I.

IMPORTANCE OF
WATER
• Body is formed with solids & fluids.
• In human body water content is 45-75%
of body weight.
• Water has 2 main functions in the
metabolic process
–It act as transport medium , delivers
oxygen and nutrients to different parts
of the body.
–It removes toxins and waste from the
body.
By maintaining the Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the tendency of organisms to auto-
regulate and biological systems maintain their internal
environment in a stable state while adjusting to
conditions that are optimal for survival..

– Is necessary for normal

reactions within the cells
– Is maintained by adaptation to
changes in water intake and
water loss
– Water balance
1. In giving support

• Lubricates joints, sensitive eye tissues,

mouth, and intestinal tract
• Provides a protective cushion, bathing
certain organs with fluid
• During pregnancy the fetus is surrounded
by watery amniotic fluid
• Provides a structural component to
cells
2. In metabolic reaction
• Water is essential for most chemical
reactions in the body
• During digestion water hydrolyzes the
bonds holding together
• Carbohydrate molecules
• Protein molecules
• Fat molecules
• When smaller molecules combine
through condensation water is formed
3. lungs and water
• Lung tissue are
moistened by water
as they take in
oxygen and release
carbon dioxide
• Allergies and
asthmatic symptoms
may be a sign of not
enough water
4. brain and water
• Brain 90% water
• When body is well hydrated
one will notice an increase
clarity in thinking
• Less water decreases energy
generation in the brain
• Dehydration can result in
headaches, depression,
memory loss, chronic fatigue
syndromes
5. heart and water
• Heart 75% water
• Blood 85% water
• Hydration increases
cardiovascular system
• Dehydration can result in:
hardening of the arteries,
high blood pressure and
cholesterol
6.kidneys and water
• Kidneys filters blood,
concentrating waste
and sends it out in
urine
• Dehydration causes
kidneys to recycles
dirty water to remove
waste
• Prolonged
dehydration can do
damage to kidneys
7. digestive system and water
• Food needs water to
properly digest
• Hydration can
reduce: heartburn,
acid stomach, gas,
and constipation
• Dehydration can
cause: weight gain,
poor muscle tone,
water retention
8. joints and water
•Water lubricates
joints and lets you
move freely
•Water maintains
elasticity and easy
movement for
connective tissue
of joints
•Water relives
arthritic pain
9. back and water
• Vertebrate in back
relies on water to
cushion it from
movement
• Water also helps to
hold up the upper
body
• Dehydration causes
back pain
10. Regulate Body Temperature
• Water is bodies coolant
regulating body temp by
perspiration
• Must drink as much water
in winter as in summer
• 3% water loss can result in
health problems
• 15% water loss can result in
death

Figure 11.3
Importance :
1. In transport Mechanism (hormones, antibodies
and oxygen through the blood stream)
2. In metabolic reactions
3. In maintenance of tissue texture and lubricants
4. Regulates body temperature through perspiration
5. Reduces friction between joints and facilitates
movement.
6. Acts as a cushion between organs in order to
protect them
7. Facilitates normal functions of body processes.
I. POLARITY
Structure of the Water Molecule

H + H + O → H2O
(chemical formula)
• Water molecule made H H
of 2 hydrogen and one
oxygen atom.
• Hydrogen atoms have O
a positive charge and
oxgen is more negative Structural formula
charge.
Water is Polar molecule
• The two hydrogen atoms of water are linked covalently
to oxygen, each sharing an electron pair, to give a
nonlinear arrangement

• The bent offers an enormous influence on its properties.

• If H2O were linear, it would be a nonpolar substance.

• The bent configuration with 2 opposite charges form a

dipole
• Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water
molecules
• The positve H of one molecule “sticks” to the
negative O of another molecule.
• Each water molecule form hydrogen bond with 4
water molecules
 Hydrogen Bonding

▪They do not share electrons, so they are weaker

than covalent bonds.
▪They easily break and form again
▪The hydrogen bonds are responsible for other
properties of water
II. States of Matter
States of Water

Solid (Ice)
• The water molecules are linearly
arranged
• Hydrogen Bonds are straight; that
is, the H atom lies on a direct line
between the two O atoms
•The hydrogen bonds form a space-
filling, three-dimensional network
•Form a lattice
•This linearity and directionality of
H bonds makes the ice strong.
Solid

27
• Ice is less dense as a solid than as a
liquid (ice floats)
• Liquid water has hydrogen bonds that
are constantly being broken and
reformed.
• Frozen water forms a crystal-like
lattice whereby molecules are set at
fixed distances.
 Importance of Water’s Density
• Ponds don’t freeze from the
bottom up (and don’t freeze
solid)
• Ice floats, and forms an
insulating layer for life below
• polar sea ice
• Stabilizes ocean temperatures
and climate (causes
turnovers…we’ll learn about this
later)
 Freezing
• Density of ice (at 0°C) is 0.917 g/mL, so ice
floats in water.
◼ Most liquids become more
dense as you cool them. http://www.anglianwater.co.uk/schools/noscript/f1.htm

However, when water * Where have you see H2O

in repeating hexagonal
freezes, a large expansion patterns before?
occurs.
Water “organizing” with H
bonds as it freezes.
Forms hexagon shapes.

