid us in our

understanding of concrete things

PHILOSOPHY
3. Philosophy by their ultimate principles and causes.
 Coined by Pythagoras (a sages of Ancient Greece, born around 584 BC)
Piñon(1973),philosophy is different from positive and the physical
 3 types of men
sciences as Biology, Chemistry,etc. These special sciences study the
a lover of pleasure
proximate constituent principles and explanations of their subject matter
a lover of success
lover of wisdom
 Philia: love
Biology studies the nature of cell, Philosophy studies the nature of the
 Sophia: wisdom protoplasm, tissues, the activities of living such as, of life and its
 “the love of wisdom anabolism and catabolism principle.
 Philosophy literally means “the love of wisdom”
 Wisdom pertains to the entire human endeavor of seeking the truth Philosophy studies the ultimate
Chemistry studies the different principle of the differences of
 Soccio (2007) term wisdom does not mean being knowledgeable of things rather
elements of material substances material things
wisdom deals with the principles of things, the first cause of all beings.
 It deals with an understanding on the meaning of one’s existence and the Positive Psychology studies human Philosophical Psychology studies the
importance of the things around. behavior, it differences and proximate ultimate principles of human
 The very nature of philosophy covers the aspects of human knowledge. causes. behavior, reason and will
 According to early philosophers, philosophy is the foundation of all learning in
the possibility of a total world picture and in the unity of all truths, whether
scientific, ethical, religious or aesthetics. 4. Philosophy as known in light of reason
-uses the light of reason which is methaporically expressed and in the objective
 Greek philosophers were concerned, not only with particular types of
manner
knowledge, but also with all types; making philosophy the source of all
-meaning its principles of natural cognition, not in the subjective manner to mean the
knowledge.
power of the intellectual faculty of man
 A step by step inquiry into the principles and pre-suppositions of any field
-Light is an object and the principles of science manifested of the object and the
of study.
conclusion is the science
 In its real definition, “is the science of all things by their first causes as
known in light of reason IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY

 We are always led to asking questions about the meaning of human

Different elements of the definition
1. Philosophy is a science
Science comes from Latin scire, means to know.
Science is not just any kind of knowledge; it is a scientific knowledge
Scientific knowledge of causes of things
2. Philosophy is the science of things
Philosophy discusses about the things that are found in the existential world
or it deals with concrete, real, contingent things.
existence and the dignity of human life
 There are lots of issues that are kept in the mind of the modern people for
which answers can only be found in philosophical analysis
 People are led to asking questions, which only philosophy can provide an
explanation
 Philosophy helps students attain the capability to make careful distinctions
in thoughts, words, and arguments.
 Philosophical solutions require logical and critical thinking
 VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY Questions treated by the field of ethics:
 Philosophy is under suspicion of being not only practically useless but of a. What is morally right?
being deprived of any value; admitting that philosophy is not useful in b. Are there any objective standards of right and wrong?
producing tangible, immediate results. c. Are moral values absolute or relative?
 Famous philosophy of Hegel “helpless that it cannot even pull a dog out of
its house” 4. COSMOLOGY
 They are not worthless for that matter but they satisfy intellectual and philosophical search for the deeper understanding of the material universe
spiritual needs ultimate constituent principles of materials beings or it is the science of the
 They achieve their value indirectly, through their effect upon the lives of universe
those who study philosophy questions treated by the field of cosmology:
a. What are space and time?
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY b. How is the world related to human beings?
c. Is the world created or has it been existing from all eternity?
1. METAPHYSICS
TA META TA PHYSIKA BIBLIA-the book that follows the physical 5. THEODICY
book THEOS – GOD
branch of philosophy that deals with the study of reality as it tries to answer the Discipline that deals with the existence, nature and attributes of God in the
questions of: light of the truth arrived at by our human reason alone
a. What is the ultimate reality? Study of the divinity of God from the philosophical point of views, which
b. Is reality one or many different things? different from Theology because Theology studies God under the light of faith
c. Can reality be grasped by the senses or is it transcendent? An examination for the meaning and justification of religious claims
d. What is a substance? Questions raised are the following:
e. What are accidents? a. Does God exist?
b. What are the proofs for God’s existence?
2. EPISTEMOLOGY c. What is the problem of evil?
EPISTEME - KNOWLEDGE d. How do we reconcile the existence of a benevolent God and the unmerited misery
LOGOS - study in the world?
