OFFICIAL LABORATORY REPORT

Environmental Pollutants Analytical Technique

Solid Waste Analysis

NAME : CAHYANINGRUM AYU A.

NRP : 03211740000028
LECTURER : WELLY HERUMURTI, ST., M.Sc
LABORATORY ASSISTANT : CINDY FATMAWATI

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTEMENT

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENT AND GEOSCIENCE
SEPULUH NOPEMBER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY

2019
Contents
CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Purpose of Experiment ............................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Principle of Experiment ......................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Basic Theory ........................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II........................................................................................................................................... 3
WORK SCHEME ................................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER III ......................................................................................................................................... 4
DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................... 4
3.1 Observation Table ................................................................................................................... 4
3.2 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER IV ......................................................................................................................................... 8
CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 8
References ............................................................................................................................................... 9

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of Experiment

The purpose of this experiment include:
1. To determine the accumulation or pile of solid waste
2. To determine composition of solid waste
3. To determine density of solid waste

1.2 Principle of Experiment

The principle of solid waste analysis is measuring the weight and density of solid waste that is
produced in ITS Environmental Engineering Department, by using density box and analytical
balance. The solid waste is disaggregated by its type based on the experiment manual book. Solid
waste whose weight and density is measured is the bulk solid waste and solid waste that has
already been disaggregated by its type.

1.3 Basic Theory

A broad range of materials are classified as municipal solid waste (MSW), including garbage,
refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, including solid, liquid,
semisolid, and or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and
agricultural operations and from community activities, but does not include solid or dissolved
material in domestic sewage. Waste, garbage, trash, junk, debris and refuse are all names given
to the “stuff” that is no longer useful in its current form. Collection and disposal of wastes differs
from country to country. In USA, the methods of disposal are landfills and incineration, disposal
method in Australia is landfill, while in Japan its incineration and Recycling. In Nigeria, the
common method of disposal is open dump (Nkwachukwu et al, 2010).

Municipal solid waste (MSW) has been normally sorted into six categories, namely, food
residue, wood waste, paper textiles, plastics, and rubber In each category, materials could be
classified further into subgroups. Based on proximate and ultimate analysis and heating value,
statistical methods such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) and cluster analysis were applied to
analyze the characteristics of MSW in every subgroup and to try to distinguish their relative
properties. The chemical characteristics analysis of MSW showed that polyethylene (PE),
polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) had the highest volatile matter content, with almost no
ash and fixed carbon, while polyethylene terephthalate (PET) had high carbon content but low
hydrogen content (Zhou et al, 2014).

The following wastes (other than special waste, liquid waste, hazardous waste, restricted solid
waste or general solid waste (putrescible) are pre-classified as ‘general solid waste (non-
putrescible)’:
 glass, plastic, rubber, plasterboard, ceramics, bricks, concrete or metal
 paper or cardboard
 household waste from municipal clean-up that does not contain food waste
 waste collected by, or on behalf of, local councils from street sweepings

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  grit, sediment, litter and gross pollutants collected in, and removed from, stormwater
treatment devices and/or stormwater management systems, that has been dewatered
so that they do not contain free liquid
 grit and screenings from potable water and water reticulation plants that has been
dewatered so that it does not contain free liquids
 garden waste
 wood waste
 waste contaminated with lead (including lead paint waste) from residential premises
or educational or child care institutions
(NSW Environment Protection Authority, 2014)

The major organic components of MSW are paper and yard wastes, which are mostly
composed of cellulose and lignocelluloses and these degrade well under methanogenic
conditions. The degradation of municipal solid waste takes place in a number of different phases.
Volatile solids are commonly used to estimate organic content of MSW. It has been determined
that almost half of the greenhouse gasses produced from paper in Australia came from paper that
had been landfilled. This paper makes up about 10% of their total MSW volume (Bricker, 2009).

