Design and Development of Portable Mini Dishwasher

Design and Development of Portable mini Dish Washer
Chapter 1
1. Introduction :
Urbanisation and climate change will bring challenges to the way we design our future
homes. Since the middle of 2009, more people are living in cities than in rural areas. A
decline has been seen both in the average household size and floor area per person. With
more people living in less area per person, there will be a growing need for more space
efficient as well as energy efficient solutions. A dishwasher can save both energy and water
compared to manual dishwashing. Still, many small households are without a dishwasher
due to limited space.
By using a dishwasher instead of washing by hand, you save not only time but also energy
and water. Still, many households are without a dishwasher because of limited space in
their kitchens.
The aim of this project is to develop a dishwasher for small households with limited living
space. The final concept should be compatible with standard measures used in kitchen
modules.
The aim is also to reduce the environmental impact of dishwashing compared to washing
dishes by hand.
To evaluate the possibilities of saving water and energy related to the dishwashing process,
the total water consumption of the kitchen was considered. The final concept is a solution
that handles all washing and waste management of the kitchen in one unit, where the sink
unit and the dishwasher are designed to support each other. A great focus lies on flexibility
of use to support the various tasks handled in the kitchen.
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 1

1.2. Introduction to Basic Concepts :

1.2.1 The dishwasher cycle
The washing cycle of a dishwasher can be divided into several steps. A normal washing
cycle includes at least a pre-wash, a main wash and a rinse. Water temperature, duration
and how many iterations the dishwasher will perform depends on what dishwashing
program the dishwasher is running. The dishwasher cycle is designed to give a good
cleaning result while minimizing water and energy use As cleaning performance is
determined by temperature, time, chemistry and mechanical action, this means that an eco-
program will consume less water and energy.
1.2.2 Pre-wash
The pre-wash prepares dishes for the main wash phase. The purpose of the pre-wash is to
soak dishes and to remove loose particles which are drained at the end of this phase. By
removing loose particles, less particles will be available to dissolve and soil the water
during the main wash. The pre-wash is normally performed without heating or detergent.
1.2.3 Main wash
The main wash is done to remove soil that did not dissolve during the pre-wash phase. At
this stage heat and detergent are added to increase the cleaning performance. The water is
then drained before the rinse phase.
1.2.4 Rinse
Rinsing is done to remove soiled water remaining from the main wash phase that include
food particles and detergent. The rinsing often consists of two steps. During the first rinse,
no heat is added. During the final rinse, water is heated and rinse-aid added to prepare for
the drying process.
1.2.5 Drying

As the water is heated and rinse aid added during the last rinse this will not only speed up
the drying process but also have a positive effect on the cleaning result .
Chapter 2
2.1 literature review
Alternate design solution of dish washing for domestic purpose

“Prof. Kshirsagar. P. R. and Solkar. R. I , april 2014”.

In this research paper author mention comparison with the existing dish washer.
A dishwasher is a mechanical device for cleaning dishware and cutlery. Unlike
manualdishwashing, which relies largely on physical scrubbing to remove soiling, the
mechanical dishwasher cleans by spraying hot water, typically between 45 and 75 °C (110
and 170 °F), at the dishes, with lower temperatures used for delicate items. A mix of water
and detergent is pumped to one or more rotating spray arms, which blast the dishes with
the cleaning mixture. Once the wash is finished, the water is drained, more hot water is
pumped in and a rinse cycle begins. After the rinse cycle finishes and the water is drained,
the dishes are dried using one of several drying methods. Typically, a rinse aid is used to
eliminate water spots for streak-free dishes and glassware resulting from hardwater or
other reasons.In addition to domestic units, industrial dishwashers are available for use in
commercial establishments such as hotels and restaurants, where a large number of dishes
must be cleaned. Washing is conducted with temperatures of 65–71 °C and sanitation is
achieved by either the use of a booster heater that will provide a 82 °C "final rinse"
temperature or through the use of a chemical sanitizer. The first patent for a dish washing
machine was taken in1850 by Joel Houghton. It was a wooden machine with a hand-
turned wheel which splashed water on dishes. It was not very good at washing dishes.
Design and development of semi-automatic dish washer

“Prof. Dhale. A. D. and Prof. Godke. L.S”.
Washing dishes is most commonly done activity in the world, in most of families
peoplewash dishes by hand which is straining to muscles and detergent is chemically
harmful.. As far as manual process is concerned in houses of India, washing is done by
hand scrubbing which is straining to the muscles through its energy and postural
requirements. It may also lead to clinical, anatomical disorders and back pain which may
affect the operator‘s health. Many of their household chores are performed by the women
and some can be very physically challenging and time ‐ consuming. So in several ways in
which we can improve their lifestyle, and one aspect that we can improve on is the way
they wash their dishes. Currently the chore of washing dishes is performed by the women,
and can be very labor intensive as it is done for up to several hours each week. The same
can be experienced in marriage ceremony with caterers. In today‘s world of Automation
Era it is barely possible to find any field that implemented atomization which reduces