http://kingfish.coastal.edu/biology/sgilman/770lecwatersalt.htm
States of Water

Liquid
• H2O molecules in liquid water form a
disordered H-bonded network

• At least half of the hydrogen bonds have

nonideal orientations (that is, they are not
perfectly straight)

• liquid H2O lacks the regular lattice like

structure of ice.
Liquid

34
 Water is Less Dense as a Solid
•Which is ice and which is water?
States of Water

3. Gas (Steam or Vapor)

• Water molecules are constantly moving
• Temperature increase = Increase in
movement
• When they move hydrogen bonds break
• They are randomly arranged
 Vapor
Physical States
• As a result of the network of hydrogen
bonding present between water molecules, a
high input of energy is required to transform
liquid to vapor/gas

• Amount of energy to required to convert 1g

of liquid to a gas / water vapor is called the
heat of vaporization.

• This process occurs on the surface of water

• As water evaporates, it removes a lot of heat

with it (cooling effect).
States of Water
• When water molecules move faster, they tend to
break their hydrogen bonds.

This is called
Evaporation
States of Water
• When gas or vapor molecules slow down, they clump
or join together.

This is called
Condensation
• The average lifetime of an H-
bonded connection between two
H2O molecules in water is 9.5
psec (picoseconds, where 1
psec = 10-12 sec).
• About every 10 psec, the
average water molecule moves,
reorients, and interacts with new
neighbors
• Pure liquid water consists of H2O
molecules held in a disordered,
three-dimensional network with
contains a large number of
strained or broken hydrogen
bonds.
III. Attraction to other
Polar Molecules
Polarity

• Leads to Cohesion and Adhesion

• Cohesion = water molecules “stick” to
each other
• Adhesion = water molecules “stick” to
other substances
1. Cohesion
•The attraction
water to itself
– H bonds
The cohesion of water molecules leads to two other
important properties:

• Surface Tension – the attraction between water

molecules at the surface of the liquid. So water molecules
stick together forming a layer resistant to breakage

• High Specific Heat – it takes a lot of energy to warm up

water and it takes a very long time for warm water to
cool off
a. Surface tension
• It is a measure of the strength of water’s
surface
• Produces a Surface tension forming a surface
film on water that allows insects to walk on the
surface of water

Helps insects walk across

water
 What Affects Surface Tension?
• Gravity
• Changes the shape of droplets as they fall

• Warmer temperature
• Hot water is a better cleaning agent because the lower
surface tension makes it a better "wetting agent" to get
into pores and fissures rather than bridging them with
surface tension.

• Soaps and detergents

• Breaks the surface tension
 b. High Specific Heat
• Water can moderate temperature
because of the two properties: high-
specific heat and the high heat of
vaporization.
• It is the amount of energy that is
absorbed or lost by one gram of a
substance to change the
temperature by 1 degree celsius. At the beach, why is the
sand hotter than water at
noon but cooler than water
at midnight?

Bcoz of hydrogen bonds High specific heat – water resists

changes in temperature – it must absorb a large amount
of heat energy to increase the temperature
• If there are a lot of individual water molecules
moving about, they’ll create more friction and
more heat, which means a higher temperature.
• The hydrogen bonds between water molecules
absorb the heat when they break and release
heat when they form, which minimizes
temperature changes.
• Water helps maintain a moderate temperature of
organisms and environments.
• Because of hydrogen bonds water resists
temperature change, both for heating and cooling.
• Water can absorb or release large amounts of heat
energy with little change in actual temperature.
2. Adhesion
• The attraction of
water to other
surfaces/substances
Adhesion Also Causes
Water to …

Attach to a
silken spider
Form spheres &
web
hold onto plant
leaves
IV. UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
 SOLVENT PROPERTIES
• Solvent - substance that dissolves other substances.
• Highly polar nature, water is an excellent solvent for
ionic substances such as salts
nonionic but polar substances such as sugars, simple
alcohols, and amines
carbonyl-containing molecules such as aldehydes and
ketones.
are easily dissolved by water
• Electrostatic attractions between the positive and negative
ions in the crystal lattice of a salt are very strong, water
readily dissolves salts
• When salt is dissolved in water it forms a solution because
all of the particles are evenly distributed.
• Gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide,
and nitrogen are also easily dissolved into
water

• Oxygen is essential for most organisms,

and the amount of carbon dioxide
dissolved in the water affects the pH of
the water
• Soft drinks
• Global Warming Makes Ocean Acidic ☺

56
Water As An Inert Solvent
• Water is not altered by any substance it dissolves,
and in turn, those substances being dissolved are
not altered by the water.
• This makes water an inert solvent.
Solutions & Suspensions
• Water is usually part of a mixture.
• There are two types of mixtures:
• Solutions
• Suspensions
Solution
• Ionic compounds disperse as ions in water
• Evenly distributed
• SOLUTE
• Substance that is being dissolved
• SOLVENT
• Substance into which the solute
dissolves
Solution
Suspensions
• Substances that don’t
dissolve but separate
into tiny pieces.
• Water keeps the pieces
suspended so they
don’t settle out.