Electrical Energy Efficiency

(E3), Renewable Energies and

the role of the IEC

Jack Sheldon
IEC Standardization Strategy Manager
 Contents
 The IEC role
 IEC and Electrical Energy Efficiency
 IEC and Renewable Energies
 What IEC means to different stakeholders
 Conclusion

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 Why are E3 and RE so “hot”?
 The Climate Change Studies
 Electricity is a fundamental need for the
functioning of today’s world. The world will
require more electricity as population and
development increases.
 The IEC is creating the framework for making
efficient use of electricity and for generating
electricity from renewable energy sources.

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 The IEC View of Electrical
energy…
Rotating machinery Hydraulic turbines Overhead lines Overhead electrical
(TC 2) (TC 4) (TC 11) conductors (TC 7)
Systems aspects for
electrical energy
supply (TC 8)
Switchgear and
controlgear (TC 17)
Electric cables (TC 20)
Insulators (TC 36)
Surge arresters (TC 37)
Power systems
management and
information exchange
(TC 57)

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 And in the home…
Electrical Multimedia
accessories (TC 100)
(TC 23)

Fibre optics
(TC 86)

Cables,
Electric wires,
cables waveguides
(TC 20) (TC 46)

Lamps and Household

related appliances
equipment (TCs 59 &
(TC 34) 61)

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 So IEC covers wide spectrum
 Construction –  Heavy industry – The
integrating electrical biggest users of
energy efficiency electricity
 Consumer goods –
 Information technology
getting the performance
using the least power  Manufacturing – Cutting
 Electricity generation, energy helps reduce
transmission and costs
distribution – reducing  Testing and certification
losses even further – proving the equipment
 Electronics – An integral and systems deliver
part of all aspects
 Environment
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 Saving in the Household
 IEC TC 59, Performance of household and similar electrical
appliances, prepares standardized methods for assessing
functional performance and for measuring energy usage
needed for this performance
 Examples include:
 Electric cooking ranges, hobs, ovens and grills (IEC 60350)
 Electric dishwashers (IEC 60436)
 Clothes washing machines (IEC 60456)
 Microwave ovens (IEC 60705)
 Tumble dryers (IEC 61121)
 Household electrical appliances - Measurement of standby power (IEC 62301)

 Upcoming work:
 New Standard on refrigerating equipment
 New performance indicators for cooking ranges
 New reference dishwashers (front and top-loading!)

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 Transmission and Distribution
 Production and utilization of electricity
often separated by large distances
 Transmission already highly efficient but
room for improvements

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 Room for improvement?
 Efficiency of large power transformers in SUS and SDS is quite high and may reach 99% but
depends mostly of the power delivered compared with the assigned rating value
 MV/LV transformers are of different types and their efficiency may range from 90% to 98%
 Cables carrying out great current sustain great heating and therefore create more losses by
Joule effect
 Utilities generally try to limit the energy losses in overhead lines to about 2.5%
 Between PP and SDS losses are 3-5%
 Between SDS and users losses 3-5%.
 Therefore, overall losses between PP and users 8-15%.

HV Overhead MV/LV Transf users

lines

SUS SDS
PP

MV/LV Transf

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 IEC TCs at work
 TC 7, Overhead electrical conductors
 TC 10, Fluids for electrotechnical applications
 TC 11, Overhead lines
 TC 13, Electrical energy measurement, tariff- and load-control
 TC 14, Power transformers
 TC 17, Switchgear and controlgear
 TC 20, Electric cables
 SC 22F, Power electronics for electrical transmission and distribution
systems
 TC 51, Magnetic components and ferrite materials
 TC 55, Winding wires
 TC 68, Magnetic alloys and steels
 TC 112, Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulating materials and
systems.