Human effort, improves Production rate and also increases Efficiency. Then it could
be the biggest manufacturing industry, Pharmaceutical industry, Hospitality field and
even Household or Kitchen automation. But still our country is not getting enough
benefits from automation and the reason behind this limitation is less Knowledge about
automatic products, High device cost, kind of nascence feeling about atomized devices.
However this fear is not seen in the product which does not involves much
Sensors, Complex Electronic Circuits, and simple easy User Friendly devices. The
very familiar example of Automatic dishwasher. This automatic dishwasher is used on
mass scale in foreign countries, however the same is rarely seen in our country.
Design of special purpose dish washing machine

“Prof. Igoke Major and Valentine Zorta, 2018”.
In this research paper the work was designed to take less quantity of water compare to
that wasted on manual hand washing of plates.
In this research paper they studied that dish washing machine is very efficient and the
result must be statistically significant. A dishwasher is a mechanical device for washing and
cleaning dishes and eating/cooking utensils. Dishwashers can be found in restaurants and
homes. The practice of dish washing is as old as man. Every natural man knows by
intuition that he needs to wash what he had used if he must use it again. Locally, dishes are
washed by hand by scrubbing them and immersing them in a rinse of plain water.
Silverware is washed by placing loose silverware in a tray, washing them several
times, while dishes made of plastics are usually more difficult to clean when it comes in
contact with greasy and oily meals. Before the advent of mechanical washers, a family’s
home washing was done in a wooden or galvanized tub being rubbed on a corrugated
washboard to force the water through and the dirt out. Then the wash was put through a
wringer to squeeze out the excess water and family hung on a line to dry. There are
cultural divisions over rinsing and drying after washing.
Development of sustainable dishwasher for compact living

“Sofie Adersson, Johan Hagejard, 2016”.
In this research paper we hae studied that, now a days compact living found, so that
development of portable mini dish washer is essential for compact living. And it
significantly reduce the water and energy usage.

By using a dishwasher instead of washing by hand, you save not only time but also energy
and water. Still, many households are without a dishwasher because of limited space
in their kitchens. Most of the dishwashers that exist on the market today are suited
for larger kitchens and households. The smaller variants that exist are often in the
category of benchtop dishwashers. These are in many cases too bulky to fit into
kitchens with limited workspace, which is typical for the compact kitchen. At the same
time, they can only handle limited variants of dishes and do not fully replace the standard
sized machines.
Therefore, there is an opportunity to explore the needs and requirements related to
dishwashing in small households and develop a dishwashing machine to meet those
needs. This is also an opportunity for Electrolux to explore a new market of
dishwashers and promote a more sustainable way of handling dishes.
Design and fabrication of automatic dish washer

“V. Shivkumar, R.B. Vyankatesh, 2017”.
In this research paper the dish washer should be quite in noise of operation. Manual wash
done with cold water but in this dish washer hot water is used which helps to kill the
germs. A dishwasher is a mechanical device for cleaning eating-utensils and dishes
.Dishwashers can be found in private homes and hotels. Unlike manual dishwashing‘s,
which depend largely on physical scrubbing to remove soiling, the mechanical
dishwasher cleans by the brush and by spraying water, at the dishes. A mix of water
and detergent is circulated by a pump. Water is pumped to one or more rotating
sprays arms, which blast the dishes with the cleaning mixture. Once the wash is
finished, the water is drained. After the rinse cycle finishes and the water is drained, and
the dishes are left in the atmosphere for drying. The function of the dishwasher is to
provide the mechanical action necessary to distribute and direct the detergent
solution and rinse waters over, under and around the dishes to loosen and remove soil.
The dishwasher must also remove soil-laden waters from the machine after Each phase of
the cycle and provide for the drying of dishes after the cleaning process has been
completed
Comparison of hand washing and dish washer machine

“Joney Binstock, Siara Gandhi, Etrin steva, 2015”.

We studied that energy used to run dish washer and energy used to heat water for dish
washer is most important variable. As we varries the temperature of hot water the
efficiency of the dish washer get varries.
The goal of this analysis is to determine whether or not a dishwashing machine is more
energy efficient and more water efficient than hand-washing dishes. Additionally, the
analysis aims to see which process of cleaning dishes has a larger environmental impact, as
measured by carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Every time a household faces the choice of hand-
washing or using a dishwasher, the household impacts the environment. While the
economic cost of investing in a dishwasher is well documented, the environmental cost is
not clear. The processes that can contribute to the environmental impact of hand-washing
include the water supply (transportation & treatment) and the gas used to heat the water.
The processes that can contribute to the environmental impact of dishwashers include the
water supply (transportation & treatment), the gas to heat the water, electricity to run the
dishwasher (electricity generation), and the manufacturing of the dishwasher. Finally, we
did not evaluate the environmental implications of sinks because it was assumed all
households will have a kitchen sink whereas that is not the case with a dishwasher
Primary Product Development of a compact dishwasher

“Björn Olsson, 2007-08-16”
The master thesis is the last course taken in a Master of Science degree and corresponds
to 20 points (20 weeks) of work. This thesis work is done at the Royal Institute of
Technology (Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan), KTH for a Master of Science degree in
Design and Product Realization with a specialisation in Integrated Product Development
(Integrerad Produktutveckling), IPD. The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) is
Sweden’s largest technical university and is located in Stockholm. KTH stands for one-
third of all the engineering studies and technical research at post-secondary level in
Sweden. The thesis work was performed at the Primary Development Dish Care
Department at Electrolux Major Appliances, Stockholm, Sweden. The dishwashing area is
a part of Electrolux Home Products (EHP) with headquarters in Brussels, which is a
world leading producer of appliances and equipment for kitchen and cleaning. The Primary

Development Department of dishwashers forms together with the Product Development

and Industrial Design Centre, the organization for development of new products. There is
also a Materials and Simulation Department, CTI (Core and technology innovation), that
supports the above mentioned departments. The different activities are located in different
countries: Product development is located in Nürnberg in Germany, factories in Solaro in
Italy and Zarow in Poland, CTI and part of marketing organization in Porcia in Italy,
Primary development in Stockholm in Sweden.
2.2 Summery of litreatur review
 Washing dishes by conventional method is very time consuming task.