Science or study of knowledge
It is the investigation into the grounds and nature of knowledge itself, its 6. SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY
sources, its scope, and its limits or it is study of validity of human knowledge Deals with the philosophical study of a society and its institutions
concerned with the following questions: concerned in determining the features of the ideals or best society as it deals with the
a. What is knowledge? study of relationships of the human person with others, with environment, and with
b. Is knowledge acquired exclusively through the senses or by some other means? society
c. How do we know that what we perceive through our senses is correct?
7. AESTHETICS
3. ETHICS AISTHETOKOS- sense perception or harmony
study of the morality human act deals with sense of beauty or the perception of beauty and harmony hence it
Ethics and morality are often used interchangeably as ethics is sometimes known as the appreciation of arts
called moral philosophy philosophical study of art and of value judgments about art and of beauty in
Morality is referred to as moral standards general
Ethics is referred to as formal study of these standards and conducts
8. LOGIC
LOGOS –the word or what is spoken but coming to mean thought or reason
logic however is the study of reasoning.
commonly defined as the study of arguments
concerned with general principles and particular errors, along methods of
arguing
Role of logic is to provide sound methods for distinguishing good from bad
reasoning
Helps to assess how well our premises support our conclusions, to see what
we are committed to accepting when we take a view and to avoid adopting beliefs for
which we lack adequate reasons.
 The lesson studies the nature of philosophy, as a whole, the nature of
philosophy and its significance, value and its branches. Thus, philosophy
leads the learners to develop their critical skills since the course guides
them to see themselves and their fellow beings as persons, subjects and
center values.
LOGIC
 Logic is the science and art which helps to distinguish between the correct
and incorrect one, attaining clarity of thoughts and the validity of the
inference.
 Knowledge of logic enables to express ideas with clarity and argue correctly
and with confidence after a thorough study of logical rules, methods and
principles.
 Logic is specially directed to form correct idea, to unite ideas, to form
propositions, to correlate proposition into correct premises and to form valid
conclusions.
 Logic is the study of methods and principles that distinguishing correct
from incorrect thinking and arguments, this definition does not imply, that
one can think and argue correctly only if he/she had studied logic.
 It is an organized body of knowledge that evaluates, arguments,
encountered in the daily experience.
 Logic is defined as the philosophical science of correct reasoning or
inferential thinking.
 Reason and thinking in the common is not referring to the act of the mind
proper, but to the mental product thereof, namely, the syllogistic argument
is correct and valid for, engendering certainty is called demonstration.
Logic is the science of demonstration
 Logic is order and consistency, a science of those principles, law and
methods, which the mind of man must follow for the accurate attainment of
truth.
 In a nutshell… Logic is the science and art of correct thinking.
Logic as a Science and Art
o Logic is both a science and an art, because it is the cultivated skill in
reasoning with order and precision, with ease and without error.
o Logic is a science as is it really a body of certain proven knowledge this
body of knowledge is obtained and arranged in a systematic manner, it is
objective.
o Logic is an art because with the knowledge of the principle or laws of
correct thinking, one can reason easily, spontaneously and correctly.
o The objective is the expression of reasoning is done beautifully with ease,
with correctness and validity.
o Logic is regarded as the science of sciences and art of arts because while
reason directs all other acts, logic directs reason itself.
