Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
of smoking on child
health, reproductive health and
health, reproductive health and
pregnancy
Objectives of the Module
GOAL OF MODULE: Provide students with knowledge on how tobacco
Provide students with knowledge on how tobacco
affects respiratory health in children
affects respiratory health in children and infants, both from active
smoking and passive smoking exposure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Learners will be able to:
• Explain the effects of tobacco smoke on respiratory health in children
• Describe the burden of passive smoking in children
• Explain at the consequences of smoking exposure for child health in
the consequences of smoking exposure for child health in
utero
• Explain the relationship between SHS and reproductive outcomes
• To understand why SHS should be avoided in pregnancy
• Describe the doctor’s role in protecti
s role in protecting child health
Passive smoking in children
• Globally, nearly half of the world
Globally, nearly half of the world’s children are exposed to
SHS 1
• Prevalence of over 50% in Cuba, Argentina, Poland,
Indonesia, Chile, Russian, and China. (Mackay and Eriksen, 2005)
• 84% of women and children lives in household with at least
1 smokers; and 23% lives in household with at least 2
smokers
• 65% of women and 48% of children are exposed to second
hand smoking outside the home. (Wipfli et al., 2008)
Smoking and Respiratory Infection–
Smoking and Respiratory Infection
the mechanisms
Structural changes
• peribronchiolar inflammation and fibrosis
• mucosal permeability - and changes in pathogen adherence
changes in pathogen adherence
• impairment of the mucociliary clearance
• disruption of the respiratory epithelium
Immunologic mechanisms
• decreased immune response & circulating immunoglobulins
• CD4 lymphopenia, CD8+ lympocyte counts-
CD4 lymphopenia, CD8+ lympocyte counts
• depressed phagocyte activity, and decreased release of
depressed phagocyte activity, and decreased release of
proinflammatory cytokines.
(Arcavi and Benowitz, 2004)
Smoking and acute respiratory
illnesses in children
• Exposure of secondhand smoke (SHS) in children
increases incidence of acute lower airway infections,
including syncytial virus bronchiolitis and
including syncytial virus bronchiolitis and pulmonary
tuberculosis, as well as risk for meningococcal disease.
• Cigarette smoke impairs host defences (cell mediated
and humoral immunity are suppressed), increases
bacterial adherence and the risk of inflammation and
other infections.
(Hofhuis et al., 2003; Arcavi and Benowitz, 2004)
(Hofhuis et al., 2003; Arcavi and Benowitz, 2004)
Passive smoking and illness in
children
Children exposed to passive smoking have:
200300% greater risk for lower respiratory diseases,
300% greater risk for lower respiratory diseases,
including bronchitis
20% increase in asthma induction and exacerbation
62% greater risk of otitis media
Double risk of sudden infant death (cot death)
Double risk of sudden infant death (cot death) (Carlsen and
Carlsen, 2008)
In children’s lungs, tobacco smoke induces:
s lungs, tobacco smoke induces:
• inflammation reaction
• increased susceptibility to allergic sensitisation
increased susceptibility to allergic sensitisation
• mutagenesis. (Henderson, 2008)
Doctors’ role in SHS exposure
role in SHS exposure
• All children should be screened for exposure to SHS as a
routine part of pediatric care
• All parents should be advised to protect their children
from SHS
• If a child is exposed to SHS:
– Parents should be strongly encouraged to implement
a complete ban against smoking in the home
– Any family member who smokes should be strongly
encouraged to quit (the best way to protect children)
encouraged to quit (the best way to protect children)
Optional Slide
In‐utero Tobacco Smoke Exposure
utero Tobacco Smoke Exposure
• Reduced lung function at
birth, perinatal period,
childhood & adolescence 1
• Poor performance at birth
and infancy (head turning,
sucking, visually alertness,
etc) 2
http://medicineworld.org/images/blogs/42008/fetus452290.jpg
1. Gilliland FD, et al. Thorax 2000;55;271‐276 2. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.ne.jp/asahi/kagaku/pico/k
276 2. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.ne.jp/asahi/kagaku/pico/kodomo/Danish_EPA
/Danish_EPA_Children_Env_Project_No_589_2001.pdf
Core Slide
SHS & Pregnancy
Infertility
Spontaneou
s Abortion
Preterm
Birth
IUGR
SIDS
Downloaded from: http://www.acnancymetz.fr/enseign/anglais/Henry/smokingpassive.jpg
metz.fr/enseign/anglais/Henry/smokingpassive.jpg and modified
• Second hand smoking increases the risk of all adverse
reproductive outcomes including, infertility 1
• 66% Indonesian female are second hand/passive smokers
2
