TKS 35444

Perancangan Proses Teknik Kimia

(Chemical Process Design)

Lecture 14 - Heat and Power Integration (Part 3)

Semester Genap 2018/2019 (Kelas A)
Prodi Sarjana Teknik Kimia Universitas Riau
Tabel Problem
Tabel Problem
Contoh

∆H CP
ALIRAN TS (oF) TT (oF)
(kBtu/h) (kBtu/h oF)

H1 260 160 3000 30

H2 250 130 1800 15
C1 120 235 2300 20
C2 180 240 2400 40

Tentukan T pinch, QHmin dan QCmin, pada ∆Tmin 10oF !

Tabel Problem
Langkah pertama: Selang Suhu
Kurangkan suhu panas dengan ∆Tmin dan urutkan
suhu kembali dari yang terpanas

250oF  240oF  235oF  180oF  150oF  120oF

Langkah kedua: Selang Neraca Panas

Hitung neraca panas untuk masing-masing
selang dengan formula berikut,
∆Hi = (Ti – Ti+1) x ∑CPHot - ∑CPCold
Tabel Problem
Selang ∑CPHot -
Ti H1 H2 C1 C2 Ti – Ti+1 ∆Hi
(i) ∑CPCold
1 250 10 30 300

2 240 5 5 25

3 235 55 -15 -825

4 180 30 25 750

5 150 30 -5 -150

6 120
Tabel Problem
Langkah ketiga: membentuk kaskade-entalpi

QH
T1 = 250oF
∆H = 300
Q1
T2 = 240oF
∆H = 25
 QH QH = 0 QH = 500
T1 = 250oF

∆H = 300
o
Q1 300 800
T2 = 240 F

∆H = 25
o
Q2 325 825 Diperoleh:
T3 = 235 F
T pinch = 180oF
∆H = -825 QHmin = 500 kBtu/h
o
Q3 -500 0 QCmin = 600 kBtu/h
T4 = 180 F

∆H = 750
o
Q4 250 750
T5 = 150 F

∆H = -150
o
QC 100 600
T6 = 120 F
Example
CP
Stream TS (oC) TT (oC) DH (kW)
(kW/oC)
H1 180 40 280 2,0
H2 150 40 440 4,0
C1 60 180 360 3,0
C2 30 130 260 2,6

DTmin = 10oC
(Linnhoff and Flower, 1978)
Example
• Step 1: Temperature Intervals
(subtract ΔTmin from hot temperatures)

• Temperature Intervals
180oC  170oC  140oC  130oC  60oC  30oC
Example
• Step 2: Interval heat balances
(For each interval, compute: ΔHi = (Ti − Ti+1)×(ΣCPHot
−ΣCPCold )
Example
Inter ΣCPHot−
val
H1 H2 C1 C2 Ti Ti+1 ΣCP ΔHi
Cold
1 180 10 -3,0 -30
2 170 30 -1,0 -30
3 140 10 3,0 30
4 130 70 0,4 28
5 60 30 3,4 102
6 30
 QH QH = 0 QH = 60
Example T1 = 180oC

DH = - 30

• Step 3: Form T2 = 170oC

Q1 Q1 = -30 Q1 = 30
enthalpy DH = - 30
cascade.
Q2 Q2 = -60 Q2 = 0
T3 = 140oC
DH = 30
Q3 Q3 = -30 Q3 = 30
T4 = 130oC

DH = 28
This defines: Q4 Q4 = -2 Q4 = 58
T5 = 60oC
Cold pinch = 140oC
DH = 102
QHmin = 60 kW
QCmin = 160 kW QC QC = 100 QC = 160
T7 = 30oC
Threshold Problems
• Networks with excess heat supply or heat demand
may have MER targets with only one utility (i.e., either
QHmin = 0 or QCmin = 0).