Etymological Definition
o Zeno the Stoic (300BC)-introduces the word logic
o Logike-systematized and intelligible
o Logikeis closely related to logos which means through, reason, or
discourse
Historical Development of Logic
o The birth of logic is attributed to Aristotle who laid the foundation of the
science by treating logical questions separately from other philosophy
o Aristotle-father of logic
o Aristotle’s logic is known as symbolic logic, using ideas terms as the
fundamental element
1. Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Greek philosopher
Founder of Logic
writing 6 treaties on logical matters the collection was called “organon”
2. Zeno (336-264 BC)
presented the Stoic Logic (prior and posterior analytics of Aristotle’s logical
works and expanded with longer treaties on the hypothetical syllogism,and
with treatise on the criterion of truth)
3. Porphyrius (232-304 AD)
a neo-platonist
 wrote a small introduction to the Categories of Aristotle, in Greek Process of Thinking
“Isagoge” meaning introduction o Deductive Logic
4. Severinus Boethius (470-524 AD) o Inductive Logic
translate Aristotle’s Organon and wrote commentaries on the Categories  Deductive Logic
and on the Isagoge of Porphyrius is one which the premise flow logically into the conclusion
5. The Arabian Philosophers Avicenna (980-1037 AD) and Averros (1126-1198 it is called Formal Deductive Logic
AD) from Universal to particular or
also wrote commentaries on Aristotle’s organon from more to the less universal by way of a middle form
6. The middle Ages scholastic philosopher, especially St. Thomas Aquinas Example: All Filipinos are studious (general)
presented his intensive commentaries on the logical work of Aristotle But, Erica Mae is a Filipina (particular)
it is the comprehensive science of logic Therefore, Erica Mae is studious (particular)
7. For the purpose of improving the Aristotle’s Organon, Francis Beacon (1561-  Inductive Logic
1626 AD) is one which the argument flows specific to general or particular to universal
wrote the “Novum Organon” implies a sense of probability
introduced the theory of induction As Copi(1978) stated “may provide some evidences of truth”
John Stuart Mill (1606-1873 AD) developed to a general theory of Closely allied to scientific method of inquiry which proves the particular to the
scientific investigation universal
8. In the modern times, there is new development of logic which is known as Example: This chalk falls. This book…. this pen… this eraser…
Symbolic Logic that gained more popularity Therefore, bodily objects fall.
It covers same subject matter as the standard logic but differs as to
mathematical symbols and language that it uses. o Two Branches of Logic
Hence may be considered as a version and complement of the same. o Formal Logic
George Boole as the father of the new symbolic logic o Material Logic
9. Symbolic logic attained full development interest, in short of time
At present it has lost much of its earlier popularity and interest, due, most  Formal Logic
likely, to its limited scope of application o A branch of logic concern with the form of structured argument regardless
of whether or not the contents of such argument agree with reality.
Advantages of Studying Logic o It looks at whether there conformity with the given standards or with the
1.It develops the habit of clear thinking existing rules of logic
2.It guides us in drawing conclusions Examples: Peter is a student
3.It emphasizes the importance of definition. One of the important requirements of Man is a being
effective reasoning is precision in the use of terms. Some dogs are black
4.It helps us interpret facts adequately  Material Logic
5.It cultivates the habit of looking for assumptions presupposed in reasoning o A branch of logic that is concerned with the contents of the proposition that
6.It trains us in the technique of determining implications made up the arguments
7.It helps us detect fallacies, avoid self-deceptions or paralogism and combat o It is concerned with the subject matter, content or truth
sophisms o It looks whether there is conformity with reality
8.It helps us persuade and convince others Examples: Peter is a man
9.It stimulates scientific thinking and love of truth All roses are flowers
10.It familiarizes us with terminology and problems in philosophy All that shines is gold
o Every logical argument has matter and form o The products of these three mental acts are:
o The matter refers to the thoughts content of the propositions. Ideas
o It belongs to the function of material logic on how the matter or thought Enunciation
content of an argument is true Agument
o Form is referred to the structure of an argument. o Argumentation
o It is the function of formal logic to determine when the pattern or structure main concern of logic
is correct composed of propositions and propositions are made up of terms
o A valid, that is acceptable argument is one which is true in its matter and
correct in its form. It is but logical to examine how ideas, judgment and reasoning are produced and
o A syllogism below is a sample of valid argument their corresponding external presentation as shown in the diagram regarding
All men are rational being. (major premise) structures of logic
But John Gregor is a man (minor premise)
Therefore, John Gregor is a rational being. (conclusion)
o The syllogism is an oral or written discourse expressive of an argument.
o It is the logical form of an argument
o Reasoning is formally valid if it conforms to all the rules of logic.
o It becomes formally not valid if one or many of the rules are violated.
o OReasoning is materially true if there is conformity with reality.
o OA good reasoning then is one that is formally valid and at the same time, For easy understanding, schematic presentation is shown below
materially true. Mental Operation Mental Product External Sign
Examples: Simple Apprehension Concept Term
1. All artists are unique people
All dancers are unique people Judgment Enunciation Proposition
Therefore, all dancers are artist Reasoning Argument Syllogism

2. Every flower is fragrant;

ARGUMENT
Every tree has a flower;
o Is a group of statements, (the premise) that claimed to provide support for,
Therefore, every tree is fragrant.
or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion).
o All arguments are placed in one or two basic groups:
3. All philosophers are broad –minded people;
- those in which they do not, even though they are claimed to (good
All logicians are philosophers;
arguments)
Therefore, all logicians are broad-minded people.