1. Ogawa H, et al. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1991;45:164‐168
Ogawa H, et al. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1991;45:164
2. TCSC – IAKMI
Developmental Consequences of
Prenatal Tobacco Exposure (PTE)
• Nicotine crosses placenta and concentrates in fetal
tissue
• Studies of infants suggest PTE leads to deficits in
information processing and self
information processing and selfregulation
• Studies of schoolaged children found associations of
aged children found associations of
PTE with:
– Increased activity and attention problems
– Behavior problems
– Aggression
• Other studies did not find these associations
• MRI studies found PTE associated with reduced brain
MRI studies found PTE associated with reduced brain
volume
Maternal Smoking and
Gastrointestinal disease
• Maternal smoking may harm to children
Maternal smoking may harm to children’s digestive tract
function
• Infant exposure to tobacco smoke is linked to elevated
blood motilin levels
• Maternal smoking is associated with increased incidence
of infant colic
• Increased motilin may be the mechanism underlying the
increased risk of colic in infants exposed to tobacco
increased risk of colic in infants exposed to tobacco
smoke
Cardiovascular function in infants
exposed to tobacco smoke
• Prospective study of infants born to smoking mothers
and nonsmoking mothers
• Infants followed soon after birth, 3 months, and 1 year
• Measured heart rate and blood pressure reactivity
• Exposed infants had:
– Exaggerated BP response at baseline
– Persisted at 3 months and 1 year
• Suggests maternal smoking had longterm negative
Suggests maternal smoking had long
reprogramming effect on CV responsiveness
• Unknown if this predicts future hypertension
Unknown if this predicts future hypertension
Tobacco Smoke and Cot Death
• Systematic review of 39 studies found maternal smoking
doubles risk of cot death (sudden infant death syndrome)
• Newer studies suggest the risk is even higher – 3 to 6
Newer studies suggest the risk is even higher
times
• Dose response relationship
• If mother quit smoking during pregnancy, risk decreases
If mother quit smoking during pregnancy, risk decreases
Third Hand Smoke
• Third hand smoke (THS) – residual smoke on surfaces
residual smoke on surfaces
• Nicotine from THS
– Reacts with other indoor pollutants
– Gets converted to carcinogens: tobaccospecific
Gets converted to carcinogens: tobacco
nitrosamines (TSNA)
– TSNA last a long time in environment
• Children at greatest risk from THS
– Closer to floor = more exposure to house dust
(including tobacco smoke particles)
– Smaller body size = higher dose/weight
Smaller body size = higher dose/weight
Core Slide
SHS & Fetal Growth
• Significantly related to
low birth weight 1,2,3
• Adversely affects fetal
growth 3
• Impairs female and male
fertility 3
http://legacy.co.mohave.az.us/WIC/images/guySmoking.gif
SHS & Pregnancy Outcomes
• Dose–response relation
between SHS exposure &
early pregnancy loss 1
• ↑ risk of preterm birth 1
• ↑ risk of spontaneous
abortion 2
http://www.cancer.ie/images/quit/children.jpg
Why Avoid SHS?
• Reproductive
consequences of SHS as
great as those observed in
active smokers 1
• Clinical pregnancy rate in
women exposed to SHS:
à Similar to smokers
à Significantly ↓ than
non‐smokers 1
http://www.nmcphc.med.navy.mil/_images/photos/HealthyLiving_TobaccoCessation/2ndhandsmoke.jpg
1. Neal MS, et al. Hum Reprod 2005;20:2531–535
Core Slide
Cessation in Pregnancy: For Whom?
• Best way to avoid SHS in
pregnancy: Smoke‐free
household
• Husbands should at least
NOT SMOKE around their
pregnant wives
• Encourage other family
members to smoke
elsewhere / quit
http://achd.mcallenweb.net/Portals/53/Health%20Education/SHS.gif
Module :
TOBACCO & REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Mini‐Lecture
TOBACCO EFFECTS ON
reproductive health
Learning Objectives
• To understand how smoking affects the process of
reproduction in women and men
• To understand how smoking affects the menstrual
cycle
• To understand how chewing tobacco affects fertility
• To understand how tobacco cessation can be
To understand how tobacco cessation can be
beneficial in infertility
Core Slide
Smoking & Reproduction: Women 1
• Higher prevalence of infertility
• Time taken to conceive is longer
• Harmful to ovaries
• Accelerates loss of ova
• Impairs ability of ovarian cells to
make estrogen
• Oocytes more prone to genetic
abnormalities
http://homeopathyforwomentoday.com/wp
content/uploads/2009/06/wishingforpregnancy.jpg
1. American society for reproductive medicine. Patient’s fact sheet 2003: Smoking and infertility. Available at:
http://www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/smoking.pdf
Core Slide
Smoking & Reproduction: Men
• Atherosclerosis, acute
vasospasm, venous dilatation.
