LESSON 1.

INTRODUCTION TO MIL

 Communication
the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information
or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else.
the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding
 Media Literacy
The ability to read, analyze, evaluate and produce communication in a variety of media forms.
 Information Literacy
The ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use and
communicate information in its various formats.
 Technology (Digital) Literacy
The ability to use digital technology, communication tools or networks to locate, evaluate, use, and
create information.
 Media and Information Literacy (MIL)
refers to the essential competencies (knowledge, skills and attitude) that allow citizens to engage
with media and other information providers effectively and develop critical thinking and life-long
learning skills for socializing and becoming active citizens

LESSON 2. EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL TO NEW MEDIA

 PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (BEFORE 1700)

People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone,
bronze, copper and iron
Example Forms of Media:
 Cave paintings (35,000 BC)
 Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)
 Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC)
 Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)
 Dibao in China (2nd Century)
 Codex in Mayan region (5th Century)
 Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD)
 INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700S TO 1930S)
People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production, and the
manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing press)
Example Forms of Media:
 Printing press for mass production (1900)
 Newspaper- The London Gazette (1740)
 Typewriter (1800) • Telephone (1876)
 Motion picture photography/projection (1890)
 Commercial motion pictures (1913)
 Motion picture with sound (1926)
 Telegraph • Punch cards
 ELECTRONIC AGE (1930S TO 1980S)
The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of
transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this
age, long distance communication became more efficient.
Example Forms of Media:
 Transistor Radio
 Television (1941)
 Large electronic computers
 Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704 (1960)
 OHP, LCD projectors
 NEW/ INFORMATION AGE (1900S TO 2000S)
The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social network.
People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile
devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We
are now living in the information age.
 Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet Explorer (1995)
 Blogs: Blogspot (1999), Wordpress (2003)
 Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), FB (2004), Instagram
 Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007)
 Video: YouTube (2005)
  FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA
o INFORM CITIZENS OF WHAT IS HAPPENING (MONITORING FUNCTION)
o EDUCATE THE AUDIENCE (MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE OF FACTS)
o PROVIDE A FLATFORM FOR PUBLIC DISCOURSE (PUBLIC OPINION AND
EXPRESSION OF DISSENT)
o “WATCHDOG” ROLE OF JOURNALISM
o CHANNEL FOR ADVOCACY FOR POLITICAL VIEWPOINTS

LESSON 3. INFORMATION LITERACY

 WHY DO YOU NEED INFORMATION?

TO BE UPDATED WITH THE NEWS, FOR LEARNING / EDUCATION PURPOSES, FOR
COMMUNICATION, TO ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE NEEDED FOR DECISION-MAKING.
 WHERE DO YOU SEARCH FOR INFORMATION?
INTERNET, TELEVISION, LIBRARY, RADIO, NEWSPAPERS, ETC.
 HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE AND STORE INFORMATION?
WRITE, PRINT, PHOTOCOPY, PHOTOGRAPH, DOWNLOAD, CLOUD STORAGE, RECORD,
EXTERNAL MEMORY DRIVES, MEMORY CARDS
 How will you determine the quality and accuracy of the information that you have?
It should come from a reputable source, such as an institution
 How do you use the information that you have?
share, apply, announce, post, archive, reminder, answer a query, clarify confusion
 How will you communicate information?
announcement, text, post to social media, face to face session, note, chat, email, save file
 5 Components of Information Literacy by Seminole State Library

 Stages of INFORMATION LITERACY

 IDENTIFYING/RECOGNIZING INFORMATION NEEDS
 DETERMINING SOURCES OF INFORMATION
 CITING OR SEARCHING FOR INFORMATION
 ANALYZING AND EVALUATING THE QUALITY OF INFORMATION
 ORGANIZING, STORING OR ARCHIVING INFORMATION
 USING INFORMATION IN AN ETHICAL, EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE WAY
 CREATING AND COMMUNICATING NEW KNOWLEDGE
 PLAGIARISM:
USING OTHER PEOPLE’S WORDS AND IDEAS WITHOUT CLEARLY
ACKNOWLEDGING THE SOURCE OF THE INFORMATION
 COMMON KNOWLEDGE:
FACTS THAT CAN BE FOUND IN NUMEROUS PLACES AND ARE LIKELY TO BE
WIDELY KNOWN.
 INTERPRETATION:
YOU MUST DOCUMENT FACTS THAT ARE NOT GENERALLY KNOWN, OR IDEAS
THAT INTERPRET FACTS.
 QUOTATION:
USING SOMEONE’S WORDS DIRECTLY. WHEN YOU USE A DIRECT QUOTE, PLACE
THE PASSAGE BETWEEN QUOTATION MARKS, AND DOCUMENT THE SOURCE
ACCORDING TO A STANDARD DOCUMENTING STYLE.
 PARAPHRASE:
USING SOMEONE’S IDEAS, BUT REPHRASING THEM IN YOUR OWN WORDS.
ALTHOUGH YOU WILL USE YOUR OWN WORDS TO PARAPHRASE, YOU MUST STILL
ACKNOWLEDGE AND CITE THE SOURCE OF THE INFORMATION.
LESSON 4. TYPES OF MEDIA CONVERGENCE