-bad arguments
o Term argument has a very specific meaning in logic
Three Mental Acts
o Argument is a group statements
o Pierre Dela Ramee- french philosopher, made a criticism on the nature of
STATEMENT
Aristotelian logic
o Is a sentence that is either true or false typically a declarative sentence or a
o Such criticism resulted in the introduction of three-fold activity of the mind
sentence component that could stand as a declarative sentence
Simple Apprehension
Example:
Judgment
No wives ever cheat on their husbands.
Reasoning
James Younghusband plays football and Chris Tiu plays basketball.
PREMISE
o The statements that make up an argument are divided into one or more
premises and one conclusion.
o The premise is the statements that set forth the reason and evidence, and the
conclusion is the statements that evidence is claimed to support or imply.
o Conclusion is the statement that is claimed is a good
All firm stars are celebrities;
But, Angel Locsin is a film star;
Therefore, Angel Locsin is a celebrity
Some film stars are men;
But, Piolo Pascual is a film star;
Therefore, Piolo Pascual is a man.
INFERENCE
o It is closely related concepts of arguments and statement are those of
inference and proposition.
o It is the reasoning process expressed by an argument.
o In the next topics, inferences are expressed not only through arguments but
through conditional statements as well
o In loose sense of term, inference is used interchangeably with argument.
o Analalogously, a proposition, technically speaking, is the meaning or
information content of a statement
 Logic is an important subject to study and there are reasons why this lesson
covers also the three mental act of the operation of the mind that will
stimulate scientific and reflective thinking, as well as fidelity to truth.
SIMPLE APPREHENSION
 Simple Apprehension is the fundamental operation of the mind, begins to
function when apprehend the abstract or general meaning of the things around.
 The consequence of this operation is the formation of an idea.
 Before the idea is understood, a process of abstraction takes place.
 The process begins when the intellect ignores or extracts the accidental
differential qualities of a thing.
 It focuses on the characteristics essential and common to all members of a class
or group.
 This process is otherwise called Ideogenesis or the intellectual evolution of
concept.
 Reality is understood as “the sum total of all existing individual beings,
whether material or spiritual”
 It consists of real things, of actual facts, of material objects.
 Faculty according to Joven(2006) is refers “to instinctive and knowing
powers of human person”
 It starts with the senses: sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch
 When the power to see, hear, taste or smell are aroused or stimulated, the
process of sensation is at work, and the sensed image will then be the
representation of reality.
 The image become the input to imagination
 Imagination is the process or power of forming pictures in the material
organic faculty of things which not present to the senses.
 It reproduces a previously formed sense image into a phantasm-the output
image or product of imagination.
 Phantasm is a new picture in the “inner eye”
 It is an indirect and imaginative representation of reality
 It represents imperfectly the sense image.
 The new representation reaches the intellect.
 The human intellect through the process of abstraction now discards,
ignores, removes, eliminates or includes the differential physical or
accidental characteristics, features, or aspects of reality.
 The mind mirrors and reads into the essence or substance or nature of the
thing, grasping and apprehending this essence.
 The mind’s apprehension of the essence is called the idea.
 This idea is the representation of an essence in the mind by the mind.
 It represents the phantasm and, therefore, also represents the reality of the
essence which is outside the mind (Reyes,1988)
 The oral or written expression is an idea, the term is a language expression.
 When this term is predicated, related, extended or applied to another term, it
has logical issues of predictability.
Characteristics of Idea
 An idea may be considered in its intrinsic or extrinsic application.
 Intrinsic constitution refers to the comprehension of an idea while
 Extrinsic application refers to the objects, which the idea can represent, also
known as the extension of ideas.
 An idea of the represented essence of an object in the mind, let us take the
example of the idea of man.
1. It is the representation:
It is not limited representation
 the idea man can represent any man at any time, in any place, in any attire.  As a whole, the lesson entails simple apprehension as fundamental
It is not a day-dreaming or a fanciful imaging or a fantasy operation of the mind. It also includes the formation of concepts that gives
It is the living grasp of the mind of the man in an immaterial way. preciseness and accuracy in order to minimize or even avoid
2. It is the representation of the essence: misunderstanding, misconception and ambiguity. Moreover, clarity in the
The essence of a thing is that which makes what it is. use of simple apprehension is one of the important requirements of logical
is something called whatness of a thing because it answers the question reasoning.
what is the thing.
the answer must be merely description but the actual definition of a thing in Logic of Terms and Ideas
its basic reality  Ideas are invincible and not perceptible to the sense
3.Its idea or concept is a representation of the essence of a thing in the mind:  They only exist in the mind of the person thinking and cannot be transferred
is neither in the senses nor on the imagination physically into the mind of another person.