• Such designs are not separated at the pinch, and are

called “Threshold Problems”
Example
Example

Threshold problems do not have a pinch, and have non-

zero utility duties only at one end.
Threshold Design Guidelines
• Establish the threshold ΔTmin
• Note the common practice values for ΔTmin:
Application Refrigeration Process Boiler
Δtmin
1 – 2 oC 10 oC 20 – 30 oC
Experience
Threshold Design Guidelines
• Compare the threshold ΔTmin to ΔTmin, Experience
• Classify as one of the following:
Latihan Kelas

Aliran TS (oC) TT (oC) DH (kW) Cp (kW/oC)

H1 180 80 100 1,0
H2 130 40 180 2,0
C1 60 100 160 4,0
C2 30 120 162 1,8

Hitunglah tabel problem dan perkirakan kebutuhan

minimum heater dan cooler untuk ∆Tmin = 10oC, serta
gambarkan diagram kaskade-entalpi!
Advance HEN Synthesis
Topics
Loops and Splits
Minimum Number of Units by Loop Breaking
Stream Split Designs
Objectives
Students should be able to:
Identify and eliminate “heat loops” in an MER
design
Use stream splits to design for Umin and MER
Loops
Pinch

H1 1 2 3 4 C

H 1 3 C1

H 2 4 C2
Loops
Pinch

H1 1 2 3 4 C

H 1 3 C1

H 2 4 C2
Loops
Pinch

H1 1 2 3 4 C

H 1 3 C1

H 2 4 C2
Loops
Pinch

H1 1 2 3 4 C

H 1 3 C1

H 2 4 C2
Loops
Pinch

H1 1 2 3 4 C

H 1 3 C1

H 2 4 C2

Three heat loops in the HEN system

Independent Network
H1 1 C

H2 2 3

1 C1

2 C2

H 3 C2

Two Independent Network

The minimum number of units (Umin) in
a network:
Umin = NStream + NUtility − 1

A HEN containing UHEX units (UHEX > Umin)

has (UHEX − Umin) independent “heat
loops”
H1 1 2 3 C

H 1 3 C1

H 2 C2

The HEN above has 2 “heat loops”

Normally, when heat loops are
“broken”, heat flows across
the pinch - the number of heat
exchangers is reduced, but
the utility loads are increased
See again example
CP
Stream TS (oC) TT (oC) DH (kW)
(kW/oC)
H1 180 40 280 2,0
H2 150 40 440 4,0
C1 60 180 360 3,0
C2 30 130 260 2,6

DTmin = 10oC
(Linnhoff and Flower, 1978)
 QH QH = 0 QH = 60
Example T1 = 180oC

DH = - 30

• Step 3: Form T2 = 170oC

Q1 Q1 = -30 Q1 = 30
enthalpy DH = - 30
cascade.
Q2 Q2 = -60 Q2 = 0
T3 = 140oC
DH = 30
Q3 Q3 = -30 Q3 = 30
T4 = 130oC

DH = 28
This defines: Q4 Q4 = -2 Q4 = 58
T5 = 60oC
Cold pinch = 140oC
DH = 102
QHmin = 60 kW
QCmin = 160 kW QC QC = 100 QC = 160
T7 = 30oC
Example
• MER Design above the pinch:
180oC 150oC
H1 C CP = 2,0

180oC 160oC 140oC

H C C1 CP = 3,0
60 60
UMin,MER = NStream + NUtility - 1
=2+1–1
=2
Example
• MER Design below the pinch:
150oC 110oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0
140oC
150oC 110oC 80oC 40oC
H2 C C C C CP = 4,0
160
140oC 126,67oC 100oC
60oC
C C C C1 CP = 3,0
40 80 120
130oC 30oC
83,85oC
C C C2 CP = 2,6
120 140
Example

UMin,MER = NStream + NUtility - 1

=4+1–1=4
MER design below pinch has 6 exchangers!
i.e. There are two loops below pinch
Example
Complete MER Design
180oC 150oC 110oC 40oC
H1 C C C CP = 2,0

150oC 140oC 110oC

80oC 60oC
H2 C C C C CP = 4,0
160
180oC 160oC 140oC 126,67oC 100oC
60oC
H C C C C C1 CP = 3,0
60 60 40 80 120
130oC 83,85oC 30oC
C C C2 CP = 2,6
120 140
Example

However, UMin = NStream + NUtility − 1 = 4 + 2 − 1 = 5

The MER network h as 8 units.
This implies 3 independent “heat load loops”.
We shall now identify and eliminate these loops in order
to design for Umin.
Example
Identification and elimination of 1st loop:
180oC 150oC 110oC 40oC
H1 C C C CP = 2,0

150oC 140oC 110oC

80oC 60oC
H2 C C C C CP = 4,0
160
180oC 160oC 140oC 126,67oC 100oC
60oC
H C C C C C1 CP = 3,0
60 60 40 80 120
130oC 83,85oC 30oC
C C C2 CP = 2,6
120 140
Example
Identification and elimination of 1st loop:
180oC 150oC 110oC 40oC
H1 C C C CP = 2,0