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 New technologies
 High efficiency transformers
 Electricity savings potential of switching to high
efficiency transformers estimated to be 200 TWh*
 High efficiency transformers are not new
 Available to customers who want to use them but
prices are higher
 Issue is for the customers to estimate the energy
savings which can be made during the life cycle of
the transformer
 Regulators may also impose to use that kind of
transformers in the context of the Kyoto protocole.
*Source Leonardo ENERGY
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 New technologies (cont)
 High Temperature Superconducting (HTS)
transformers
 When transformer is loaded, Joule heating of
copper coil adds considerably to amount of lost
energy (only 1% but still important)
 Unlike copper and aluminium, superconductors
present no resistance to the flow of electricity,
therefore losses due the Joule effect become zero
 Even with added cost of refrigeration, HTS
transformers in 10 MVA and higher range are
projected to be substantially more efficient and
less expensive than conventional counterparts.

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 New technologies (3)
 High temperature superconducting (HTS) cables offer lower loss, lighter
weight, and more compact dimensions
 Can lead to easier and faster installation of the cable system, fewer joints,
and reduced use of land
 Higher performance leads to reduced materials use and lighter and more
compact cable technology
 HTS cable backbones would be designed as DC systems with power ratings
in multiples of GVA. They can be designed as "virtual backbones" joining
and reinforcing existing networks, or as actual backbones traversing
continents
 HTS backbones as alternative or complement to gas and oil pipelines, oil
tankers and overland transport of hydrogen or other energy media
 IEC TCs are 14, Transformers, 20, Cables, 90, Superconductivity and 113,
Nanotechnologies.

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 Importance of Renewable
Energy
 World production of electricity expected to double
over next 25 years*
 Renewable energy production expected to
increase by 57%
 Large scale use of renewable energy important:
To eliminate dependence on fossil fuels
To combat global warming
To raise the living standard of people in
developing countries.
 Much of RE is an emerging field of research,
technology and manufacturing and a new industry
is growing up.
* International Energy Outlook 2006

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 IEC role in Renewable Energies
 Standardization helps technologies to become
marketable by
Providing foundation for certification systems
Promoting international trade of uniform high
quality products
Supporting transfer of expertise from traditional
energy systems
 Standardization of renewable energy technologies
requires dedicated effort to keep pace with
developments
 IEC is working to set the International Standards
that can serve the planet in this market sector.

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 IEC role in RE
 Provide technical performance and safety
standards
 Certification schemes when needed to ensure
quality to protect customers everywhere

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 IEC in Renewable Energies
 IEC works in three areas
 Water: TC 4, Hydraulic turbines.
 Sun: TC 82, Solar photovoltaic energy
systems.
 Wind: TC 88, Wind turbines.
 And also TC 105, Fuel cell technologies
 In certification, IECEE operates Photovoltaic
Certification

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 Hydro
 Some of the world’s biggest hydroelectric
powerplants produce millions of kilowatts
and billions of kilowatt hours
 Small means up to 15 MW
 Microhydro schemes can be as large as
500 kW and are generally run-of–the-river
developments for villages
 Pico-hydro systems have a capacity of 50 W
to 5 kW and are generally used for individuals
or clusters of households.
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 IEC Technical Committee 4
 IEC Technical Committee 4, Hydraulic
turbines prepares standards and technical
reports for designing, manufacturing,
commissioning, testing and operating
hydraulic machines
 Its focus, for now, is river projects
 These include turbines, storage pumps and
pump-turbines of all types as well as related
equipment such as speed governors and
performance evaluation and testing
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 TC 4 Work Programme
 Two main forces driving much of TC 4’s work are
new large-scale hydroelectric river projects and
refurbishment and up-rating of existing plants
 Work programme focuses on:
Turbine runners and pump impellers
Acceptance tests of hydro turbines, control
systems testing,
Evaluating both cavitation pitting and discharge
measurement methods
Hydraulic turbine efficiency, vibration, stability,
upgrading and rehabilitation
 Particle erosion is a potential future topic for TC 4.