 From the above research papers we got the information about design
consideration, scope, objective,etc.
 Above research papers are useful for the identifying component, mechanisms links
which are useful for the development of the model.
 We can use the data of a research paper for proper and effective working for a
project machine.
Chapter 3
3.1 Problem Statement
To design development and manufacturing of portable mini dish washer and its
experimental study. To save water, energy consumption and to save the manual effort.
Every single lady in world is getting rid of washing untensils. It causes slit in hands and
process is very time consuming and wastage of water. So we are going to design a
machine which solve this problem in particular area of dish.

lady washing a dish

Figure 2
3.2 Methodology
Prepare of research paper and collection of data for project
Design the layout of model

Calculation of model
Manufacturing and assembly of parts
Testing and analysis of model
Conclusion
3.3 Aim
In this project is to develop a dishwasher for small household with limited living space.
It reduce the over all impact of dishwashing compared to washing dishes by hand.
3.4 Objectives
1. Design of portable mini dish washer.
2. Manufacturing of portable mini dish washer.
3. Establish experimental setup and testing on setup.

4. Validate the result with conventional result.
Chapter 4
4.1 Survey for the household method

For 4 person family
Feedback no. 1
Name : Mrs. Anuja Anil Deshpande
Question Answer
Which method do you use for washing the Conventional method.
dishes, conventinal or automatic
dishwasher?
How much time required? 25-30 min approx..
How much water required for this process? 13-14 liters
If we suggest automatic dishwasher instead Will be.
of conventional method because of its
plenty uses, will you prefer?
Table 1

Feedback no. 2
Name : Mrs. Jayashree Rajesh Varma
Question Answer
dishwasher?
How much water required for this process? 13.15-5 liters
If we suggest automatic dishwasher instead yes.
Table 2
Feedback no. 3
Name : Mrs. Vandana sunil Ragatwan
Question Answer
Which method do you use for washing the Automactic dish waher.
dishwasher?
If we suggest better automatic dishwasher Will be.
instead of yours dishwasher because of its
Table 3
Feedback no. 4
Name : Mrs. Pranita atul zambare
Question Answer
dishwasher?
If we suggest automatic dishwasher instead No.
Table 4
Feedback no. 5
Name : Mrs. Neha Nikhil Kumar
Question Answer
dishwasher?


If we suggest automatic dishwasher instead Once your product get manufacture, we will
of conventional method because of its think about it.
Table 5
Feedback no. 6
Name : Mrs. Vibha Rajan Samkaye
Question Answer
dishwasher?
If we suggest automatic dishwasher instead Yes.
Table 6
Feedback no. 7
Name : Mrs. Veena Deepak Wadkar
Question Answer
dishwasher?
Table 7
Feedback no. 8
Name : Mrs. Pariniti Pandurang Pisal
Question Answer
dishwasher?


Table 8
Feedback no. 9
Name : Mrs. Amruta sagar deshpande
Question Answer
dishwasher?
Table 9
Feedback no. 10
Name : Mrs. Vaibhavi Borawke
Question Answer
dishwasher?
If we suggest automatic dishwasher instead No.
Table 10
Feedback no. 11
Name : Mrs. Shruti Anmol Deshpande
Question Answer
dishwasher?
How much water required for this process? 17.50-19 liters

Table 11
Feedback no. 12
Name : Mrs. Shubhangi Amol Kulkarni
Question Answer
dishwasher?
Table 12
4.2Idea generation
1.To reduce manual effort by using mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic power.
2.Thus, our system reduces the water required for washing the dishes by using
pneumatic air spray. Human efforts are reduced by using dish washer system.
3.The Idea of arm which holds scruber is from method of dish washing
4.Some research is done in past from that conclusion has been given that dish
washer has several advantages as compare to hand washing. It can save time as
well as
1. Saving of water consumption
2. Saving of energy consumption
3. More hygienic with dish washer
4. Time saving
5. Drying process becomes easier.
6. Utensils with small opening can be wash properly.
5.With the help of dish washer, we can wash utensils with very less effort and
properly washing is done. With the help of hand washing of dish we used cold
water and manual effort, But in dish washer we used hot water and compressed
air. So that oily dish can be easily washed. And germs can be reduced with hot
water. So as per study we discuss and decide to develop portable mini dish
washer.

4.3 Flow diagram of dishwasher
Flow diagram of dishwasher

Figure 1
4.3.1 Spray arm
The spray has ten spray nozzles through which the high-pressured water escape to the
plates (dishes) the spray supply water with sufficient pressure which blast on the dishes
causing stain removal action.
4.3.2 Spray Supply Pipe
This pipe is made of steel and it is directly connect the heat exchanger to the spray.
It attached to the heat exchanger and the top.