The senses and the imagination perceive concrete things only.  However, the person thinking can share his ideas by using words or terms.
beyond the capacity of neither the sense not the imagination  Words or terms are expressive of ideas or concepts
 An idea is the representation of the essence of a thing in the mind, this just
Relationship of comprehension and extension of an idea remains always the same; an intellectual or intentional image and not a physical one.
the extension, however, may change continually, while the comprehension increases,  The term is very much essential for the understanding of the proposition
the extension decreases and vice-versa. This is called the inverse ratio. and for its function in an inference.
COMPREHENSION EXTENSION  The term must be defined first.
Instruments Compass, scissors, ballpen, chalk,  Aristotle himself gave importance in the analysis of the term in order to
pencil, guitar…etc. analyze the truth value of the propositions and eventually, the validity of
Writing instruments Ballpen, chalk, pencil arguments.
Using ink ballpen
Division of Ideas
1. Concrete and Abstract Ideas
Ideas, therefore, can be arranged in their ascending or descending order in terms of
2. Collective and Divisive Concepts
their comprehensions or extensions. Examples:
3. Absolute and Functional Extension of Terms
1.Mazda – car-vehicle – transportation – are ideas arranged in their ascending order
of extension in descending order of comprehension. 1. Concrete and Abstract Ideas
•The meaning of the idea, the being of the subject which is concrete
2.Structure building – residence – bungalow –are ideas arranged in their ascending •The concept presents itself as a state of the being
order of extension in descending order of extension •The concept is concrete
•Ideas are concrete when they express a nature or determining attribute as inherent
To understand the relation that exists between the comprehension and extension here in a subject
is an example •It always represents thing as it is found in reality
•Concept is abstract only when we think of a state of being as though the state of
Comprehension Extension being itself a being or subject
Substance Spirits, minerals, plants, brutes, human person •Ideas are abstract when they express a nature or deterring attribute consider as
Material substance Mineral, plants, brutes, human person separated from the subjects in which it inheres.
Living material substance Plants, brutes, human person
Rational sentiment living Human person
2. Collective and Divisive Concepts
•Collective concepts represent collections group of individual beings
•Divisive concepts are those which stand for individual beings
3. Absolute and Functional Extension of Terms
•The extension of term is absolute if it refers to the sum-total of all the individual or
groups to which the term can be applied
•The extension of a term is functional if the term includes only such subjects which
are present to the mind when used in discourse.
Kinds of Terms
1. Universal term is applied to each and all of the members of a class, or represents
all possible extension of a concept
a. Universal expressions-expressions that denote universal idea
b.Universal ideas-ideas that express universality
c. Articles like the, a, or an if the ideas are universal
2. Particular term is applied to an indeterminately designed portion of its absolute
extension. A term is said to be particular if it represents a part or a portion of all the
members of a class.
Ex. Some, something, someone, somebody, sometimes, few, several, plenty, most,
majority, many a good number, majority
3. Singular term is applied to only one specified object, individual, or group.
a. Proper nouns
b. Nouns modified by adjectives in the superlative degree
c. Demonstrative pronouns as they point to a single individual or group
2. Incomplete idea is an idea that cannot be united to form one idea because they
matually exclude each other
Incompatible idea
a. Contrary Ideas are opposed ideas that follow other possible
classification in their genus or class. Non-exhaustive opposites.
b. Contradictory ideas are on opposed ideas that do not allow any other
possible member in their class. Exhaustive opposites.
c. Relative ideas are an opposed ideas in which one implies the other or
bear mutual relation to one another
d. Privative ideas are an opposed ideas in which one signifies perfection
and other denies such perfection in a certain subject, which ought to possess it.