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 New horizons on Oceans
 Ocean energy devices work with tides or with waves
 Ocean currents are another potential source of power
 These devices are either floating or fixed and, to generate
electrical energy, they tend either to oscillate or to rotate
 Research started in Japan in the 1940s, the technology
for it has been around since the 1970s and functioning
units have been deployed in various countries in the
1990s, mostly as prototypes.
 IEC/SMB may set up a new technical committee at
meeting in June 2007

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 Solar Power: Off-grid
 Today global market demand for PV (photovoltaic)
exceeds USD 5 billion annually
 Systems are now being deployed throughout the
industrialized and developing world on a
commercial scale
 Solar panels have mostly been used as standalone
systems for energy
 Market has developed in all markets
 Developing countries: off-grid and hybrid village
grid electrical services are now becoming available
to thousands of remote villages.
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 Solar: Grid connected
 Technically possible to connect solar panels to electricity grid
 Three developments show how important this branch is
becoming:
 Largest PV power plant (10 MW) facility in Bavaria, Germany
 Largest roof-top PV installation (5 MW) in South Hessen, Germany
 US manufacturer started marketing a 3 kW Grid Tie Solar Inverter for home use

 Systems rapidly increasing in numbers (government supported

programmes in Australia, Europe, Japan and the USA)
 Most systems located on residences and
public/commercial/industrial applications
 Installations of large scale centralized PV power stations,
typically owned by utilities, slower take off.

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 IEC and Solar: TC 82
 “Photovoltaic energy system“ includes the entire field from
light input to a solar cell to, and including, the interface with
electrical system(s)
 Standards produced on terms and symbols, design
qualification and type approval of modules, and parameters of
stand-alone systems
 Future work will include:
 System commissioning, maintenance and disposal
 Characterization and measurement of new thin film photovoltaic module technologies
 New technology storage systems
 Applications with special site conditions, such as tropical zone, northern latitudes and
marine areas
 Other areas such grid-connected systems on buildings and utility-connected inverters
 Environmental protection.

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 Blowing in the Wind
 72 million gigawatts is potential (five times world consumption
of energy of all types in 2002)*
 China set to become leader in wind power turbines (already
driving down wind turbine prices)
 Trends include:
 Increased size and rating for offshore installations
 Variable-speed operation
 Use of direct-drive generators

 Principal associated developments are:

 Resource evaluation (wind measurements, modelling)
 Improved aerodynamic efficiency
 Cost reductions (value engineering, component development)
 Advanced turbine development (new concepts)

 Greater use in Europe; development of offshore sites

advancing in the United States.
*Journal of Geophysical Researchsees

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 IEC TC 88 Work
 IEC Standards deal with safety, measurement
techniques and test procedures for wind turbine
generator systems
 Standards for design requirements, acoustic noise
measurement techniques, measurement of
mechanical loads, and communications for
monitoring and control of wind power plants
 Current work programme includes both standards
and design requirements for offshore wind
turbines, for gearboxes and for wind farm power
performance testing.

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 Fuel Cells
 Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert
hydrogen-rich gases or hydrocarbons and oxygen
from air into electrical power and heat
 Field of application is broad and technologies are
developing quickly and the industry is in the
transition
 The challenge to introducing fuel cell technology
into the mass market includes ensuring overall
safety and intercompatibility with existing
systems, and standards are an important step
towards commercialization

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 TC 105 and Fuel Cells
 IEC TC 105 created in 1998 to develop safety and interface
standards
 TC 105 standards are intended to cover the market demand of
fuel cell manufacturers, system integrators, installers and users.
 Moreover, they have to take into account the specific interests of
authorities, approval organizations, component manufacturers,
and fuel suppliers and interests related to infrastructure
surrounding Fuel Cell Systems
 TC 105 has already standardized the terminology and produced a
standard covering the essential aspects of a fuel cell module
 Now developing standards for safety and performance of
stationary and micro-systems.

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 Stakeholders and E3 and RE
 Public: IEC can help you understand the issues.
Look at how you can use and save electricity
 Governments: Standards can help in legislation,
and we can help you raise awareness for your
publics
 Industry: By using IEC Standards, you can save
money and contribute to a better world. By
making our standards, you do the same
 Other international, regional and national
organizations: Need to know about the IEC’s work.

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 Conclusion
 IEC has done a lot of excellent work in these
fields
 New Standards being developed to support
new technologies
 IEC is reaching out to stakeholders to make
most of IEC work
 We count on your support in delivering the
message.

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Thank you.