4.3.3 High Pressure Pipe
This pipe connects the pump to the heat exchanger. It carries cold water. It is made of
strong plastic.
4.3.4 Heat Exchanger
The heat exchanger is made of steel cylinder with heating coil inside. Cold water from the
pump enters the cylinder, get heated and discharge through pipe 1 to the spray.
4.3.5 Water Pump
This pump provides pressure and speed to the supply water and supply it to the exchanger.
4.3.6 Electric Motor
The motor is a compressed type and has the function of compress the air.

5 Design cad Model
5.1 Storage tank
Design in Cad Model

Figure 3
5.1.1Component Spcification
Four compartment
Comaprtment 1 :- It is made up from stainless steel. It has storage capacity of two liters.
Its inlet is connected to the pump and outlet is connected to other compartmens which
contain hot water and cold water.
Compartment 2 :- It is made up of stainless steel.. It has storage capacity of 2 liters.

Heating coil is present in this compartment for heating of water at desirable temperature.
Inner portion is coated with copper to prevent heat disipition
Comapartment 3 :- It alos made from stainless steel. It has storage capacity of 2 liter. It
contains liquid soap.

Compartment 4 :- Made up from stainless steel. 2 liter storage capacity. It contains cold
water to clean the dish.
5.2 Hand lever
Design in cad model

Figure 4
It consist arm of dishwaher, rotating shaft and brush.

Arm is used for holding purpose. On the arm switches are provided for proper
supply of hot water, cold water and compressed air.
Rotating shaft rotates the brush which is mounted on one end of shaft.
Brush is used for cleaning purpose. There is actual contact of brush and utensils.
5.3 Praposed design

Proposed cad model

Figure 5
It consist of assembly of storages tanks and shaft, brush and dishwasher arm.
5.4 Selection procedure of component
5.4.1 Pump
It is used for lift the water from ground level to some height or distance.
Voltage 12 v
Power 60 W
Max pressure 0.8 Mpa
Output 5 Lpm
Spcification of pump
Table 13
5.4.2 Electric Motor
Features of 150 RPM High Torque 12 Volt DC Gear Motor:
 150RPM 12V DC motors with Metal Gearbox and Metal Gears.

 18000 RPM base motor.
 6mm Diameter shaft with M3 thread hole.
 Gearbox diameter 37 mm.
 Motor Diameter 28.5 mm.
 Length 63 mm without shaft.
 Shaft length 30mm.
 180gm weight.
 32 kg cm torque.
 No-load current = 800 mA, Load current = upto 7.5 A(Max).
5.4.3 Ball Bearings
Principal Dimensions
Inside diameter: 17mm
Outside diameter: 35mm
Width: 10mm
Basic Load Ratings

Dynamic: 6.37kn
Static: 3.25kn
Speed Ratings
Reference speed: 45000 r/min
Limiting speed: 22000 r/min
Dimensions mm
d1: 23

d2: -
D2: 31.4
5.4.4 Fitments
Pipe 1:
Material:
 PVC Compound Grade Equivalent to PVC 1120 / 2120
Sizes:
 1/2" to 4" Sch. - 40
Colour:
 White with Blue Stripes - Sch. 40
Dimension:
 Standard Length 1 feet
Features and Benefits
 Excellent Corrosion and Chemical Resistance
 No sediment deposition, No reduction in bore size
 Optimum flow rates
 UV Stabilized
 Non Corrosive
 Fire Resistance
Areas of Application
 Cold Water Distribution Systems, Homes, Offices,
 Residential, Complexes, Commercial Complexes,.
Areas of Application - Industrial
 Industrial Cold Water Process Lines, R.O. System (Reverse Osmosis),
 Water Purifier Plants, Salt Water Lines, Dye Plants, Chrome &
Zinc Plating, Tanning Plants, Sugar, Paper and Distillery Industries
Pipe 2:
Outside Diameter 15.80 mm Minimum, 16.00 mm Maximum

Brand Ajay
Standard IS15778 ASTM D 2846

Class of Pipe Class-1/SDR-11

Sizes Available 1/2"/ 2", 15 (1/2") mm
Tolerance +- 0.08
Wall Thickness 1.70 mm Minimum
Item Code FGCPISI11315
Specification of pipe
Table 14
Features:
 Fast and Easy to Install
 Corrosion Resistant
 Leak Proof
 Cost Effective
 Higher pipe Pressure Rating at elevated temperature.
 Higher factor of safety for the system
 Longer service life at same operating condition
 Normal factor of safety
 Normal service life
6. Component of dish washer
6.1 Reciprocating compresser
The compression principle of centrifugal compressor is quite different from that of

reciprocating or rotary type compressor.
When the air passes through the rotating impeller it experiences force or work which is
performed by centrifugal forces. The work input takes place as an increase in pressure and

