MC 102 LAB

Notre Dame of Marbel University

College of Arts and Sciences

Name: Blessa Mae B. Uchi Score:

Princess Antonette B. Simbulan

Group Number: 5 Time: 10:30- 12:30

EXPERIMENT NO.2

pH and Buffers

I. Introduction

The control of pH is important in organisms and their cells because

chemical reactions and processes are affected by the hydrogen ion
concentration. Changes in pH can alter the number of positively and
negatively charged groups. The net charge on the protein effects it’s three
dimensional structures and thus the enzymatic activity. The pH of a
solution indicates its acidity or basicity (alkalinity). The pH scale is an
inverse logarithm that ranges from 0 to 14: anything below 7.0 (ranging
from 0.0 to 6.9) is acidic, and anything above 7.0 (from 7.1 to 14.0) is basic
(or alkaline). Extremes in pH in either direction from 7.0 are usually
considered inhospitable to life. The pH in cells (6.8) and the blood (7.4) are
both very close to neutral, whereas the environment in the stomach is
highly acidic, with a pH of 1 to 2 (Lumen, n. d.).

pH is a measure of the concentration of H+ [H3O+] ions in a solution.

Only the concentration of H+ and OH- molecules determine the pH. When
the concentration of H+ and OH- ions are equal, the solution is said to be
neutral. If there are more H+ than OH- molecules the solution is acidic, and
if there are more OH- than H+ molecules, the solution is basic
(ChemCollective, 2000).
 MC 102 LAB

Notre Dame of Marbel University

College of Arts and Sciences

A buffer solution contains both a weak acid (HA) and its conjugate
base (A-). To be able to add a strong acid or base to a solution without
causing a large change in the pH, we need to create a buffer solution
(ChemCollective, 2000).

II. OBJECTIVES

At the end of the experiment, the students should be able to:

1. Measure pH of solution using:

a. pH paper b. Litmus paper c. pH meter
2. Use different acid-base indicators and its colors in acids and bases
at specific ranges.
3. Learn how to use a pH meter
4. Explain how buffers prevent sudden change in pH when strong
acids or bases added.
5. Neutralize an acid with a base.
6. Demonstrate the color changes of various acid-base indicators.
7. Understand relationship between pH and molar concentration.
 MC 102 LAB

Notre Dame of Marbel University

College of Arts and Sciences

III. PROCEDURE ( systematic diagram will be used )

A. Acid-Base Neutralization

Test Tube 1: Test tube 2:

2.0 mL of 1.0 NaOH 2.0 mL of 1.0 NaOH

Mix the two contents in 1

test tube

Evaporate the solution in the

evaporating dish over boiling
water bath

Collect solid residue

Divide into two portions.

Dissolve into 20 drops of Na+ test: Dip Stirring rod

distilled water.

Place stirring rod into

burner
CI test: add 2 drops of 1.0
M AgNO₃

Observe bright red-orange

flame
Observe clouding for the
presence of CI
 MC 102 LAB

Notre Dame of Marbel University

College of Arts and Sciences

B. pH Measurement

pH Meter Litmus Paper

Same solution in litmus Solutions: C2 iced tea,

paper coke in can, mouthwash,
vinegar, orange juice,
mineral water, urine, and
diluted shampoo

Dip pre-calibrated pH
meter in each solution

100 mL beaker: 50 mL
each solution
Wash pH meter and wipe
gently before use it in
other solution.

Spot plate: 3 drops of each

solution

Observe color changes.

 MC 102 LAB

Notre Dame of Marbel University

College of Arts and Sciences

C. Acid-Base Indicators

Test tube 1-6: 20 drops of Test tube 1-6: Similar

0.05 M hydrochloric acid. sample with 0.05 M NaOH

Test by adding 1 drop of

indicator

Mix well

D. Buffers

5 Clean test tubes

Sol. 1: 20 drops of 1.0 M Sol. 2: 20 drops of 0.1 M Sol. 3: 20 drops of 0.1M

NaC₂H₃O₂ + 20 drops of 0.1 NH4OH + 20 drops of 0.1 NaC2H3O2) + 20 drops of
M HC₂H₃O₂ M NH4Cl boiled water.

Sol. 4: 20 drops of 0.1 M NaCl Sol. 5: 20 drops of 0.1 M NaCl

+ 20 drops of boiled water. + 20 drops of boiled water.

