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1.2.12 Provision shall be made to fix safety fence around top cover of
transformers of rating 100 MVA and above, for safe working during installation
and servicing for large capacity transformers.
2.2.4 The transformer may be operated without danger on any particular tapping
at the rated kVA provided that the voltage does not vary by more than + 10
percent of the voltage corresponding to the tapping.
2.2.5 The transformer shall be suitable for continuous operation with a frequency
variation of ± 3% from normal 50 Hz. Combined voltage and frequency variation
should not exceed the rated V/f ratio by 10%
2.6.1 If specified in the order, the stabilizing winding shall be capable of carrying
continuously the load specified therein.
2.6.2 The design of stabilizing winding shall be such as to take care of the effect
of transferred surges and the tenderer shall offer suitable surge protection
wherever necessary.
2.9.1 The maximum flux density in any part of the core and yokes, of each
transformer at normal voltage and frequency shall be such that the flux density in
over-voltage condition as per clause 2.2.5 shall not exceed 1.9 Tesla (19,000
lines per cm2)
However, in case of transformers with variable flux voltage variation, which would
affect flux density at every tap, shall be kept in view while designing
transformers.
The maximum permitted value of nominal core flux density varies according
to the rated HV voltage. Because the upper voltage limit on the 400 kV system
under normal operating conditions is restricted to +5%, autotransformers and
double wound transformers with this primary voltage are allowed to operate
at up to 1.7 tesla nominal flux density. The 275 kV system voltages can rise to
+10% above nominal so for 275 kV transformers the flux density is limited
to a nominal 1.6 tesla. At 132 kV the transformer tap changer can be used to
boost the voltage of the lower voltage system as explained in Section 6 of
Chapter 4, so the nominal flux density needs to be low enough to ensure that
saturation will not be reached at the highest system volts applied to the lowest
likely tap position. For 132 kV transformers flux density is thus restricted to
a nominal value of 1.55 tesla.