USE OF LINKING WORDS

WORDS EXPRESSING CONTRAST:

ALTHOUGH / THOUGH / EVEN THOUGH + CLAUSE

DESPITE / IN SPITE OF + NOUN / PRONOUN / V-ING

DESPITE THE FACT THAT + CLAUSE
IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT
BUT / WHILE / WHEREAS / ON THE OTHER HAND + CLAUSE
HOWEVER / NEVERTHELESS / NONETHELESS + CLAUSE
ON THE ONE HAND + CLAUSE ……… ON THE OTHER HAND + CLAUSE ……….
IN CONTRAST TO + NOUN
ON THE CONTRARY + CLAUSE
HOWEVER + ADJECTIVE / ADVVERB + CLAUSE

WORDS EXPRESSING SIMILARITY:

SIMILARLY / LIKEWISE + CLAUSE

ALSO / TOO CLAUSE + TOO / ALSO
AS / JUST AS + CLAUSE
BOTH …AND / NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO / NEITHER…NOR …NOUN …NOUN + CLAUSE
LIKE / JUST LIKE / SIMILAR TO + NOUN
AS WELL AS + NOUN / V-ING
IN THE SAME WAY + CLAUSE
EXERCISE: COMBINE THE SENTENCES USING THE WORDS IN BRACKETS.

1. Farmers work hard. They earn little money. (Despite/In spite)

Despite/In spite of working hard, farmers earn little money.
Despite/In spite of earning little money, farmers work hard
Despite/In spite of their hard work, farmers earn little money

2. Sue is hard working. Her brother is lazy. (while/whereas/but)

While Sue is hard working, her brother is lazy
Sue is hard working, whereas her brother is lazy
Sue is hard working, but her brother is lazy

3. He has been studying Chinese for 4 years. He can’t speak it properly. (Although/Even though)
Although/Even though he has been studying Chinese for 4 years, he cannot speak it properly.
He cannot speak Chinese properly although/even though he has been studying it for 4 years.

4. Most students go to private courses. They are not successful at university entrance exam.
(Despite the fact that/In spite of the fact that)
Despite the fact that/ In spite of the fact that most students go to private courses, they are not
successful at university entrance exam.

5. Linda studied day and night. She got the lowest mark. (however/nevertheless/nonetheless)
Linda studied day and night. However/Nevertheless/Nonetheless, she got the lowest mark.
Linda studied day and night; however, she got the lowest mark.
Linda studied day and night. She, however, got the lowest mark. (more emphasis)

6. Reading is easy. Writing is difficult. (on the other hand)

Reading is easy. On the other hand, writing is difficult.
Reading is easy; on the other hand, writing is difficult.

7. The school administration has to accept students at levels high or low. They are concerned about
the quality of the school. (On the one hand... On the other hand,)
On the one hand, the school administration has to accept students at levels high or low. On the
other hand, they are concerned about the quality of the school.
8. Jane is very generous. Her brother is very mean. (On the contrary)
Jane is very generous. On the contrary, her brother is very mean.

9. Paris is very expensive. Ankara is cheap. (In contrast to)

In contrast to Paris, Ankara is cheap.
In contrast to Paris, which is expensive, Ankara is cheaper.
Paris is more expensive in contrast to Ankara.

10. He is hardworking. He cannot get a passing mark. (However)

He is hardworking; however, he cannot get a passing mark.

11. Human can find problems with cars; a computer can find problems with cars too.
(likewise/similarly)
Human can find problems with cars. Similarly/Likewise, a computer can find problems with cars
too.

12. People can use body language and communicate. Animals can do the same thing. (too/also)
People can use body language and communicate, and animals can do the same thing too
People and also animals can use body language and communicate.
People can use body language and communicate, and animals can also do the same thing.

13. Finland is a cold country. Norway is also a cold country. (Both … and …)
Both Finland and Norway are cold countries

14. Sydney is a developed city. Melbourne is a developed city. (Not only ….. but also ….)
Not only Sydney but also Melbourne is a developed city.

15. The organisation helps people in need. It helps raise money for local charities. (as well as)
The organization helps people in need as well as raising money for local charities.