 MEDIA
The main means of mass communication* (broadcasting, publishing, and the Internet) regarded
collectively.
 Print media
PRINT MEDIA IS ONE OF THE OLDEST AND BASIC FORMS OF COMMUNICATION. IT
INCLUDES NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, BANNERS & GRAPHICS, POSTERS AND
OTHER FORMS OF PRINTED MATERIAL. THE CONTRIBUTION OF PRINT MEDIA IN
PROVIDING INFORMATION AND TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE IS REMARKABLE.
 Broadcast media
BROADCAST MEDIA IS THE MOST EXPEDIENT MEANS TO TRANSMIT INFORMATION
IMMEDIATELY TO THE WIDEST POSSIBLE AUDIENCE, (E.G., TV’S, SITCOMS, RADIOS,
ETC.).
 New media
products and services that provide information or entertainment using computers or the internet,
and not by traditional methods such as television and newspapers
 Media Convergence
o The co-existence of traditional and new media.
o The co-existence of print media, broadcast media (radio and television), the Internet,
mobile phones, as well as others, allowing media content to flow across various platforms.
o The ability to transform different kinds of media into digital code, which is then accessible
by a range of devices (ex. from the personal computer to the mobile phone), thus creating a
digital communication environment.

LESSON 4.2. MASS MEDIA EFFECTS

 Mass Media
refer to channels of communication that involve transmitting information in some way, shape or
form to large numbers of people
 Media Effects
are the intended or unintended consequences of what the mass media does (Denis McQuail, 2010)
o Third – party Theory
 People think they are more immune to media influence than others.
o Reciprocal Effect
 When a person or event gets media attention, it influences the way the person acts
or the way the event functions.
 Media coverage often increases self-consciousness, which affects our actions.
o Boomerang Effect
 refers to media-induced change that is counter to the desired change
o Cultivation Theory (George Gerbner)
 states that media exposure, specifically to television, shapes our social reality by
giving us a distorted view on the amount of violence and risk in the world.
o Propaganda Model of Media Control (Herman & Chomsky )
 The model tries to understand how the population is manipulated, and how the
social, economic, political attitudes are fashioned in the minds of people through
propaganda.
 WHAT IS PROPAGANDA?
ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a
cause, a political leader, a government, etc.

LESSON 5. MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES

 Things to Consider in Evaluating Information:

o Reliability
o -Accuracy
o -Value
o -Authority
o –Timeliness
 RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION
Information is said to be reliable if it can be verified and evaluated. Others refer to the
trustworthiness of the source in evaluating the reliability of information.
 ACCURACY OF INFORMATION
Accuracy refers to the closeness of the report to the actual data. Measurement of accuracy varies,
depending on the type of information being evaluated.
o Forecasts - similar to the actual data.
o Financial - values are correct
 VALUE OF INFORMATION
Information is said to be of value if it aids the user in making or improving decisions.
 AUTHORITY OF THE SOURCE
o Who authored or published the information?
o Is the source credible?
 TIMELINESS
Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary based on the time it was produced or
acquired. It may become irrelevant and inaccurate with the passing of time (thus making it less
valuable)
 WHAT IS AN INTERNET?
a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities,
consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.
 SKILLS IN DETERMINING THE RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION.
o Check the author - The author’s willingness to be identified is a good indication of
reliability.
o Check the date of publication or of update - While the information may be true, it may not
be reliable if it is outdated and may have lost relevance.
o Check for citations - Reliable authors have the discipline of citing sources of their
information.
o Check the domain or owner of the site or page - The domains .edu and .gov are reserved
for academic institutions and the government respectively. Information from such sites are
presented with caution and are usually well-grounded. Site owners may have an agenda
that affects the manner by which information is presented.
o Check the site design and the writing style - Credible sources take time to make their
information accessible and easy to comprehend.
 WHAT IS A LIBRARY?
o A place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials
o (such as books, manuscripts, recordings, or films) are kept for use but not for sale
(Merriam Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary)
 4 MAJOR TYPES OF LIBRARIES:
o ACADEMIC LIBRARY
 serves colleges and universities
o PUBLIC LIBRARY
 serves cities and towns of all types
o SCHOOL LIBRARY
 serves students from Kindergarten to Grade 12
o SPECIAL LIBRARY
 are in specialized environments, such as hospitals, corporations, museums, the
military, private business, and the government.
 Indigenous knowledge (IK)
is the local knowledge – knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society. Most often it is not
written down. IK contrasts with the international knowledge system generated by universities,
research institutions and private firms. (Warren 1991)
 INDIGENOUS COMMUNICATION
o transmission of information through local channels or forms
o it is a means by which the culture is preserved, handed down and adapted
 INDIGENOUS MEDIA
May be defined as forms of media expression conceptualized, produced, and circulated by
indigenous people around the globe as vehicles for communication.
 LESSON 6. MEDIA INFORMATION LANGUAGES