velocity or speed of the air flow through the impeller. The air flow looses it’s velocity after
entering in the diffuser section. The diffuser is actually a fixed or static component that
escorts the air flow when it leaves the impeller. This loss in velocity eventually results in an
additional increase of pressure. The impeller and the diffuser contributes about 65% and
35% of the total pressure developed or produced in the compressor.
Reciprocating Compressor
Figure 6
1.Casing and inlet
The above mentioned components are usually protected or guarded by a casing or housing
. A case house consists of number of bearings in order to provide radial and axial support
of the rotor. The case also contain nozzles along with inlets and discharge flow
connections in order to introduce and extract flow from the compressor.
2. Impellers.
The impellers are assembled or mounted on a steel shaft and this assembly is known as
compressor rotor (mostly in multi stage compressors). The rotor provide velocity to the
gas with blades that are attached to a rotating disc. These blades can be forward-leaning ,

radial or backward-leaning depending upon the desired output . Most of the multistage
compressors use backward-leaning blades as they provide the widest range of efficiency.
3. Diffuser.
The impeller extracts the gas with great velocity into a diffuser passage. The diffuser
usually compromise two walls which form a radial channel. Because of these arrangements
the velocity of the gas decreases and dynamic pressure is converted into static pressure.
The diffuser passages are small space between adjacent diaphragms which generally turns
the gas flow 180° in order to direct it towards the next impeller.
4. Collector.
Following the last stage impeller the gas must be collected and delivered to the discharge
flange. The component used to collect the gas discharged through the diffuser is called as
collector. It may also be termed as volute or scroll. The collector may also contain valves
and other instrumentation in order to control the compressor.
6.2 PUMP
Water pumps move water that does not contain suspended solids or particulates. These
pumps are not so much a type of pump as they are a classification based on the media
being transferred. Nearly every pump type that is defined by either a complementary
application (fountain water pumps, submersible water pumps) or by motive type (such as
centrifugal, cantilever, or hand water pumps) can be used in water service applications.
See the main pumps page for links to pumps classified by motive force.
Types
While slurries and the like are best handled by wastewater or sewage pumps, water pumps
can handle clear water such as these types:
Condensate pumps transport or collect and transport condensate collected from a steam
system back into the system for reheating and reuse. These pumps close the boiler-steam-
condensate loop by returning hot condensate back to the system. This takes advantage of

valuable BTUs, which would otherwise go to waste. Condensate pumps can also be used
for the removal of unwanted condensate from an HVAC or appliance collection pan.
Ground water pumps pump untreated water that is found on or collects freely on the
ground.
Potable water pump move water that is considered safe and fit for human consumption,
culinary and domestic purposes and meets the requirements of the health authority having
jurisdiction.
Salt water pumps pump water that has a high concentration of salt, often from the ocean.
Maximum discharge flow: The maximum flow the pump is designed to generate. This
value is dependent on the system or pressure head the pump must enter.
Maximum discharge pressure: The maximum pressure the pump is capable of generating
while staying within design restraints.
1) Power Source
There are a variety of power sources that are used to operate water pumps. Power source
comes down to availability, safety, and in many cases, portability. If the pump is not
supplied with a power source the pump mechanism is the only power source. Typically, a
drive shaft for connection of motor or other power source is provided.
 AC voltage
 DC voltage
 Compressed or pneumatic air source
 Gasoline or diesel engine
 Hydraulic system
 Manual
 Natural gas
 Solar powered
 Steam
 Water

2) Material
Material of construction is another key factor to consider when selecting a water pump.
Care should be taken to choose a material that is best suited for the media and application
in which the pump is to operate.
Aluminum is a bluish silver-white malleable ductile light trivalent metallic element that has
good electrical and thermal conductivity, high reflectivity, and resistance to oxidation.
Brass or bronzes comes with good strength, excellent high temperature ductility and
reasonable cold ductility, good conductivity, excellent corrosion resistance, good bearing
properties and low magnetic permeability. Sintered bronze is a porous material, which can
be impregnated with oil, graphite or PTFE. Not suitable for heavily loaded applications
but useful where lubrication is inconvenient.
Cast iron refers not to a single material, but to a family of materials whose major
constituent is iron, with important trace amounts of carbon and silicon. Cast irons are
natural composite materials whose properties are determined by their microstructures - the
stable and metastable phases formed during solidification or subsequent heat treatment.
Plastics are any of various organic compounds produced by polymerization, capable of

being molded, extruded, cast into various shapes and films, or drawn into filaments used
as textile fibers.
Stainless steel is chemical and corrosion resistant and can have relatively high pressure
ratings.
6.3 Heating Coil
The heating element concealed inside a ceramic cooktop. This is one continuous element,
beginning at the blue dot and curving around in a maze shape until it reaches the red dot.
There's no point in this element being any other shape or size: it has to concentrate heat
precisely underneath a cooking pan—and this is the most effective way to achieve that.
A typical heating element is usually a coil, ribbon (straight or corrugated), or strip of wire
that gives off heat much like a lamp filament. When an electric current flows through it, it