3. Ideal according to origin or formation
a. Intuitive or immediate idea is formed through direct observation or
perception of things
b. Derivative or mediate idea is formed by some other means other than
direct or immediate perception
4. Ideas according to definiteness of meaning
a. Univocal is a term that has exactly the same meaning in at least two
occurences
b. Equivocal is a term that has different meaning at least two occurrences
c. Analogous is a term those have partly the same and partly different
meanings in at least two occurrences

Classification of Ideas TERMS

1. Ideas according to their extension. It may be singular, universal or particular  are arrangement of words what serve as the subject of a statement
2. Ideas according to their comprehension  Consist of proper names, common names, amd descriptive phrases.
a. Simple has only one note, elements or attribute  One of the functions of language is to communicate information
b. Composite has two or more notes or attributes Proper Names Common Names Descriptive Phrases
c. Concrete present things as they exist or are found in reality Manny Pacquiao Man Known as the “pambansang
d. Abstract represents either the nature or are attributed as it exist in the kamao”
mind separated from reality Cotabato Province The province of an author….
Philippines Country There is fun in the …….
3. Ideas according to their relations
Renato C. Corona Former Chief Justice The first chief justice being
a. Identical –are ideas with the same comprehension and extension
inspects…
b. Different –are ideas with the different comprehension and extension Bayanihan National Folk National Dance They can dance with
Dance Company Company gracefulness…..
Different Ideas
1.Concrete ideas are different ideas but possible to unite them
 Buenaflor (2009)
 One functions of language is to communicate information
 Language can be the means in order to have understanding
 Clarity of terms is one of the important requirements of logical thinking
 It is not enough to have good ideas
 Equally important is your ability to express them clearly so as to avoid the
confusion that characterizes illogical thinking.
 Thus there is need for definition.
 As discussed by Bertrand and cited by Buenaflor….
 “since all terms are defined by means of other terms, it is clear that human
knowledge must always be content to accept some terms as intelligible without
definition in order to have a starting point for it definition”
 Etymological definition : Latin word
Definire = “to enclose within limit”
Originally, means to mark boundaries or limits
Later, also known to mean the act of stating
 Purpose of definition is to explain in detail the meaning of words or to indicate
what a word or phrase signifies.
ELEMENTS OF DEFINITIONS
1.Definiendum is a word/ or group of words to be defined.
2.Definiens is a word or a group of words that is meant to gives its meaning
Definition of that “Peter is man” is generally expressed by the predicate of a
proposition (definiens) whose subject (definiendum) is the term being defined.
KINDS OF DEFINITIONS
1. Stipulative definition is that assigned to a word for the first time.
2. Lexical definition is one that which reports a meaning of a word which is already
used in a language.
3. Precising definition is used to reduce the vagueness of a word.
4.Theoretical definition is one that which present an abstract picture or
characterization of an entity or entities signified by the definiendum,as an assigned
meaning to a word by suggesting a theory that gives certain characterization to the
entities that the term denotes.
5. Persuasive definition is used to generate or cause a favorable or unfavorable
attitude toward what is signified by the definiendum.
DENOTATIVE AND CONNOTATIVE DEFINITION
 Denotative definition indicates the member of the class and the definiendum
signifies
 Olaguer (2009) “it is a definition that tries to identify the extension of the term
in question”
 Joven (2006) “makes the meaning of a term clear by the application of this
term to its referent”
 This kind of definition may be called demonstrative, enumerative, sub-class
definition by pointing out the object meant, or by drawing it by way of
identification.
1. Demonstrative definition is made by merely pointing to the object
signified by the term being defined.
2. Enumerative definition is naming the members of the class the term
signifies.
3.Definition by subclass is naming subclasses of the class signified by the
term.
 Connotative definition is that indicates the qualities or characteristics that
the term applies
 Joven(2006) “logicians call this process essential definition because it
explains the essence of nature of the term’s referent”
 This kind of definition may be called synonymous, operational, by genus
and difference by drawing it by way of identification.
1. Synonymous definition uses a single word that implies the same
attributes or characteristics the definiendum.
2. Operational definition specifies a certain procedures or usage that
determines whether or not a word applies to a certain thing.
3. Definition by genus and difference is that identifies a genus term and
one or more difference words that, taken altogether, imply the meaning of
the term being defined.
RULES GOVERNING GOOD DEFINITION
1. A definition should be clear.
2. A definition should be coextensive with term or thing defined.
3. A definition should be positive, whenever possible.
4. A definition must be brief.
 This lesson studies the definition of terms which is the second act the mind
and the truth values which includes meaning of judgment, elements of
judgment, illustration and affirmative judgment.