150oC 140oC 110oC

80oC 60oC
H2 C C C C CP = 4,0
160
180oC 160oC 140oC 126,67oC 100oC
60oC
H C C C C C1 CP = 3,0
60 140
60 40 80 120
130oC 83,85oC 30oC
C C C2 CP = 2,6
120 140
Example
Identification and elimination of 1st loop:
180oC 110oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0

150oC 140oC 110oC

80oC 60oC
H2 C C C C CP = 4,0
160
180oC 160oC 113,33oC 100oC
60oC
H C C C C1 CP = 3,0
60 140 40 120
130oC 83,85oC 30oC
C C C2 CP = 2,6
120 140
Example ΔTmin volation
180oC 110oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0

150oC 140oC 110oC

80oC 60oC
H C C C C CP =
4,0
2 160
180oC 160oC 113,33oC 100oC
60oC
H C C C C1 CP =
60 140 40 120 3,0
130oC 83,85oC 30oC
C C C2 CP =
120 140 2,6
To reduce the number of units, the 80 kW exchanger is
merged with the 60 kW exchanger. This breaks the heat
loop, but also creates a ΔTmin volation in the network.
Example ΔTmin volation
180oC 110oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0

150oC 140oC 110oC

80oC 60oC
H C C C C CP =
4,0
2 160
180oC 160oC 113,33oC 100oC
60oC
H C C C C1 CP =
60 140 40 120 3,0
130oC 83,85oC 30oC
C C C2 CP =
120 140 2,6
To restore ΔTmin, the loads of the exchangers must be
adjusted along a “heat path” by an unknown amount x .
A “heat path” is a path through the network that
connects heaters with coolers.
Example
Identification and elimination of 1st loop:
ΔTmin volation
180oC 110oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0

150oC 140oC 110oC

80oC 60oC
H2 C C C C CP = 4,0
160
180oC 160oC 113,33oC 100oC
60oC
H C C C C1 CP = 3,0
60 140 40 120
130oC 83,85oC 30oC
C C C2 CP = 2,6
120 140
Example
Identification and elimination of 1st loop:
ΔTmin volation
180oC 110oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0

150oC 140oC 110oC

80oC 60oC
H2 C C C C CP = 4,0
160
180oC 160oC 113,33oC 100oC
60oC
H C C C C1 CP = 3,0
60 140 40 120
130oC 83,85oC 30oC
C C C2 CP = 2,6
120 140
Example
Identification and elimination of 1st loop:
ΔTmin volation
180oC 110oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0

150oC 140oC 110oC

80oC 60oC
H2 C C C C CP = 4,0
160 + x
180oC 160oC 113,33oC 100oC
60oC
H C C C C1 CP = 3,0
60 + x 140 - x 40 120
130oC 83,85oC 30oC
C C C2 CP = 2,6
120 - x 140 + x
Example Tmin violation (100 – 113,33) = 13,33oC

Performing a heat balance on H1 in the exchanger

which exhibits the ΔTmin violation:
140 - x = 2(180 - 113.33 - 10) ⇒ x = 26.66
Example
Identification and elimination of 1st loop:
ΔTmin volation Corrected
180oC 123,33oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0

150oC 116,66oC 86,66oC

140oC 60oC
H2 C C C C CP = 4,0

151,1oC 186,66
180oC 113,33oC 100oC
60oC
H C C C C1 CP = 3,0
86,66 113,33 40 120
130oC 94,1oC 30oC
C C C2 CP = 2,6
93,33 166,66

This is called “energy relaxation”

Example
Identification and elimination of 2nd loop:
180oC 123,33oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0

150oC 116,66oC 86,66oC

140oC 60oC
H2 C C C C CP = 4,0

151,1oC 186,66
180oC 113,33oC 100oC
60oC
H C C C C1 CP = 3,0
86,66 113,33 40 120
130oC 94,1oC 30oC
C C C2 CP = 2,6
93,33 166,66
Example
Identification and elimination of 2nd loop:
180oC 123,33oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0

150oC 126,66oC 86,66oC

60oC
H2 C C C CP = 4,0

151,1oC 186,66
180oC 113,33oC 60oC
H C C C1 CP = 3,0
86,66 113,33 160
130oC 94,1oC 30oC
C C C2 CP = 2,6
93,33 166,66
Example
Identification and elimination of 2nd loop:

Since there is no ΔTmin violation, no adjustment of the

loads of the exchangers is needed - we reduce the
number of units by one with no energy penalty.
Example
Identification and elimination of 3rd loop:
180oC 123,33oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0

150oC 126,66oC 86,66oC

60oC
H2 C C C CP = 4,0

151,1oC 186,66
180oC 113,33oC 60oC
H C C C1 CP = 3,0
86,66 113,33 160
130oC 94,1oC 30oC
C C C2 CP = 2,6
93,33 166,66
Example
Identification and elimination of 3rd loop:

Shifting the load of the smallest exchanger (93.33 kW)

around the loop, the network is reduced to…
Example
Identification and elimination of 3rd loop:
180oC 170oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0

150oC 86,66oC 60oC

H2 C CP = 4,0

151,1oC 186,66
180oC 144,44oC 60oC
H C C1 CP = 3,0
86,66 20 253,33
130oC 30oC
C C2 CP = 2,6
260
ΔTmin volation = 150 – 144,44 = 5,56 ≤ 10
Example
Identification and elimination of 3rd loop:
180oC 170oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0

150oC 86,66oC 60oC

H2 C C CP = 4,0
186,66
180oC 151,1oC 144,44oC 60oC
H C C C1 CP = 3,0
86,66 20 253,33
130oC 30oC
C C2 CP = 2,6
260

Use the heat path to restore ΔTmin

Example
Identification and elimination of 3rd loop:
180oC 170oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0

150oC 86,66oC 60oC

H2 C C CP = 4,0
186,66 + x
180oC 151,1oC 144,44oC 60oC
H C C C1 CP = 3,0
86,66 + x 20 253,33 - x
130oC 30oC
C C2 CP = 2,6
260

253.33 - x = 3((150 – ΔTmin)-60) ⇒ x = 13.33

Example
Therefore Umin Network is: :
180oC 170oC 40oC
H1 C C CP = 2,0

150oC 90oC 60oC

H2 C C CP = 4,0

200
180oC 146,47oC 140oC 60oC
H C C C1 CP = 3,0

100 20 240
130oC 30oC
C C2 CP = 2,6

260
Loop Breaking - Summary
Step 1:
Perform MER Design for UHEX units. Try and ensure that design meets
UMin,MER separately above and below the pinch.

Step 2:
Compute the minimum number of units:
UMin = NStream + NUtilIity − 1
This identifies UHEX − Umin independent “heat loops”, which can be
eliminated to reduce U.
Loop Breaking - Summary
Step 3:
For each loop, eliminate a unit. If this causes a ΔTmin violation, identify
the “heat path” and perform “energy relaxation” by increasing the
duties of the cooler and heater on the heat path
Stream split design
Stream split design
The number of hot stream on the cold side is less
than the number of cold stream.
The number of cold stream on the hot side is less
than the number of hot stream.
Stream splitting helps to reduce the number of
exchanger, without increasing the utility duties.
Example
Stream Ts (oC) Tt (oC) CP Q (kW)
(kW/oC)
H1 200 100 5 500
H2 150 100 4 200
C1 90 190 10 1,000

For three stream on the hot side of pinch above,

design HEN with minimum number of exchanger that
satisfy DTmin = 10oC and Hot Utility MER Target of 300
kW.
Example
200o 100o
H1 CP = 5

150o 100o
H2 CP = 4

190o 90o
C1 CP = 10
Example

Solution:
Since NH > NC, we must split C1. The split ratio is dictated
by the rule: CPH ≤ CPC (necessary condition) and by a
desire to minimize the number of units (“tick off “streams)
Example
200o 100o
H1 CP = 5

150o 100o
H2 CP = 4

190o T1 x 90o
C1 CP = 10
500
T2
10 - x
200
Example

x is determined by the following energy balances:

x (T1 − 90) = 500
(10 − x)(T2 − 90) = 200
subject to: 200 −T1 ≥ ΔTmin = 10
150 −T2 ≥ ΔTmin = 10
Example

Best to make T1 = T2 . Here, this is not possible.

Why? We shall make T2 = 140 (why?)
A possible solution is therefore:
(10 − x) (140 − 90) = 200 ⇒ x = 6
T1 = 90 + 500/x = 173.33 (satisfies constraint)
 This is an MER design which also
satisfies UMin (UMin = 3).
Example
200o  100o
H1 CP = 5

H2
150o  100o
CP = 4

190o 173,3o 6 90o

H C1 CP = 10
300 500
140o
4
200