glows red hot and converts the electrical energy passing through it into heat, which it
radiates out in all directions.
Heating elements are typically either nickel-based or iron-based. The nickel-based ones are
usually nichrome, an alloy a mixture of metals and sometimes other chemical elements that
consists of about 80 percent nickel and 20 percent chromium other compositions of
nichrome are available, but the 80–20 mix is the most common. There are various good
reasons why nichrome is the most popular material for heating elements: it has a high
melting point (about 1400°C or 2550°F), doesn't oxidize (even at high temperatures),
doesn't expand too much when it heats up, and has a reasonable (not too low, not too
high, and reasonably constant) resistance (it increases only by about 10 percent between
room temperature and its maximum operating temperature).
Types of Heating Coil
There are lots of different kinds of heating elements. Sometimes the nichrome is used bare,
as it is; other times it's embedded in a ceramic material to make it more robust and durable
(ceramics are great at coping with high temperatures and don't mind lots of heating and
cooling). The size and shape of a heating element is largely governed by the dimensions of
the appliance it has to fit inside and the area over which it needs to produce heat. Hair
curling tongs have short, coiled elements because they need to produce heat over a thin
tube around which hair can be wrapped. Electric radiators have long bar elements because
they need to throw heat out across the wide area of a room. Electric stoves have coiled
heating elements just the right size to heat cooking pots and pans (often stove elements
are covered by metal, glass, or ceramic plates so they're easier to clean).

Heating Coil Element

Figure 7
You can clearly see the coiled electrical element at the bottom of this kettle. It never glows
red hot in the same way as the toaster wires because it doesn't normally get hot enough.
However, if you're foolish enough to switch your kettle on without any water inside (as I
did once by accident), you'll discover that it is perfectly possible for a kettle element to
glow red hot. That dangerous and disastrous episode permanently damaged my kettle and
could have set fire to my kitchen.
In some appliances, the heating elements are very visible: in an electric toaster, it's easy to
spot the ribbons of nichrome built into the toaster walls because they glow red hot.
Electric radiators (like the one in our top photo) make heat with glowing red bars
(essentially just coiled, wire heating elements that throw out heat by radiation), while
electric convector heaters generally have concentric, circular heating elements positioned
in front of electric fans (so they transport heat more quickly by convection). Some

appliances have visible elements that work at lower temperatures and don't glow; electric
kettles, which never need to operate above the boiling point of water (100°C or 212°F),
are a good example. Other appliances have their heating elements completely concealed,
usually for safety reasons. Electric showers and hair curling tongs have concealed elements
so there's (hopefully) no risk of electrocution.
6.4 Electric motor
AC electric motors use a secondary and primary winding (magnet), the primary is attached
to AC grid power (or directly to a generator) and is energized. The secondary receives
energy from the primary without directly touching it. This is done using the complex
phenomena known as induction.
a) Parts of an electric motor:
There are many kinds of electric motors but in general they have some similar parts. Each
motor has a stator, which may be a permanent magnet (as shown in the 'universal motor'
above) or wound insulted wires (an electromagnet like in the photo above-right).
The rotor sits the middle (most of the time), and is subject to the magnetic field created by
the stator. The rotor rotates as its poles are attracted and repelled by the poles in the
stator. Watch our video below showing how it works. This video covers a brushless DC
motor where the rotor is on the outside, in other motors the same principle is in reverse,
with the electromagnets on the outside.
Strength of a motor: The strength of the motor (torque) is determined by voltage and
the length of the wire in an electromagnet in the stator, the longer the wire (which means
more coils in the stator) the stronger the magnetic field. This means more power to turn
the rotor.
Armature - the rotating part of the motor - this used to be called a rotor, it supports the
rotating copper coils. In the photo below you do not see the coils because they are tightly
tucked into the armature. A smooth housing protects the coils from damage.
Stator - The housing and coils that make up the exterior of the motor. The stator creates
a stationary magnetic field.
Winding or "Coil"- copper wires wound around a core to used to create or receive
electromagnetic energy.
Wire used in the windings MUST be insulated. In some photos you will see what looks
like bare copper wire windings, it is not, it is simply a enameled with a clear coating.
Copper is the most common material for windings. Aluminum is also used but must be
thicker to carry the same electrical load safely. Copper windings allow for a smaller sized
motor.
Burning out a motor, troubleshooting:

If a motor is run for too long or at excessive load, it may "burn up". This means that that
the high temperature caused the winding insulation to break down or melt, the windings
then short when they touch and the motor is damaged. You can also burn up a motor by
putting more voltage into it than the winding wires are rated for. In that case the wire will
melt at the weakest point, severing the connection. You can test a motor to see if it has
burned out this way by testing for Ohms (resistance) on a multi-meter. In general you want
to look for black marks in the windings when you check a motor.
Electric motor
Figure 8
6.5 Ball Bearing
A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion,
and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for example,
provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed
axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on
the moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction.
Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed, or
to the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts.
Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as shafts or axles within mechanical
systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the structure
supporting it. The simplest form of bearing, the plain bearing, consists of a shaft rotating
in a hole. Lubrication is often used to reduce friction. In the ball bearing and roller bearing,
to prevent sliding friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with a circular cross-
section are located between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide variety
of bearing designs exists to allow the demands of the application to be correctly met for
maximum efficiency, reliability, durability and performance.

