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A 650 Bhp diesel engine uses fuel oil of 28°API gravity, fuel consumption The theoretical volume required:
is 0.65 lb/Bhp – hr. Cost of fuel is P 7.95 per liter. For continuous operation, mRT
determine the minimum volume of the cubical day tank in cm3, ambient V=
P
temperature is 45°C.
Solving for m:
141.5 141.5 F O
SGat 15.6°C = = =0.887147 m= ( ) = 11.5C+34.5 (H- ) +4.3S
131.5+°API 131.5+28 A t 8
mf m3 air
ρat 45°C = V=7.43
Vat 45°C kg coal
lb 1 kg
422.5 hr (2.205 lb) L 3. Calculate the minimum volume of day tank of 28° API fuel having a fuel
Vat 45°C = =220.5227
0.86889 kg⁄L hr consumption of 1kg/s.
m
L 1 m3 100 cm 3 24 hr V=
Volume of day tank=220.5227 ( )( ) ( ) Density
hr 1000 L 1m day
Volume of day tank=5,292,544.8 cm3 ⁄day Solving for density:
141.5 141.5
SGat 15.6°C = = =0.887
2. It is required to find the theoretical volume of air at 20°C and 100kPa 131.5+°API 131.5+28
absolute pressure to burn one kilogram of Franklin County coal. The ultimate
analysis of coal as fixed is as follows. Then:
C = 65.65 % O = 18.61 % Mois = 3 % kg
1 s 3600s 24hr
H = 5.87 % S = 1.51 % S = 1.51% V= ( )( )
kg hr day
0.887 (1000 3 )
m
Solution: V =97.41m3
4. Calculate the higher heating value of liquid dodecane fuel. The chemical Theoretical weight of air:
formula for DOdecane is 𝐶12 𝐻26.
F O
( ) = 11.5C+34.5 (H- ) +4.3S
Qs =13,500C+60,890H Btu/lb A t 8
Where: F .07
( ) = 11.5(.715)+34.5 (.05- ) +4.3(.36)
A t 8
Weight of Carbon
%C= (100) 𝑭
Weight of Fuel ( ) = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟎𝒌𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒓 /𝒌𝒈𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍
𝑨 𝒕
12(12) 6. There are 20 kg of flue gasses formed per kg of fuel oil burned in the
%C= (100)
12(12)+1(26) combustion of a fuel oil C12H26. What is the excess air in percent?
A. 26.67% C. 12.34%
%C=84.6
B. 18.34% D. 20.45%
Weight of Hydrogen
(100) SOLUTION:
%H=
Weight of Fuel
C12H24 + 18.5O2 + 18.5(3.76) N2 12CO2 + 13H2O +
12(26) 18.5(3.76) N2
%H= (100)
12(12)+1(26) 18.5+ 3.76(18.5)
Theo. A/F =
1
%H=15.29%
Theo. A/F = 88.06 mol/mol
Then:
88.06 (28.97)
Qs =13,500(.8461)+60,890(.1529) Btu/lb Theo. A/F in kg/kg =
12(12) + 26(1)
Qs =48,225.04 Btu/lb Theo. A/F in kg/kg = 15 kg air/ kg fuel
5. A bituminous coal has the following compositions: Mass of air = 20 kg flue gas – 1 kg fuel gas
C = 71.5 % O = 7.0 % S = 36 % W = 3.4 % Mass of air = 19 kg air
H = 5.0 % N = 1.3 % Ash = 8.2 %
Actual A/F = 19 kg air / kg fuel
Calculate for the complete combustion the theoretical weight of air
required in 𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 /𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 Actual A /F = Theo. A/F (1 + e)
19 = 15(1 + e) 7.108C + 7.05H2 + 0.016S + 0.004N2 + 1.25(10.649)O2 +
1.25(10.649)(3.76)N2→ 7.108CO2 + 7.05H2O + 0.016SO2 + 50.054N2 +
e = 0.2667 0.25(10.469)O2
14. A diesel power plant consumes 650L of fuel at 26˚C in 24 hours with 28˚ 19−15
API. Find the fuel rate in kg/hr. = × 100
15
141.5 = 26.67%
SG@15.6C̊ =
131.5+ÅPI
141.5 16. A fuel has the following volumetric analysis:
SG@15.6C̊ =
131.5+28
CH4 = 68% C2H6 = 32%
SG@15.6C̊ =0.887
Assume complete combustion with 15% excess air at 101.325 kPa, 21℃ wet
SG@15.6C̊ =0.887[1-0.0007(26-15.6)]
bulb and 27℃ dry bulb. What is the partial pressure of the water vapour in
SG@15.6C̊ =0.88 kPa?