Mix each solution well

Solution A Solution B

Measure using pH meter Add 8 drops of 0.5 M

(NaOH)

Add 8 drops of 0.5 M (HCl)

 MC 102 LAB

Notre Dame of Marbel University

College of Arts and Sciences

VI. Data and Results

A. Acid-Base Neutralization

The appearance of solid residue Powder Salt

Result of adding AgnO3 Clouding formation and

appearance of a white substance

Result of flame test Bright orange flame

Salt Produced Sodium Chloride

B. pH Measurement

Sample Litmus paper Litmus paper pH Meter

color BLUE color RED ( Digital
reading )

C2 iced tea red red 3.2

Coke in Can red red 7.2

Vinegar Red red 2.8

Bottled orange red red 4.1

juice

Mineral water blue red 8.2

Urine red red 3.4

Diluted red red 5.5

Shampoo

Mouthwash blue red 6.3

 MC 102 LAB

Notre Dame of Marbel University

College of Arts and Sciences

C. Acid Base - Indicators

Sample Indicators Color in 0.5 M NaoH Color in 0.5 M HCL

Methyl Orange yellow red

Bromythol Blue blue yellow

Bromcresol green blue yellow

Methyl Red yellow red

Phenolphthalein Pink No color

Table C.2

Indicator showing very distinct The appearance or the changing of

color difference in acid and base. colors is the indicator of difference
of acid and base.

Indicator only showing only slight The Phenolphthalein is showing

color difference in the acid and only slight color difference in acid
base. and base.

D.Buffers

Buffer Initial pH pH after adding pH after adding

HCL NaOH

Solution A pH4 pH4 pH14

Solution B pH7 pH2 pH14

Solution C pH7 pH5 pH14

 MC 102 LAB

Notre Dame of Marbel University

College of Arts and Sciences

Solution D pH7 pH3 pH14

Distilled Water pH6 pH0 pH14

Table D.2

Solutions able to buffer against AB

acid

Solutions able to buffer against AB

base

Solutions able to buffer against AB

acid and base

Solutions with little or no C D Boiled

buffering ability against acid and Distilled Water
base
 MC 102 LAB

Notre Dame of Marbel University

College of Arts and Sciences

IV. DISCUSSION

1. Which Method of measuring pH is most accurate? Why?

 The most accurate method of measuring pH is the pH
meter because pH meter indicate the number of acidity
of a solution. It is easy to identify if you use pH meter.
2. Which two buffering systems are used by the human body?
When and how does it function?
 Protein buffers - it contains positive charge that can bind
hydrogen and hydroxyl ions so that it can maintain the
normal pH in the blood plasma and cell.
 Bicarbonate-carbonic acid - is the buffering system that
are used in the human body because it helps maintain
blood plasma pH within a normal range.

3. What salt would result if sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) was neutralized
with lithium hydroxide (LiOH)?
 Li₂SO₄ because the reaction between acid and base is
neutralization and it results in the formation of salt and
water. The reaction between is H2SO4 and LiOH occurs
as follows, H2SO4 + LiOH → Li2SO4 +H2O.
4. In Part C you are told to dispose of the used chemicals by
pouring them into the sink. Consider the reaction that is
possible between the used chemicals. What compound different
from those in the used chemicals will be in the drain water as a
result of this disposal?
 NaCl – because NaCl is very soluble in water that cause
colourless when you drain it.
5. How would you tell which of the solution that were able to buffer
well against added acid has the greatest buffering capacity
against acid?
 MC 102 LAB

Notre Dame of Marbel University

College of Arts and Sciences

 The solution with the highest pH after adding the 2 mL of

acid has the greatest buffering capacity. It can buffer well
because buffer contains weak acid and conjugate base
of base with conjugate acid. it never change the capacity
of pH but they can balance.

V. CONCLUSION

At the end of the experiment, the results able us to measure pH

solution using pH meter, Litmus paper and pH meter. We used different
acid-base indicator to determine the color changes in its specific pH ranges.
We also knew how buffer prevented changes in pH when strong acid or
base is added. We also saw color changes using acid-base indicators, for
example in the C2 iced tea, the color of litmus paper is blue but when you
place it into the solution it became red. And at last we understand the
relationship between pH and molar concentration. For example, the weaker
the acid or base, the more that nothing change from the pH.
 MC 102 LAB

Notre Dame of Marbel University

College of Arts and Sciences

VI. Documentation

Methyl orange

Methyl red Bromthymol blue

Bromcresol green Phenolphthalein

 MC 102 LAB

Notre Dame of Marbel University

College of Arts and Sciences

Litmus Paper

REFERENCES
 MC 102 LAB

Notre Dame of Marbel University

College of Arts and Sciences

Lumen (n.d.). Brønsted Acids and Bases. Retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/bronsted-acids-and
-bases/

ChemCollective. (2000). pH and Buffers Laboratory. Retrieved from

http://chemcollective.org/activities/tutorials/buffers/buffers3