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 CHAPTER II
WORK SCHEME

Solid Waste
- All solid waste in ITS Environmental Engineering
Department are collected and weighed
- Place in 500 L density box and measure the initial volume
- Sorting solid waste by its type

Sorted Solid Waste

- Measure weight of each type of solid waste using analytical

balance
- Calculate percentage of each type of solid waste
- Measure the final weight of all waste and the volume
- Determine the density of waste

Result

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3.1 Observation Table
No Treatment
Solid Waste has various
Solid Waste from ITS
shapes, sizes and colors.
Environmental Engineering
1.
Department is collected into
In solid form, has unpleasant
one spot
odor.
Solid waste are spreaded on
the ground. The solid waste
2. in plastic form are collected
into a box to measure the
volume.
Plastic Solid Waste are
spreaded back on the ground
with other waste, then
3.
seperated manually based on
its type
The weight of each type of
5 solid except plastic are
measured in a trashbag
CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION
Observation Picture
Picture:
Solid waste collected by
using trash bag
Box is made of stainless
steel, size 40 L
The dimension of the plastic
waste collected is 50 cm x 50
cm x 30 cm, so the volume of
plastic waste is 75.000 cm3 = Picture:
0,075 m3. The weight of the Solid waste placed in 40 L
solid waste is 4,12 kg density box
Each type has the properties:
 Plastic = resistant to water,
colors available in a wide
variety and transparent
 Paper/Carton: waste made
of paper material
 Organic waste: domestic
organic waste, garden
waste, etc.
 Stick : made of wood thin Picture:
 Tetrapack : made of paper Solid waste start to be
 Food waste : the leftover classified
food (ex: rice, chicken,
vegetables)
Weight of each solid waste
type :
 Stick = 0,44 kg
Picture:
 Tetrapack = 0,58 kg
Weight measured using
 Food waste = 0.955 kg
analytical balance
 Paper/Carton = 1,46 kg
 Leather = 0,07 kg
 Latex = 0.4 kg
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 The dimension of the waste
collected is 50 cm x 50 cm x
55 cm, so the final volume is
137.500 cm3 = 0,1375 m3
Each type of solid waste is The dimension of the waste
put back into the box with collected is 50 cm x 50 cm x
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plastic inside and its volume 55 cm, so the final volume is
is measured 137.500 cm3 = 0,1375 L

3.2 Discussion
This experiment is called “Solid Waste Analysis” and its purpose is to determine the
accumulation or pile of solid waste, the composition of solid waste, and the density of solid
waste. The principle of this experiment is to measure the density and weight of solid waste using
analytical balance and density box. The solid waste is also classified into several types and each
of its weight is measured and compared against the total weight. This experiment was done on
Wednesday, 15th May 2019 at 9 A.M.
Tools and equipment used in this experiment are trash bags, analytical balance and density
box of 500 L size. The solid waste analyzed is that collected from ITS Environmental
Engineering Department.
Solid waste is all wastes from human and animal activities that are normally solid and
discarded as useless or unwanted. They are divided into 3 classes : Municipal wastes, Industrial
wastes, and Hazardous wastes. A broad range of materials are classified as municipal solid waste
(MSW), including garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, water supply treatment
plant, including solid, liquid, semisolid, and or contained gaseous material (Nkwachukwu et al,
2010).
First of all, all the solid waste in ITS Environmental Engineering Department is collected in
one spot. This is done by collecting all the garbage and disposal bins in the area. Solid waste in
these bins has various shapes, sizes and colors. They are in solid form, have a bit liquid coming
out (leachate) and have unpleasant odor. The solid waste are collected into one 40 L density box
and the dimension of solid waste in the box is measured using a measurement. The density box is
made of stainless steel and has dimensions of 1 m x 1 m 0.5 m. The first measurement is only for
plastic waste, which shows 50 cm x 50 cm x 30 cm. It means the volume of the plastic waste is
7.500 cm3 or 0,0075 m3. Meanwhile the weight is 4,12 kg. There was a step missing in this
experiment that is very important in order to obtain the density of solid waste. All solid waste
collected should have had weighed at the beginning, but we didn’t do that. So we find out the
Bulk Density of solid waste at the end of the experiment, by summing up the weight of each type
of solid waste.
Afterwards, the plastic solid waste are put back on the ground with other solid waste. These
solid waste is then sorted into different place based on the type. Municipal solid waste (MSW)
has been normally sorted into six categories, namely, food residue, wood waste, paper textiles,
plastics, and rubber In each category, materials could be classified further into subgroups (Zhou
et al, 2014).
In this experiment, the type of the collected solid waste are varies from Plastic, Stick,
Tetrapack, Food waste, Paper/Carton, Leather, and Latex. In order to know the total mass of
solid waste, each weight of all types of waste are measured. The solid waste are classified
manually by sorting each type to a seperated place. After has been sorted, each weight are put
into a trashbag then measured by using analytical balance. The results are recorded as below :