 Media Languages
ARE CODES, CONVENTIONS, FORMATS, SYMBOLS AND NARRATIVE STRUCTURES
THAT INDICATE THE MEANING OF MEDIA MESSAGES TO AN AUDIENCE
 Codes
ARE SYSTEMS OF SIGNS THAT WHEN PUT TOGETHER CREATE MEANING.
 SEMIOTICS –
THE STUDY OF SIGNS AND SYMBOLS AND THEIR USE OR INTERPRETATION
 SYMBOLIC CODES
show what is beneath the surface of what we see (objects, setting, body language, clothing, color,
etc.) or iconic symbols that are easily understood

 TECHNICAL CODES
o Are ways in which equipment is used to tell the story
o This includes sound, camera angles, types of shots and lighting as well as camera
techniques, framing, depth of field, lighting, exposure and juxtaposition.
 CONVENTIONS
o Refers to a standard or norm that acts as a rule governing behaviour
o Are generally established and accepted ways of doing something
 MESSAGE
the information sent to a receiver from a source
 AUDIENCE
the group of consumers for whom the media message was constructed as well as anyone else who
is exposed to the message
 PRODUCERS
People engaged in the process of creating and putting together media content to make a finished
media product
 STAKEHOLDERS
Libraries, archives, museums, internet and other relevant information providers.

LESSON 7. LEGAL, ETHICAL, & SOCIETAL ISSUES IN MEDIA & INFORMATION

 Republic Act No.10175 Or the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012

o is a law in the Philippines approved on September 12, 2012 which aims to address legal
issues concerning online interactions and the Internet
o Among the cybercrime offenses included in the bill are cybersquatting,cybersex, child
pornography, identity theft, illegal access to data and libel.
 CYBER
relating to, or involving computers or computer networks (such as the Internet)
 Cyberspace
refers to the virtual computer world, and more specifically, is an electronic medium used to form
a global computer network to facilitate online communication
 Cybercrime
refers to the criminal activities carried out by means of computers or the Internet
 CYBERBULLYING
the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an
intimidating or threatening nature
 Hacking
refers to the practice of modifying or altering computer software and hardware to accomplish a
goal that is considered to be outside of the creator's original objective.
 Phishing
is the attempt to obtain sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card
details (and, indirectly, money), often for malicious reasons, by disguising as a trustworthy entity
in an electronic communication.
 Illegal Downloading
refers to obtaining files that you do not have the right to use from the Internet.
 Digital Piracy
the practice of illegally copying and selling digital music, video, computer software, etc.
 Identity Theft
is the deliberate use of someone else's identity, usually as a method to gain a financial advantage
or obtain credit and other benefits in the other person's name, and perhaps to the other person's
disadvantage or loss
 Cyber Defamation
is an unprivileged false statement of fact which tends to harm the reputation of a person or
company
o 2 Types of Defamation:
 Libel - written
 Slander - verbal
 CYBERSEX
o also called computer sex, Internet sex, netsex
o is a virtual sex encounter in which two or more people (connected remotely via internet)
send each other sexually explicit contents or sexually explicit acts
 Child Pornography
is a form of child sexual exploitation
 Cybersquatting
o is registering, trafficking in, or using an Internet domain name with bad faith intent to
profit from the goodwill of a trademark belonging to someone else.
o The cybersquatter then offers to sell the domain to the person or company who owns a
trademark contained within the name at an inflated price.
 COPYRIGHT
o a legal device that gives the creator of a literary, artistic, musical, or other creative work
the sole right to publish and sell that work.
o Copyright owners have the right to control the reproduction of their work, including the
right to receive payment for that reproduction.
 Violation of a copyright is called infringement.
 PLAGIARISM
an act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author
without authorization; the representation of that author's work as one's own, as by not crediting
the original author
 FAIR USE
is a legal concept that allows the reproduction of copyrighted material for certain purposes
without obtaining permission and without paying a fee. Purposes permitting the application of
fair use generally include review, news reporting, teaching, or scholarly research.
 Computer Addiction
- the excessive use of computers to the extent that it interferes with daily life. This excessive use
may for example interfere with work or sleep, result in problems with social interaction, or affect
mood, relationships and thought processes.
 Digital Divide
an economic inequality between groups in terms of access to, use of, or knowledge of ICT. The
divide within countries can refer to inequalities between individuals, households, businesses, and
geographic areas at different socioeconomic (and other demographic) levels
 Virtual Self
The persona you create about yourself virtually
 Netiquette
the correct or acceptable way of communicating on the Internet.
LESSON 9. CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS

 Haptics
is the science of applying touch (tactile) sensation and control to interaction with computer
applications
 HAPTICS TECHNOLOGY
is a feedback technology (using computer applications) that takes advantage of the user’s sense of
touch by applying force, vibrations and/or motions to the user
 CONTEXTUAL AWARENESS
by combining ‘hard sensor’ information such as where you are and the conditions around you,
combined with ‘soft sensors’ such as your calendar, your social network and past preferences -
future devices will constantly learn about who you are and how you live, work and play
 VOICE AND TONE RECOGNITION
Not only can voice and tone recognition be used to confirm a person’s identity but tone
recognition can be used to detect a person’s health or emotional state.
 Intelligent Routing Devices
This future technology will be useful to, for example, local councils. While on the move, staff will
be able to provide the precise description and location of a street-based issue using Smartphones
 Artificial Intelligence
the power of a machine to copy intelligent human behavior
 Eye Tracking Technology
measures eye positions and movements which are analyzed through computer applications
o Could have many possible application including:
 Law enforcement (lie detection)
 Airport Security
 Retail
 Safety
 Health Care
 Human-Computer Interaction
 Internet Glasses
Technology that can display images directly onto our retinas while not blocking our sight is
being developed. This technology can be used in eyeglasses and have uses ranging from e-Gaming
to military defense
 Wearable Technology
are smart electronic devices (electronic device with microcontrollers) that can be worn on the
body as implant or accessories
 3D Environment
are often referred to as virtual reality or interactive 3D and have a figurative appearance
 Ubiquitous Learning
is often simply defined as learning anywhere, anytime and is therefore closely associated with
mobile technologies
o Key Characteristics of Ubiquitous Learning:
 Permanency - Learning materials are always available unless purposely deleted.
 Accessibility - Access from everywhere as personally required.
 Immediacy - Wherever a student is, he/she can immediately access learning
materials.
 Interactivity - Online collaboration with teachers and / or peers (chat / blogs /
forums)
 Situated instructional Activities - Learning in context (on-site).
 Adaptability - Getting the right information at the right place for the right
student.
 MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSE (MOOC) –
a course of study made available over the Internet without charge to a very large number of
people.
LESSON 10. MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERATE INDIVIDUAL

 MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERATE

ENABLES PEOPLE TO INTERPRET AND MAKE INFORMED JUDGMENTS AS USERS OF
INFORMATION AND MEDIA, AS WELL AS TO BECOME SKILLFUL CREATORS AND
PRODUCERS OF INFORMATION AND MEDIA MESSAGES IN THEIR OWN RIGHT.
 IMPROVED QUALITY OF LIFE
o PEOPLE OR THE NETIZENS CAN EVALUATE THE INFORMATION.
o *RAISE AWARENESS
o *PREVENTS FOOLISHNESS
o *BUSINESS/JOB OPPORTUNITIES
o *EASY LIFE
o *IMPROVED INFORMATION LITERACY SKILLS
o *ENHANCE COMMUNICATION SKILLS
 GREATER POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
o POLITICALLY ENGAGED
o *POLITICALLY ACTIVE
o *POLITICALLY SMART
o *POLITICALLY CONCERN
o *RESPONSIBLE CITIZEN
 BETTER ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
o ECONOMICALLY AWARE
o *KNOWLEDGEABLE
o *GREAT CHANCE OF EMPLOYMENT
o *GREAT CHANGE OF SELF-EMPLOYMENT
o *HAVE A NICE CHOICE OF BUSINESS
o *ADVERTISEMENTS
 IMPROVED LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
o *EASY WAY OF LEARNING
o *TECHNOLOGICALLY SMART
o *BROADER KNOWLEDGE
o *TECHNOLOGY LITERATE
o *INCREASE EDUCATIONAL INTEREST.
o *FUN LEARNING
 MORE COHESIVE SOCIAL UNITS
o SOCIALLY ACTIVE
o *EASY COMMUNICATING PROCESS
o *BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PEOPLE IN A SOCIETY
o *SOCIALLY AWARE
o *RAISE OF RESPECT FOR CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY
 DISCOVER AND EXPLORE BEAUTIFUL PLACES.
 INTEREST
 JOB PURPOSES