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TITLE : APPLICATION OF DIODE USING DIFFERENT RECTIFICATION TECHNIQUES

DATE OF
:
EXPERIMENT

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Part-a
Purpose:
To obtain the load regulation and ripple factor of a half-wave and Full-Wave Rectifier
 With Filter
 Without Filter

Apparatus:
Experimental Board
Multimeter
Diode, 1N 4007
Capacitor 100μf.
Resistor 1KΩ.
Connecting wires
Theory:
A semiconductor diode is a non-linear device, which behaves as a small resistance in its
forward direction and acts as a large resistance in its reverse direction. This is displayed
by the V-I characteristic (Volts-Amps characteristic which is a graph of current vs. voltage
for a diode); and by linearizing the V-I characteristic, a diode circuit model obtained is
known as a piecewise linear model. Diodes are used in a number of rectifier and wave-
shaping circuits.
2.1. Circuit applications of conventional diodes

Conventional diodes can be divided into two groups as follows:

1) Signal diodes and 2) Power diodes.


Signal diodes are generally used in low-voltage and low-current applications where speed
and a large backward-to-forward resistance ratio are of significant importance (i.e., wave-
shaping circuits). Their packages are generally the size of a quarter-watt resistor and are
made of glass, ceramic, or plastic.
On the other hand, power diode applications are generally limited to the various rectifier
circuits. Their function is to convert ac power to dc power. The more important
characteristics of the power diodes are their ability to withstand large currents, dissipate
power, and withstand large peak inverse voltages. Power diodes are generally made of
plastic or metal, and package size varies dramatically with the current carrying and power
dissipation capability of the diode.
2.2. Diode rectifier circuits -
Making use of the diodes conduction in only one direction, a rectifier circuit can be

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designed. In electronic designs, rectifier circuits are very important since most equipment
work on dc voltage, thus it is necessary to convert ac voltage to dc voltage.
2.3. Rectifier:
A rectifier is a circuit that converts an AC current to a DC current. At the very simplest
level, a rectifier circuit is a circuit that takes an AC voltage and modifies it so that the
output voltage has only one sign. It will eliminate either all positive voltage or all negative
voltage. A true DC current requires a constant DC voltage. The rectifiers we can build with
only regular diodes give a first approximation to this.
Procedure:
Half-Wave recitifier without filter capacitor
Construct the circuit according to the circuit diagram given below
Provide AC voltages to the circuit
Measure the input and output voltage with the help of CRO

Vin + D +
V out
V V R
t in out
- -
t

Figure2-1 Half-Wave Rectifier without filter Capacitor

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Half-Wave rectifier with filter capacitor

Figure 2-2 Circuit Diagram


Find the theoretical of dc voltage by using the formula, Vdc=0.318Vm
Where, Vm=2Vrms, (Vrms=output ac voltage.) or Vrms=0.5Vm
The Vac is calculated by using the formula Vac =(V2 rms – V2 dc)1/2
Sketch the input waveform and output waveform

INPUT WAVEFORM OUTPUT WAVEFORM

Theoretical calculations for Ripple factor:-


Without Filter:-
Vrms=Vm/2
Vm=2Vrms
Vdc=0.318 Vm

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Ripple factor (Theoretical)

Ripple Factor (practical) where


With Filter:

Ripple Factor (Theoretical)

Ripple Factor(practical)

Practical Calculations:-

Vac=
Vdc=
Ripple factor without Filter =
Ripple factor with Filter =

Observations:-

WITHOUT FILTER

USING DMM Vac(v) Vdc(v) r= Vac/ Vdc

WITH FILTER

USING DMM Vac(v) Vdc(v) r= Vac/ Vdc

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WITHOUT FILTER:-
Vdc=0.318Vm, Vrms=0.5Vm, Vac=√ ( Vrms2- Vdc 2)

Vm(v) Vac(v) Vdc(v) r= Vac/ Vdc


USING CRO

WITH FILTER
V1(V) V2(V) Vdc= Vac= r=
USING CRO (V1+V2)/2 (V1- V2)/2√3 Vac/ Vdc

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Part-b
Purpose:
To understand the working of center-tapped Rectifier

Apparatus:
Two Silicon diode
Transformer
Oscilloscope
Multimeter
Resistance
Capacitor (10µF)
Breadboard
Connecting wires