The term "bearing" is derived from the verb "to bear"; a bearing being a machine element
that allows one part to bear (i.e., to support) another. The simplest bearings are bearing
surfaces, cut or formed into a part, with varying degrees of control over the form,
size, roughness and location of the surface. Other bearings are separate devices installed
into a machine or machine part. The most sophisticated bearings for the most demanding
applications are very precise devices; their manufacture requires some of the highest
standards of current technology.
Ball bearing
Figure 9
Chapter 7
MANUFACTURING PROCESS:
7.1Operations used for fabrication

1. Raw materials: A raw material is the basic material used in the productions of the
goods, finished products. The term “raw material” is used to denote material which
is unprocessed.
2. Marking: Marking is the process of making visible impressions on the metalsurface

so that required operations can be carried out as per the dimensions
3. Cutting: The raw material cut into the required dimensions using a
grindingwheel cutter. Metal cutting is done by a relative motion between the work
and piece.
4. Welding: In this case the process is done by “Arc Welding”. Arc welding istype of
welding that uses a welding power supply to create an electric arc between an
electrode and the base material to melt the metal at the welding point. They can
use either direct or alternating current, and consumable or non-consumable
electrode.
5. Drilling: Drilling is easily the most common machining process. Drillinginvolves

the creation of holes that are right circular cylinders. This is accomplished most
typically by using the twist drill. The chips must exit through the flutes to the
outside of the tool. The cutting front is embedded within the work piece, making
cooling difficult. The cutting area can be flooded, coolant spray mist can be
applied, or coolant can be delivered through the drill bit shaft.
6. Finishing Process: It is the finishing process used to improve surface finish,

abrade hard materials, and tighten the tolerance on the flat and cylindrical surface
by removing the small amount of material. In grinding the abrasive material rubs
against the metal part and removes the tiny pieces of material.
7.2 FACTORS DETERMINING THE SELECTION OF

MATERIALS
The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below.
1. PROPERTIES

The material selected must possess the necessary properties for the proposed application.
The various requirements to be satisfied can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to
withstand environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.
The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect their
selection
• Physical
• Mechanical
• From manufacturing point of view
• Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal Conductivity,
specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical conductivity,
magnetic purposes etc. The various Mechanical Properties Concerned are strength in
tensile, Compressive shear, bending, torsion and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact
resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear
resistance and sliding properties. The various properties concerned from the
manufacturing point of view are:
• Cast ability
• Weld ability
• Surface properties
• Shrinkage
2. QUALITY REQUIRED
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For example,
it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of components which can be
fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the steel.
3. AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply, it then becomes obligatory for the
designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute for the
material designed. The delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also
be kept in mind.
6.3 COST ESTIMATION
Cost estimation may be defined as the process of forecasting the expenses that must be
incurred to manufacture a product. These expenses take into a consideration all
expenditure involved in a design and manufacturing with all related services facilities such
as pattern making, tool, making as well as a portion of the general administrative and
selling costs.
a. PURPOSE OF COST ESTIMATION
1. To determine the selling price of a product for a quotation or contract so as to ensure a

reasonable profit to the company.
2. Check the quotation supplied by vendors.
3. Determine the most economical process or material to manufacture the product.
4. To determine standards of production performance that may be used to control the
cost.
b. TYPES OF COST ESTIMATION
1. Material cost
2. Machining cost
c. Material Cost Estimation
Material cost estimation gives the total amount required to collect the raw material which
has to be processed or fabricated to desired size and functioning of the components. These
materials are divided into two categories.
1. Material for fabrication:

i. In this the material in obtained in raw condition and is manufactured or processed

to finished size for proper functioning of the component.
ii. Standard purchased parts:
This includes the parts which was readily available in the market like allen screws
etc.
d. MACHINING COST ESTIMATION
Cost estimation of manufactured parts can be considered as judgment on and after careful
consideration which includes labour, material and factory services required to produce the
required part.
e. PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION OF MATERIAL COST
The general procedure for calculation of material cost estimation is after designing a
project,
1. A bill of material is prepared which is divided into two categories.

a. Fabricated components
b. Standard purchased components
2. The rates of all standard items are taken and added up.
3. Cost of raw material purchased taken and added up.
7.3 Purchasing of component
Sr no. Part name / Process Approximate cost(Rs.)
1 PUMP 200
2 COMPRESSER 3000

ha3 HEATER 200
5 Bearing 400
6 Channel 3500
7 Sheet 2500
8 Hinges 150
9 FITMENTS 250
10 Manufacturing 5000
Cost estimation
Table 15
7.4 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
The following points should be considered for the safe operation of machine and to avoid
accidents:-
1. All the parts of the machine should be checked to be in perfect alignment.

2. All the nuts and bolts should be perfectly tightened.
3. The operating switch should be located at convenient distance from the operator so as
to control the machine easily.

Chapter 8
Experimentation

Chapter 9
9.1 Result and discussion
For 10 plates
Conventional process
 This process is used from many years.

 In this process time and water requirement is more.
 Reuired more human energy in this process.
 Many of the humans have allergy from soap.
Sr no Quantity Quantity Quantity Time for Total time Total

of water of deterget of water dry the for water use
used for (ml) for dish (min) process for
wet the washing (min) process
dish (lit) dishes (lit) (lit)
1 2.2 7 3 15 30 5.2

2 2.1 7.5 3.4 15.66 30 5.5

3 2.2 8 3.2 15.83 30 5.4
Result of conventional dishwashing

Table 16
For 10 plates
Automatic dishwasher
 Now a days these process are trending.