• Lower sperm count & motility 1
• Increased abnormalities in
sperm shape & function 1
• Increases risk of erectile
dysfunction by 50% 2
• Parental periconception
smoking: ↓ frequency of
conceiving male children 3
http://www.babiesonline.com/articles/wpcontent/uploads/2009/07/maleinfertility
treatment.jpg
1. American society for reproductive medicine. 2003: http://www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/smoking.pdf 2. Bacon CG, et al. J Urol
1. American society for reproductive medicine. 2003: http://www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/smoking.pdf 2.
2006;176:21721. 3. Fukuda M, et al. Lancet 2002;359:1407–08
Core Slide
Smoking & Menstrual Cycle
• Anti oestregonic effect
• Causes menstrual irregularities 1
• Shortens luteal & follicular
phase 2
• ↑ risk of anovulatory cycles 2
• Earlier menopause 2
http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/modules/hormone
s/enimages/egg.jpg
1. Baumann G, et al. Circ J 2009;73:568–572 2. Windham GC, et al. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:1285
572 2. Windham GC, et al. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:1285–1290.
Core Slide
Chewing Tobacco & Fertility
• Significantly ↓ sperm
concentration, motility,
morphology & viability in
severe chewing tobacco
users
• Percentage of men with
azoospermia ↑ with the
level of addiction
http://ahssan.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/male_infertility_sperm_egg.jpg
1. Said T, et al. Fertil Steril 2005;84:649653
Core Slide
Tobacco Cessation & Infertility
• Both male & female
infertility risk ↑ with
tobacco use, therefore
advise cessation
• Cessation of smoking is
associated with ↑ in
sperm number and ↓ in
the frequency of sperm
shape abnormalities 1
http://quittonight.org/images/smokingshadow2.jpg
1. Mattison, DR. Environ Res 1982;28:410433
Smoking and oral contraceptives
• Smoking greatly increases the risk of heart disease
Smoking greatly increases the risk of heart disease
among women who use the combined oral
among women who use the combined oral contraceptive
pill.
• Smoking may increase the risk of stroke among women
who use the combined oral contraceptive pill.
• There is evidence to suggest that smoking may increase
the risk of failure of the combined oral
the risk of failure of the combined oral contraceptive pill.
Smoking and cervical cancer
• Studies among women who are infected with HPV have found that
women who are infected with HPV have found that
women who smoke are at higher risk of developing
women who smoke are at higher risk of developing preinvasive and
invasive cervical cancer.
• Smoking is a cause of invasive malignant cancer of the cervix.
malignant cancer of the cervix.
Pathways:
• Nicotine and tobaccospecific carcinogens have been detected in the
carcinogens have been detected in the
cervical mucus of smokers.
• Cigarette condensate increases the frequency of malignant
Cigarette condensate increases the
transformation in cultured cervical cells infected with HPV.
• Smoking may reduce immune response in the cervix.
moking may reduce immune response in the cervix.
Optional Slide
Smoking & Assisted
Reproduction 1
• Twice as many IVF required
• Fewer oocytes obtained
• More canceled cycles
• Lower implantation rates
• More failed fertilization cycles
• Higher miscarriage rates
http://unambig.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/ivf.jpg
1. American society for reproductive medicine. Patient’s fact sheet 2003: Smoking and infertility. Available at:
1. American society for reproductive medicine. Patient’s fact sheet 2003: Smoking and infertility. Available at:
http://www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/smoking.pdf
Optional Slide
Smoking Cessation & IVF 1
• Smoking cessation (at
least two months before
IVF) improves chances of
conception significantly
• Long‐term smoking:
irreversible effect on
ovarian function
http://myinfertilityworld.com/Male_Infertility/images/bxp56982.jpg
1. American society for reproductive medicine. Patient’s fact sheet 2003: Smoking and infertility. Available at:
1. American society for reproductive medicine. Patient’s fact sheet 2003: Smoking and infertility. Available at:
http://www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/smoking.pdf
Module :
TOBACCO & REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Mini‐Lecture
TOBACCO EFFECTS ON PREGNANCY
TOBACCO EFFECTS ON PREGNANCY
Learning Objectives
• To understand the level of tobacco use among
women in Indonesia
• To understand how smoking harms pregnant women
• To understand the relationship between smoking
and pregnancy outcomes and placental disorders
• To understand the relationship between maternal
smoking and chewing and birth outcomes
• To understand why tobacco cessation is important
To understand why tobacco cessation is important
during pregnancy
Smokers Prevalence in Indonesia
Core Slide
Though the number of female
smokers are much lower than
male smokers, 66% Indonesian
woman are passive smokers 2 .