Theory:
A center taped rectifier is a type of full wave rectifier that two diodes are connected to the
secondary of center taped transformer.
The AC input voltage is applied through the Center Taped Transformer which coupled to
the transformer at the secondary side. At the secondary side, half of the total secondary
voltage appears between the center tap and each end of the secondary side as shown in
above image.
During positive half cycle of the input voltage, the diode D1 will be forward biased and
conducts current through D1 and RL while the diode D2 will be reversed biased. After it
during the negative half cycle of the input voltage, the diode D2 will be forward biased
and conducts current through D2 and RL while the diode D1 will reversed biased. Because
during both the positive and negative half cycle of the input voltage the output current is
in the same direction through the load RL, therefore the output voltage across the load
resistor RL will be developed as a full wave DC Rectified Output as shown in above
diagram.
Procedure:
Check the voltage coming from direct AC source.
Then connect the transformer to A.C source.
Then connect two diodes to center tapped transformer and connect load in series to
it.
And connect the Oscilloscope to Load Resistor RL in parallel.
Calculate the peak voltage from oscilloscope.
Tabulate the value.
Sketch the input waveform and output waveform

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INPUT WAVEFORM OUTPUT WAVEFORM

Figure2-3 Center tapped rectifier


Observations:-

WITHOUT FILTER

USING DMM Vac(v) Vdc(v) r= Vac/ Vdc

WITH FILTER

USING DMM Vac(v) Vdc(v) r= Vac/ Vdc

Input voltage =______________ Frequency=______________


Output voltage =_____________ Frequency=______________

Conclusion

Part-c

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Purpose:
To Construct a Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier Circuit & To Check and Measure the Input &
Outputs Wave Forms On Oscilloscope

Apparatus:
Bread Board
Diode 1N4001
Resistor
Capacitor
CRO
Digital Multi Meter
Function generator

Theory:
More useful and effective way of converting AC to DC is using both positive and negative
range of AC input signal. There are 2 kinds of circuit to use to do this.

Figure-2-4
Note that double the increase of frequency appears in output substantially. It is because
cycle of output wave type T is the half of AC input signal. Remember that frequency is the
reciprocal of cycle. ( f =1/ T ).
Center tap circuit has been the most general full-wave rectifying circuit but, bridge circuit
becomes most general owing to the appearance of silicon diode having low price, high
reliability and small size.

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The reason is in the fact that it enables to cut down the size of transformer needed in
getting the degree of output.
If the input frequency is 50 hertz, the positive alternation will be present 50 times. After
the full-wave rectification, there will be 100 positive pulses at the output. If the DC output
signal is measured with a multi-meter, the indication will be the Average value of the
peak signal. To determine the average value of a full-wave rectified signal, multiply the
peak value by 0.636.
Procedure:
Construct the circuit according to the circuit diagram given below

Figure 2-5
Set variable transformer to 9V AC voltage.
Provide AC voltages to the circuit from the variable transformer

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Measure the input and output voltage with the help of CRO
Switch on the oscilloscope and the Auto Transformer.
Sketch the input waveform and output waveform

INPUT WAVEFORM OUTPUT WAVEFORM

5. Measure and record time T, peak voltage Vp and peak to peak voltage Vpp of Input
supply
T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________
6. with the oscilloscope DC. Coupled adjust the time-base and the Y amplifier sensitivity.
7. Measure and record time T and peak voltage Vp of an output supply.
T= _______________ Vp: _______________

Full Wave Bridge Rectifier With filter Capacitor:

Figure 2-6

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OBSERVATIONS:-
WITHOUT FILTER

USING DMM Vac(v) Vdc(v) r= Vac/ Vdc

WITH FILTER

USING DMM Vac(v) Vdc(v) r= Vac/ Vdc

WITHOUT FILTER:-
Vdc=0.636Vm, Vrms=0.707Vm, Vac=√ ( Vrms2- Vdc 2)

Vm(v) Vac(v) Vdc(v) r= Vac/ Vdc


USING CRO

WITH FILTER
V1(V) V2(V) Vdc= Vac= r=
USING CRO (V1+V2)/2 (V1- V2)/2√3 Vac/ Vdc

Conclusion:
Write your conclusion here

Questions for the Lab Report

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1. According to your analysis which rectification technique is the best? Draw a


comparison table and write at least three merits & de-merits of each.
2. What are the applications of a rectifier?
3. What is meant by ripple and define Ripple factor?
4. If we change the resistance RL in a circuit, what will be the effect on voltage?
5. Why diodes are not operated in the breakdown region in rectifiers?
6. What is the average value of a full-wave rectified voltage with a peak value of 60V?

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