 Time and water requirement is less as compared to conventinal process.
 It essential for urban areas because of compact space for living.
Sr no Quantity Quantity Quantity Time for Total time Total

of water of deterget of water dry the for water use
used for (ml) for dishes with process for
wet the washing pressurised (sec) process
dish (lit) dishes (lit) air (sec) (lit)
1 0.800 4 1 15 450 1.8
2 0.800 4.5 1.2 17 474 2.0
3 0.700 4 1.2 16 462 1.9
Result of automatic dishwaher
Table 17
9.2 Discussion
1. Water used for washing

As we see that the water used for the conventional method is more than portable
dish washer. Now a days water level is decresing day by day. To avoid that water
wastage we have to preffred the potable mini dish washer.
2. Compressed air used in potable mini dish washer

In the portable dish washer hot compressed air is used for dryimg the dishes, so the
time reqired to dry the dish in dish washer get reduced as compared to
conventional method.
3. Hygiene and energy

In portable dish washer no human envolment so the errors get reduced. In
conventional method some times the soap remains on the dish that is harmfull to
human but this errors are negligible in portable dish washer that’s why the hygiene
gets increased.
Energy lost in conventional method get reduced because of easy washing of
dishes.
4. Overall effect

In conventional method of washing wastage of water is more because of

continuous flowing of water through tap, As well as the time requrird for washing
dishes is more because of some extra oily dishes. So as to overcome this problems
we used portable mini dish washer.
As we discussed and from experiment between conventional and

portable dish washer we study that the portable mini dish washer has
more and sevral advantages than the conventional method of dish
wasshing
9.3 Conclusion
 From the observation we conclude that by using of automatic portable dish washer,
we save upto 3.7 lit of water.
 As well as we save the time i.e 22.1 min
 From the above simple conventional method it is conclude that, it consumes more
time, water and energy of man for washing the dishes.
 We were designed and implemented some mechanical and electrical combination in
single unit to lower its floor area, man power and the cost.
 Improved the model with various new combination of linkage and new method
which will reduce household works.

Chapter 10
Refrences
1. Architecture & Design (2008) Fisher and Paykel Launches New Generation Dish
Drawer – 605. http://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/suppliers/fisher-paykel-
appliances/fisherand-paykel-launches-new-generation-dish-dra (Accessed 24
March 2016)
2. Development of a Sustainable Dishwasher for Compact Living Master of Science

Thesis in the Master Degree Programs, Industrial Design Engineering and Product
Development
3. Master of Science Thesis MMK 2007:66 MCE 144 KTH Industrial Engineering
and Management Machine Design
4. Electrolux-homepage: www.electrolux.com
5. KTH-homepage: http://www.kth.se/om/fakta?l=en_UK
6. Wikipedia-homepage: www.wikipedia.org.

7. Alternate design solution of dish washing for domestic purpose “Prof. Kshirsagar.
P. R. and Solkar. R. I , april 2014”.
8. Design and development of semi-automatic dish washer “Prof. Dhale. A. D. and
Prof. Godke. L.S”.
9. Design of special purpose dish washing machine “Prof. Igoke Major and Valentine
Zorta, 2018”.
10. Development of sustainable dishwasher for compact living “Sofie Adersson, Johan
Hagejard, 2016”.
11. Design and fabrication of automatic dish washer “V. Shivkumar, R.B. Vyankatesh,
2017”.
12. Comparison of hand washing and dish washer machine “Joney Binstock, Siara
Gandhi, Etrin steva, 2015”.
13. Primary Product Development of a compact dishwasher “Björn Olsson, 2007-08-
16”

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Design and Development of Portable mini Dish Washer

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 1

1.2. Introduction to Basic Concepts :

1.2.3 Main wash

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 2

2.1 literature review

Alternate design solution of dish washing for domestic purpose

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 3

Design and development of semi-automatic dish washer

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 4

Design of special purpose dish washing machine

Development of sustainable dishwasher for compact living

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 5

Design and fabrication of automatic dish washer

Comparison of hand washing and dish washer machine

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 6

“Joney Binstock, Siara Gandhi, Etrin steva, 2015”.

Primary Product Development of a compact dishwasher

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 7

Development Department of dishwashers forms together with the Product Development

2.2 Summery of litreatur review

 Washing dishes by conventional method is very time consuming task.

3.1 Problem Statement

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 8

lady washing a dish

Prepare of research paper and collection of data for project

Design the layout of model

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 9

Manufacturing and assembly of parts

Testing and analysis of model

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 10

4. Validate the result with conventional result.

4.1 Survey for the household method

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 11

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 12

How much water required for this process? 15-17 liters

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 13

of conventional method because of its

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 14

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 15

4.3 Flow diagram of dishwasher

Flow diagram of dishwasher

4.3.1 Spray arm

4.3.2 Spray Supply Pipe

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 16

4.3.3 High Pressure Pipe

4.3.4 Heat Exchanger

4.3.5 Water Pump

4.3.6 Electric Motor

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 17

5 Design cad Model

5.1 Storage tank

Design in Cad Model

Compartment 2 :- It is made up of stainless steel.. It has storage capacity of 2 liters.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 18

5.2 Hand lever

Design in cad model

It consist arm of dishwaher, rotating shaft and brush.

5.3 Praposed design

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 19

Proposed cad model

5.4 Selection procedure of component

5.4.2 Electric Motor