Solving for the theoretical air-fuel ratio: Partial Pressure of water vapour, Pw =
𝑉𝑤
(𝑃)
𝑉
C12H26+18.5 O2+18.5 (3.76) N2 = 12 CO2+13 H2O+18.5 (3.76) N2 2.32
= 14.735 (101.325) = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂
18.5+18.5(3.76) 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑟
Theo A/F = 1
= 88.06 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
17. A diesel electric plant supplies energy for Meralco. During a 24-hour
88.06(28.97) 𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 period, the plant consumed 200 gallons of fuel at 28℃ and produced 3930
= 12(12)+26(1) = 15 𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
kw-hr. Industrial fuel fuel used 28°API and was purchased at P5.50 per liter
at 15.6℃. What should be the cost of fuel to produce one kw-hr?
𝑂
Theo A/F = 11.5 C + 34.5 (𝐻 − 8 ) + 4.3 S
Solving for density at 15.6℃:
0.08
141.5 = 11.5 (0.74) + 34.5 (0.006 − 8
)+ 4.3 (0.01)
°API = − 131.5
𝑆𝐺15.6
= 10.278 kg air per kg coal
141.5
28 = 𝑆𝐺15.6
− 131.5
N2 in product = 100 – 12 – 0.1 – 6.5 = 81.4% by volume
SG15.6 = 0.887
Total kg in products = 0.12 (44) + 0.001 (28) + 0.065 (32) + 0.814 (28)
Density at 15.6℃ = 0.887 (1) = 0.887 kg/li = 5.28 + 0.028 + 2.08 + 22.792
= 30.18
Solving for density at 28℃:
𝑘𝑔 𝑁2 22.792
= = 0.7552
SGt = SG15.6 [ 1 – 0.0007 (t – 15.6) ] 𝑘𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 30.18
= 66.89 mols PV = mRT ; 102 V = 1058 (0.2896) (350 + 273) ; V = 1,871 m3/min
7.050
Partial Pressure (H2O) = (66.890) × 170 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂 21. Methyl alcohol (CH3OH) is burned with 20% excess air. How much
unburned oxygen in kg-mol-oxygen/kg-mol-fuel will there be in the products
20. A fuel oil is burned with 50% excess air. What is the volume rate of flow if the combustion is complete?
in m3/min of the wet products at a pressure of 102 kPa and a temperature
Combustion Reaction with Theoretical Air:
of 350℃ when the fuel is burned at the rate of 45 kg/min? Assume that the
combustion requirements of the fuel oil are similar to those of C12H26. CH3OH + (1.5) O2 + 1.5 (3.76) N2-> CO2 + 2 H2O + (1.5) (3.76) N2
Combustion reaction with 50% excess air: Combustion Reaction with 20% Excess Air:
C12H26 + 1.50 (18.5) O2 + 1.50 (18.5) (3.76) N2➔ 12 CO2 + 13 H2O + 1.50 CH3OH + (1.5) (1.2) O2 + 1.5 (1.2) (3.76) N2➔ CO2 + 2 H2O + (1.5) (1.2) (3.76)
(18.5) (3.76) N2 + 0.50 (18.5) O2 N2 + (0.20) (1.5) O2
𝐴𝑖𝑟 1.5 (18.5)+1.50 ( 18.5)(3.76)
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙
= 1
MO2 = 0.20 (1.5) = 0.30 kgmol O2/kgmol fuel
22. What is the specific gravity of an oil which has a Baume reading of 28 (Note: N2 is 76.8% by weight in air)
degrees?
15.69−10.278
Percent excess air = 10.278
= 𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟏%
140
°Baume = − 130
𝑆𝐺
140
28 = 𝑆𝐺
− 130
SG = 0.886
23. A test run using this coal showed a dry products of combustion analysis
by volume of nitrogen equals 82.5%, molecular weight of 30 kg flue gas per
mol dry flue gas, and the weight of this dry flue gas is 15.03 kg per kg of
coal. The actual ash-pit sample was 0.15 kg per kg of coal, of which 20% was
carbon. What is the percentage excess air supplied to the fuel combustion in
percent?
Consider an ultimate analysis the same as that given in Bd. Exam April 1995,
as follows:
C = 74% O2 = 8% S = 1%
𝑂
Theo A/F = 11.5𝐶 + 34.5 (𝐻 − 8 ) + 4.3𝑆
0.08
= 11.5 (0.74) + 43.5 (0.06 − )+ 4.3(0.01)
8
𝑘𝑔 𝑁2 0.825(28)
= = 0.77
𝑘𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 30
𝑘𝑔 𝑔𝑎𝑠
= 15.03 (given)
𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
𝑁2 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
= 15.03 (0.77) = 11.573