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 Stick = 0,44 kg
 Tetrapack = 0,58 kg
 Food waste = 0.955 kg
 Paper/Carton = 1,46 kg
 Leather = 0,07 kg
 Latex = 0.4 kg
Next, these solid waste are put into a density box to measure the volume. The result is 50 cm x
50 cm x 55 cm. So the volume is 0,1375 m3. To get the total volume and mass of all solid waste,
we sum up this result with the previous result.
Mass of solid waste = mass of plastic + mass of other waste
= 4,12 kg + 3,905 kg = 8,025 kg
Volume of solid waste = 0,075 m3 + 0,1375 m3 = 0,2125 m3

The purpose of this calculation is to know the density of the total solid waste, where bulk
density is the ratio of the weight of the compound to its volume of a solid material including
voids. Below is the calculation.
𝑀
Specific density, 𝜌 =
𝑉
8,025
= 0,2125 =37,76 kg/m3

Based on our observation, the major components of solid waste are plastic and paper, which
are mostly composed of cellulose and lignocelluloses and these degrade well under methanogenic
conditions. According to the NSW Environment Protection Authority in 2014, wastes that are
pre-classified as ‘general solid waste’ include glass, plastic, rubber, plasterboard, ceramics,
bricks, concrete or metal; paper or cardboard; household waste from municipal clean-up that does
not contain food waste; grit and screenings from potable water and water reticulation plants;
garden waste; wood waste; and waste contaminated with lead. Also, according to Gidarakos et al
in 2005, paper (all kinds, magazines, newspapers, books, packaging materials, cardboard);
putrescibles (food waste, yard waste, leaves) plastics (PVC, PET, HDPE, LDPE, others); and
LWTR (leather, wood, textiles, rubber) are classified as organic.

Then, the composition of each solid waste type against the total solid waste can be calculated
by this formula:
Mass of type
Composition (%) = x 100%
Total Mass

The results of measurement and calculation of each solid waste type is shown in the table
below :
4,12
Plastic (%) = x 100% = 51,3%
8,025
0,44
Stick (%) = x 100% = 5,48%
8,025
0,58
Tetrapack (%) = x 100% = 7,22 %
8,025
0,95
Food waste (%) = x 100% = 11,83 %
8,025
1,46
Paper/Carton (%) = x 100% = 18,19%
8,025

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 0,07
Leather (%) = x 100% = 0,87 %
8,025
0,4
Latex (%) = x 100% = 4,98 %
8,025

From the table, we can know the percentage of each type of solid waste and represent it in a
pie chart such as below:

latex, 4.98%
leather,
0.87%

paper,
18.19%

plastic,
food waste, 51.30%
11.83%

tetrapack,
7.22% stic, 5.48%

Based on the result of the solid waste analysis, it is obtained that the amount of ITS
Environmental Engineering Department solid waste production reached 8,025 kg per day with
Plastic as the most solid waste composition percentage on about 51% from the total solid waste.

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 CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION

From this “Solid Waste Analysis” experiment, we can conclude that:

1. The amount of solid waste produced by ITS Environmental Engineering Department is
8,025 kg with density of 37,76 kg/m3
2. The type of solid waste that we collect are varies from Plastic, Stick, Tetrapack, Food
waste, Paper/Carton, Leather, and Latex
3. The composition of each type are :
Plastic = 4,12 kg
Stick = 0,44 kg
Tetrapack = 0,58 kg
Food waste = 0.955 kg
Paper/Carton = 1,46 kg
Leather = 0,07 kg
Latex = 0.4 kg

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References
Bricker, G. D. 2009. Analytical Methods of Testing Solid Waste and Leachate to Determine
Landfill Stability and Landfill Biodegradation Enhancement. Blacksburg, VA.
Nkwachukwu O. I., Chidi, N. I., Charles, K. O. Issues of Roadside Disposal Habit of Municipal
Solid Waste, Environmental Impacts and Implementation of Sound Management Practices
in Developing Country “Nigeria”. Nigeria.
NSW Environment Protection Authority. 2014. Waste Classification Guidelines Part 1:
Classifying waste. Sydney.
Zhou, H., Meng, A., Long, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, Y. 2014. Classification and comparison of
municipal solid waste based on thermochemical characteristics. Beijing.