Dokumentasi Quit Tobacco Indonesia
1.Kosen, et.al. Studi Biaya Kesehatan dan Perkiraan Beban Penyakit Utama karena Penggunaan Tembakau di Indonesia.
Dipresentasikan dalam Konas IAKMI XI, Bandung, 35 Agustus 2010
5 Agustus 2010
2. Tobacco Control Support Center (TCSC), Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI)
Core Slide
Smoking & Pregnant Women
• ↑ risk of premature delivery 1
• ↑ risk of ectopic pregnancy 2
• ↑ risk of IUGR 1
• ↑ risk of perinatal & neonatal
mortality 1
http://www.womenshealthdata.ca/images/bodypic
/maternalsmokingb.jpg
1. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: ttp://www.ne.jp/asahi/kagaku/pico/kodomo/Danish_EPA/Danish_EPA_Children_Env_Project_
1. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: ttp://www.ne.jp/asahi/kagaku/pico/kodomo/Danish_EPA/Danish_EPA_Child
No_589_2001.pdf 2. American society for reproductive medicine. http://www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/smoking.pdf
Core Slide
Smoking & IUGR: Mechanism 1,2
• Nicotine & carbon monoxide
→ Triggers fetal carboxy‐
haemoglobin
→ Reduces fluidity of blood
→ Slows oxygenation of
fetus
→ Leads to low birth
weight
http://pregnancy.more4kids.info/uploads/Image/Nov2007/fetalimage.jpg8
1. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.ne.jp/asahi/kagaku/pico/kodomo/Danish_EPA/Danish_EPA_Children_Env_Project_No_
589_2001.pdf 2. Fourn L, et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 1999;53:432
:432–433
Core Slide
Smoking & Birth Weight
• Low birth weight primarily
due to intrauterine growth
retardation (IUGR) 1
• Low birth weight risk doubled
among maternal smokers 2
• Risk is dose dependent 2
http://cdnwrite.demandstudios.com/upload//9000/300/30/5/29335.jpg
1. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.ne.jp/asahi/kagaku/pico/kodomo/Danish_EPA/Danish_EPA_Children_Env_Project_No_
589_2001.pdf 2. Werler MM. Teratology 1997;55:382–388.
Core Slide
Poor Early Pregnancy Outcomes 1
• ↑ risk of spontaneous
abortion 1
• Frequency of abortion
directly proportional to
the number of cigarettes
smoked 1
• ↑ risk of congenital http://goodhealth.freeservers.com/Child_save_us_from_tobacco.jpg
malformations 2
1. American society for reproductive medicine. http://www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/smoking.pdf 2. Danish Environmental Protection Agency.
1. American society for reproductive medicine. http://www.asrm.org/Patients/FactSheets/smoking.pdf 2. Danish Environmental P
http://www.ne.jp/asahi/kagaku/pico/kodomo/Danish_EPA /Danish_EPA_Children_Env_Project_No_589_2001.pdf
Core Slide
Smoking & Placental Disorders
• ↑ risk of placental
complications 1
• ↑ risk of placenta
previa 2
• ↑ risk of placental
abruption 2
http://z.about.com/d/create/1/0/U/o///0151.jpg
1. England L, Zhang J. Frontiers in Bioscience 2007;12: 2471‐83. 2. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Available at:
83. 2. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Available at:
ttp://www.ne.jp/asahi/kagaku/pico/kodomo/Danish_EPA/Danish_EPA_Children_Env_Project_ No_589_2001.pdf
ttp://www.ne.jp/asahi/kagaku/pico/kodomo/Danish_EPA/Danish_EPA_Children_Env_Project_ No_589_2001.pdf
Core Slide
Maternal Smoking & Birth
Outcomes 1
• Pre‐term birth
• Low birth weight
• Small head circumference
• Low APGAR score at 5min
• Stillbirths & neonatal deaths
http://www.ahfmr.ab.ca/researchnews/images/2008_spring_maternaln
utrition.jpg
1. Kallen K. European Journal Of Public Health 2001;11:329‐33
Core Slide
Maternal Chewing & Birth
Outcomes
• ↓ gestational age at
birth: average reduction
of 6.2 days
• ↓ birth weight: average
reduction of 105 g
http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/anicotinehigh
Why Tobacco Cessation? 1
• Ideal time for smoking
intervention 1
• There is no increase in low
birth weight risk if smoking
cessation is done in early
pregnancy 2
• Increasing use of smokeless
tobacco: requires attention as
part of routine prenatal care 3
http://oade.nd.edu/assets/3180/smfirecracker.jpg